AP Human GeographyMid-Term Study Guide

Study All VocabularySemester 1 – 196 wordsChapter 1 Study QuestionsKey Issue 1 – Why is Geography Science? – Section 1 Reading Guide, Pages 4-13, and Notes

1. Human geography is not only the study of _________ things are but also ____________ are they there.2. What is the difference between geography and history (or geographers and historians)?3. What concepts do geographers use to show why places are unique? What concepts are used to

explain why they are interrelated?4. What are maps and what are their purposes? What is the science of mapmaking known as?5. What role did early cartographers play in the development of geography as a science?6. Describe what modern tools geographers use to help them understand the world?7. What is GPS and what are the three elements of it?8. What is geotagging and what is the problem with it?9. What is a mind map?10.What is GIS and how is it different than a simple map?11.What is map scale and in what ways is it represented on a map?12.What is the most accurate projection of earth and what are the problems with drawing an accurate

representation onto a two-dimensional surface?13.What is distortion and what are the four types?14.What is the difference between meridians and parallels? What other names do they go by? What

are the main meridians and parallels called? 15.What two purposes do longitude and latitude serve?16.How is longitude used as the basis for telling time? What is wrong with the international date line?

Key Issue 2 – Why is Each Point on Earth Unique? – Section 2 Reading Guide, Pages 14-19, and Notes

17.What is location and what are the three ways to identify it?18.What is toponym? Where are some common areas that place names come from?19.What are characteristics of a location’s site? How can those characteristics influence how people

choose a location to settle? How have cities such as Boston modified their sites?20.What is situation and explain how it can help to indicate location?21.What is a region and what are the characteristics that unify a region?22.What are the three types of regions?23.What is culture? Why do geographers study it? What impact does culture play in defining a region?24.What is spatial association and why is it important to identify spatial associations within a place or

region?Key Issue 3 – Why are Different Places Similar? – Section 3 Reading Guide, Pages 20-31, and Notes

25.What is scale and what does the relationship between scale on a local level and scale on a global level show us?

26.What is globalization? How are some cultures reacting to globalization?27.What are transnational corporations and what is their role in globalization?28.How are local cultures coping with globalization?29.What is distribution of space and what are its three properties?30.What is density and how is it measured? What is concentration? Use an example to show the

difference between density and concentration.31.What role does culture play in understanding space?32.Describe poststructuralist, humanistic, and behavioral geography. Why are all of these disciplines

of geography sensitive to issues of cultural diversity?33.How does economic inequality develop on a local level? What role might culture play in this?34.What is uneven development and how do wealthy countries and corporations create this?35.What are connections and what are the results it can have on different places?36.What is the relationship between a hearth and diffusion?37.What is relocation diffusion? Give an example of this?38.Describe expansion diffusion and the three processes of it.

39.What is distance decay and how does space-time compression reduce this? Use an example to support your answer.

Key Issue 4 – Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable? – Section 4 Reading Guide, Pages 32-40, and Notes

40.What are resources and what are the types?41.What is sustainability? What does the Brundtland Report say about how humans can maintain the

sustainability of Earth’s resources? What does it call for?42.What are the four types of natural resource systems and what two groups are they divided into?43.Describe the 3 different abiotic spheres, telling what each one is and detailing the composition of

the sphere.44.What is the biosphere? Where on earth can the biosphere be found? How does the biosphere

interact with the other three spheres?45.What are cultural ecologists and human geographers most concerned with?46.What is the difference between environmental determinism and environmental possibilism?

5 Themes of Geography – Notes Identify and explain the five themes of geography.

Thematic Maps and Map Projections Identify and explain various thematic maps. Identify and explain various map projections.

Chapter 2 Study QuestionsKey Issue 1 – Where are the World’s People Distributed? – Section 1 Reading Guide, Pages 46-51, and Notes

47.Why is studying population more important now than ever before?48.Why is having too many people on the planet a potential problem?49.Why is counting people in a census important? What are two ways in which the census is inaccurate

or controversial?50.What does the map below tell us about the distribution of Earth’s population?

51.What do the most populated regions on Earth have in common with each other’s physical geography?

