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Cultural Development in Asia Proper, Middle East Asia, and
EuropeGrowth of Middle East Asia, China, Japan,
and Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries
Rise of Intellectual Prosperity in the Islamic World
Islam spread across Asia for centuries since its beginning.
Patrons--wealthy elites who gave generous amounts of money for cultural and artistic developments.
Three major Islamic Groups who really fostered cultural advancement…The OttomansThe SafavidsThe Mughals (of India)
The OttomansThey represent the area we now call what we
today call Turkey and parts of Palestine/Israel, Syria, Lebanon…
Achieved cultural unity through the leadership of sultans such as Mehmet II who recruited young boys and trained them to become bureaucrats, militia men, and other occupations and made these students directly accountable to the sultan.
Suleiman the Magnificent made laws that made set guidelines to citizens’ rights, how they should dress, and how they interact with non-Muslims.
MEHMET II
Ottomans, continuedEDUCATION, SCIENCE, and ARTS
Ottoman intellectuals who received patronage took on an interest in scientific ideas from Europe.
Ibrahim Muteferrika—a Hungarian convert to Islam established a printing press and began publishing works on science, geography, math, and history.
They applied their knowledge of science and math to creating elaborate open-spaced buildings
Civilians enjoyed pleasures such as lemons, soap, pepper, metal tools, coffee, and wine.
Coffee houses began to grow and popularity…How many of you thought that hanging out at the coffee house was a MODERN PHENOMENA?
Women valued as entertainers
The SafavidsModern-day Persians (Iranians)
Took on the stricter orthodox ulama (religious law) favored by Shi’a Muslims.
The monarchial rulers (shah) had an absolutist mentality which would ultimately lead to a future that would lead to a despising of shahs and creation of modern theocratic Iran where a Ayatollah and his clerics held rule.
Made wide-open elaborate buildings connecting to the outside world.
The MughalsIslamic India in the 15th to 17th Centuries A very cosmopolitan empire as trade dealings
between Europe, North Africa and China took place…
Taj Mahal and Shah Jahan—rulers celebrated the scientific advances especially in architecture. Prime example, the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum built for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, by the emperor Shah Jahan after she died giving birth to his 14th child!
China vs. JapanCenter of learning…
emperors & elites supported artists, poets, scientists, and teachers.
Booming internal economic market led to pop growth and extensive commercial networks
WOMEN were authors, editors, and publishers
WOMEN had restrictions too!
Increasing economic commercialization weakened government
Merit-based hiring of employees
Europeans loved Chinese libraries
The royal court patrons help support cultural advances in literature and beyond
Dramatic Theaters (the No and Kabuki), writing, and artistic painting flourished as cultural phenomena.
Risque books on the riseGeishaWomen were eventually
banned from performing in theatre.
Texts on the histories of China and Japan became popular
Chinese Buddhist monks gained popularity in Japan—helped lead to Zen Buddhism
How China & Japan Became Jingoistic
Mandate of HeavenChinese Technology and
Cartography—Magnetic compass, gunpowder, and printing press. Clocks and iron casted centuries before the Europeans. Astronomy
Chinese nationalism made any attempts of the Europeans to have a cultural impact very limited…for instance the Chinese too maintained the old belief that the world was flat and that there country was the only country in the world.
Chinese elites became racist glorified their white complexions. Opposed “dark skin” of peasants, the wavy-haired “devils” of SE Asia, and the “ash-white” pallor of the European.
Shinto in the 17th century the society
began abandoning Chinese social and religious influences
A culture of promoting native learning and promoted a formalized Japanese religious and cultural tradition.
18th century saw Japan opening its doors to a new cultural influence—that of the Dutch who traveled to Japan trying to do business and spread Christianity
The Dutch utilized their knowledge of their continental rivals’ (Portugal) language to do business with the Japanese and they began promoting European scientific ideas to the Japanese. Eventually the Japanese engaged in “Dutch Learning” and began to replace Chinese-based scientific, medical and geographical texts with those of the Europeans.
Europe’s Enlightenment17th and 18th century spreading of faith in reason and in
universal rights and laws…the spreading of literacy and ultimately global political
revolutionsAfter centuries of religious wars, conflicts that were
extensions of family squabbles over monarchial claims, and famine, Europeans strived to mentally search for a better way to live.
More middle class men and women became literate and began gaining the confidence to reason for themselves, to understand the world without calling on traditional authorities (aka the Church), and to publicly criticize what they considered morally degrading in society.
