THE SEELEY W. MUDD SERIES Bergwerk~ unb problerbiicbletn PUBLICATION SP0,NSORED BY THE SEELEY W. MUDD MEMORIAL FUND

THE SEELEY W. MUDD SERIES

INDUSTRIAL, MINERALS AND ROCKS Edited by tbe Committee on tbe IndusInInal Minerds Volume

ELEMENTS OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Edited by E. DColyer (

DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL INDUSTRY EDUCATION j IN THE UNITED STATES

By Tboma Tbornton &ad

THE PIROTECHNIA OF VANNOCCIO BIRINGUCCIO Translated by Cyril Stanley Smitb and Mmtbo T'eacb Gnudi

COAL PREPARATION Edited by David R. Mitcbell ,

BASIC OPEN HEARTH STEELMAKING B) tbe Committee on Pbysical Chemistry of Steelmaking

BERGWERK- UND PROBIERB~CHLEIN Translated by Anneliese Sisco and Cyril Stanley Smitb

B e r ~ w e r k ~ unb

lProbferbiicblefn A translation from the German of the

Bergbiicbletn a sixteenth-century book on mining geology, by

ANNELIESE G R ~ H A L D T SISCO

and of the

probferblicbletn a sixteenth-centuj work on assaying, by

ANNELIESE G R ~ H A L D T SISCO

AND

CYRIL STANLEY SMITH

with technical annotations and historical notes.

NEW YORK

&be Flmerfcan 'Ilnetftute of mfnfng anb flWtallurefcal Enefneere

I949

Copyright, 1949 by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers

(Incorporated)

Printed in the United States of America

P UBLICATION of this little volume is a luxury that the Institute itself could scarcely afford. In truth, no engineer nor geologist, no assayer nor metal- lurgist would be likely to enhance his knowledge, im- prove his technique, or cut his own operating costs by reading this excellent translation of two booklet. first published circa A.D. 1520. It is doubtful if the present enterprise would, in a practical or tangible way, "pro- mote the arts and sciences connected with! the economic production of the useful minerals and metals." And such) is the prescribed purpose for which the funds of the In- stitute should be spent.

Fortunately for the Institute, the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund is not so circumscribed; and the Fund Committee enjoys greater liberty of action. The sponsor- ship by the Mudd Fund in 1942 of the publication of Tbe Pirotecbnia of Vannoccio Biringuccio, as translated by Dr. Smith and Mrs. Gnudi, was an innovation- indeed something of an experiment. Not only was the content of the volume significant mainly for its "cultural" and "scholarly" attributes; but the format, an outstand- ing example of the fascinating art of bookmaking, bore no resemblance to the ordinary technical book. The Com- mittee, frankly, was surprised at the enthusiastic recep- tion accorded the volume. When a second edition was required, the Committee became convinced that the publication of material of this type, particularly if printed and bound in attractive form, was an appropriate avenue for utilizing a moderate proportion of the monies available from the Fund. .

The Bergbiichlein and the Probierbiicblein antedate by some years the first publication of De la Pirotecbnia and of De re Metallica; but Georgius Agricola, the author of the latter work, made good use of the material in the earlier volumes. As pointed out in the Introduction, both

6 jsergvoerk~ unb probterbilcblein De la Pirotechia and De re Metallica clearly rate superi- ority over their predecessors "on both technical and literary grounds." They are far better organized; the writing itself is more finished and more painstaking; and, of course, both books are much more elaborate and com- prehensive. However, the fact remains that these two booklets are recognized as constituting the first printed works dealing with the technology of mining and metal- lurgy. From this historical standpoint alone they merit the interest of members of the AIME and of the pro- fession it represents. In addition, they contain descrip- tions and dissertations that make fascinating reading qoo years after they were written.