52.What four regions of Earth are the most densely populated? Give examples of countries that make up these regions, how people there live, and whether they are urbanized or agriculture based people.

53.What is the difference between Europe’s population concentration and the regions in Asia?54.Why do humans avoid certain physical environments on Earth? Which ones do they typically avoid?55.What has recently caused humans to push farther into undesirable areas of the planet?56.What is density and how does understanding density help geographers?57.What do India and the Netherlands have in common in terms of arithmetic density?58.What is physiological density and how does it apply to a country such as Egypt?59.What is the difference between Egypt and the Netherlands when it comes to agricultural density?

Key Issue 2 – Why is World Population Increasing? – Section 2 Reading Guide, Pages 52-57, and Notes

60.What is NIR and what is the current world rate?61.How many people are added to the world’s population each year?62.When did NIR reach its all-time high? What was the rate?63.Based on our knowledge of population growth, describe what is happening in this picture.

64.In what part of the world is NIR higher on Earth and what does this mean?65.What is doubling time, how is it calculated and what does this mean for us?66.What does life expectancy really mean? Where is it the highest and where is it the lowest?67.What is crude birth rate and how does it vary across the planet?68.How does CDR vary across the planet? What accounts for this variation?

Use the following Demographic Transition Model to complete questions 24-30

69.Label the lines on the model with the appropriate title and label the correct stages.70.Describe what happens to the CBR, CDR, NIR, and Population Growth at each stage of the

Demographic Transition Model.71.Describe what causes a country to transition from stage 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4.72.Give examples of present day countries at each stage of the DTM.73.Make a list of three reasons (each) why birth rates and death rates increase or decline.74.What happens to a country in stage 5 of the DTM? Give two examples of countries in this stage.75.What are the limitations of the Demographic Transition Model?

Key Issue 3 – Why Do Some Places Face Health Challenges? – Section 3 Reading Guide, Pages 58-65, and Notes

76.What challenges do women face in developing countries? Why do they face these challenges?77.What causes some countries to have higher sex ratios than others? Give 2 examples of these

countries?78.How does Asia and Africa compare to Europe and North America when it comes to maternal and

infant mortality rates? What could help decrease this gap?79.Explain the purpose of population pyramids and describe how one is set up. Identify a population

pyramid from each stage of the Demographic Transition Model.80.What is a dependency ratio and how is it different in various regions?81.What is the problem with having a population with too many young and/or old people?82.Why and how is medical care inferior in developing countries?83.What is epidemiology and what does the epidemiologic transition model show us?84.What is the major threat in each stage of the epidemiologic transition model?

Key Issue 4 – Why Might Population Increase in the Future? – Section 4 Reading Guide, Pages 66-73, and Notes

85.What is the Malthusian Trap?86.What happens to CBR, CDR, and NIR in stage 5 of the DMT? What are some examples of countries

in this stage?87.What have China and India done in the past to control their population growth? What specific things

did those countries do to achieve this goal? Discuss whether they were successful or not.88.What happens in stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition?

89.What reasons explain why infectious diseases return in stage 5? Describe each reason and give an example of a disease that relates to this reason.

90.What two strategies have been successful in lowering the CBR since 1990? How does improved education help reduce the number of births?

Chapter 3 Study QuestionsKey Issue 1 – Where Are the World’s Migrants Distributed? – Section 1 Reading Guide, Pages 78-85, and Notes

91.What are the different types of mobility?92.What is the difference between immigration and emigration?93.How is net migration figured?94.What has recently helped migrants to feel more at-home in foreign lands?95.What are push and pull factors?96.How many international migrants are there today worldwide?97.What are the 3 principal streams of international migration in the world today?98.What country has the highest number of international migrants on Earth?99.When on the DTM does Zelinsky say international migration takes place and where do they go?100. What are the three main eras of U.S. immigration?101. Identify the peaks and valleys (as indicated by arrows) as to where immigrants came from

during that time or why there was a decline in immigration.