This was encouraged by the Neo-Scientific advances by Copernicus (1473-1542), Galieli (1564-1642), scientific inquiry by Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) laws of gravity and others like him led to Europe’s monarchs serving as patrons
Europe’s EnlightenmentFEMALE PHILOSOPHES
The French mathematician/scientist Marquise de Chatelet-Lomont (1706-1749) translated Newton’s Principia Mathematica into French and she was the lover of Voltaire…who infamously said, “She was a great man whose only fault was in being a woman.”
Diamante Faini—Italian mathematician who advocated that women increase their knowledge of science
Despite the new thinking, old ideas remained such as schools remaining church-governed and men-only for the elite. Governments punished radical thinkers, peasants suffered under taxes. Strong Christian belief in God and His relationship with nature and fellow humans via Christian doctrines and local customs
Europe’s Enlightenment THE MALE PHILOSOPHES
Enlightened philosophers (philosophes) believed in the power of human reasoning and the perfection of humanity. Rejected the idea of man’s sinful nature and helplessness in the face of earthly evils, and promoted for the improvement of human societies. Called for religious toleration
John Locke (1632-1704)—man is born with clean slate /experiences /the inalienable rights that are self-evident
Voltaire (1694-1778) –criticized prisoner mistreatment in the Bastille
Denis Diderot (17613-1748)—criticized the absolutist policies of French kings Louis XIV and Louis XV
Adam Smith (1723-1790)—exposed the inefficiency of mercantilism
Jean-Jacques Rosseau (1712-1778)—people should reject government violated the social contract of the people.
Downside to this movement—very strong anti-Islamic, anti-Semetic, anti-Catholic, and anti-Chinese sentiment in ideas and in writings during this period.
Also a belief similar to the Chinese that Europe was advancing over the rest of the world in its acquisition of goods and universal knowledge.
Cultural Flourishing in Africa
The 1700s were good to African kingdoms Upper classes in these kingdoms funded new cultural
achievements from the wealth of the slave trade. West African elites encouraged local artisans to produce
carvings, statutes, masks, and other objects that would glorify the power and achievements of rulers—this practice similar to what royal patrons had done in Europe, Asia, and the Islamic world with respect to architecture and painting.
The Asante kingdom—grew rich from slave trade (Show map of Asante kingdom) Kente cloth adjourned with lots of colors were worn by the Asante
rulers and the kingdom had lots of GOLD The Oyo Empire (Nigeria)—this kingdom had a mastery in
bronze works Benin—tragic irony as this empire was known as one of the
most brutal slave-trading regimes while at the same time producing high quality art such as brass heads of leaders.
Formation of Hybrid Cultures in the Americas
For Native Americans, they faced pressure to adapt their cultures to that of the European colonists.
Europeans believed that their conquest of Native lands were for spiritual means as they sought to “Christianize and civilize” them.
The Jesuit (Roman Catholic order) had far more militaristic impact on forcing Native Americans and African slaves to convert to Christianity than they did in Asia and the Islamic world—why? (My guess: GUNS)
Means used to get compliance: Smashing idols, razing temples, whippings, mutilations and sexual assaults—and exploiting their knowledge of the cultures of the Native American peoples they conquered.
Hybrid Cultures in the Americas, continued…
Native Americans did fight back as some captured colonists were forced to adapt to the ways of their captors.
Many interracial marriages/sexual intercourses (due to shortage of women) took place with the Native Americans and many Native American women had power due to their economic-based connections with other Native American groups…Unfortunately, African women (99%) slaves were raped
The interethnic mixing in some parts of North America such as in parts of present-day Louisiana, Florida, and the Caribbean, a powerful elite class, the Creoles, emerged.
Hybrid Cultures in the Americas, conclusion…
In many colony cities of Spanish and Portuguese emigrants, Creole patrons helped bring about reading clubs and salons where fresh ideas began to spread
When English settlers first came to North America, women had clout as they were few in number and men were willing to listen to them if they wanted consensual relations to take place.
Imperialism in “Oceania”Following 1770, Europeans began setting their
sites for Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the South Pacific.
These voyages were funded by the wealthy.Captain Cook (1728-1779)—an immensely
famous explorer who provided scientific data for England
His voyages to Australia led to the desire to colonize the island continent and use it for a prison colony for England’s undesirables to reside.
The original inhabitants of Australia, the Aborigines, were decimated by disease and forced expansion in much the same way that the Native Americans had been in North and South America.