Volume-III (Description of Environment)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)STUDY OF NAVI MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

CITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

OF MAHARASHTRA LIMITED

Volume - III

CENTER OF ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI.

June 2010

Chapter - 4 – Description of Environment

June 2010

CENTER OF ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MUMBAI

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY OF

NAVI MUMBAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

NAVI MUMBAI

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

NAVI MUMBAI

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

CIDCO

Volume - III

Chapter - 4 – Description of Environment

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport I

CESE, IIT Mumbai CIDCO

C O N T E N T S

VOLUME - I

Executive Summary

VOLUME - II

Chapter 1 : Introduction Page

No.

1.1 : Background 1

1.2 : Project Proponent 3

1.3 : Airport Sector Profile 4

1.3.1 : National Airport System 4

1.3.2 : Western Region Airport System 9

1.3.3 : Mumbai Region Airport System 13

1.4 : Passenger Traffic Trends 14

1.4.1 : Annual Passengers 14

1.4.2 : Peak Period Passengers 18

1.5 : Aircraft Movement (ATM) Trends 20

1.5.1 : Annual Aircraft Movements 20

1.5.2 : Peak Period Aircraft Movements 27

1.6 : Air Cargo Trends 29

1.7 : Conclusions of Air Traffic Analysis 32

1.8 : Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 32

1.9 : Purpose of Study 32

1.10 : Project Brief 33

1.11 : Terms of Reference 34

1.11.1 : Site analysis 34

1.11.2 : Water 36

1.11.3 : Solid waste 36

1.11.4 : Energy 36

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport II


1.11.5 : Traffic & transport 37

1.11.6 : CRZ 38

1.11.7 : Noise 39

1.11.8 : EMP, DMP 40

1.11.9 : Additional Terms of Reference 41

1.12 : Scope of work 42

1.12.1 : Study Area 43

1.13 : Scoping 45

1.14 : Structure of the Report 48

Chapter 2 : Analysis of alternative Sites

2.1 : Introduction 1

2.2 : Mahapan in Sindhudurg District 1

2.3 : Rewas-Mandwa 2

2.3.1 : Salient Features 2

2.3.2 : Accessibility 4

2.3.3 : Power, Water & Telecommunication infrastructure 4

2.3.4 : Township Development 4

2.3.5 : Site Constraints 5

2.3.6 : Environment sensitive factors 5

2.4 : Navi Mumbai Site 7

2.4.1 : Salient Features 7

2.4.2 : Site Constraints 9

2.5 : Selection of Alternative Sites 11

2.5.1 : SWOT Analysis 11

2.5.2 : Site Sensitivity Analys 13

2.6 : Conclusion 20

Chapter 3 : Project Description

3.1 : Geographical Setting 1

3.1.1 : Location 1

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport III


3.1.2 : Navi Mumbai 1

3.1.3 : Regional Setting 3

3.1.4 : Linkages 3

3.1.5 : Transport Systems and Network 4

3.1.6 : Project Accessibility 6

3.1.7 : Project Area 6

3.2 : Project Activities 7

3.3 : Project structure 7

3.4 : Aviation Demand Forecast 8

3.4.1 : Air Traffic Forecast 8

3.4.2 : MMR Air Traffic Forecast 8

3.4.3 : MMR Air Cargo Demand 9

3.4.4 : Navi Mumbai Air Traffic Forecast 10

3.4.5 : Navi Mumbai Air Cargo Forecast 11

3.4.6 : Air Traffic Summary 12

3.5 : Airport Facilities 15

3.5.1 : Runways 16

3.5.2 : Taxiway System 17

3.5.3 : Navigational Aids 18

3.5.4 : Commercial Apron 19

3.5.5 : Long-Term Aircraft Parking 20

3.5.6 : General Aviation 21

3.5.7 : Cargo Apron 21

3.5.8 : Passenger Terminal Building 21

3.5.9 : Air Cargo Building 23

3.6 : Roadway System 23

3.6.1 : Primary Access Road 23

3.6.2 : Terminal Area Access Road 24

3.6.3 : Terminal Frontage Road 24

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport IV


3.6.4 : Service Roads 24

3.7 : Vehicular and Cargo Parking 25

3.7.1 : Vehicular Parking 25

3.7.2 : Cargo Parking 25

3.8 : Technical Building and Control Tower 25

3.9 : Fuel Farm 25

3.10 : Air Rescue and Fire Fighting 26

3.11 : Catering Facility 26

3.12 : Ground Handling Equipment Maintenance 27

3.13 : Aircraft Maintenance Hangar Facilities 27

3.14 : Airfield Maintenance Area 27

3.15 : Landuse of Aeronautical area 28

3.16 : Water Requirements 30

3.17 : Power Supply 32

3.18 : Sewerage Treatment Plant 35

3.19 : Solid Waste Generation & Disposal 35

3.20 : Development of Non-aeronautical Area 38

3.21 : Project Cost 39

3.22 : Implementation Programme 40

3.23 : Construction Material 41

3.24 : Construction Environment 42

VOLUME - III

Chapter 4 : Description of Environment


4.2 : Environmental Setting 2

4.3 : Hydrometeorology 3

4.4 : Physiography 5

4.5 : Geology 8

4.6 : Drainage 11

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport V


4.6.1 : Gadhi river 12

4.6.2 : Kalundri River 13

4.6.3 : Kasadi- Taloja river 14

4.6.4 : Ulwe River 15

4.7 : Land Environment 16

4.7.1 : Particle Size Distribution 19

4.7.2 : Electrical conductivity (EC) and SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) 21

4.7.3 : Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) 23

4.7.4 : Permeability 24

4.7.5 : Porosity 25

4.7.6 : Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium 26

4.7.7 : Total Soil Quality 35

4.7.8 : Sub-Soil Characteristics of Airport Area 36

4.7.9 : Pedological Suvey 36

4.7.10 : Sub-Soil Investigation during TEF Stage 40

4.7.11 : Sub-Soil Investigation During DPR Stage 59

4.8 : Water Environment 71

4.8.1 : Water Quality 71

4.8.2 : Water Quality Index 74

4.8.3 : Water Quality Results 77

4.8.4 : Results of Water Quality Analysis 84

4.9 : Air Environment 120

4.9.1 : Air Quality 120

4.9.2 : Air Quality Index (AQI) 123

4.9.3 : Air Quality Results 124

4.9.4 : Total Air quality 162

4.9.5 : Meteorology 169

4.10 : Noise Environment 234

4.10.1 : Ambient Noise Quality 234

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport VI


4.10.2 : Equivalent Continuous Sound Levels 237

4.10.3 : Traffic Noise Index 246

4.10.4 : Noise Pollution Index (NPI) 247

4.10.5 : Average Noise Level 249

4.11 : Ecology 259

4.11.1 : Terrestrial Habitats 263

4.11.2 : Avifauna 263

4.11.3 : Habitats Encountered In the Project Area 269

4.11.4 : Streams 274

4.11.5 : Community analysis for Terrestrial Habitats 279

4.12 : Forest 300

4.12.1 : Forest Types 303

4.13 : Aquatic Ecosystem 305

4.13.1 : Phytoplankton 305

4.13.2 : Zooplankton 314

4.13.3 : Benthos 325

4.13.4 : Water Quality Status of Major aquatic Habitat in the Project Area 332

4.14 : Traffic & Transportation Study 338

4.14.1 : Land Side Access 338

4.14.2 : Site accessibility 339

4.14.3 : Rail Linkages 341

4.14.4 : Water Transport 342

4.14.5 : Road Linkages 342

4.14.6 : Mode Share 344

4.14.7 : Road Traffic Forecast 347

4.14.8 : Test Of Adequacy 351

4.14.9 : Intersection Analysis 352

4.14.10 : Assessments of intersection 360

4.14.11 : Intersection Evaluation by V/C Ratio 376

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport VII


4.15 : Land Status & Settlement 389

4.16 : Demographic Socio-Economic 393

4.16.1 : Socio-demographic profile for urban area 394

4.16.2 : Socio-economic profile of rural area 396

4.17 : Land Use Pattern 399

4.17.1 : Study Area 399

4.17.2 : Project Area 403

4.18 : Places of Ecological, Historical & Cultural Importance 405

4.18.1 : The Elephanta Caves 405

4.18.2 : Karnala Bird Sanctuary 406

4.18.3 : Matheran Eco-sensitive Zone 408

4.19 : Costal Regulation Zone 409

VOLUME-IV

Chapter 5 : Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

5.0 : Background 1

5.1 : Impact Identification, Classification and Prioritization 2

5.1.1 : Impact Identification 2

5.1.2 : Evaluation and Classification of Impacts 13

5.1.3 : Prioritization of Impacts and Identification of Environmental Sectors affected

24

5.2 : Mitigation Measures 29

Chapter 6 : Environmental Management Plan

6.1 : Background 1

6.2 : Scope 1

6.3 : Objectives 2

6.4 : Government Policies 2

6.5 : Key Players for Implementation of EMP 3

6.6 : Environmental Management Cell Structure 3

6.7 : Environmental Management Action Plan 8

6.8 : Environmental Monitoring Plan 33

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport VIII


6.9 : Financial Plan 44

6.9.1 : EMP budget estimates 44

6.10 : Reporting Strategies 46

6.11 : Responsible organizations for implementation of EMP 47

Chapter 7 : Disaster Management Plan


7.1 : Natural Disasters 1

7.2 : Aircraft Accident Related Disasters 2

7.3 : Terror Attack, Plane Hijack, Sabotage 2

7.4 : Disaster Management Plan 2

7.4.1 : Purpose & Scope 3

7.4.2 : Categorization of Emergencies 4

7.5 : Emergency Procedures 5

7.6 : Role and Responsibility in Handling Emergencies 13

7.7 : Operation and Management Control 15

7.7.1 : Airport Emergency Managing Committee 15

7.7.2 : Airport Emergency Operation/Co-ordination Centre 16

7.8 : Training and Education 23

7.9 : Mock Drills and Exercises 24

7.10 : Updating of Disaster Management Plan 25

VOLUME-V

Chapter 8 : Additional Studies


8.1 : Legal Opinion on Permissibility of Activities in CRZ Area 1

8.2 : Training & Diversion of Rivers Study 22

8.2.1 : Background 22

8.2.2 : Need for Training & Diversion of Rivers 23

8.2.3 : Proposed River Training & Diversion 25

8.3 : Reorientation of runways Study 31

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport IX


8.3.1 : Background 31

8.3.2 : Runway Orientation 31

8.3.3 : NMIA Runway Orientation 34

8.3.4 : Presence of Mangroves in Airport area 35

8.3.5 : Reducing runway spacing 36

8.3.6 : Reorienting the runways 37

8.4 : Ground Water Study 38

8.5 : Vaghvli Island & Coastal line Study 39

8.5.1 : Methodology 40

8.6 : Mathematical & Physical Model Study 46

8.7 : Mangrove Analysis, Plantation & Management Study 47

8.7.1 : Field Observation 47

8.7.2 : Density and Dispersal 49

8.7.3 : Satellite Remote Sensing Study of mangroves 54

8.7.4 : Mangrove Plantation 64

8.7.5 : Management of Mangrove 65

8.8 : Air Quality & Noise Assessment 77

8.8.1 : Surface Traffic Emission 77

8.8.2 : Aircraft Emission 80

8.8.3 : Noise Quality Assessment 82

8.8.4 : Integrated Noise Model 89

8.9 : Rehabilitation & Re-settlement ( R & R ) Plan 98

8.9.1 : R & R Entitlements 98

8.9.2 : R & R Cost 99

: ANNEXURE-I

: ANNEXURE II

: ANNEXURE III

: ANNEXURE IV

: ANNEXURE V

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport X


: ANNEXURE VI

: ANNEXURE VII

Chapter 9 : Disclosure of Consultants

9.0 : List of Consultants 1

9.1 : Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT, Bombay 1

9.2 : M/s.LBG-INECO-RITES Consortium, USA 1

9.3 : Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), Pune 2

9.4 : Hydraulic Advisor 2

9.5 : Review Consultant (DHI) 2

9.6 : Mumbai University 2

9.7 : M/s. Lewis Environment Service Inc., (Lewis) USA 3

9.8 : Gujarat Ecology Commission 3

9.9 : Ground water Survey & Development Agency (GSDA), Govt. of Maharashtra.:

3

9.10 : Legal Consultants 3

9.11 : Maharashtra Maritime Board, Govt. of Maharashtra 4

9.12 : Center of Studies in Resource Engineering (CSRE), IIT Mumbai 4

9.13 : P. N. Shidhore and Company 4

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XI


List of Tables

VOLUME-II

Chapter 1

1.1 National Airport System 4

1.2 National Air Passenger data 6

1.3 National Air freight Data 7

1.4 Regional and State Airports Passenger Data 10

1.5 Regional and State Airports Freight Data 11

1.6 Annual Commercial Passengers , CSIA 15

1.7 Breakdown of International Passengers , CSIA 17

1.8 Peak Months for Commercial Passengers , CSIA 20

1.9 Historical Commercial Aircraft Movements , CSIA 21

1.10 Breakdown of Total Aircraft Movements for 2006-2007, CSIA 23

1.11 Current Fleet Mix – Scheduled Weekly Arrivals, CSIA ( January 2008) 25

1.12 Current Fleet Mix – Scheduled Weekly Arrivals, CSIA ( Summer 2004) 25

1.13 Historical Air Cargo& Mail, CSIA 30

1.14 Geographical & Environmental Setting of The Airport Site ( 10 Km Radius)

33

Chapter 2

2.1 SWOT - Navi Mumbai – Rewas Mandwa 11

2.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Rewas Mandwa 13

2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Navi Mumbai 16

2.4 Comparison of Attribute Score 18

Chapter 3

3.1 MMR Air Traffic Forecast 9

3.2 MMR Air Cargo Traffic Forecast 10

3.3 NMIA Air Traffic Forecast 10

3.4 NMIA Air cargo Traffic 11

3.5 Airport development Phasing – NMIA 11

3.6 NMIA Air Traffic Forecast Summary 12

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XII


3.7 Number of Passengers per Development Phasing 13

3.8 Land Use Statement for Aeronautical Area 28

3.9 Phase-wise Water Requirements 30

3.10 Demand & Supply of Water 31

3.11 Phase-wise Power Requirement 33

3.12 Navi Mumbai Demand and Supply of Energy 34

3.13 Land use Statement for Non Aeronautical Area 38

3.14 Basic Cost Estimate of Airport Zone 39

3.15 Quantities of basic Materials ( Approx) 42

VOLUME-III

Chapter 4

4.1 Geographical & Environmental Setting of Study Area 2

4.2 Soil Quality Monitoring Stations In The Project Area 17

4.3 Usda Soil Textural Classification System 20

4.4 Classification Based On Sodium Adsorption Ratio And Electrical Conductivity

22

4.5 Classification of soil based on CEC value 24

4.6 Classification Of Soil Based On Permeability 25

4.7 Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

27

4.8 Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

28

4.9 Values of Different Soil Quality Parameters at Various Stations of The Project Area during Monsoon Season

30

4.10 Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

31

4.11 Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

32

4.12 Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area During Monsoon Season

