Xtronics Vol #01, Issue #03(Nov & Dec2009)

8/14/2019 Xtronics Vol #01, Issue #03(Nov & Dec2009)

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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)

THE MONTHLY TECHNICAL NEWS LETTER

VOLUME NO.I

ISSUE NO.III 16Pages

NOV & DEC 2009


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)

FROMTHE

DEPARTMENT

OF

ECE

No man is a failure who is enjoying life. -William Feather 2


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)Technical zone

Tyco Electronics: New trends in theapplication of Electromechanical Relays

Electromechanical relays are innovative and reliable components; they offer

robust, long-lasting and economical solutions to highly topical and volatile questionsrelated to emissions reduction and motor-vehicle fuel consumption. The expanded

network relay program addresses the new demands in automation applications as well

as the subject of energy cost savings for industry and in the household. Signal and

telecom relays are being applied in new areas, for example in order to completely shut

off Ethernet ports, or are being used in medical electronics as measuring point change

over switches. Signal relays from Tyco Electronics with high voltage stability are

being used in automotive electronics for new functions in hybrid vehicles.

New Areas of Application for Automotive RelaysIn the area of automotive relays, growth is being driven partly by the ever-

increasing upgrade of vehicle equipment. However, the rising needs are based primarily on

new fields of application resulting from ever-increasing demands for vehicle safety,

fuel consumption reductions and vehicle comfort - all of which create new requirements

for on-board power supply.

For example, the electronic power steering element must have a safety

shutdown feature. Especially for this purpose, Tyco Electronics developed the power-

assisted steering relays SPR (Star Point Relay), which in two versions switches off

the power to the power-steering motor as well as the entire component group.

The implementation of this electronic power steering brings about new

possibilities for active assistance systems such as, for example, dynamic track

following which again creates new demands for sensors and switches.

A multitude of new applications requires the use of relays. The current automotive

relays often represent the more cost-effective alternative to semiconductor switches, in

particular for high switching currents.New Applications for the Area of Signal Relays

Electromechanical signal and telecom relays demonstrate significant advantages

for cost-effective and reliable solutions compared to alternative switch principles in

electronic circuits.

Signal and telecom relays are distinguished by: compact designs combined with

high switching capacities; a large load range from zero up to 60 W / 125 VA; high

Simplicity is the key to brilliance -Bruce Lee 3


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)insulation properties between the load and control cycles as well as in the open load

cycle; high overload capacity; excellent properties from DC up to high frequencies;

and extremely high reliability in operation. As a result of these amazing properties,

they are constantly being used in new electronics applications, for example in the

areas of:

Optical Transmission TechnologyGlass fibers are being increasingly used in transmission technology. The last

step in most cases is a copper line. This requires that the optical signal be converted

back into an electrical signal at a specific point. In optical terminals, relays permit the

simple implementation of a remote-controlled test function and thus increase the

availability significantly. The C variant of the IM relay is suited to this application,

with its extremely high dielectric resistance.

Industrial Electronics

In the new D variant of this two-pole IM relay, the extremely small design with

low contact resistance is combined with a simultaneously high switching current.

Currents of up to 5A at 60 W switching capacity can thus be switched; self-inductive

loads are possible.

Medical Electronics

Comparable with the applications in measurement technology, signal relays are

used as measuring point change over switches in medical electronics. Minimized

design formats and the highest degree of reliability are ideal properties for thisapplication. All variants of the IM relay are suited for this.

- Siva koteswara rao,

IV/IVB.Tech,ECE-B

Chipnastics The Art of High PerformanceChip Design

Next-Generation Xeon processors trim system power through integration.The just-announced next-generation Xeon CPU offerings from Intel provide

designers with a choice of a single, dual, or quad processor chips with integrated

memory controllers and a 16-lane PCIe 2.0 I/O controller. These new processors,

internally referred to as Jasper Forrest, use Intels latest Nehalem architecture and are

implemented in the companys 45-nm high-k metal-gate process. Software compatible

with previous-generation Xeon processors are targeted at embedded applications

Our greatest glory is not in never failing but in rising up every time we fail. 4


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)such as communications and storage systems.