The English text benefits from the collaboration of linguist and scientist. Mrs. Sisco's scholarly intimacy with the German language and her collaborator's no less scholarly attainments in the science of minerals and metals make a most effective combination. They have supplied a pleasing but faithful translation (even where the text wandered from fact); and Dr. Smith's illuminat- ing comments on the technical content of the Probier- biicldein throw incisive light' on many doubtful points. And, lest the mineral technologist of today look with too patronizing an air on the views of his forebears of 1520, the suggestion might be ventured that some of his present notions regarding nuclear fission (for example) may seem rather nai've in 2349.

And so, with real pleasure, I commend to the reader, in behalf of the Mudd Fund Committee, this small volume, presenting in attractive form a delightful trans- lation of the first treatises on the technology of minerals and metals ever recorded on the printed page.

A. B. PARSONS Secretary, AIME

December, 1948.

T HE BergbiicbZein and ProbierbiicbZein occupy a unique position in the literature of mining and metallurgy, for they are the first printed books on any aspect of the two related professions. The first printed book on any subject has an allure that may not be entirely warranted by the strict historical significance of its contents. Among the books of the first century of printing there are very few that contain information that was new at the time of publication. Much of what they recorded had been previously circulated in manuscript form. Printed books are nevertheless of great value be- cause they mark the time when the author's words, free from errors--or at least with the same errors-became available to large numbers of readers, who thus could easily and cheaply acquire a common background for their future work. Moreover, though there is occasionally some doubt as to the exact year of publication'(as in the case of the present works), it is generally easier to date a printed work than a manuscript, and thus to provide a fixed coordinate in history.

The BergbiicbZein, "The Little Book on Ores," is the first printed work in the field of mining. It is an introduc- tion to minin'g geology, which means that it was not addressed to the practicing expert but was intended to rouse the interest of beginners in the various aspects of a future vocation. It touches on the theories of the genera- tion of ores, introduces and defines some of the most frequently encountered technical terms of the profession, and indicates what knowledge and tools are required for successful prospecting and mining. It also describes the ores of the seven most important metals. For those parts that deal with theory the author accepted uncritically the traditional teachings of the alchemists and the as- trologers; his hints on where to find promising ores are based partly on superstition; but there is enough factual,

8 Berevperk0 unb @robkrbiicbletn practical information, for example, on veins and their differences, on the occurrence of a metal in different ores, and on the association of a specific ore with others or with certain gangue materials, so that even a scholar like Agricola used the Bergbiicblein as a reference book.

The Probierbiicblein, "The Little Book on Assaying," is the first printed work on any aspect of metallurgy. Those who compare its contents with the three great works that followed it in the sixteenth century-the books by Biringuccio, Agricola, and Ercker-will find it inferior on both technical and literary grounds. Those who are familiar with the manuscript material of the previous century can quote earlier dates for most of the technical descriptions,* though rarely for better ones. In contrast to the Bergbiicblein, the Probierbiicblein was intended for use by the practicing artisan. It is a note- book, a compilation of accepted prayC&? and recipes culled from various manuscripts of tkeLtype that the more learned artisans would be expected to seek, enlarge upon, and exchange with each other, and covers every- thing from making touch needles, furnaces, crucibles, cupels, and weights to compounding fluxes and reagents and prescriptions for their use.

After their first appearance, which probably was not much later than 1500 in the case of the Bergbiichlein and very soon after 1520 in the case of the Probierbiichlein, the two volumes were reprinted a t frequent intervals. Not only the number of reissues but the diversity of locale of publication attests to their popularity. T o judge from the greater number of editions of the Pro- bierbiicblein that are known today, it must have been, as it would be now, considered the more valuable of the two books.

There was naturally a demand for information on 'See, for example, the discussion of cementation, cupellation, arnalgama-

tion, and other operations common to both goldsmith and alchemist by W. S. Wilson in hi article "An Alchemical MS. by Arnalus de Bruxella," Osiris, v. 2, 1936, pp. 220-405.

some phases of metallurgy other than assaying. The Berg- biicblein ends with the promise of a description of smelt- ing, and at the end of the 1524 edition of the Probier- biicblein there appears a similar promise, not only of a better book as in the copy from which the present trans- lation was made, but of one dealing with the processes of smelting, refining, and liquation. As far as is known now, neither of these promises was kept. The publisher Christian Egenolph tried to supply the demand by com- bining the Bergbiicblein with those parts of the Pro- bierbiicblein that deal with the assay furnace and cupels and by adding some miscellaneous matter on dissolving metals, on polishing gems, and on metal poisoning. This volume, first printed in 1533, is called Bergwerck und Probirbiicblin, and from it we have taken the title for the present joint but complete translation of the two Biicb- lein.