33

4.13 Navi Mumbai Soil Groups 39

4.14 Standard Penetration Test 47

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XIII


4.15 Soil Properties (UDS Samples) 48

4.16 Soil Properties (DS Samples) 50

4.17 Rock Sample Test Results 51

4.18 Chemical Analysis 52

4.19 Design Parameters (Summary) 53

4.20 Soil Properties (UDS Samples) 60

4.21 Soil Properties (DS Samples) 61

4.22 Rock Sample Test Results 63

4.23 Marine Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Project Area 72

4.24 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Project Area 73

4.25 Descriptor Categories For Various Nsf-Wqi Values 76

4.26 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Post Monsoon Season

78

4.27 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Pre Monsoon Season

79

4.28 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Monsoon Season

80

4.29 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ulve River during Post Monsoon, Pre-monsoon and Monsoon

81

4.30 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Panvel Creek During Post Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon & Monsoon Season

82

4.31 Receiving Sea Water Standards for SW II Category(Commercial Fishing, Contact Recreation, Bathing water)

83

4.32 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Post Monsoon Season

98

4.33 NSF Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Pre Monsoon Season

99

4.34 NSF Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Monsoon Season

100

4.35 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ground Water In The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

102

4.36 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ground Water In The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

103

4.37 Values Of Ground Water Quality Parametres During Monsoon Season

104

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XIV


4.38 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Ground Water For Post Monsoon Season

116

4.39 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Ground Water For Pre Monsoon Season

117

4.40 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Water For Monsoon Season

118

4.41 Selection of Air Monitoring Stations in the Project Area 121

4.42 (a) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

125

4.42( b) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

126

4.42 (c) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

127

4.42 (d) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

128

4.42 (e) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

129

4.42 (f) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (Mg/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

130

4.42 (g) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

131

4.42 (h) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

131

4.42 (i) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

133

4.42 ( j) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

134

4.42 (k) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

135

4.42 (l) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season

136

4.42 (m) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations

137

4.42 (n) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations

138

4.42 (o) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

139

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XV


4.42 (p) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

140

4.42 (q) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

141

4.42 ( r) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

142

4.42 (s) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

143

4.42 (t) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

144

4.42 (u) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

145

4.42 (v) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

146

4.42 (w) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

147

4.42 (x) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

148

4.42 (y) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

149

4.42 (z)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

150

4.42 (z’) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

151

4.42 (z”) Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season

152

4.43 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

153

4.44 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Winter Season

154

4.45 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

155

4.46 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season

156

4.47 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

163

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XVI


4.48 Air Quality Index (AQI) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area During Winter Season

164

4.49 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

165

4.50 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season

166

4.51 Average Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Overall Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon, Pre Monsoon, Monsoon Season

167

4.52 (a) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For November, 2007 172

4.52 (b) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For December, 2007 174

4.52 (c) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For January, 2008 175

4.52 (d) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For February, 2008 177

4.52 (e) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For March, 2008 178

4.52 (f) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For April, 2008 180

4.52 (g) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For May, 2008 182

4.52 (h) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For June, 2008 184

4.52 (i) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For July, 2008 185

4.52 (j) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For August, 2008 187

4.52 (k) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For September, 2008 188

4.52 (l) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For October, 2008 190

4.53 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel During Post Monsoon Season

191

4.54 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel During Winter Season

193

4.55 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel During Pre Monsoon Season

194

4.56 Grand Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel 196

4.57 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

211

4.58 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area During Winter Season

211

4.59 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area 212

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XVII


During Pre Monsoon Season

4.60 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area During Monsoon Season

212

4.61 (a) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of November’ 2007

213

4.61 (b) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of December, 2007

214

4.61 (c) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of January, 2008 216

4.61 (d) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of February, 2008 217

4.61 (e) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of March, 2008 219

4.61 (f) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of April, 2008 220

4.61 (g) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of May, 2008 222

4.61 (h) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of June, 2008 223

4.61(i) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of July, 2008 225

4.61 (j) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of August, 2008 226

4.61 (k) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of September, 2008

228

4.61 (l) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of October, 2008 229

4.62 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Post Monsoon Season 231

4.63 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Winter Season 232

4.64 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Pre Monsoon Season 233

4.65 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Monsoon Season 234

4.66 Locations of Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring stations in and around the project site

236

4.67 Ambient Noise Quality Standards 237

4.68 (a) Hourly Leq Values At Various Location Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

241

4.68 (b) Hourly Leq Values At Various Location Of The Project AreaDuring Pre Monsoon season

243

4.68 (c) Hourly Leq Values At Various Locations Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season

245

4.69 (a) Area wise Noise Characteristics In The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season (January, 2008)

251

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XVIII


4.69 (b) Area wise Noise Characteristics In The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season (April, 2008)

252

4.69 (c) Area wise Noise Characteristics In The Project Area During Monsoon Season (October, 2008)

253

4.70 Index Ranges 248

4.71 (a) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

255

4.71 (b) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

256

4.71 (c) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season

257

4.72 Ambient Noise Quality Standards 254

4.73 Monitoring Stations In The Project Area For Ecological Studies 260

4.74 List of Avifauna recorded in the study area 264

4.75 Gastropods, Pelecypods, Butterflies, Reptiles & Mammals Encountered During The Site Visits In Different Seasons

267

4.76 Fish, Amphibians, Prawns & Crabs Encountered During The Site Visits In Different Seasons

268

4.77 (a) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project Area Surveyed During Pre Monsoon Season

283

4.77 (b) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project Area Surveyed During Monsoon Season

288

4.77 (c) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project Area Surveyed During Post Monsoon Season

295

4.78 List of Protected Forests in the Study Area 300

4.79 List of Reserve Forests in the Study Area 303

4.80 (a) Phytoplankton Species Encountered in Marine Water of Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Pre-Monsoon Season

306

4.80 (b) Phytoplankton species encountered at all collection stations from Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Monsoon Season

307

4.80 (c) Phytoplankton species encountered at all collection stations from Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Post Monsoon

308

4.81 (a) Primary Production of Water at Different Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Pre Monsoon Season

311

4.81 (b) Primary Production of Water Collected From Different Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Monsoon Season

312

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XIX


4.81 (c) Primary Production of Water Collected From Different Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Post Monsoon Season

313

4.82 (a) Species Composition of Zooplankton from Various Stations in Aquatic Habitats in the Project Area during Pre- Monsoon Season

315

4.82 (b) Zooplankton Species encountered in waters collected from different sites along Gadhi River, Ulwe River And Panvel Creek during monsoon

316

4.82 (c) Species encountered in waters collected from different sites along Gadhi River, Ulwe River And Panvel Creek during Post monsoon

317

4.83 (a ) Ecological Indices Calculated For The Zooplankton at Various Locations Along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And Ulwe River during Pre Monsoon Season

318

4.83 (b) Ecological Indices for Zooplankton Species at Various Locations Along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And Ulwe River during Monsoon.

319

4.83 (c) Ecological Indices Calculated For The Zooplankton From Various Locations Along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And Ulwe River during Post Monsoon.

320

4.84 (a) Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River During Pre Monsoon Season

321

4.84 (b) Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River During Monsoon Season

323

4.84 (c) Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Post Monsoon Season

324

4.85 (a ) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Pre Monsoon Season.

326

4.85 (b) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Monsoon Season.

327

4.85 (c ) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Post Monsoon Season.

328

4.86 (a ) Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Pre Monsoon Season

329

4.86 (b) Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Monsoon Season

330

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XX


4.86 (c) Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Post Monsoon Season

331

4.87 (a) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Post Monsoon Season

333

4.87 (b) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Pre Monsoon Season

334

4.87 (c) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Monsoon Season

335

4.87 (d) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ulve River During Post Monsoon, Premonsoon And Monsoon

336

4.87 (e) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Panvel Creek During Post Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon & Monsoon Season

337

4.88 Direct Connectivity To Catchment Area And The Rest Of The Country 341

4.89 Traffic growth Rates for NH4B,AAMRA MARG,SH54&NH4 347

4.90 PCU Factors of Vehicles 348

4.91 Natural Traffic Forecast 349

4.92 Airport Traffic 350

4.93 Total Traffic 351

4.94 Peak Hour Volume & Capacity 351

4.95 Details of Intersections 353

4.96 Summary of data collected 361

4.97 Traffic volume forecast at Belapur Intersection 362

4.98 Traffic volume forecast at Kalamboli Intersection 363

4.99 Traffic volume forecast at D. Y. Patil Intersection 364

4.100 Traffic volume forecast at Panvel Intersection 365

4.101 Traffic volume forecast at Uran Intersection 366

4.102 Traffic volume forecast at Taloja Intersection 367

4.103 Traffic volume forecast at sanpada Intersection 368

4.104 Parameters Selected For Node Evaluation 370

4.105 Intersection Evaluation for Belapur Intersection 371

4.106 Intersection Evaluation for Kalamboli Intersection 372

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXI


4.107 Intersection Evaluation for D.Y. Patil Intersection 373

4.108 Intersection Evaluation for Panvel Intersection 373

4.109 Intersection Evaluation for Uran-JNPT Intersection 374

4.110 Intersection Evaluation for Taloja Intersection 374

4.111 Intersection Evaluation for Sanpada Intersection 375

4.112 a V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 12 377

4.112 b V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 14 378

4.112 c V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 16 379

4.112 d V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 18 380

4.113 a V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 62 381

4.113 b V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 64 382

4.113 c V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 66 383

4.113 d V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 68 384

4.113 e V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 69 385

4.114 a V/C Ratio for D Y Patil Intersection of Approach 42 386

4.114 b V/C Ratio for D Y Patil Intersection of Approach 44 387

4.114 c V/C Ratio for D Y Patil Intersection of Approach 46 388

4.115 Status Of Land For The Project 390

4.116 Villages, Settlements Area & Population and Househols within Airport

391

4.117 Landcover Of Study Area 2009 402

4.118 Existing Landcover Of Project Zone 2009 403

VOLUME-IV

Chapter 5

5.1 Phasing of Activities 3

5.2 NMIA Location : Activities & Impact 4

5.3 NMIA Project Design – Activities & Impact 8

5.4 NMIA Construction Phase – Activities & Impacts 10

5.5 NMIA Operation Phase – Activities & Impact 12

5.6 Details of Project Activities Influences 15

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXII


5.7 NMIA Evaluation– Overall significance of Impact 17

5.8 NMIA Location – Impact Matrix 25

5.9 NMIA - Project Design Impact Matrix 26

5.10 NMIA Construction Phase Impact Matrix 27

5.11 NMIA Operation Phase Impact Matrix 29

5.12 Environmental sector – Air 30

5.13 Environmental sector – Biodiversity and Forests 32

5.14 Environmental sector - Ecosystems 33

5.15 Environmental sector – Energy 34

5.16 Environmental sector – Health and Safety 35

5.17 Environmental sector – Land 36

5.18 Environmental sector – Noise 38

5.19 Environmental sector – Socio-cultural 40

5.20 Environmental sector – Waste 41

5.21 Environmental sector – Water and Wastewater 42

Chapter 6

6.1 Environmental Management Action Plan 9

6.2 Environmental monitoring Plan 34

6.3 EMP cost during construction phase 44

6.4 EMP cost during operational phase 45

6.5 Organizations Responsibility 47

6.6 List of equipments needed 48

Chapter 7

7.1 Assignment of Responsibilities 13

7.2 Medical Priorities in Triage Area 21

VOLUME V

Chapter 8

8.1 Mangrove plants within the Project Area 52

8.2 Structural composition 53

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXIII


8.3 Importance value index 54

8.4 Details of Images 55

8.5 a Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment CO 77

8.5 b Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment NOX 78

8.5 c Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment SO2 79

8.5 d Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment CO 80

8.5 e Surface Traffic Air Quality Assessment NOX 81

8.6 a Projected noise level Sion-Panvel Highway 83

8.6 b Projected noise level-National Highway No.4 B 83

8.6 c Projected noise level-National Highway No.4 84

8.6 d Projected noise level – Amra Marg 84

8.6 e Projected noise level-State Highway 54 85

8.7 Noise level due to Aircraft 87

8.8 Predicted noise levels due to Air traffic 88

8.9 Traffic Mix – 2014 91

8.10 Area between NEF Contour Values 93

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXIV


List of Figures

VOLUME II

Chapter 1

1.1 Map of major Airports in India 5

1.2 Annual Commercial Passengers , CSIA 16

1.3 Comparison of Annual Passenger Growth rates, CSIA & National 18

1.4 Monthly Distribution of Total Passengers in Recent Years, CSIA 19

1.5 Monthly Passengers During 2007-08, CSIA 20

1.6 Annual Commercial Aircraft Movements, CSIA 22

1.7 Annual Other Aircraft Movements, CSIA 24

1.8 Distribution of Total Arriving Aircraft by ICAO Code 26

1.9 Distribution of International and Domestic Arriving Aircraft by ICAO Code

26

1.10 Monthly Commercial ATMs during 2006-07, CSIA 28

1.11 Hourly Distribution of Weekly Scheduled ATMs, January 2008, CSIA 29

1.12 Breakdown of Total Air Cargo in 2007-08, CSIA 31

1.13 Breakdown of International Air Cargo by Commodity, CSIA 31

1.14 Study Area 44

Chapter 2

2.1 Map showing location of Rewas Mandwa & Navi Mumbai airports 2

2.2 Map showing Rewas Mandwa site on Toposheet 3

2.3 Map showing Rewas Mandwa site on Imagery 3

2.4 Map showing Navi Mumbai site on Toposheet 8

2.5 Map showing Navi Mumbai site on Imagery 8

Chapter 3

3.1 Location of Navi Mumbai Airport 2

3.2 Navi Mumbai Airport Zone 3

3.3 NMIA-Transportation Network & Linkages 5

3.4 NMIA Airport Layout Plan – Long Term Phase 4

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXV


3.5 Terminal Area Plan 22

3.6 Landuse plan of Aeronautical area 29

3.7 Map showing Solid Waste Management Site at Chal 37

VOLUME III

Chapter 4

4.1 Study Area 1

4.2 Geomorphology of study area 6

4.3 Ground Slope of study area 7

4.4 Geology & Dykes 8

4.5 Drainage in the study area 12

4.6 Independent Catchment Of Gadhi River Upto Kalundri Junction 13

4.7 Catchment of Kalundri River 14

4.8 Catchment of Kasadi –Taloja river 15

4.9 Catchment of Ulwe River 16

4.10 Location of Soil Monitoring Stations 18

4.11 Textural Triangle Showing The Percentage Of Sand, Silt And Clay 20

4.12 Soil map of Navi Mumbai 37

4.13 Soil Map of Navi Mumbai International Airport 38

4.14 Location of Boreholes 41

4.15 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile ) 57

4.16 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Cross Sectional Profile) 58