The lowest power single-core member of the CPU family has a 23 to 30 W

power envelope, while the dual-core versions range from 35 to 65 W depending on

clock speed and other features. At the high end of the new family, the quad-core

versions consume from 45 to 85 W. At the system level, these power ratings represent

a savings of approximately 27 W vs. previous system implementations employingthe Xeon 5500 processor and a separate chipset that incorporates the memory and

PCIe controller. Thus, system solutions based on the Jasper Forest deliver some of

the highest performance per Watt of any Xeon platform to date. (The comparison is

based on systems using two Jasper Forest processors at 2.13 GHz with a 60 W

power envelope and a 3240 (Ibex Peak) chipset, vs. two Xeon L5528 processors at

2.13 GHz with a 60-W power envelope along with a 5520 chipset.)

In addition to the integrated memory controller, the Jasper Forest processors also

integrate a PCIe 2.0 I/O hub which allows systems to perform non-transparentbridging, and the Crystal-Beach direct-memory-access control, which accelerates

RAID access requests. The non-transparent bridging allows multiple systems to

seamlessly connect over a PCIe link, which eliminates the need for an external PCIe

switch. The 3420 chipset rounds out the system, providing USB, high-definition

audio, external SATA storage support, PCI and PCIexpress interfaces, a Gigabit LAN

controller, power management logic, and many other support functions.

The processors are expected to be available in early 2010 and come with a

guaranteed seven-year lifecycle support program, which should make them attractive

for systems that have long lifecycles such as in telecommunications, military, security,

network infrastructure, and storage.

- Srinivas VSSIV/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

SOLAR CELLA solar cell is any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical

energy through the process of photovoltaics. The development of solar cell technology

begins with the 1839 research of French physicist Antoine-Csar Becquerel. Becquerel

observed the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with a solid electrode in an

electrolyte solution when he saw a voltage develope when light fell upon the

electrode.

Our strength grows out of our weakness. -Ralph Waldo Emerson 5


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)Charles Fritts - First Solar Cell

According to Encyclopedia Britannica the first genuine solar cell was built

around 1883 by Charles Fritts, who used junctions formed by coating selenium (a

semiconductor) with an extremely thin layer of gold.

Russell Ohl - Silicon Solar Cell

Early solar cells, however, had energy conversion efficiencies of under onepercent. In 1941, the silicon solar cell was invented by Russell Ohl.

Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin - Efficient Solar Cells

In 1954, three American researchers, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl

Chapin, designed a silicon solar cell capable of a six percent energy conversion

efficiency with direct sunlight.

The three inventors created an array of several strips of silicon (each about the size

of a razorblade), placed them in sunlight, captured the free electrons and turned them

into electrical current. They created the first solar panels. Bell Laboratories in NewYork announced the prototype manufacture of a new solar battery. Bell had funded the

research. The first public service trial of the Bell Solar Battery began with a telephone

carrier system (Americus, Georgia) on October 4 1955.

M. Siva GopalIII/IV B-Tech, ECE-A

Claytronics(Futuristic)

As research progresses on this exciting field, the potential to fax a synthetic

replica of yourself to another location seems a possibility! This project aims to

create nanoscale robotic mechanisms with computing abilities!!

Programmable clay:-

Researchers are designing a programmable clay that could morph into a working

3D replica of any person or object, based on information transmitted from anywhere inthe world. The clay would be made of millions of tiny microprocessors called catoms,

each less than a millimeter.

Claytronics would make possible a radical vision for the future of longdistance

meetings. For instance, it may be possible to fax a copy of a speakers body,

mimicking his moves in real time and speaking in his voice, to someone sitting miles

away. The projectat the moment still a long way from realisationaims to create

New Year's Day is every man's birthday. ~Charles Lamb 6


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)nanoscale robotic mechanisms with computing abilities, capable of changing form and

joining together to form large-scale mechanisms or objects. With claytronics, millions

of tiny individual devices would assemble into macro-scale objects, connecting and

disconnecting as they move.

The current large proof-of-concept catoms of 4.4 cm connect and move via

electromagnetic or electrostatic connections, much like the replicating robots

operating at scales where it may bedifficult to control with the same technology.The

catoms could have LCD or LED surfaces to produce a faintly glowing image of a

person or object made of millions of tiny microbots that would actually look like the

person or the object.