Key Issue 2 – Where Do People Migrate Within a Country? – Section 2 Reading Guide, Pages 86-91, and Notes

102. What had historically been the most common type of interregional migration?103. How has the center of population gravity of the United States changed over the past 241

years?104. How did American expansion develop since 1790?105. What is similar about China and Brazil’s experience with interregional migration?106. How has the percentage of people in America who live in urban areas changed since 1800?107. What parts of the U.S. have experienced that new idea of counterurbanization?108. Why has intraregional migration slowed recently?

Key Issue 3 – Why Do People Migrate? – Section 3 Reading Guide, Pages 92-99, and Notes109. What are push and pull factors?110. What usually causes cultural/political migrants to leave home?111. What is the difference between a refugee and internally displaced person.112. Where do most refugees currently from?113. Give examples of social reasons for migrating?114. What types of environmental reasons cause people to migrate?115. Where are some places that pull environmental migrants?116. What are examples of intervening obstacles faced by migrants?

117. What is the most common reason for economic migration?118. What role do China and India play in economic migration?119. Does the Middle East have economic push or pull factors? Explain.120. What is a remittance?121. How does the age and gender of migrants in reality compare to Ravenstein’s theory?122. What are unaccompanied minors? Why are they being pushed out of their homes and where

are they going?

Key Issue 4 – Why Do Migrants Face Challenges? – Section 4 Reading Guide, Pages 100-107, and Notes

123. What does a migrant need to enter a country?124. What types of immigration policies do countries have?125. What are other names for unauthorized immigrants?126. How many immigrants did the original quota laws allow into the United States?127. What are brain drain and chain migration?128. What is the border like between the U.S. and Mexico?129. What issues are Americans concerned with when it comes to immigration along the Mexican

border?130. How are the laws in states of Alabama and Arizona different than those of Texas?

Chapter 4 Study QuestionsKey Issue 1 – Where Are Folk and Popular Leisure Activities Distributed? – Section 1 Reading Guide, Pages 112-121, and Notes

131. What is culture and what type does this chapter cover?132. What is the difference between habits and customs?133. What are some examples of material traits or customs?134. How is folk culture different from popular culture?135. How is the origin of folk and pop culture different?136. How is the diffusion of folk and pop culture different?137. How is the geography of folk and pop culture different?138. How is the origin and diffusion of folk and pop music different?139. How are soccer and music examples of the diffusion of folk and popular culture?

Key Issue 2 – Where Are Folk and Popular Material Culture Distributed? – Section 2 Reading Guide, Pages 122-132, and Notes

140. What makes up material culture? Describe the origin, diffusion, and distribution of material culture.

141. How fast do pop culture materials diffuse throughout the world and who generally has access to them?

142. What is most likely to influence the diffusion of folk culture? 143. What factors affect a people’s clothing preferences?144. What is the difference between hijab, a niqab, and a burqa? What is the purpose of these

Muslim folk garments?

145. What role does the environment play on food production and consumption?146. What role does culture play in food production and consumption?147. What influences popular food preferences?148. What is a taboo and what are some examples of food taboos throughout the world?149. How does the environment and culture affect a people’s selection and construction of their

home?Key Issue 3 – Why is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? – Section 3 Reading Guide, Pages 132-137, and Notes

150. What is the principle obstacle to popular culture? What causes this?151. How does electronic media help increase access to folk and pop culture?152. Describe the diffusion of TV and the internet.153. How is the diffusion of social media similar to and different than that of TV and the internet?154. How common is it for countries to ban or restrict citizens internet use?

155. What countries are the worst when it comes to violating electronic media user’s rights?156. Why do developing nations view television as a new source of cultural imperialism?

Key Issue 4 – Why Do Folk and Popular Culture Face Sustainability Problems? – Section 4 Reading Guide, Pages 138-142, and Notes

157. What are the main challenges for folk and pop cultures?158. What concern do people have about the sustainability of folk culture?159. What concerns do people have about the effect popular culture may have on traditional folk

cultures?160. Where did Amish culture originate, and how did it diffuse to the United States?161. What is the difference between assimilation and acculturation?162. What are two ways that contact with popular culture has affected women in developing

countries?163. How can popular culture damage the environment? How does this affect the sustainability of

pop culture? Give an example?

164. What are the two ways in which popular customs have an adverse effect on the natural environment?

165. What is a uniform landscape?