4.17 Location of boreholes 64

4.18 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along South Runway)

65

4.19 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along North Runway )

66

4.20 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along centreline of Airport)

68

4.21 Sub-Soil profile of Airport (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along Northen bank of river)

69

4.22 Sub-Soil profile of Airport (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along 70

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXVI


Southern bank of river)

4.23 Location of Stations for Studying Existing Water Quality Status 77

4.24 Locations of Air Monitoring Stations 122

4.25 Location of meteorological station 169

4.26 (a) Hourly Variation Of Average Wind Speed For The Month Of November, 2007 And October 2008

197

4.26 (b) Hourly Variation Of Average Temperature For The Month Of November, 2007 And October 2008

198

4.26 (c) Hourly Variation Of Average Relative Humidity For The Month Of November, 2007 And October 2008

198

4.26 (d) Hourly Variation Of Average Solar Radiation For The Month Of November, 2007 And October 2008

199

4.27 (a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month of December, 2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008

199

4.27 (b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month of December, 2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008

200

4.27 (c) Hourly Variation of Average Relative Humidity Speed for the Month of December, 2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008

200

4.27 (d) Hourly Variation of Average Solar Radiation for the Month of December, 2007,January, 2008 And February, 2008

201

4.28 (a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month of March, 2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

201

4.28 (b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month of March, 2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

202

4.28 (c) Hourly Variation of Average Relative Humidity Speed for the Month of March, 2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

202

4.28 (d) Hourly Variation of Average Solar Radiation for the Month of March, 2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

203

4.29 (a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month Of June, 2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 and September, 2008

203

4.29 (b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month Of June, 2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 and September, 2008

204

4.29 (c) Hourly Variation Of Average Relative Humidity For The Month Of June, 2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 And September, 2008

204

4.30 (a) Wind Rose For The Month Of November, 2007 205

4.30 (b) Wind Rose For The Month Of December, 2007 205

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXVII


4.30 (c) Wind Rose For The Month Of January, 2008 206

4.30 (d) Wind Rose For The Month Of February, 2008 206

4.30 (e) Wind Rose For The Month Of March, 2008 207

4.30 (f) Wind Rose For The Month Of April, 2008 207

4.30 (g) Wind Rose For The Month Of May, 2008 208

4.30 (h) Wind Rose For The Month Of June, 2008 208

4.30 (i) Wind Rose For The Month Of July, 2008 209

4.30 (j) Wind Rose For The Month Of August, 2008 209

4.30 (k) Wind Rose For The Month Of September, 2008 210

4.30 (l) Wind Rose For The Month Of October, 2008 210

4.31 Location of Noise quality monitoring stations 235

4.32 Locations of Monitoring Stations for Ecological Studies 262

4.33 Forest Map of Study Area 302

4.34 Location and Catchment area of the Proposed airport in Navi Mumbai 340

4.35 Master Plan Of Water Transport System 343

4.36 Land Access Modes Of Navi Mumbai Airport - The Important Linkages

346

4.37 Location of Intersections 353

4.38 Belapur Intersection 354

4.39 Kalamboli Intersection 355

4.40 D.Y.Patil Intersection 356

4.41 Panvel Intersection 357

4.42 Uran Intersection 358

4.43 Taloja Intersection 359

4.44 Sanpada Intersection 360

4.45 Traffic volume forecast at Belapur Intersection 363

4.46 Traffic volume forecast at Kalamboli Intersection 364

4.47 Traffic volume forecast at D. Y. Patil Intersection 365

4.48 Traffic volume forecast at Panvel Intersection 366

4.49 Traffic volume forecast at Uran Intersection 367

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXVIII


4.50 Traffic volume forecast at Taloja Intersection 368

4.51 Traffic volume forecast at Sanpada Intersection 369

4.52 Settlements Falling within Airport Zone 392

4.53 Landcover Of Study Area 2009 – on Imagery 400

4.54 Landcover Of Study Area 2009 401

4.55 Landcover Of Project Area 2009 404

4.56 Approved Map Of Navi Mumbai Costal Zone Management Plan-1 410

4.57 Approved Map Of Navi Mumbai Costal Zone Management Plan-2 411

4.58 Navi Mumbai International Airport on Approved CZMP Of Navi Mumbai

412

4.59 Navi Mumbai International Airport With The Training Of Gadhi And Diversion Of Ulwe Rivers

413

4.60 Proposed minor changes in the CZMP Of Navi Mumbai 414

VOLUME IV

Chapter 5

5.1 Identification and Evaluation and Development of Mitigation Options -Flow Diagram

1

5.2 Project timelines 3

5.3 Project Activities – Influence & Impact Evaluation 14

Chapter 6

6.1 Proposed Environmental Management Cell at NMIA 5

VOLUME V

Chapter 8

8.1 Diversion of Ulwe River & Training of Gadhi River 28

8.2 Cross Sections for Proposed Training of Gadhi River 29

8.3 Cross Sections for Proposed Diversion of Ulwe River 30

8.4 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines imagery 40

8.5 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines imagery 1992 41

8.6 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines imagery 1995 42

8.7 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines on Iknos imagery 2001

43

EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport XXIX


8.8 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines on imagery 2006 44

8.9 Digitized shape of Vaghvli island & the coastal lines on imagery 2009 45

Chapter - 4

Description of Environment

Chapter 4 EIA Study of Navi Mumbai International Airport Sheet 1 of 416


Chapter-4

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Introduction:

To describe the environment, the baseline environment status for the study area was

carried out by conducting a comprehensive primary and secondary data collection

programme to prepare the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Report. The study

area covered by 10 km. radius around the project site as depicted in Fig.4.1.

Fig.4.1 Study Area



Various environmental parameters such as Hydrometeorology Physiography,

drainage, Geology, in general Land and land use, Ambient Air Quality, Ambient Noise

Levels, Surface Water Quality, Soil Quality, Ecology, Underground water, Aesthetic,

Socio-economic & Culture, Village and Settlement in site specific has been carried out

to establish the baseline condition within the study areas.

The satellite imageries interpretation was also carried out and thematic maps of study

area were prepared by visual interpretation using to tone texture variation from the geo

coded images. Digital image processing technique were used to classify the land use

of the study area.

4.2 Environmental Setting The details of environment setting of the study area i.e. 10 km. radius around the

airport site is given below in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1

Geographical & Environmental Setting of Study Area

Sl.No. Item Details

1. Location Panvel Taluka, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra State.

2. Latitude 18°.58’.44.61” to 19°.0’.57.16”

3. Longitude 73°.02’.54” to 73°.05’.39.61”

4. General Elevation Coastal (RL 1.5 mts.), Plain (RL 3.0 mts) Hills (RL 82 mts.)

5. Survey of India Topo Sheet No.

47-A/16,A/13, E/4,F/1

6. Topography Sloping towards north west

7. Soil type Marine, Murum, Rocks

8. Climatic conditions Temperature – Max.36° Min.17°

Rainfall 2000 mm to 2500 mm

Wind Direction – South-West in monsoon & Rest of North-East, Humidity 61-86%

9. Present site land CIDCO owned and private land to be acquired for airport



Source : CESE., IIT Mumbai.

4.3 Hydrometeorology

The climate of the region is tropical maritime with high relative humidity throughout the

year. The general climatic regime is fairly equitable since seasonal fluctuations of

temperature are not significantly large. The moderating effects of the nearby sea and

the fairly high amount of relative humidity in the atmosphere have restricted the

variability.

The seasonal variation of temperature follows closely the course of the sun. January is

invariably the coldest month and May the warmest. With the onset of monsoon in early

June the temperature decreases and remain more or less steady. Again the

temperature rises in October and falls gradually till January. The maximum day

temperature ranges in between 28˚C to 32˚C while the minimum temperature ranges

in between 17˚C to 27˚ C.

The average relative humidity varies from lowest in the month of December to the

highest of 85% during July. The humidity is relatively higher in the morning hours than

in the evening hours. The daily humidity values do not show any significant or sudden

status development.

10 Nearest Highways SH54, NH4B, Aamra Marg (Running on the Boundary of Airport site).

11. Nearest Rly. Station. Panvel 1.5 kms. on Central Rly./Konkan Rly.

Khandeshwar – 1 km. suburban Rly.

12. Nearest Airport 35 Kms. North Santacruz, Mumbai.

13. Nearest Water Bodies. Panvel creek, Gadhi river, Taloja river and Ulwe river running along & through the boundary of the airport.

14. Nearest Hill Ulwe hill – RL 82 Mts. within the site.

15. Archeologically Importance place.

Elephanta at a distance of 13 Kms. West

16. Seismic zone Zone-III as per IS: 1893 (Part-I) 2002.



changes. The relatively high humidity has a considerable impact on the atmosphere in

reducing its variability. The relative humidity remains between 44% to 76%

throughout the year.

The monsoon generally sets in around the second week of June and continues till late

September. July and August are the wettest months all over the region. Maximum

rainfall is recorded mostly in the month of July. During winter and the post monsoon

season skies are generally clear. In pre-monsoon season light clouds are observed in

the evenings with clear mornings. During the monsoon both morning and the evening

skies are overcast.

The study area fall in the High Rainfall Zone of Konkan. It receives rainfall between

June to September i.e. monsoon period. Some amount of rainfall is also received

during non-monsoon period. In the study area, rainfall is measured at 3 taluka stations.

i.e. (a) Panvel, (b) Uran & (c) Thane

a) Panvel Hydrometeorological Station : The data is available from 1989 up

to 2009. The IMD normal rainfall is 2741 mm. The 21 year data reveals that for

12 years, the rainfall received is above normal by 0.44 % to 50.89 %. For 9

years the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 2.30 % to 33.27%.

b) Uran Hydrometeorological Station : The data is available from 1989 to 2009.

The IMD normal rainfall is 2072 mm. The 21 years data reveals that for 12 years

the rainfall received is above normal by 7.58 % to 70.08 %. For 9 years

the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 0.14 % to 56.18 %.

c) Thane Hydrometeorological Station : The data is available from 1989 to 2009.

The IMD normal rainfall is 2446 mm. The 21 years data reveals that in 11

years the rainfall received is above normal by 1.84 % to 63.08 %. For 10

years the rainfall received is below normal and it ranges from 1.02 % to 36.92 %.



4.4 Physiography:

Broadly the Konkan is divided into 2 main divisions (i) Coastal region (ii) Inland division

or Sahyadri Range. The study area falls in coastal region. It is adjoining the Panvel

creek. It has plain area as well as rugged & uneven topography. The main Sahyadrian

scarp form the Eastern horizon. These ranges send westwards several transverse

subsidiary hills many of which with varying heights almost reach the coastline to form

headlands. It is important to know that the mountains in the Deccan Trap or peninsula

are mostly of the relict type i.e. they are not mountains in the true sense of the term but

are mere outstanding portions of the old plateau that have escaped, for one reason or

another. The weathering phenomenon has cut out all the surrounding parts of the land

and they are huge blocks or tors of the old plateau More prominent elevation is in the

Southern portion about 20 km distance of the study area i.e. Karnala 475m high.

Fig. 4.2 indicates geomorphology of the study area and the same could be classified

into Plateau region, structural hill, denudational hills and coastal features and water

bodies.



Fig 4.2

Geomorphology of study area



General natural ground slope of the region calculated from the 20 mt. contour lines

shown in Fig 4.3 : Slope of study area is indicated in terms of percentage slope of

categories starting from 0 – 1%, 1 – 3%, 3 – 5%, 5 – 10%, 10 – 15%, 15 - 35% and

35 – 50%.

Fig 4.3

Ground Slope of study area



4.5 Geology

The geological formations of the entire study area consist of dark coloured volcanic lava

flows, basaltic in composition and is intruded by large no. of dykes. Fig-4.4 shows

Geology & Dykes of the study area and the same are further described into basaltic

rock, dyke, panvel flexure below:

Fig-4.4 Geology & Dykes



(i) Basaltic rocks: The lava flows were poured out of long and narrow fissures in the

earths crust, during the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene period approximately, 80 to

100 million years ago. These are spread out in the form of horizontal sheets or beds

and constitute the innumerable spurs, hills and hill ranges, bold flat topped ridged, lofty

peaks and plateaus with impressive cliffs. These hill ranges and plateaus form a part of

Western Ghats. In the plains and valleys the lava flow occurs below a thin blanket of

soil of variable thickness. A characteristic feature of these flows is their horizontal

disposition and considerable lateral extent with almost incredible uniformity in their

composition and appearance.

These lava flows are also termed as plateau basalts, because of their dominantly

basaltic composition and the tendency to form flat topped plateau. Since these basaltic

lava flows cover an extensive region in the Deccan and frequently present step like

appearances to the hills and ridges they are commonly termed as “Deccan Traps” - the

word trap in Swedish meaning stairs or steps.

The traps attain a thickness of nearly 760m in the East

of study area i.e. around Matheran plateau. The

individual flows vary greatly in thickness from a few

meters to as much as 75 m or even more. In a single hill,

a number of flows sometimes as many as 10 to 20 could

be seen resting horizontally one above the other.

Vertical, inclined, prismatic and columnar jointing are

commonly found in the hard and compact basalts. These

rocks wither by exfoliation into massive spheroidal

boulders which are usually seen on hill slopes and foot

hills.

Petrologically the lava flows in the study area are extraordinary uniform in their

composition and texture, corresponding to a dolerite or basalt with an average specific

gravity of 2.9. These basalts are composed of abundant labrodorite, feldspar, enstatite,

augite and interstitial glass. Magnetite is the most common accessory mineral though

at times a fair amount of Olivine is also present.

F1 F3

F4

F5

F6

F2



The basalts are usually dark gray and bluish gray in colour and are hard, compact and

tough. The texture is fine to medium grained.