- K. MadhuriII/IV B.Tech, ECE-B

History of the Metal DetectorAlexander Graham Bell invented the first crude metal detector in 1881. As

President James Garfield lay dying of an assassin's bullet, Alexander Graham Bell

hurriedly invented a crude metal detector in an unsuccessful attempt to locate the fatal

slug. Bell's metal detector was an electromagnetic device he called the induction

balance. Then afterwards in 1925, Gerhard Fischar invented a portable metal detector.

GerhardFischar

Portable

Metal

Detector

In 1925, Gerhard Fischar invented a portable metal detector. Fischar's model

was first sold commercially in 1931 and Gerhard Fischar was behind the first large-

scale production of metal detectors.

According to the experts at A&S Company: "In the late 1920's, Dr. Gerhard

Fisher, the founder of Fisher Research Laboratory was commissioned as a research

engineer with the Federal Telegraph Co. and Western Air Express to develop airborne

direction finding equipment. He was awarded some of the first patents issued in the

field of airborne direction finding by means of radio. In the course of his work, he

encountered some strange errors and once he solved these problems, he had the

foresight to apply the solution to a completely unrelated field, that of metal and

mineral detection.

S.G.R.NaiduIII/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

The new year begins in a snow-storm of white vows. ~George William Curtis 7


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)The First Transistor

In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, working at Bell Telephone

Laboratories, were trying to understand the nature of the electrons at the interface

between a metal and a semiconductor. They realized that by making two point

contacts very close to one another, they could make a three terminal device - the first"point contact" transistor.

The first point contact transistor made use of the semiconductor germanium. Paper

clips and razor blades were used to make the device.

They quickly made a few of these transistors and connected them with some

other components to make an audio amplifier. This audio amplifier was shown to chief

executives at Bell Telephone Company, who were very impressed that it didn't need

time to "warm up" (like the heaters in vacuum tube circuits). They immediatelyrealized the power of this new technology.

This invention was the spark that ignited a huge research effort in solid state

electronics. Bardeen and Brattain received the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1956, together

with William Shockley, "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of

the transistor effect." Shockley had developed a so-called junction transistor, which

was built on thin slices of different types of semiconductor material pressed together.

The junction transistor was easier to understand theoretically, and could bemanufactured more reliably.

- B.Anand,

III/IV B.tech. ECE-A

It wouldn't be New Year's if I didn't have regrets. ~William Thomas 8


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)How Does a Touchscreen Work?

A basic touchscreen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller,

and a software driver. The touchscreen is an input device, so it needs to be combined

with a display and a PC or other device to

make a complete touch input system.

1.TouchSensorA touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel

with a touch responsive surface. The touch

sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that

the responsive area of the panel covers the

viewable area of the video screen. There

are several different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a

different method to detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current

or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change.

This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.

2.Controller

The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the

PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that

PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for integrated

monitors or it is housed in a plastic case for external touch add-ons/overlays. The

controller determines what type of interface/connection you will need on the PC.Integrated touch monitors will have an extra cable connection on the back for the

touchscreen. Controllers are available that can connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or

to a USB port (PC or Macintosh). Specialized controllers are also available that work

with DVD players and other devices.

3.SoftwareDriver

The driver is a software update for the PC system

that allows the touchscreen and computer to work

together. It tells the computer's operating system how tointerpret the touch event information that is sent from the

controller. Most touch screen drivers today are a mouse-

emulation type driver. This makes touching the screen the

same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the

screen. This allows the touchscreen to work with existing

software and allows new applications to be developed

I think in terms of the day's resolutions, not the year's. ~Henry Moore 9


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)without the need for touch screen specific pogramming. Some equipment such as thin

client terminals, DVD players, and specialized computer systems either do not use

software drivers or they have their own built-in touch screen driver.

Touchscreens Add-ons and Integrated Touchscreen Monitors

Companies offer two main types of touchscreen products, touchscreen add-ons and

integrated touchscreen monitors. Touchscreen add-ons are touchscreen panels thathang over an existing computer monitor. Integrated touchscreen monitors are

computer displays that have the touchscreen built-in. Both product types work in the

same way, basically as an input device like a mouse or trackpad.