Most of the miscellaneous matter in the original omni- bus volume is also found in the Kunstbiicblein, which was published first under that title in 1535 by Steyner in Augsburg, though earlier books of similar content are , known. The subject matter and bibliography of its many ,' varied editions have been well discussed by Ferguson.*

This series is of interest from a metallurgical point of view, for it contains, mixed up with various cosmetic and medicinal nostrums, a number of metallurgical reci- pes of importanceadvice on such operations as hard- ening steel, soldering and brazing, amalgamation, gilding, making metal powders, and casting medallions, as well as that interesting antecedent to the flotation process, the purification of lapis lazuli by mixing with a greasy paste and kneading under water.

In his Berg-, Probir- und Kunstbiicblein (Munich 1926), Ernst Darmstaedter provides a comprehensive bibli-

*John Ferguson: Some Early Treatises on Technological Chemistry, Pmc. Pbil. Sac. Glasgow, v. 19,1887, pp. 126-159; v. 43, 1911, pp. 232-258; v. M, 19'1, PP. 149-189.

10 Bet-gwerk@ unb ProbferbUchlefn ography and discussion of these three somewhat diverse works. The joint consideration is justified, for none of them was meant to be a learned treatise of its subject, but all furnished useful technical information cheaply, probably to the annoyance of some master artisans who must have objected to the revelation of their Mysteries. The closest modern analogues, indeed their lineal de- scendants, are the books of household recipes, the m e

- chanic's -aids, the chemical- formularies, -and the-pros- pector's handbooks that were so common-and so badly edited and printed-in the last century and are to this day occasionally issued, doubtless to confuse the future bibliographer and to give him a strange idea of the slowness of dissemination of present-day scientific knowl- edge.

The present translations were made from the 1518 edition of the Bergbucblein and the 1534 edition of the Probiducblein; but other editions were carefully exam- ined and significant differences in earlier versions are indicated.

A. G. S. C. S. S.

Octobn; 1948

IT is a pleasure for the translators to record their grati- tude to the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi- neers for underwriting the cost of publication of this volume, to the Printing-Offide of the Yale University Press for doing an unusually fine printing job, and to the following for granting permission to reproduce the title pages of volumes in their collection:

The Bibliothsque Nationale of Paris, for edition A of the Bergbicblein ;

the Osler Library of McGill University, Montreal, for editions B and G of the Bergbicblein and edition D of the Probierbicblein ;

I Mr. Herbert Hoover, Jr., for editions C and E of the f l Bergbucblein and editions E, M, N, and 0 of the Probier-

bicblein ; the Parsons Collection of the Reference Department of

The New York Public Library, for edition D of the Berg- bicblein ;

the Library of the Bergakademie Freiberg, for edition F of the Bergbicblein and editions A, H, and L of the Probier- bicblein;

the Herzog-August-Bibliothek of Wolfenbiittel, for edi- tion C of the Probierbicblein;

the British Museum Library, London, for edition I of the Probierbicblein ;

and the library of the University of California at Ber- keley, for edition J of the Probierbucblein.

The coijperation of those who helped with the trans- lation of the Bergbiicblein is acknowledged on p. 64.

HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE Bergbiicblein 49 NOTES ON TRANSLATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 63

TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT 77 HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE Probierbiicblein 157

THE TECHNICAL CONTENT OF THE Probierbiicblein 179 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 189

Numbers rcfrr to pages i n tbis edition. Pages 17 to 48 contain tbe text of tbe kanslation of tbe Bergbiichlein, pp. 77 to 155 :bat of tbe Probierbiichlein. Ibe letter "n" following an entry refers to a note on :bat page.