A single lava flow can be divided into mainly

two parts, the lower part is called massive

basalt while the upper part through which

gases come out during cooling is called

vesicular basalt. Sometimes these vesicles

are filled with secondary minerals like calcite,

zeolites and variety of secondary quartz like

agate, jasper, chalcedony etc.

ii) Dyke: A large number of dykes intrude the lava flows. These dykes trend N15oE –

S15oW, NE – SW, N85oE and S85oW and NE-SW. The dykes are more abundant in

Panvel area. Majority of the dykes range in width from 2m to 4m. Branching and

multiple injections are also noticed in few dykes in the area South East of Panvel.

The contact between the dykes and the host basalt flow are invariably sharp.



iii) Panvel Flexure : Panvel Flexure has been noted for more than a century

(Bladford 1867, Wynne 1886). These workers have described the flexure as a simple

monoclinal fold (bending) of the lava flows. Some workers have linked the origin of

the flexure to the west-coast rifting, subsidence and uplift of Western Ghats. The

flexure is north-south and extends from Gujrat to Murud Jangira. Many have doubted

the very nature of this Panvel structure as a flexure. Many theories are put up but

they are still inadequate.

4.6 Drainage :

The Sahyadrian scarp is the birth place of all westerly flowing rivers. 5 main rivers

drain through the study area. Taloja river and Kasadi river in the North, Kalundri and

Gadhi river in the East and Ulwe river in the South. Taloja river and Kasadi river joins

together to form Panvel Creek. Gadhi and Kalundri rivers joins together and meet the

Panvel Creek at village Waghvali. Garada nala and other streams form Ulwe river

which joins Panvel Creek in the South near village Dungi. (Fig-4.5 : Drainage in the

study area.)



Fig-4.5 Drainage in the study area

4.6.1 Gadhi river

Gadhi is the main river of Panvel creek originating on western side of Parsik hill

ranges at an altitude of 400 m. It joins the river Morbe, a major tributary at

about 12 km from origin. At about 8 km downstream from this location the river

flows South of Panvel city and another tributary Kalundri joins from South-East

about 0.5 km downstream of NH4 (National Highway 4) road bridge on the

river. After this, the river takes right angle turn and flows from west of Panvel

town till it joins Kasadi-Taloja near Vaghiwali island. The independent



catchment of Gadhi river upto Kalundri junction shown in Fig.4.6 is about 123

sq.km. Between Kalundri confluence and Vaghiwali island, an additional

catchment of about 30 sq.km exists. The Panvel town is situated on the right

bank of Gadhi in the reach between Expressway bridge and NH4B. Tidal effect

reaches some distance upstream of NH4 bridge on Gadhi, Kalundri, Kasadi

and Taloja river.

Fig.4.6 Independent Catchment Of Gadhi River Upto Kalundri Junction

4.6.2 Kalundri River

This is one of the major tributaries of Gadhi. The total independent catchment

area upto Gadhi junction is about 95 sq.km. Most of the catchment is

underdeveloped at present. Kalundri joins Gadhi about 0.5 km downstream of

NH4 bridge on Gadhi. Fig. 4.7 shows independent catchment of Kalundri river.



Fig. 4.7 Catchment of Kalundri River

4.6.3 Kasadi- Taloja river

Kasadi is the main river in this valley originating at an altitude of 600 m. It flows

for a distance of 18 km till it joins Taloja river, the main tributary. The

independent catchment area of Kasadi and Taloja basin upto confluence is 60

sq.km and 80 sq.km respectively. About 4 km further downstream, another

tributary Taloja Minor joins. Immediately downstream, the Gadhi river from

adjacent valley joins from left and then Kasadi joins the Panvel creek about 4

km downstream. The tidal effect reaches some distance upstream of Kasadi –

Taloja confluence.



Fig. 4.8 Catchment of Kasadi –Taloja river

4.6.4 Ulwe River

Ulwe river has a very small catchment of about 35-sq. km to the South of

Vaghiwali island. Ulwe river joins Panvel creek channel on South of Vaghiwali

island.



Fig. 4.9 Catchment of Ulwe River

4.7 Land Environment

Soil quality is the capacity of the soil to function within the ecosystem boundaries to

sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and

animal health. Soil is a vital natural resource, whose quality is inextricably linked to the



human quality of life. Processes that affect the soil resource base impact the quality of

life, either directly by affecting food and fibre production or indirectly by affecting other

natural resources such as air, water and wildlife. Ten soil quality monitoring stations

were selected in the project area and the location of soil quality monitoring stations is

given in Table 4.2. Locations were selected so as to represent one sample from each

village in the project area. Locations of soil quality monitoring stations are given in

Figure 4.10. TABLE 4.2

SOIL QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA

Station Code Sampling Location

S1 Targhar

S2 Koppar

S3 Kombad bhuge

S4 Koli

S5 Vaghvli

S6 Ganeshpuri

S7 Ulve

S8 Pargaon

S9 Vaghelivada

S10 Chinchpada

The samples collected from all locations were analyzed for parameters viz. pH,

electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, texture, sodium, calcium,

magnesium, potassium, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability, water holding capacity

and porosity and the results are given in Table 4.7, 4.8 & 4.9.



Figure 4.10

Location of Soil Monitoring Stations

4.6.1 pH

pH is an important soil quality parameter as it can directly affect nutrient

availability and plant growth. The pH range normally found in the soil varies

S 1

S 8

S 7

S 6 S 5

S 4

S 3

S 2

S 10

S 9



from 3 to 9. Soil pH reflects percent base saturation of the cation exchange

capacity (CEC). Soil pH is strongly related to the presence and relative

concentrations of Sodium and Calcium ions, which affect soil structure, and

thus pH is also related to physical as well as to chemical soil conditions. Most

plants grow well in soils with pH values between 6.0 and 8.0. The pH of soil

samples was in the range 6.8 to 7.4, 6.5 to 7.4, 5.1 to 6.3 during post monsoon,

pre monsoon and monsoon season which indicate neutral soil at all locations.

Neutral soil is suitable for most of the plants. At neutral soil has 100% base

saturation of the CEC.

4.7.1 Particle Size Distribution

Soil texture is an intrinsic attribute of the soil and the most often used to

characterize its physical composition. Soil texture is one of the properties of the

mineral soil which determines its usefulness for agriculture purposes. Soil is

mainly composed of three minerals i.e. sand, silt, and clay. According to their

size, these mineral particles are grouped into “separates”. A soil separate is a

group of mineral particles that fit within definite size limits expressed as

diameter in millimeters. Size of the separates used in the USDA (Unites States

Department of Agriculture) system of nomenclature for soil texture is shown in

Table 4.3 and textural triangle showing the percentage of sand, silt and clay is

shown in Figure 4.11.



TABLE 4.3 USDA SOIL TEXTURAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Type of soil separate Diameter limits (mm)

Sand 2.0 – 0.05

Silt 0.05 – 0.002

Clay <0.002

Figure 4.11

Textural Triangle Showing The Percentage Of Sand, Silt And Clay



Soil samples collected from all stations were analyzed for particle size

distribution and the results are given in Table 4.10 ,4.11, 4.12. The clay, silt

and sand content of the soil in the project area ranges from 3.6-53.6 %, 9.2-55

% and 17.8-79.1 % respectively reflecting a wide range of variations in their

particle size distribution. The texture of all the soil samples was dominated by

“Loam”. Hence, the soil at project area is “loamy soil”. The texture of all the soil

samples in the project area was varied from loam, sandy loam, clay loam,

sandy clay loam, loamy sand, silt loam to clay. A soil dominated by one or two

of the three particle size groups behaves like loam. Loam is soil composed of

sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20%

concentration respectively). Loamy soil is the moderately fine textured soil and

it holds more moisture as well as fertilizer, organic matter and plant nutrition,

which can be beneficial to plant growth. Loamy soil further classified based on

the different proportions of sand, silt and clay as sandy loam, silty loam, clay

loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay loam, and loam. Loamy soils are more fertile

than sandy soils, loam is not stiff and tenacious like clay soils. Its porosity

allows high moisture retention and air circulation.

4.7.2 Electrical conductivity (EC) and SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio)

Electrical conductivity or EC is a measure of the total salinity in the soil. Soil

salinity refers to the concentration of soluble inorganic salts in the soil. Soil

salinity affects plants directly through the reduced osmotic potential of the soil

solution and the toxicity of specific ions such as boron, chloride, and sodium.

High salt concentrations in the soil can cause salt induced drought stress,

which will in turn prevent water and nutrient uptake by roots. High salinity levels

inhibit seed germination and plant growth. Different plants have different salt

tolerance levels. These values are most often given as mS/cm or dS/m. Salinity

is important property since it reflects the extent to which the soil is suitable for

growing crops. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils were in the range of 0.65

to 1.49, 0.35 to 1.67, and 0.02 to 0.06 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and



monsoon season. Soil salinity effects are mostly negligible in the range of 0 to

2 mS/cm. Hence soil is well suited for agriculture purpose with respect to EC.

Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), which reflects the degree to which the

exchange sites in the soil are occupied by sodium. SAR is widely accepted

index for characterizing soil solution with respect to its likely influence on the

exchangeable sodium percentage and gives information on the comparative

concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in soil solutions. SAR is the ratio of the

sodium ion concentration to the square root of the average concentration of the

divalent calcium and magnesium ions and it is calculated using the equation

given below.

SAR = ________ Na _________ 2 ) Mg (Ca

A high SAR, particularly at low concentration of the soil solution, causes high

ESP (Exchangeable Sodium Percentage) and is likely to cause a decrease of

soil permeability.

Table 4.4 Classification Based On Sodium Adsorption Ratio And Electrical Conductivity

Electrical Conductivity(EC) (mS/cm or dS/m)

Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)

Soil Classification

<2 <13 Non-saline

>4 <13 Saline

<4 >13 Sodic

>4 >13 Saline-sodic

Sodium Adsorption Ratio of the soils collected from all stations was found to be

in range 2.1 to 54.1, 3.6 to 27.5 and 1.7 to 20.5 during post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon season respectively. SAR values of all soils samples

are below 13 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season except

soil from Vaghvli and Vaghelivada. The soil samples collected at Vaghvli



showed highest SAR value (54.1). Soil at Vaghvli is sodic soil. Soil at

Vaghelivada was observed to be sodic only during post monsoon season

whereas during pre monsoon and monsoon season it was observed to be non

saline. Sodic soils limit plant growth via poor water infiltration, increased

mechanical resistance to root growth and poor water availability in the soil

profile. Sodic soils are also more prone to erosion, increasing the risk of topsoil

loss and therefore the inevitable decline in soil fertility. Such sodic soil may

require the addition of gypsum (calcium sulfate) or other amendments (such as

elemental sulfur and/or organic matter) at high rates to displace sodium and

improve water infiltration. Electrical conductivity of soils collected from

remaining 8 stations were <2 mS/cm or dS/m and SAR value <13. Hence the

soil at project area is non-saline except soil from Vaghvli and Vaghelivada

which is sodic soil. Hence soil is well suited for agriculture purpose.

4.7.3 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is the capacity of a soil for ion exchange

of positively charged cations viz. calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and

potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) hydrogen (H+), aluminum (Al3+), iron (Fe2+),

manganese (Mn2+), zinc (Zn2+) and copper (Cu2+) between the soil and the soil

solution at a specified pH. CEC is highly dependent upon soil texture and

organic matter content. The primary factor determining CEC is the clay and

organic matter content of the soil which holds positively-charged cations.

Hence, soil with high quantities of clay and organic matter has higher CEC. The

relationship between clay content (% by weight) and CEC can be highly

variable because different clay minerals have very different CEC values. Higher

the CEC value, richer will be the soil with respect to nutrients. The CEC of a

soil is a good indicator of the nutrient holding and buffer capacity of the soil and

it is used as a measure of fertility and nutrient retention capacity. The CEC is

important because it provides a reservoir of nutrients to replenish those

removed from the soil water by plant uptake as well as due to excess rainfall or

irrigation water.



The cation exchange phenomenon affects the movements and retention of ions

in the soil, which can be important in environmental processes involving the

transport of pollutants. The cation exchange capacity of the soils was in the

range of 0.70 -2.87 mEq/100gm, 0.70- 6.41 mEq/100gm and 0.56-2.38

mEq/100 gm during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. The soils at all locations in the project area were ranged from

Course Textures sand to Medium Textures silt because CEC values were

found in the range of 0.56-6.41 mEq/100gm. Hence, the soil in the project area

is fertile because of richness in plant nutrients based CEC values.

TABLE 4.5

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BASED ON CEC VALUES

Soil Texture Acceptable Range of CEC (mEq/100gm)

Course Textures sand 1 - 5

Medium Textures silt 5-20

Fine Textures clay 20-30 or >30

4.7.4 Permeability

Permeability is a measure of the rate at which water can flow through the soil.

Permeability is influenced by the size, shape, and continuity of the pore spaces,

which in turn are dependent on the soil bulk density, structure and texture. The

infiltration rates of medium and fine textured soils such as loams, silts, and

clays are lower than those of coarse textured soils and more dependant on the

stability of the soil aggregates. The soil with low permeability is the lEast

sensitive to ground water contamination. Fine-textured clayey soils have very

tiny pores and very slow permeability rates. Soils with low permeability rate, low

leaching potential and a high adsorption potential can retain pesticide, fertilizers

as well as other pollutants and minimize the risk of ground water contamination.



The various classes of soil permeability are given in Table 4.6. The

permeability of all soil samples was in the range of 0.8 x10-4 to 2.8 x10-4, 1.1

x10-4 to 2.2 x10-4 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. Hence soil in project area has moderately low permeability. The

loamy soil contains relatively even concentration of clay, sand and silt, however

clay particles with their small size, high surface areas, and high physical and

chemical activities, exert a greater influence on soil properties compared to

sand or silt. The soil in project area is loamy and the physical properties of soil

are greatly influenced by the clay content hence, the soil in the project area has

moderately low permeability. Soil with moderately low permeability favors

waterlogging hence it is not suitable for cultivation of all types of crops.