Touchscreens as Input Device

All of the touch screens that we offer basically work like a mouse. Once the

software driver for the touchscreen is installed, the touchscreen emulates mouse

functions. Touching the screen is basically the same as clicking your mouse at the

same point at the screen. When you touch the touchscreen, the mouse cursor willmove to that point and make a mouse click. You can tap the screen twice to perform a

double-click, and you can also drag your finger across the touchscreen to perform

drag-and-drops. The touchscreens will normally emulate left mouse clicks. Through

software, you can also switch the touchscreen to perform right mouse clicks instead.

- Aditya Srinivas Varma,II/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

Funtronics -Zone:

CLEVER ENGINEERA mathematician and an engineer are sitting next to each other on a long flight.

The mathematician leans over to the engineer and asks if he would like to play a fun

game. The engineer just wants to take a nap, so he politely declines and rolls over to

the window to catch a few winks.

The mathematician persists and explains that the game is real easy and lots of

fun. He explains, "I ask you a question, and if you don't know the answer, you pay

me $5. Then you ask me a question, and if I don't know the answer, I'll pay you

$5."

He who angers you conquers you. ~Elizabeth Kenny 10


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)Again, the engineer politely declines and tries to get to sleep. The

mathematician, now somewhat agitated, says, "Okay, if you don't know the answer,

you pay me $5, and if I don't know the answer, I'll pay you $50!"

This catches the engineer's attention, and he sees no end to this torment unless

he plays, so he agrees to the game. The mathematician asks the first question.

"What's the distance from the earth to the moon?"The engineer doesn't say a word, but reaches into his wallet, pulls out a five-

dollar bill and hands it to the mathematician now; it's the engineer's turn. He asks the

mathematician "What goes up a hill with three legs and comes down on four?"

The mathematician looks up at him with a puzzled look. He takes out his laptop

computer and searches all of his references. He taps into the air phone with his modem

and searches the net and the Library of Congress. Frustrated, he sends e-mail to his co-

workers all to no avail.

After about an hour, he wakes the engineer and hands him $50. The engineerpolitely takes the $50 and turns away to try to get back to sleep.

The mathematician then hits the engineer, saying, "What goes up a hill with three

legs, and comes down on four?" The engineer calmly pulls out his wallet, hands

the mathematician five bucks, and goes back to sleep.

-G.V.D.V.Srikanth

III/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

Triplet Brothers

There are 3 triplet brothers. They look identical. The oldest is John, he always

tells the truth. The second is Jack, he always tells a lie. The third is Joe, he either tells

the truth or a lie.

Jimmie Dean went to visit them one day. He was wondering who was who. So he

asked each person a question.

Everyone is gifted - but some people never open their package 11


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)He asked the one who was sitting on the left: "Who is the guy sitting in the

middle?". The answer was "He is John."

He asked the one who was sitting in the middle: "What is your name?". The

answer was "I am Joe."

He asked the one who was sitting on the right: "What is the guy sitting in the

middle?". The answer was "He is Jack."

Jimmie Dean got really confused. Basically, he asked 3 same questions, but he

got 3 different answers. Would you find out who is who for Jimmie?

What is the perimeter of the 5 circles?The diameter of the big circle is 40 inches. What are the total circumferences of

all 5 circles? Assume the line segment passes through all the center of the circles.

-Bhanu satya sai

II/IV B.Tech, ECE-A

JokesSardar: Will u marry, after I die.

Wife: No I will live with my sister.

Wife: Will u marry, after I die.

Sardar: No I will also live with your sister.

Man: what is million years to u?God: only a second.

Man: what are billion of Dollar to u?

God: only a Coin.

Don't kill the dream - execute it 12


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)Man: ok give me a Coin.

God: wait a second.

- Ravikanth DIII/IV B.Tech, ECE-B

Can you solve it???

- DushyanthIII/IVB.tech,ECE-BRIDDLES

1.OnceuponatimetherewasabeautifulprincessnamedAnna.Anna'sfather,the

King, wanted to be sure his daughter married an intelligent man. To test his

daughter'ssuitorstheKinghidAnna'spictureinoneofthreeboxes.Thesuitorhadto

beabletoselecttheboxwithAnna'spictureononetryandwithintwentyseconds.