See pages 71 to 76for list of paragraph beadings in tbe Probierbiichlejn.

CID, parting, I 10 A See also aqua fortis Adam% F. D., 334 494 52, 53,64 aes ustum, I 29, 147 aes ustumfmrrrm, 108, 129 Agricola, Georgius, 354 49,924 157,

162, 189, 190 Albertus Magnus, 41 alchemy, 8, 188 alteration products, 33n, 36, 39, 40,

43945 alum, 36, I I I, 122, 148 amalgamation, 123, 132-134, 136-

'37, '52, '87 amethyst, 41 annealing, 138 antimony, 114, Ixqn, 115-117, 121,

123, 126, 129-131, 135, 137, 140, '54

antimony sulphide see antimony aqua fortis, 120, 131, 136, 147 aqua regia, 136n iWg01, 109, 110, 115-117, 122, 127,

134s 147, '54 arsenic, I 54 ashes see cupel ashes; lye assaying, 77, 78, 93, 179-188, and

passtm See also cementation; crucible assay; cupellation; furnaces; scori- fication; touchstone; weights; and under names of metals and materials

assay lead, 100, 103, and passim assay needles see toucheeedles

Bergbricblein, editions, Augsburg edi- tions, 60, 62 -- Erfurt edition, 57 -- Frankfurt editions, 59, 61 -- "undated" edition, 55 -- "Ursprung," 58 -- Worms edition, 56 Bcrgwerck und Robirbricblin, 9, 52,

59,61 bibliography and history, of Berg-

bricblrin, 54-62 - of Probierbricblrin, 57178

See also Bergbicblem; Probier- bricblrin

billon, 93,93n, 152 Biringuccio, Vannoccio, 35n, 157,

189, 190 bismuth, 123 bismuth ore, 36,39,77 blanching, 117, 122, 147 blende, 36 bone ash, 97,98, I I 2,134 borax, I 27, I 29, I31 Brabant, 85 brass casters' crucibles, I 12 brass filings, 123 breccia, 38 brick dust, 149, 150 bronze founders' crucibles, I I 2

C ALAMINE, I I 9, I 23 Calbus JM von Kalbe, U. R. caput mortuum, 109, 136, I 84 cassiterite, 44

B W., of Landon, Goldsmith, 181n cementation (of gold), 138,140,144- balances, 84 I47,.149-151, 186 Barth, Tom. F. W., I p s 2411, 34n, chamols leather, 133-134, 137 -- - -

3 6 4 39" day,.36,37,39,43 bedded deposits, 21 n, 43,45 Cn~p~us, Johann, 176, 177 beech ashes, I I I cobalt, 92

192 Be rgwrk~ unb problerbiicblein win clippings, recovery of values, enr matfir, I I 8n

I32-133, I54 mr venm'r, I I 8n coins, 119, 142, 152 enfiae, 118, 118n, IIg - assaying, 99,104 Ercker, Lazarus, gzn, 157,162,190 - sampling, 93 exhalations, 20,33n, 36,40,41 - value, 104 Cologne, 84 ACHS, MODESTIN, 162 ampass, 22-231 3'131 49-s0, 65 F felt, 138 copper, assaying, 781 8I-85,93, '0'- Ferguson, John, g

103 field mining, 29 - In gold schlich, 42 - parting see gold fireclay, 94,959 11 1 j a c k Gang, 21 n - sampling, 93 j&, 2In copperas, 110,116, 153 fluxes, 48, 115, 120-122, 127, 144, copper matte, g2,gg, 108, 129 copper ore, 20,4~, 45-46, n I531 I791 '82-185 - footwall, defined, 30 assaying, 92 fractures, 20 copper pyrites, 44 Franck, Mattheus, 175 copper scale, 148 crocus martis, I 29 furnaces, assay, 94-95 - wind, I 10, I 81n crucible assay, of ores, 106, 108-111 crucibles, for fusion assays, 11 1-1 I 2 - methods of making, I 11 G ALENA, 36,47n cupel ashes, g6-gg1 I 81 Geissler, P., Son cupellation (for assay), gg-104, I 10, g-, 134