Table 4.6 Classification Of Soil Based On Permeability

4.7.5 Porosity

Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material. Porosity of surface soils

decreases as particle size increases. Fine textured soils have small pore sizes

and larger total porosity. Thus, because of pore size and total porosity

differences, coarse-textured soils (like sands) allow water to infiltrate at greater

rates but have less space to store water compared with finer textured soils

(loams, silt loams etc.). Sandy soils have large pores due to large individual

particle size but smaller porosity. Clay soil has very high porosities. This is due

to soil aggregate formation in finer textured surface soils when subject to soil

biological processes. Typical bulk density of sandy soil is between 1.5 and 1.7

Classification Permeability Range in cm/sec

Very low < 4.2x10 -5 Low 4.2x10 -5 - 1.41 x10 -4 Moderately low 1.41x10 -4 - 4.23 x10 -4 Moderate 4.23 x10 -4 - 1.41 x10 -3 Moderately high 1.41 x10 -3 - 4.23x10 -3 High 4.23x10 -3 - 1.41 x10 -2 Very high >1.41 x10 -2



g/cm³and porosity between 43% and 36%. Typical bulk density of clay soil is

between 1.1 and 1.3 g/cm³ and porosity between 58% and 51%. Soil should be

porous for water movement and aeration, and it should also retain water. The

porosity of soil collected from all locations in the project area was found to be in

the range 33% - 54%, 32%-56%, 36%- 54%. The soil in the project area is

loamy soil and the texture of all the soil samples was varied from loam, sandy

loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, loamy sand, silt loam to clay. The soil in the

project area is loamy soil with fine texture indicated high porosity. Soil with high

porosity are generally more suitable for agriculture, since the high pore space

has a greater potential to store water and roots are able to grow more readily.

Hence, soil in the project area has high porosity and it is suitable for plant

growth.

4.7.6 Calcium, Magnesium and Potassium

Calcium plays a very important role in plant growth and nutrition, as well as in

cell wall deposition. Calcium helps to maintain chemical balance in the soil,

reduces soil salinity, reduces soil compaction, improves water penetration and

favours proliferation of beneficial microbes. Calcium content of soil collected

from all locations of the project area was in the range 87 ppm -257 ppm, 37-

174 ppm, 27.0-110 ppm . Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) are essential

plant minerals. The Mg to K ratio should be greater than 2:1. High K content

frequently results in reduced uptake of Mg by plants which may result in

imbalance of plant nutrient. Magnesium content of soil collected from all

locations of the project area was in the range 21 ppm -145 ppm, 26-90 ppm,

41.2-110 ppm. Potassium is an essential plant nutrient and it also enhances the

ability of the plant to withstand pest attacks. Potassium content of soil collected

from all stations in the project area was in the range 5 ppm - 87 ppm, 9-109

ppm, 6.6-62.3 ppm. The ratio of Mg to K is greater than 2:1 at all soil monitoring

stations during post monsoon and monsoon season except at Vaghvli. During

pre monsoon season the ratio of Mg to K was less than 2:1 at Targhar,

Kombad bhuge, Vaghvli, Ulve, Vaghelivada. Hence, soil at all monitoring

locations is suitable for plant growth with respect to minerals.



Table 4.7 Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of The Project Area

During Post Monsoon Season

Stations Parameters (Range)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

pH 6.9 7.4 6.9 7.1 7.0 6.8 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0

Electrical conductivity mS/cm or dS/m

1.09 1.49 0.73 0.65 1.63 0.95 1.21 1.05 0.85 0.96

Cation Exchange Capacity, mEq/100gm

2.14 2.87 1.65 1.14 6.41 2.26 1.25 1.56 0.91 0.70

Texture Sand

y loam

Clay loam Loam Sandy

loam Clay Sandy

clay loam

Clay Clay Clay Clay loam

Sodium, (mg/g) 70.5 115 52 20 836 124 40 46 26 18

Calcium, (mg/g) 157 214 135 98 257 165 120 165 98 87

Magnesium, (mg/g)

120 145 87 65 154 98 54 63 35 21

Potassium, (mg/g)

25 41 12 11 87 35 12 9 8 5

Sodium Adsorption Ratio

8.2 9.2 6.2 5.6 24.5 11.5 8.5 5.2 54.1 2.1

Permeability (cm/sec)

2.2x 10 -4

1.2x 10 -4

0.8x 10 -4

1.4 x 10 -4

2.1 x 10 -4

1.9 x 10 -4

1.4 x 10 -4

0.9x 10 -4

2.8 x10 -4

1.3 x 10 -4



(S1-Targhar; S2-Koppar; S3-Kombad bhuge; S4-Koli; S5-Vaghvli, S6- Ganeshpuri; S7-Ulve;

S8-Paragaon; S9-Vaghelivada; S10- Chinchpada)

Table 4.8

Values Of Different Soil Quality Parametres At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

Water holding capacity %

50.1 36.8 33.3 51.0 40.0 48.5 70.0 49.9 60.1 53

Porosity % 54 43 51 45 39 42 46 51 33 48


S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

pH 7.4 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.8 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.2

Electrical conductivity mS/cm or dS/m

0.84 0.92 0.69 0.87 1.07 1.67 1.25 0.67 0.35 0.43


2.14 2.87 1.65 1.14 6.41 2.26 1.25 1.56 0.91 0.70

Texture Clay Clay loam

Clay loam

Clay loam

Sandy loam

Sandy loam

Sandy clay loam

Sandy clay loam

Clay loam

Silt loam

Sodium, (mg/g) 23 92 92 36 266 32 104 41 98 32

Calcium, (mg/g) 37 122 168 80 97 37 174 101 80 83

Magnesium, (mg/g) 26 82 70 74 90 82 77 71 50 69



(S1-Targhar; S2-Koppar; S3-Kombad bhuge; S4-Koli; S5-Vaghvli, S6- Ganeshpuri; S7-Ulve; S8-Paragaon; S9-Vaghelivada; S10- Chinchpada)

Potassium, (mg/g) 23 40 80 9 96 23 109 37 46 11

Sodium Adsorption Ratio

4.2 9.1 8.4 4.1 27.5 3.5 9.3 4.4 12.2 3.6


1.9 x 10 -4

1.2 x 10 -4

1.1 x10 -4

1.2 x 10 -4

1.6 x 10 -4

2.2 x 10 -4

1.6 x 10 -4

1.3x 10 -4

1.9x 10 -4

1.5 x

10 -4

Water holding capacity %

49.6 42.6 63.4 42.4 64.4 39.2 66.6 28.4 45.9 35.8

Porosity % 46 38 55 49 32 33 39 56 43 51



Table 4.9 Values of Different Soil Quality Parameters at Various Stations of

The Project Area during Monsoon Season

(S1-Targhar; S2-Koppar; S3-Kombadbhuge; S4-Koli; S5-Vaghvli, S6- Ganeshpuri; S7-Ulve;

S8- Paragaon; S9-Vaghelivada; S10- Chinchpada)


S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

pH 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.1 5.9 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.9 Electrical conductivity mS/cm or dS/m

0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.03


0.56 1.48 0.93 1.36 2.38 1.06 0.64 1.27 1.38 1.45

Texture Sandy loam

Silt loam loam Silt

loam loam Sandy clay loam

Sandy loam Loam Sandy

loam Loam

Sodium, (mg/g) 9.8 41.3 13.3 35.1 203 35.8 12.8 32.4 36.4 43.1 Calcium, (mg/g) 27.0 110 55.9 94.0 87.6 86.0 38.4 93.6 105 110 Magnesium, (mg/g) 41.2 87.7 62.2 87.2 110 51.1 45.4 73.9 76.5 82.1

Potassium, (mg/g) 18.5 9.8 31.4 8.5 62.3 21.9 6.6 20.4 29.2 14.7

Sodium Adsorption Ratio 1.7 4.2 1.8 3.7 20.5 4.4 2.0 3.5 3.8 4.4


1.12x 10 -4

6.18x 10 -5

7.86 x 10 -5

1.01 x 10 -4

3.17 x 10 -5

3.7 x 10 -5

6.79x 10 -5

1.42 x 10 -4

3.6 x 10 -5

2.14 x 10 -4

Water holding capacity % 49.1 54.4 42.4 46.4 41.6 44.7 36.8 47.8 34.8 18.0

Porosity % 54 45 47 50 47 46 43 47 38 36



Table 4.10

Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In

The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

Sr. No. Sampling Location Composition Particle Size

Distribution (%) Texture

Sand 64.1

Silt 16.8 1. Targhar

Clay 9.6

Sandy loam

Sand 39.9

Silt 25.5 2. Koppar

Clay 31.4

Clay loam

Sand 37.1

Silt 35.0 3. Kombad Bhuge

Clay 24.4

Loam

Sand 74.6

Silt 9.2 4. Koli

Clay 11.6

Sandy loam

Sand 29.9

Silt 19.9 5. Vaghvli

Clay 41.2

Clay

Sand 54.6

Silt 16.1 6. Ganeshpuri

Clay 27.7

Sandy clay loam

Sand 21.0

Silt 27.5 7. Ulve

Clay 50.5

Clay

8. Pargaon Sand 21.1 Clay



Silt 31.2

Clay 45.7

Sand 17.8

Silt 27.8 9. Vaghelivada

Clay 53.6

Clay

Sand 34.6

Silt 35.9 10. Chinchpada

Clay 26.2

Clay loam

Table 4.11

Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In

The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season



Sand 24.7

Silt 27.7 1 Targhar

Clay 46.6

Clay

Sand 28.6

Silt 41.4 2 Koppar

Clay 29.9

Clay loam

Sand 40

Silt 21.4 3 Kombad Bhuge

Clay 38.5

Clay loam

Sand 63.1

Silt 25.8 4 Koli

Clay 11.0

Clay loam



Sand 79.1

Silt 10.8 5 Vaghvli

Clay 10.0

Sandy loam

Sand 74.5

Silt 13.9 6 Ganeshpuri

Clay 11.5

Sandy loam

Sand 70.9

Silt 9.3 7 Ulve

Clay 3.6

Sandy clay loam

Sand 50.5

Silt 22.8 8 Paragon

Clay 21.1

Sandy clay loam

Sand 39.6

Silt 20.1 9 Vaghelivada

Clay 38.9

Clay loam

Sand 21.9

Silt 55.0 10 Chinchpada

Clay 23.0

Silt loam

Table 4.12

Texture And Particle Size Distribution Of Soil In The Project Area

During Monsoon Season



1 Targhar Sand 53.1 Sandy loam



Silt 28.4

Clay 16.4

Sand 28.3

Silt 50.3 2 Kopar

Clay 21.2

Silt loam

Sand 48.7

Silt 40.6 3 Kombad Bhuje

Clay 9.7

Loam

Sand 26.3

Silt 50.3 4 Koli

Clay 22.8

Silt loam

Sand 35.2

Silt 46.4 5 Vaghvli

Clay 18.3

Loam

Sand 47.1

Silt 28.6 6 Ganeshpuri

Clay 19.5

Sandy clay loam

Sand 54.3

Silt 25.6 7 Ulve

Clay 18.1

Sandy loam

Sand 38.0

Silt 42.9 8 Pargaon

Clay 17.8

Loam

Sand 56.6 9 Vaghelivada

Silt 33.5

Sandy loam



Clay 9.2

Sand 36.5

Silt 41.7 10 Chinchpada

Clay 20.7

Loam

Loamy soils are more fertile than sandy soils, loam is not stiff and

tenacious like clay soils. Its porosity allows high moisture retention and air

circulation.

4.7.7 Total Soil Quality

The soils at all ten soil monitoring stations in the project area were non-

saline except Vaghvli and Vaghelivada locations where soil was sodic.

Sodic soils limit plant growth because of poor water infiltration, increased

mechanical resistance to root growth and poor water availability in the

root zone. Sodic soils are more prone to erosion which results in the

removal of topsoil and hence soils of Vaghvli and Vaghelivada locations

are not suitable for agriculture purpose. Tidal water enters in to agriculture

fields of Vaghvli and Vaghelivada during highest high tide and submerges

these areas because of nearness to creek. Creek water stands on the soil

surface during highest high tide and subsequent evaporation of saline

water during non flooding period leaves soluble salt on the soil surface

and hence observes more SAR in such soils. The soil at Vaghvli showed

high concentration of sodium throughout all the seasons. High sodium

content can interfere with normal plant growth. Apart from being phyto-

toxic to roots it can destroy soil structure by causing flocculation or

dispersal of soil aggregates into a blocky mass with limited porosity,

thereby limiting water movement and restricting root growth. Soil in the

project area is loamy and rich in minerals with moderately low

permeability and high porosity. The porosity allows high moisture

retention and better air circulation/gas diffusion. These fine textured soils



with high humus content were able to retain moisture and nutrients. Low

permeability favors water logging which is not suitable for all types of

crops. Loamy soils are easier to till than clay soil.

4.7.8 Sub-Soil Characteristics of Airport Area

The soil characteristics of airport area is studied in three stages i.e. in

terms of available data in the form of pedological survey, soil investigation

carried out during Techno-Economic Feasibility (TEF) and Detail Project

Report (DPR) stage. The following describes the details of soil

investigation for the above three stages.

4.7.9 Pedological Suvey:

A broad based pedological survey of the whole Navi Mumbai area was

carried out in 1973 by IIT., Bombay. It revealed that broadly two types of

soil groups are found in Navi Mumbai, viz. Residual soils and Marine clay

series (R and M-series respectively). The surrounding soil characteristics

of the airport area as per the Soil maps (Fig.4.12 & 4.13) reveal various

types of soils and they are enumerated in Table 4.13 according to their

depth-wise occurrence.



Fig 4.12 Soil map of Navi

Mumbai



Fig. 4.13 Soil Map of Navi Mumbai International Airport



Table 4.13 NAVI MUMBAI SOIL GROUPS

Residual Soils

Type Color Description

- Light brown Exposed Unweathered bed rock

R0 Green spot on Yellow background

Exposed semi weathered bedrock

R1-1 Yellow I.0m soil cover underlain by R0 material or bedrock. Ploughed layer not included.

R1-2 Blue hatched lines -----do---- Ploughed layer included.

R2 Light green 1.0 to 4.0m soil cover underlain by R0 material or bedrock.

R3 Dark green 4.0 to 12.0m soil cover underlain by R0 material or bedrock.

Marine clay soils

M1-1 Blue 1.0m Marine clay underlain by bedrock

M1-2 Light pink ----do--------- underlain by Residual soils.

M2-1 Peach 1.0 to 2.0m Marine clay underlain by bedrock

M2-2 Dark pink ----do--------- underlain by Residual soils.

M3-1 Maroon 2.0 to 4.0m Marine clay underlain by bedrock

M3-2 Grey ----do--------- underlain by Residual soils.

M4-1 Dark brown More than 4.0m upto 19.0m Marine clay underlain by bedrock

M4-2 Pink spots on Grey background

----do--------- underlain by Residual soils.

The airport site is surrounded by various types of soil profiles. On the

Northern side near Vaghivili island M3-2 soils are predominant. On the

Eastern side near Panvel River M1-1, M2-2, M3-2 are sequentially found

towards the river from land side. On the Southern side R1-2 and R2 soils

are predominant due to the presence of hilly terrain. Near Dungi village in

the South side R1-2 type soils are met with. On the western side near Ulwe

hills R0 and R2 soils are predominant.