Tears are the silent language of grief ~Voltaire 13


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)Onthegoldboxwasthemessage"Anna'spicture is inthisbox".Thesilverboxhad

themessage"Anna'spictureisnotinthisbox.""Anna'spictureisnotinthegoldbox"

waswrittenonthebronzebox.TheKingwouldtelleachsuitor"Onlyoneofthethree

messages is correct." Which box contained Anna's picture?

sol: ThesilverboxcontainedAnna'spicture.Ifherpicturehadbeeninthegoldbox,

twostatements

would

have

been

true.

(The

messages

on

both

the

gold

box

and

the

silverbox.) Ifherpicturehadbeen in thebronzebox, two statementswouldhave

been true. (The messages on the bronze box and the silver box.)

2.Aclockchimes5timesin4seconds.Howmanytimeswill itchimein10seconds?

sol: 11 times. It chimes at zero and then once every second for 10 seconds.

3.Twoconvicts

are

locked

in

acell.

There

is

an

unbarred

window

high

up

in

the

cell.

Nomatteriftheystandonthebedoroneontopoftheothertheycan'treachthe

windowtoescape.Theythendecidetotunnelout.However,theygiveupwiththe

tunnelingbecauseitwilltaketoolong.Finallyoneoftheconvictsfiguresouthowto

escapefromthecell.Whatishisplan?

sol:theywillusethemudofthetunneltopileupandreachthewindow

4.Thereare20peopleinanempty,squareroom.Eachpersonhasfullsightofthe

entireroomandeveryoneinitwithoutturninghisheadorbody,ormovinginany

way(otherthantheeyes).Wherecanyouplaceanapplesothatallbutoneperson

canseeit?

sol: abovetheheadofoneperson

- Sujana Kshatri


TOUNGE TWISTERThe sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep is sick

(this has been declared as world toughest tounge twister for year 2009)

- A.Lokesh


Fear is pain arising from the anticipation of evil. ~ Aristotle 14


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)Be an Achiever

All of us wish to be successful, and yet we don't know what the mantra is behind

true Success. What is it that makes certain people successful? What magic do they

have that turns everything into gold? Why can't you be as successful as them?

Success is a state of mind. It is how you approach life and what you do with it. More

than the proper utilization of resources, it is the utilization of your thoughts. With thesuccess principles mentioned below, you too can understand how to drive success into

your life.

Do not carry the Burden of Past Mistakes

All of us are apt to make mistakes in life. Our aim should be to learn from these

mistakes and then, to bury the past. Constant wailing and regretting will be of little

help. In fact, it could be quite detrimental for your present. The past should remain

there - in the past.

You can review your past experiences, you can introspect on what could've been done

better or differently, you can take all there is to be learned from the experience, and

then forget about it. This is among the more important success principles in life.

Be an Asset, Not a Liability

There are people who are assets, and there are people who are liabilities. Think

about it, and you'll see how true it is. Assets are something you value and liabilities are

burdensome to you. If you wish to be successful, you need to be an asset to the people

around you, you need to be productive, and you need to be of use to them.

Look at anybody around you who's successful, even the local store around the corner.

The reason why he's successful is because he has some goods or service to give to

people around him. The moment he has nothing to give, he will stop being an asset,

and stop being successful.

Remain a Student Forever

Here is one of the most important success principles. This is not to say that you

should perform miserably in school and college and never graduate. What this means

is that you should remain a learner and try to gain as much knowledge as possible.

Learning is the fuel that helps you grow. Without it you will stagnate, and where there

is stagnation, there can never be any success.

Life without liberty is like a body without spirit. ~Kahlil Gibran 15


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XTRONICS Vol #01, Issue #03(NOV & DEC2009)ERRATA:

IntheOctoberedition: InthearticleTaglinesoffamouscompanies,TOMARROWmust be read

as TOMORROW, POSSOBLE must be read as POSSIBLE. InPageno.11,inthearticleThefourengineers,in the first linetravelingmust be read astravelling.

In CROSS WORD.In col. 4, (3) should be replaced by (10).ANS of col. 12, col. 19, row. 19 must be reversed.The spaces remained must be filled with black.

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Xtronics Vol #01, Issue #03(Nov & Dec2009)