IZO, 126,181 gilding, 148, 154 - (on test), 102, 107, 112-113, see ~ I S O gold

119, I2Q, 123, 129, I53 glass, 108,116,153 cupels, charging, 99 - Venetian, I 19, I 22 - facing, 98 Glaubu, Rudolf, 181n - making, 85,96-g9 God, 77

gold, alloying for cementation, 140,

D ARMSTAEDTER, ERNST, 9, 140n,142, 143 494 50, 504 54, 55, 158, 160, - alluvial, 35, 40 162,163,165,170,174 - amalgamation, 132-134,187

Daubman, Hans, 171 - assaying, 78, 86 Delius, C. T., nrn, 63 - casting, 141-142 dip see veins, strike and dip - cementation, 138,140,144-147, Dorn, Hans, 164 14g-151,186 - color, 42

GENOLPH, CHRISTIAN, g, - E, 2 coloring, 138, 148 , 5 , 591 611 167 - cupellation, 126, 129, 130, 135 Egenolph's Heirs, 176,177 - graduation, I 29, 130, 136, 138, eisenkupfn; ggn 148,187 Eisleben, 88, IOO - Hungarian, 137, 142 elemental composition of metals, 20, - making malleable, 133, 138,

34, 35, 39-4'943, 4 4 ~ 4 ~ 1 47 141, 147 Elizabeth von Stolberg und Wer- - natlve, 43

nigerode, I 59-1 60 -parting from copper, with anti- Ellenbog, Ulrich, 52 mony, 131

-- with sulphur, I I I, I 25- iron cap, 46n 127, 131, 1391 150, 153 iron filings, 106, 130, 182

-parting from silver, with anti- iron ore, 20,39,46,107 mony, 114, 121, 122, 128, 137, ironsheet, "5, "8 I 84-1 85 ironstone, 36,39 -- with aqua fortis, I 22, I q-

125, 131, f391187 --

JUPITER, 19,443 77 w ~ t h sulphur, 114, 116,

119, 120, 125, 1279 1333 1353 144, I 84-1 85 - placer gold, 40, 41 - recovery, from coin clippings,

132-133 -- from gilded objects, 132,

133, 136138 -- from old paintings, 134 - refining, I 26, i28, 143 - Rhenish, 137, 142 gold-colored paint, 134, 136, 148 gold ores, 19,- 20,3+44,77 gold schlich, 42 Goslar, 88, 104, 152, 190 gouge, 38 granulation, 93-94, 124, 127, 140,

143, 145, I 50 grapevine ashes, 97 Gruess, G., 51, 174 gum, 136

hartshorn ashes, 97 Haselberg, Johann, 51, 53, 58 Heaven, influence on minerals, 19,

353 393 43 See alro under namer of planetr

hempseed, I 51 Hermes Trismegistus, 2on Hildesheim, I I r Holy Roman Empire, 143 Hoover, H. C. and L. H., 4911, 51,

158, '7'3 '75, '86 horizon circle, 22-23 hornstone, 36,39

I LLUSTRATIONS, instructions for coloring, 48 inquartation, 13gn iron, 117, 118,122-124 - recovery of silver from, I 15

K APP, F., 53 Kelly. Sherwin F.. 4211, 64 kIBe, g8n Knappe, Hans, the younger, 164 Knoblach, Hans, I ~g-160 Knoblauch, Johann, 53 Kremnitz, 138, 144 Kun~tbficbIein, g kux, 18n

ANDSBERG, MARTIN, 50, 55 L Latomus, Sigismund, 178 lead, gg-1o3,106, 108,1og, I 14, I I 5,

120, 123, 126, 140, 143, 148, 152, and pairim - cupellation, I 52 - gold paint for, 136 - hardening, 1% lead ash, I I I , IIIn, 126 lead balls for assay, loo lead ore, 20~47, IT-log - assaying, 108 lead smelting, 152 Lempe, J. F., 54 Lewis, William, I 81n lime, log, 111, 116, 121, 135, 138,