4.7.10 Sub-Soil Investigation during TEF Stage:

In order to understand the sub-soil behavior and assess the soil

properties Sub-soil investigation work has been carried out in the field as

well as in the laboratory. Details of the bore logs are enclosed as

Annexure 1 in Chapter-9 Additional Studies, separately.The

exploratory program was restricted to drilling borehole upto the firm

strata, observing in field, conducting field tests and collecting samples

and testing the same in laboratory.

i) Field Operations

The field activity is divided into three phases viz. (a) drilling boreholes (b)

field-testing and (c) sampling. The field activity is concentrated mainly in

the area where most of the critical airport activities are planned to be

located like runway, taxiway, apron and terminal buildings.

a. Drilling Boreholes In total, drilling of 20 No.s of bores were carried out to represent the

airport area. Annexure-I gives the details of the individual borehole logs. A

grid of 300m x 400m was maintained between two boreholes. A

map (Fig. 4.14) showing the disposition of the bore locations which has

been done in accordance with IS 1892: 1972 is presented in the report for

reference. Drilling work of overburden soil i.e in soft strata was carried

out with (Calyx type) rotary drilling machine and water flush method. In

hard strata like bedrock, rotary core drilling using NX size diamond bits

attached to core barrel to facilitate extraction of about 54mm diameter

core samples was adopted.



Fig 4.14 Location of Boreholes



b. Field Tests S.P.T. tests were conducted at different depths in bore in accordance with

IS 2131:1981. The number of blows required for each 15cm penetration

upto a total depth of 60cm was recorded. Number of blows required to

penetrate 15cm to 45cm (i.e. middle 30cm depth) was recorded as S.P.T.

value (N).

Field vane shear tests were not carried out owing to the area under

investigation comprising of very less thickness of clay layer. Owing to

absence of the precise location of utility structures like underground water

tank, sewage treatment plant and other storage tanks, the field

permeability tests were not carried out.

c. Sampling Undisturbed Soil samples (UDS) from inside the bores were extracted

using 100mm diameter thin walled M.S.sampling tubes 45cm long in

accordance with IS 2132:1986. The samples were labeled, protected at

the ends with HDPE circular thin disks and cotton waste and then waxed

in the field as per the standard practice. The UDS were then transported

to the laboratory for further testing. In all 16 numbers of UDS were

collected.

Disturbed samples (DS) were obtained from the split-spoon sampler of

the SPT apparatus. These soil samples were collected and preserved in

polythene bags, properly tagged for identification and sent to the

laboratory for further testing.

Ground water level was observed and recorded after 24 hours of

completion of drill of each borehole and ground water samples were



collected in plastic containers. The samples were then sent for chemical

analysis in the laboratory.

ii) Laboratory Operations

The dry samples were prepared for various tests in accordance with IS

2720(Part-1): 1983. The following laboratory tests were conducted in

order to ascertain the soil properties: -

a. Natural Moisture Content ()

This test is essential to determine the in-situ moisture content. This test

enables the geotechnical engineer to determine the group to which the

soil belongs and determine the weight-volume relationship. Besides the

consistency of the soil can be predicted along with the approximate

strength. The tests are conducted in accordance with IS 2720 (Part-2):

1984. In all 16 number of tests are conducted.

b. Bulk and Dry density (b and d) This test is performed to determine the in-situ density (bulk density) and

subsequently with the help of natural moisture content and the dry

density. This enables to classify the soil and compute the overburden

pressure at different levels. The tests are conducted in accordance with

IS 2720 (Part-29): 1984. In all 21 number of tests are conducted.

c. Atterberg’s Limits

This test is performed to determine the plasticity characters of the sub-soil

stratum. Initially the Liquid limit (LL) and the Plastic limit (PL) are found in

the laboratory in accordance with IS-2720 (Part-5): 1970. Based on the LL

and PL values the properties like Plasticity index (PI), Liquidity index (Il),

Consistency index (Ic) are derived. Activity (A) is derived based on the PI



and the clay fraction (F) obtained from the grain size analysis. The

magnitude of the soil properties LL, PL and PI enables the engineer to

classify the soil and assess other soil properties. The Il enables one to

determine the shear strength and estimate the degree of pre-

consolidation. The Ic helps one to study the field behaviour. The A value

helps one to identify the clay mineral and swelling pressure and swell

potential can be computed. In all 21 number of tests are performed in the

laboratory.

d. Specific Gravity (G) This test is conducted to determine the specific gravity of the soil under

consideration. Specific gravity test is conducted in the soil laboratory in

accordance with IS 2720(Part-3)-Sec-1: 1980 for fine-grained soils and in

accordance with IS 2720(Part-3)-Sec-2: 1981 for all types such as fine,

medium and coarse grained soils. This property is required for volume

computations. Twenty-one tests have been conducted for determination

of the specific gravity.

e. Particle Size Distribution These tests are conducted in accordance with IS 2720(Part-4): 1975.

(i) Coarse sieve analysis: - The soil retained on 4.75mm (IS Sieve No.6)

is taken and sieved by hand and the percentage finer in each fraction is

calculated and used for plotting the particle size distribution curve.

(ii) Fine sieve analysis: - The soil passing 4.75mm (IS Sieve No.6) and

retained on 75 (IS Sieve No.14) is taken and oven dried at 100C to

105C. Sieving is done and the percentage finer in each fraction is

calculated and used for plotting the particle size distribution curve.

(iii) Hydrometer analysis: - This test is conducted to determine the

particle size distribution of the fine-grained soils passing 75 (IS Sieve

No.14). the hydrometer measures the unit weight of the soil suspension at

the centre of its bulb. The specific gravity depends upon the mass of

solids present, which, in turn depends on the particle size. Percentage



finer is calculated and the same is used for plotting the particle size

distribution curve.

Other parameters derived from the particle size distribution curve are

effective diameters viz. D10, D15, D30, D50, D60 and D85. These equivalent

sizes are used in further computation of Coefficient of curvature (CC),

Uniformity coefficient (CU) and the clay fraction (F).

These tests enable one to classify the soil, compute the coefficient of

permeability by means of empirical formulae, design the filters, assess the

shear strength of the soil, assess the compressibility of the soil, soil

stabilization, pavement design, deposition of the soil, and the age of the

soil. Twenty tests were conducted on samples obtained from the

boreholes.

f. Direct Shear Test

In order to obtain the angle of shearing resistance () and cohesion (c) of

the soil samples the shear test has been conducted under two types of

drainage conditions (a) Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) test and (b)

Consolidated Drained (CD) test. In the UU test no drainage is permitted

during the consolidation stage as well as the shear stage. In the CD test

drainage is permitted in both the stages. The shear parameters obtained

through UU test are used for short-term design and shear parameters

obtained through UU test are used for long term design of structures. The

tests are conducted in accordance with IS 2720(Part-13): 1972. Five

numbers of UU tests and four numbers of CD tests were conducted in the

Direct shear apparatus.

g. Triaxial Compression Test

Due to the limitations associated with the Direct shear test like stress

conditions are unknown during testing except in failure, difficulty in

controlling drainage conditions, pore pressure are unknown, etc it is

necessary to conduct the Triaxial test. The Triaxial shear test has been



conducted under two types of drainage conditions (a) UU test and (b) CD

test. In the UU test no drainage is permitted during the consolidation

stage as well as the shear stage. In the CD test drainage is permitted in

both the stages. The shear parameters obtained through UU test is used

for short-term design and shear parameters obtained through UU test is

used for long term design of structures. The tests are conducted in

accordance with IS 2720 (Part-11): 1980. Eight numbers each of UU tests

and CD tests were conducted in the Triaxial compression test apparatus.

h. Chemical Analysis

Chemical analysis on (a) soil samples and (b) ground water samples for

obtaining pH value, Cl2 content and SO3 content. These tests are

essential in order to determine the effect of chemicals on foundation

treatment like deep, raft or open foundations to be adopted for various

Airport structures. The tests are conducted in accordance with IS 2720

(Part-25, 26&28): 1980. Ten samples each of soil and ground water were

tested.

i. Tests on Rock Samples Tests on rock cores were conducted for Porosity, specific gravity, water

absorption, and Unconfined compressive strength. These tests are

required to assess the bearing capacity of the founding stratum. The rock

specimen for laboratory testing was prepared in accordance with IS-9179:

1979. The laboratory test for determination of water content, porosity and

Specific gravity was conducted in accordance with IS-13030: 1991.

Unconfined compressive strength was obtained in accordance with IS-

9143: 1979. Nine sets of tests were conducted from the samples obtained

from the boreholes.



iii) TEST RESULTS

The following paragraphs discuss the results obtained from tests.

a) Standard Penetration Test

The SPT results obtained are presented in the following Table 4.14

Table 4.14 Standard Penetration Test

Depth (m) Bore hole No.

From To

N value

1 1.30 1.70

2 1.70 2.05

3 1.00 1.28

5 1.60 1.80

6 2.50 2.70

7 2.65 2.87

8 3.00 3.36

9 1.70 1.95

10 0.95 1.30

11 1.76 2.01

12 1.10 1.50

13 0.90 1.15

14 1.95 2.21

15 1.70 1.98

16 2.40 2.78

17 3.00 3.50

>50

18 1.90 2.40 = 44

19 2.70 3.10

20 2.50 2.75

>50



The uncorrected SPT value is 50 at depths from 1.0m to 3.25m. The

average depth of testing is around 2.0m. After applying the necessary

corrections for overburden and Dilatancy we finally arrive at the corrected

SPT value of 50 which incidentally is equal to the magnitude of the

uncorrected SPT value. Most of the results of the SPT are found to be

greater than 50 (Refusal) revealing that the hard strata is available at a

shallow depth of 1.0 to 3.25m.

b) Soil Properties

The tests on soil samples, both Undisturbed and Disturbed samples, were

undertaken in the approved soil laboratory. The various tests were

conducted to know the Natural moisture content (NMC), Bulk density (b),

Dry density (d), Atterberg’s limits like Liquid limit (LL), Plastic limit (PL),

Plasticity Index (PI), Particle size distribution. The direct shear test and

Triaxial shear test were conducted for obtaining cohesion and angle of

internal friction. Table 4.15 enumerates the test results of soil obtained

from Undisturbed soil samples (UDS).

Table 4.15 Soil Properties (Uds Samples)

Particle size (%) Direct shear

Triaxial Shear

Bore Hole No.

Sample Depth (m)

NMC (%)

d (g /cc)

LL (%)

PL (%)

PI (%)

G S M C c (kg/ cm2)

()

c (kg/ cm2)

()

2 0.20 – 0.70

48.9 1.11 63 39 24 13 20 24 43 0.11 9 0.08 5

3 0.25 – 0.75

51.8 1.04 71 43 28 17 19 27 37 - - 0.13 10

4 0.50 – 1.00

60.5 1.01 59 37 22 14 15 23 48 0.12 11 0.10 7

5 0.50 – 1.00

41.8 1.08 66 31 35 17 23 21 39 - -- 0.11 9

6 1.00 -1.50

47.3 1.13 56 36 20 26 15 27 32 0.09 10 0.11 5



7 1.00 – 1.45

61.8 1.02 59 37 22 7 21 23 49 - - 0.07 12

8 1.00 - 1.50

52.3 1.07 64 34 30 15 21 30 34 0.10 9 0.07 10

9 0.55 – 1.05

48.9 1.11 72 38 34 25 20 30 25 - - 0.09 11

10 0.25 – 0.75

63.7 1.02 49 27 22 17 31 24 28 0.05 6 0.05 9

11 0.50 – 0.96

21.3 1.50 62 34 28 58 19 9 14 - - 0.12 7

14 0.45 – 0.95

62.0 1.11 52 37 25 42 21 24 13 0.06 7 0.07 8

15 0.50 – 1.00

43.0 1.00 58 36 22 41 22 21 16 - - 0.12 8

16 0.50 – 1.00

62.5 1.05 66 34 32 42 21 24 13 0.11 7 0.13 6

17 0.50 – 1.20

53.0 1.10 56 32 24 43 24 22 11 - - 0.09 12

19 0.60 – 1.10

59.7 1.02 61 38 23 43 21 23 13 0.09 8 0.11 9

20 0.50 – 1.00

53.2 1.11 63 33 30 43 22 26 9 0.10 5 0.12 8



Similarly the soil properties obtained from the Disturbed Samples (DS) are

presented in the Table 4.16.

Table 4.16 Soil Properties (Ds Samples)

Particle size (%) Bore Hole No.

Sampling Depth (m)

LL (%)

PL (%)

PI (%) G S M C

10 0.25-0.75 46 25 21 - - - -

11 0.50-0.96 59 33 26 - - - -

12 1.10-1.50 37 15 22 56 30 7 7

17 3.00-3.50 53 29 24 - - - -

18 0.5-1.00 29 15 14 54 18 19 9



c) Rock Core Sample Tests

The various properties of rock cores obtained from the rock tests are

tabulated in Table 4.17.

Table 4.17 Rock Sample Test Results Sp.gravity (G) Porosity (%) (n) Bore

Hole No.

Sampling Depth (m)

Appa-rent (ASG)

True

Apparent (AP)

True

Water absorption (%)

Crushing strength (kg/cm2)

1 8.42 2.42 2.56 0.024 0.05 0.971 265.89

3 8.51 2.56 2.70 0.007 0.05 0.255 244.79

4 10.00 2.64 2.77 0.007 0.05 0.269 391.58

5 10.30 2.61 2.74 0.008 0.05 0.313 511.82

6 6.70 2.62 2.76 0.004 0.05 0.138 546.08

7 8.23 2.70 2.80 0.008 0.04 0.288 556.33

8 8.28 2.64 2.82 0.006 0.06 0.240 254.20

9 5.25 2.74 2.88 0.004 0.05 0.163 577.73

The rock tests indicate that a minimum value of crushing strength of

244.79 kg/cm2 . A factor of safety of 5 to 8 depending upon the

importance of the structure may be taken for arriving at the safe bearing

capacity. The minimum Apparent Specific Gravity (ASG) is 2.55 and the

maximum Apparent Porosity (AP) is 0.008% and the average water

absorption being 0.293%.

Chemical Analysis

The Table 4.18 indicates the test results on ground water and soil

respectively. The ground water contains a pH value of 8.04, Cl2 of 1784

PPM, and SO3 of 334 PPM. The soil contains a pH value of 8.18, Cl2 of

1494 PPM, and SO3 of 289.5 PPM. The high value of Cl2 and SO3 necessitates precaution in foundation construction.



Table 4.18 Chemical Analysis

Bore Hole No.

pH value Chloride contents

(ppm)

Sulphate contents (ppm)

Ground Water

1 7.9 2500 250

2 8.3 2000 300

4 8.1 2300 440

6 7.8 1375 330

8 8.2 1100 230

10 7.9 3100 400

12 8.3 1500 450

14 8.2 1190 270

16 7.8 1375 290

18 7.9 1400 380

Soil

1 7.8 1200 140

3 7.9 2300 220

7 8.1 1800 250

9 8.0 1750 440

11 8.2 1160 350

13 8.0 1250 320

15 7.9 1780 220

17 7.8 2150 450

19 8.1 1190 175

20 8.3 1360 230



iv) Design Parameters:

Having performed the field and laboratory test on soils, rock and ground

water samples the following design parameters are suggested for adoption

in the design of various airport structures. The other soil properties are also

derived from the basic properties.

The consolidation and drainage properties are suggested from our past

records as the soil cover of clay layer is only 1.0m in thickness and

assumptions may not vary the design appreciably. The unconfined

compressive strength is suggested as 40 kg/cm2, which in general may be

equal to the ultimate bearing capacity of the strata under consideration. A

factor of safety suitable to the importance of the structure will give the safe

bearing capacity. The value so obtained may be checked in accordance with

IS 6403:1981 for adoption in design. Table 4.19 gives a comprehensive soil

design parameters for usage in design of airport structures.

Table 4.19

Design Parameters (Summary)

Test result value of the soil property

Soil property

Min. Max. Avg.

Recomme-nded Value

Soil

I. Volume –weight Relationships

Natural Moisture Content (%) 41.30

63.70 53.25

53.25

Bulk density (g/cc) 1.41 2.46 1.69 1.69

Dry density (g/cc) 1.00 1.50 1.10 1.50

Specific Gravity 2.32 2.82 2.57 2.65

Porosity (%) 0.54 0.58 0.56 0.56

Void ratio 1.32 1.22 1.33 1.29

II. Plasticity Characteristics




Soil property

Min. Max. Avg.

Recomme-nded Value

Soil

Liquid limit (%) 49 72 61 61

Plastic limit (%) 27 38 35 35

Plasticity Index (%) 22 34 26 26

Liquidity Index 0.65 0.76 0.70 0.70

Consistency Index (%) 35 24 30 30

Activity 2.44 0.70 0.98 0.98

III. Gradation Characteristics

Effective diameter D10 0.007

0.01 0.009

0.01

D15 0.002

0.15 0.018

0.02

D30 0.0015

3.50 0.60 0.60

D50 0.004

5.20 2.27 2.30

D60 0.015

6.00 3.52 3.50

D85 0.30 8.00 6.82 7.00

Uniformity coefficient 0.21 600 391.11

350

Coefficient of curvature 0.021

204.1 11.36

10.3

Clay fraction (%) 9 49 26.5 26.5

IV. Drainage Characteristics

Coeff.of permeability (cm/sec) - - - 5x10-6

Capillary head (cm) - - - 385

V. Consolidation Characteristics

Compression index - - - 0.90

Initial void ratio (e0) - - - 2.90

Coeff. Of consolidation (cm2/sec)

- - - 2.5x10-4




Soil property

Min. Max. Avg.

Recomme-nded Value

Soil

VI. Shear Parameters

Cohesion (kg/cm2) 0.05 0.125 0.085

0.10

Angle of internal friction () 5 11.5 7.4 8

Blow count (SPT) 50 50 50 50

Unconfined comp.str. (kg/cm2) - - - 40

Rock

Apparent Specific Gravity 2.42 2.70 2.615

2.70

True Specific Gravity 2.56 2.88 2.753

2.88

Apparent porosity (%) 0.024

0.008 0.0085

0.008

True porosity (%) 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.05

Water absorption (%) 0.138

0.971 0.293

0.30

Crushing strength (kg/cm2) 244.79

577.73

418.55

244.00

Chemical Analysis

I. Ground water

-pH value 7.8 8.3 8.04 8.04

Chloride contents (PPM) 1100

3100 1784 3100

Sulphate contents (PPM) 230 450 334 450

II. Soil

-pH value 7.8 8.3 8.18 8.18

Chloride contents (PPM) 1160

2300 1494 2300

Sulphate contents (PPM) 140 450 289.5

450



v) Sub-Soil Profile: Cross sections have been prepared describing the soil profile along (Fig 4.15) and across (Fig 4.16) the airport area. The airport area has two distinct areas

of high and low lands. The high lands comprise of rocks of basaltic origin and

they are exposed in many places. Based on the study of the borehole logs,

two numbers of soil profiles are visualized one along the main runway and

another across the main runway.

The sub-soil in the low lying areas consists of three types of soils viz. Soft

marine clay of around 1.0m thick, residual soils (soft to hard murrum) extends

between 2.75m to 4.65m below the ground level. The rest is basaltic rock,

which is encountered at different depths from, 2.75m to 4.10m below ground

surface and found continuous upto a maximum drilled depth of 13.50m. The

ground water levels are observed to be in the region of 0.15m to 0.60m below

the ground level. Based on the above soil profile the following paragraphs

describe each type of stratum encountered with.

Stratum I: - The Silty plastic clay is observed in this stratum which is a

superficial layer extending upto a depth of 1.0m. This soil is of marine origin.

As per the Indian classification system this soil belongs to CH group indicating

these are inorganic clays with high degree of plasticity.

Stratum II: - This stratum comprises of completely weathered rock locally

known as murrum – Normally it is classified under Indian classification system

as GC or SC. This stratum was found at 0.30m to 1.0m from ground and

extends upto 2.75m to 4.65m below the ground. The boulders about 1.0m

thick are encountered at about 2.0 to 2.50m from ground. Some boulders are

found to be in an isolated lens form of 1.0m thick.

Stratum III: - The basaltic rocks of Amygdaloidal and Compact varieties are

found in the depth region of 2.75m to 8.0m. The Amygdaloidal basalts have

either Chlorophite or Zeolite (green or white respectively) infillings in their

cavities. Amygdaloidal basalts are underlain by the jointed rock, which is

commonly known as Compact basalts. The core recovery varies from 18.66%

(weathered zone) to 100% (in compact rock mass). The RQD is in the range

of 24.66% to 100%.



Fig 4.15 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile )



Fig 4.16 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Cross Sectional Profile)



4.7.11 Sub-Soil Investigation During DPR Stage:

The sub-soil investigation similar to TFS stage is again carried out during

the detailed project report stage upon the finalisation of alternative Master

Plan and freezing of runway orientation. In total, drilling of 24 boreholes

spread over the entire airport zone and covering the runway, terminal

area, access and along the proposed diversion and training of rivers were

carried out to get the detail of sub-soil characteristics more precisely. The

spacing of boreholes are kept varying from 300 to 600 keeping in view the

site condition favourable for conducting the work of boreholes. A map

(Fig 4.17) showing the disposition of borehole locations within the airport

zone. Annexure-2 placed in Chapter-9 Additional Studies provides

details of all the borelogs. All the boreholes were taken from 3.00 m

to 3.50 m in to the hard rock. Corresponding termination depths ranged

from 5.50 m to 16.00 m.

In all, twenty four (24) bore holes were drilled using rotary wash method.

Samples collected from the field were tested for Classification. In all,

twenty three (23) rock cores were tested. Tests on rock samples include

specific gravity, porosity, water absorption, uni-axial compressive

strength, etc as per I.S. code. Water table was observed at depths

ranging from 0.30 m to 1.00 m below the existing ground level (GL).

Appropriate tests i.e. Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were conducted

in-situ. Undisturbed samples were collected from soft to medium stiff clay

deposit. Disturbed Samples (DS and SPT) were collected in brown,

medium dense murum and highly weathered rock. The Table No.4.20, 4.21 and 4.22 gives the result of soil properties of undisturb samples,

disturb samples and rock sample.

Longitudinal Sections indicating the soil profile under the runways, centre

line of airport and along the banks of proposed diverted Gadhi river

using borehole details at both the stages were prepared and given in

Figures 4.18 to 4.22.



i) Soil Profile under Runways:

The sub-soil profile under Southern runway consist of silty plastic clay as a

superficial layer extending upto 1.00 mt. of marine origin followed by weather

rock/soft rock/boulder at about 2 to 2.4 mt. from the ground and finally the

basaltic rock varying from 2.75 m. to approx. 8 mt.

Table 4.20

Soil Properties (Uds Samples)

Sl.

BH

Sample

Depth

NMC

Specific

Atterberg

Limits

Sieve Analysis Consolidation Test

Tri-axial Test

No.

No.

Type

(m) (%)

Gravity

(%) Gravel

Sand

Silt

Clay

pc C

% % % %

e0

(kg/c

m2

)

cc

(kg/cm2

)

(degrees)

LL

PL

1 13 UDS-1

5.30 –

5.80 70 2.58 94 47 1 3 41 55 1.9 0.37 0.7 0.09 6

2 14 UDS-1

1.50 –

2.00 65 2.57 88 45 0 6 43 51 1.9 0.21 0.7 0.11 7

3 15 UDS-1

6.50 –

7.00 63 2.59 85 41 1 7 39 53 1.4 0.66 0.7 0.12 9

4 16 UDS-1

6.10 –

6.60 53 2.59 71 36 0 9 41 50 1.4 0.62 0.4 0.13 10

5 34 UDS-1

2.00 –

2.50 57 2.61 67 35 0 1

3 38 49 1.2 0.26 0.4 0.12 7



Table 4.21

Soil Properties (DS Samples)

Sr. BH Sample Depth NMC Specific

Atterberg Limits

Sieve Analysis

No. No. Type (m) (%) Gravity (%) Gravel

Sand Silt Clay

LL PL % % % %

1 5 DS-1 0.00-1.00 63 2.59 58 30 0 22 38 40 2 6 DS-1 0.00-1.00 68 2.56 65 29 0 16 29 54 3 7 DS-1 0.00-1.50 76 2.58 67 36 0 7 35 59 4 9 DS-1 0.00-0.50 62 2.58 55 26 1 9 38 52 5 13 DS-3 3.30-3.40 72 2.59 70 32 0 0 70 30 6 13 SPT-1 4.40-5.00 70 2.56 72 34 0 2 41 57 7 14 SPT-1 2.40-3.00 62 2.58 75 37 0 18 29 53 8 16 DS-3 2.00-3.00 58 2.57 68 32 0 17 30 53 9 16 DS-5 4.00-5.00 59 2.58 65 29 0 16 29 54

10 17 DS-1 0.00-1.00 56 2.59 38 15 0 1 53 46 11 17 SPT-1 2.00-2.60 54 2.60 74 35 5 10 34 51 12 18 DS-2 1.00-2.00 60 2.58 62 31 2 6 42 50 13 20 DS-1 0.00-1.50 61 2.60 73 36 0 0 23 77 14 21 DS-1 0.00-1.00 58 2.59 55 23 3 16 43 38 15 28 DS-2 1.50-3.00 63 2.57 60 27 1 7 51 41 16 28 DS-3 3.00-3.50 62 2.58 84 42 0 1 47 52 17 29 DS-1 0.00-1.00 58 2.58 72 36 0 7 43 50 18 29 DS-2 1.00-2.00 60 2.59 59 34 9 25 22 44 19 30 DS-1 0.00-1.00 59 2.57 46 32 7 41 32 20 20 30 DS-2 1.00-2.00 60 2.56 66 32 3 24 28 45 21 31 DS-1 1.50-3.00 63 2.56 54 26 9 42 24 25 22 31 DS-2 3.00-4.00 68 2.58 46 22 4 18 58 20 23 32 DS-1 0.00-1.00 58 2.59 42 17 2 25 63 10 24 32 DS-2 1.00-2.00 60 2.58 48 18 2 29 53 16 25 32 DS-4 3.50-4.00 62 2.57 50 24 1 9 66 24 26 32 SPT-1 4.00-4.60 69 2.60 30 12 3 30 42 25 27 33 DS-1 0.00-1.50 56 2.60 26 − 6 34 48 12 28 33 DS-3 2.00-2.60 64 2.58 30 14 1 8 53 38 29 34 DS-2 1.00-2.00 58 2.58 52 22 3 23 26 48 30 35 DS-1 0.00-1.00 56 2.59 38 15 0 1 53 46



31 35 DS-2 1.00-2.50 57 2.58 74 35 5 10 34 51 32 36 DS-1 0.00-1.00 56 2.61 62 31 2 6 42 50 33 36 DS-2 1.00-2.00 60 2.58 73 36 0 0 23 77 34 37 DS-1 0.00-1.00 58 2.59 55 23 3 16 43 38 35 37 DS-2 1.00-2.00 62 2.58 60 27 1 7 51 41 36 38 DS-2 1.00-2.00 64 2.60 84 42 0 1 47 52 37 38 DS-3 2.00-2.60 68 2.58 72 36 0 7 43 50 38 39 DS-2 1.00-2.00 62 2.58 59 34 9 25 22 44



Table 4.22 Rock Sample Test Results

Sr. BH. Piece Depth Porosity Sp.

Gravity Water Crushing No. No. No. in % Absorption Strength

Mtrs. % Kg/cm2 1 6 10 5.50 0.057 2.76 0.146 480.48 2 6 19 7.50 0.108 2.94 0.272 283.92 3 7 12 6.00 0.800 2.77 0.289 589.68 4 9 18 8.10 0.049 2.84 0.282 589.68 5 9 26 9.75 0.068 2.83 0.282 698.88 6 13 3 8.55 0.800 2.66 0.301 349.44 7 14 10 6.95 0.794 2.77 0.287 393.12 8 16 7 13.50 0.800 2.64 0.303 305.76 9 18 4 4.50 0.045 2.77 0.143 437.00 10 18 14 7.00 0.073 2.85 0.283 305.76 11 20 13 5.20 0.800 2.47 0.324 349.44 12 28 19 8.00 0.035 2.71 0.292 218.40 13 29 14 5.35 0.039 2.79 0.287 436.80 14 30 20 6.50 0.015 2.72 0.294 371.28 15 31 8 7.25 0.152 3.19 0.253 393.12 16 31 12 8.50 0.031 2.72 0.294 458.64 17 32 10 7.50 0.045 2.72 0.148 305.76 18 36 14 4.00 0.096 2.93 0.139 480.48 19 36 25 6.00 0.099 2.91 0.275 698.88 20 37 8 4.50 0.070 2.84 0.282 567.84 21 37 16 7.00 0.011 2.43 0.332 174.72 22 38 9 5.00 0.094 2.96 0.264 546.00 23 39 8 5.50 0.077 2.84 0.140 655.20



Fig 4.17 Location of boreholes



Fig 4.18 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site

(Longitudinal Sectional Profile along South Runway)



Fig 4.19 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along North Runway )



The sub-soil profile under Northern runway consist of sand and silt layer varying

from 2.0 mt. and extending upto 8.00 mt. followed by murum/weather rock/soft

rock about 0.5 to 5.0 mt. and finally the basaltic rock varying from 4.4 m. to

approx. 12 mt. from the ground.