1393 '53, '54 limestone, 36 linseed oil, 134 liquation, 89 litharge, 105, 110,123, 151 Loersfelt, Johann, 57 Lonicerus, Adam, 176177 Iuna Jxa, I 23 Iwum rapientior, 107 lye, log, I I I , "5, 116,121,135, 139

AGNETIC DECLINATION, M 31% 32 - - - magnetite, 42

Mansfeld, IOO marcasite, 39 Mars, 20,46,77 matte scc copper matte; placbmal Maximilian, Emperor, 53 Meissen, 34,49 mercury (element), 123, 132-133,

'54 Scc also quicksilver

Mercury (planet), lo, 47 mercury sublimate, 133, 141 mineral green (malachite), 149 Uinerophilus, 63 mining, 17, 18 ,34 ,7 minium, 47, 129, 126, 133 mintmaster's fee, 105, 142, 153 mold dressing, 127, 133, 144 moon, 19,349 77 muffle, 95 mustard seed, I 51

N EEDLES, filings from, 130 Netherlands, 78 niello, I Iqn niter, 113, 129, 139

Scc also saltpeter Nuremberg, 84, 88-89,189, 190

0 BERG, I I I ocher, 134 - red, 118,148 olive oil, I32 ores, assaying, 91, 105-log - colors, 107 - generation and growth, lg-21,

33-35,37,39,42,44-48,77 - roasting, 45, 105, I I O - shipping unit, 92

Scc also veins; and under names of tomponcnt mcta/s

orpiment, I 54 outcrop scc rock outcrop; veins

P AGAMENT scc billon Pellechet, M., Son Percy, John, I 86 Peypus, Friedrich, 53 pickling, "7, 122, 138, 147 placer deposits, 40,42 placbmal, I I Sn, I 29

planets, influence on ores, IFO, 44- p7, 72, 77, 123

pnnters and publishers scc Cnipius, J. Daubman, H. Dorn, H. Egenolph, C. Egenolph's Heirs Franck, M. Haselberg, J. Kholer, H. Knappe, H., Jr. Knoblauch, J. Landsberg, M. Latomus, S. Loersfelt, J. Lonicerus, A. Peypus, F. Schofer, P. Schonsperger, J. Steinmeyer, P. S teinmeyer, V. Steyner, H. Stiichs, J.

Probicrb~cblcin, editions, Augsburg editions, (168), 169, 170, (171 ?), '75 -- "British Museum" edi- tion, 172 -- "I 527" edition, 165 -- Frankfurt editions, 176-

178 -- Magdeburg edition, 164 -- Nuremberg editions, 171,

'74 -- Strassburg edition, 167 -- "University of California"

edition, 173 -- "Wolfenbiittel" edition,

166 pyrites, 36,37,42-45

Q UARTZ, 36,399 43 quicklime scc lime qu~cksilver, 20, 21, 34, 35, 39, 40,

44-47, 134, 136, 152 See also mercury

R OCK CRYSTAL, 41 rock outcrop, 31

llnbex 195 Roros, 34 - recovery, from cement, I 51 Roth, F. W. E., 53n -- from coins, I 19 royalties, paid by veins, 38 -- from iron, I I 5 rubies, 41 -- from matte (p(acbmal),

117, 121, 124, 127, 129, 130, 144

S AFFRON, 136 -- from slag, I I 5 sal alkali, 109, I 10, I 16, 121, 153, - refining, on scorifier, 124 184 --on test, 111-114,117-120

sal ammoniac, 110, 116, 120, 121, silver chloride, 120 127, 128, 131-133, 136, 138, 147, silver giance, 39 153, 154 silver ores, 1g,20, 34-39,4577, 107

salt, 1o~,106,108-110,116,120, 127, smelting, 48 131, 133, 135, 144, 149, rso, 154 Smith, Cyril Stanley, 4211, +4n

saltpeter, 109, I 10, I 16, 121, 126, soap, Venetian, 122 '27, 131, 136, 153 spar, 36-39

saltpetery salt, I 19, IZI spun gold, 134 sampling, 93-94 ~tpcbeIera, 39n sandiver, 105, 108, 110, 184 stebendcr Gang, 21 n Saturn, 20,47,77, I23 Steinmeyer, Paul, 176-177 schist, 45, 91 Steinmeyer, Vincent, 178 schlich, 42 Steyner,Heinrich, 50, 52,60, 62,161, Schofer, Peter, 48, 50, 51,56 (168), 169, 170 Schonsperger, J., I 58 stockwork, 45 Schreittmann, Ciriacus, 162, 189, Stolberg, 88, 89,189

190 stream tin, 44 scbwebender Gang, 21n snike see veins scbweij, 36n swingers see veins scorification assay, 107, 110, 114 Stichs, Johann, 158 scorification (refining), I 18, I 21, I%, suet, 127

128,!31,.143 sulphur, 20-21,34-35,39-40,42,44- shares in mimng companies, 18 47, 1x1, 114, 116, 119-121, 125- shimmering, 33,34 127, 130, 133, 135, 139, 144, 149, silver, amalgamation, 132-133 150, 153, 154 - assaying, 78,99, 154 - sun, 19,399 77 brittle, 114 - in copper veins, 46 T ALLOW, 127 - cupellation of, 130 tannery ashes, 98 - cupelled, I 13, I 52 terminology, 63 - fine, 105, 113, 114 terrain favorable to ores, 21,35 - fire-refined, 105, 113, 152 Theophrastus, I 8 ~n -gilded, 114, 122, I32 tin, 123~1% - in gold schlich, 42 - alloys, 44 - graduating, I I 8, I I 8n, I%, 130 - cry, qqn - jewellers', I 13 - gold paint for, 136 - in lead ore, 47 tin 0% 1 9 , ~ - 4 5 7 7 - making malleable, 1x4, 122 tinstone, 44 - native, 36 touchneedles, for coins, 82-84 - parting see gold - for copper, 79-82 - precipitation, as chloride, 120 - for gold assay, 86,154 -- with copper, 122, 125, 131 - for silver assay, 7879, 85, 154

196 Ber@verb unb Problerbllcbleln touchneedles (continued) vinegar, 136,138,1441 14511491150, - use of, 87, 181, 182 153 touchstone, 78, 87, 145, 150, 151, viride acris, 128, 138

154, 181n vitriol, 110, 116, 121, 129, 136, 147, See also touchneedles I53

tourmaline, 42, e( - green, I I I Turner, T., 17gn - white, I I I

von Dechen, Hans, 3611, 51-54

U" ZGOLD, 134 von Kalbe, Ulrich Riilein, 35n,49,50 urine, 106, 107, 115, 126, 147, 149, 150, I54 WiuS 148

(Dm) Ursprung gemeynncr Bcrck- weathering, 37 recbr, 529 539 58 See also alteration

weights, adjusting, g1,g2 v ARNISH, 134 - assay weights, 78, 87-92, 180, veins, classification, 21 189-190 -junction, 43,48 - centner weights, 80, 87, 89 - orientation, 20, 21~35 - of Netherlands, 78 -outcrop, 17, 24, 30, 31, 33-38, weights and measures, 189-190

46 willow ashes, 109, 111, 116,121,135, - richness related to orientation, 139, 153

21,351 36338-401 46 Wilson, W. S., 8n -strike and dip, 17, 21, 24-33, wine, 129, 154

36, 38? 43 wittmng, 3334136 - sulngers, 2 1 ~ 3 3 worklead, 109, 152 Veith, H., 21463 Venus, 20~45, 77 IMMERMANN, SAMUEL, verdigris, 111, 116, 121, 127, 128,

130, 1319 136, 139, '539 I54 162

Zunner, Johann David, 53, 54 Vienna crucible, I I 0 zwitter, e,

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