Fig 4.20 Sub-Soil profile of Airport Site (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along centreline of Airport)



Fig 4.21 Sub-Soil profile of Airport (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along Northen bank of river)



Fig 4.22 Sub-Soil profile of Airport (Longitudinal Sectional Profile along Southern bank of river)



4.8 Water Environment

4.8.1 Water Quality

Water quality plays an important role in the life of humans, plants and

animals; it is used for survival, recreation and transportation etc. Water

also contains many ions, some of which are beneficial, and others that

are harmful. Excessive amounts of any particular contaminant can result

in imbalances in the water chemistry and destroy ecosystems. Long-term

effects of this pollution can harm the food chain, and affect recreational

activities.

i) Marine Water

Marine water quality of the airport area was studied by monitoring at

thirteen stations viz, W1 to W13. Ten stations were in the Gadhi River,

two stations were in Panvel creek and eight stations were in Ulwe River.

Sampling has been done at all stations during December, 2007 (post

monsoon), April, 2008 (pre monsoon), and August, 2008 (monsoon). Post

monsoon season was considered from November, 2007 to January,

2008, pre monsoon season was considered from February, 2008 to May,

2008 and monsoon season was considered from June, 2008 to

September, 2008. The samples collected during post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon seasons were preserved at 40C and then

analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological parameters.

Description for above mentioned water quality monitoring station is given

in Table 4.23.

The following parameters of the creek water quality were analyzed.

a) Physical: Total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, temperature,

depth and turbidity, pH, oil and grease.



b) Chemical: DO (dissolved oxygen), BOD (biochemical oxygen

demand), salinity, free ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, silicate, phosphate, TOC

(Total organic Carbon),

c) Biological: SPC (standard plate count) and coliform colonies (MPN).

Table 4.23 Marine Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Project Area

Sr. No.

Station Location

1 W1 Extreme end of Gadhi River (upstream side)

2 W2 Near Pargaon village (200m from W1) in Gadhi River

3 W3 Near Jui Village (300m from W2) in Gadhi River

4 W4 Near Koppar Khadi (300m from W3) in Gadhi River

5 W5 Near Vaghvli village (500m from W4) in Gadhi River

6 W6 Vaghvli creek junction (300m from W5) in Gadhi River

7 W7 Near Kharghar Rly Stn (300m) in Gadhi River

8 W8 Near Belpada (300m from W7) in Gadhi River

9 W9 Near Konkan Bhavan (300m from W8) in Gadhi River

10 W10 Near Divala village (300m from W10) in Gadhi River

11 W11 At Junction of Ulwe and Gadhi Rivers in Panvel Creek

12 W12 In Ulwe River

13 W13 Near Rathi bander in Panvel Creek

ii) Ground Water

Ground water quality of the airport area was studied by monitoring at ten

stations viz, G1 to G10. One station from each village has been selected

to study the ground water quality of the region. These monitoring

locations include open well or public well using for drinking water and



ponds. Every village has public wells for drawing potable water for

domestic purpose. Sampling has been done at all stations during

December, 2007, April, 2008 (pre monsoon), and August, 2008

(monsoon). The samples collected during post monsoon, pre monsoon

and monsoon seasons were preserved at 40 C and then analyzed for

various physical, chemical and biological parameters. Description for

above mentioned water quality monitoring station is given in Table 4.24 .

Table 4.24 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Stations in the Project Area

Sr. No.

Station Location

1 GW1 Open well at Kombadbhuji

2 GW2 A pond at Ganeshpuri

3 GW3 Open well at Vaghelivada

4 GW4 Open well at Koli

5 GW5 Open well at Koppar

6 GW6 Open well at Chinchpada

7 GW7 A pond at Pargaon

8 GW8 A pond at Vaghvli

9 GW9 Open well at Ulwe

10 GW10 A pond at Targhar

The following parameters of the creek water quality were analyzed.

a) Physical: Temperature, turbidity and pH.

b) Chemical: DO (dissolved oxygen), BOD (biochemical oxygen

demand), salinity, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, nitrate-nitrogen,

chloride, sulphate, sodium, potassium and phenol.



c) Biological: SPC (standard plate count) and coliform colonies (MPN).

The selected parameters have specific environmental significance from

the point of view for conserving natural ecosystem and indicative of

pollution. Parameters selected for assessing ground water quality

indicate the suitability of the water source for drinking or bathing purpose

or other domestic purpose. Levels of nutrients, heavy metals can provide

information on probability of eutrophication, toxicity to fish,

bioaccumulation of contaminants in fish tissue thereby entering bio-

geochemical cycle.

Extent of deposition of these non-biodegradable toxic contaminants will

decide its impact on living organisms, as the study zone can be fish

spawning and breeding grounds. Microbial quality will indicate suitability

of water for contact recreation, drinking and bathing. Water quality

analysis can be compared with stipulated standards to find out extent of

compliance with standards.

4.8.2 Water Quality Index

Water Quality Monitoring data consists of routine measurements of

physical, chemical and biological variables that are intended to give

insight into aquatic environment. Once the data is collected, there is a

further need to translate it into a form that is easily understood and

effectively interpreted. Thus, Water Quality Index (WQI) plays an

important role in such translation processes [CPCB, 1986-87]. National

Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (1974) has been widely field

tested and applied to data from a number of different geographical areas.

It has following mathematical structure:

Water Quality Index ( IW i

n

iiWQI

1

)



where,

Ii is the sub index for ith water quality parameter.

Wi is the weight (in terms of importance) associated with ith water quality

parameter.

n is the number of water quality parameters.

________________________________________________________________

The following equations were used to calculate the WQI Sub-Indices:

1) % Saturation DO (0-40%) = 0.18 + (0.66 * % Saturation DO)

2) % Saturation DO (40-100%) = (-13.5) + (1.17 * % Saturation DO)

3) % Saturation DO (100-140%) = 163.34 - (0.62 * % Saturation DO)

4) BOD (0 to 10 ppm) = 96.67 - (7 * BOD)

5) BOD (10 to 30 ppm) = 38.90 - (1.23 * BOD)

6) BOD (> 30 ppm) = 2.0

7) pH (5.0 to 7.3) = (-142.67) + (33.50 * pH)

8) pH (7.3 to 10.0) = 316.96 - (29.85) * pH)

9) Coliforms (1 - 1000) = 97.20 - (26.80 * log [MPN])

10) Coliforms (1000 - 10000) = 42.33 - (7.75 * log [MPN])

11) Turbidity (0- 40 NTU) = 111.53 – (11.77 * Turbidity)

12) Turbidity (40- 100 NTU) = 49.70 – (6.90 * Turbidity)

The four parameters have been considered important (especially for the Indian

conditions as described by CPCB (1986). In NSF-WQI (Ott, 1978), following

weightages have been assigned. Descriptor Categories for WQI is given in Table 4.25



Parameter Weightage*

% Saturation Dissolved Oxygen = 0.31

Fecal Coliform = 0.28

pH = 0.22

BOD = 0.19

* These weights are given based on the relative importance of the above stated

parameters for calculating the NSF-WQI and total weightage of all parameters is

equal to 1.00

Table 4.25 Descriptor Categories For Various Nsf-Wqi Values

NSF – WQI

Descriptor Category

0 to 25 Very Bad

26 to 50 Bad

51 to 70 Medium

71 to 90 Good

91 to 100 Excellent



4.8.3 Water Quality Results

i) Marine Water

a) Gadhi River: Ten stations were selected for studying the existing

water quality status of Rivers & creeks as shown in the Figure 4.23. Physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the water quality have

been studied for post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season and

results are shown in Table 4.26 to 4.28.

Fig 4.23 Location of Stations for Studying Existing Water Quality Status

GW 4

GW 6

GW 3

GW 7

GW 2

GW 1

GW 10

GW 9

GW 5

GW 8

W 1

W 12

W 3

W 10

W 9 W 8

W 7

W 6

W 4

W 11

W 2



Table 4.26

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Post Monsoon Season

Stations Sr. No.

Parameters

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10

1. pH 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5

2. Temperature, oC

32.7 32.3 29.8 29.2 29.3 29.0 28.8 28.8 28.7 29.1

3. TSS, mg/L 89 66 42 117 129 137 147 151 148 154

4. TDS, mg/L 21000 32050 31350 32400 33500 35450 36150 36650 36850 37600

5. Oil & grease, mg/L

5 6 4 5 7 5 3 7 4 6

6. Salinity, ppt 17.5 27.1 25.7 27.9 27.9 30.1 30.8 31.6 30.8 31.6

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.12 0.20 0.01 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.45

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.12 0.13 0.02 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.18

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L

0.24 0.21 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.15

10. Silicate 7.7 4.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.73 0.73 0.73 1.1 1.1

11. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L

6.7 6.8 6.9 6.8 5.7 5.6 6.4 5.8 6.1 6.1

12. Biochemical Oxygen

Demand, mg/L

10.4 8.4 6.0 3.2 3.6 5.6 2.8 3.6 8.0 8.0

13. Cadmium, mg/L 0.109 0.111 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.113 0.112 0.116 0.117 0.116

14. Lead, mg/L 0.138 0.157 0.165 0.172 0.180 0.170 0.175 0.205 0.218 0.222

15. Mercury, mg/L 0.177 0.050 0.096 0.038 0.124 0.077 0.041 0.028 0.059 0.048

16. TOC, mg/L 35.6 31.2 31.3 31.6 31.2 30.5 31.1 30.5 31.0 30.7

17. Fecal Coliform,

MF Count /100ml

18 4 7 68 <2 13 11 30 <2 48

18. Total Hetrotrophic

Bacteria,

160 124 116 196 124 120 120 176 168 160



Table 4.27

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Pre Monsoon Season

Stations Sr. No. Parameters

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10

1. pH 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.7

2. Temperature, oC

29.1 29.3 30.2 30.1 30.7 31.7 30.5 30.7 30.4 30.0

3. TSS, mg/L 56 37 39 19 25 22 36 40 41 86

4. TDS, mg/L 34820 36600 37900 38150 41230 41410 41060 40680 34980 39380

5. Oil & grease, mg/L

9 17 5 11 8 12 8 7 5 9

6. Salinity, ppt 30.1 31.6 31.6 33.0 35.9 34.5 35.9 34.5 28.6 35.9

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.35 0.32 0.38 0.38 0.03 030

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.45 0.16 0.27 0.35 0.35 0.49 0.40 0.29 0.67 0.28

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L

0.37 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.20 0.21 0.54 0.17

10. Silicate 6.5 5.4 4.7 3.9 4.0 3.4 2.2 2.8 5.9 1.92


4.9 5.3 5.1 3.8 5.2 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.7 6.0

12. Biochemical Oxygen

4.4 3.2 4.0 2.8 1.2 2.0 1.6 0.8 21.6 1.2

13. Cadmium, mg/L

0.111 0.113 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.112

14. Lead, mg/L 0.159 0.166 0.177 0.185 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.202 0.173 0.198

15. Mercury, mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

16. TOC, mg/L 29.8 30.1 3.1 27.7 27.7 28.8 25.2 27.9 25.4 27.2

17. Fecal Coliform, MF Count

<2 <2 1 2 <2 <2 <2 1 <2 <2

18.

Total Hetrotrophic

Bacteria, SPC/ml

84 76 72 92 88 80 104 124 36 40



Table 4.28

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Monsoon Season


W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10

1. pH 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.3

2. Temperature, oC 26.7 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.1 27.2 27.1 27.1

3. TSS, mg/L 23 16 30 8 21 56 33 37 38 43

4. TDS, mg/L 350 300 420 430 360 3640 830 650 690 600

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 2.0 3.0 8.0 4.0 21.0 7.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 4.0

6. Salinity, ppt 3.0 1.5 2.3 1.53 2.3 4.5 1.5 3.0 2.3 3.0

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.035 0.026 0.028 0.041 0.042 0.182 0.120 0.146 0.149 0.132

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 35.7 4.5 8.9 0.0 102.7 0.0 53.6 22.3 17.9 31.3

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 668.6 272.9 371.8 144.7 95.3 194.2 201.5 144.7 144.7 139.2

10. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.6

11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.2 2.4 2.0 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.0

12. Cadmium, mg/L 0.724 0.744 0.552 0.321 0.297 0.172 0.101 0.512 0.024 0.061

13. Lead, mg/L 0.59 0.87 0.76 0.63 0.443 0.111 0.21 0.49 0.22 0.40

14. Mercury, mg/L 0.15 0.11 0.3 0.67 0.33 0.85 0.4.93 0.55 0.18 0.48

15. TOC, mg/L 5.2 6.3 5.4 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.2 8.1 7.2 11.4

16. Fecal Coliform, MF Count /100ml <2 40 <2 <2 <2 60 <2 <2 60 <2

17. Total Hetrotrophic Bacteria, SPC/ml 30 96 160 120 104 88 33 64 25 96

b) Ulwe River: One station was selected for studying the existing water

quality status of Ulwe River as shown in the Figure 4.24. Only one station

was selected in Ulwe river, because it is a small river and flowing in Ulwe

village only. Physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the water



quality have been studied for post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon

season and results are shown in Table 4.29.

Table 4.29

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ulve River during Post Monsoon, Pre-monsoon and Monsoon

Station W12 Sr.

No. Parameter

Post monsoon Pre monsoon Monsoon

1. pH 7.5 7.8 7.5

2. Temperature, oC 28.7 30.6 26.9

3. TSS, mg/L 115 53 47

4. TDS, mg/L 37900 39760 1800

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 7.0 10 8.0

6. Salinity, ppt 32.3 36.7 2.3

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.45 0.37 39.1

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.17 0.48 BDL

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 0.13 0.21 1.04

10. Silicate 0.94 2.8

11. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 5.9 5.8 5.8

12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 3.2 1.2 2.8

13. Cadmium, mg/L 0.113 0.116 0.186

14. Lead, mg/L 0.186 0.198 4.693

15. Mercury, mg/L 0.028 BDL 5.920

16. TOC, mg/L 31.0 15.0 10.6

17. Fecal Coliform, MF Count /100ml <2 60 84

18. Total Hetrotrophic Bacteria, SPC/ml 148 144 136



c) Panvel Creek: Two stations were selected for studying the existing water quality

status of Panvel creek as shown in Figure 4.25. Physico-chemical and biological

characteristics of the water quality have been studied for post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon season and results are given in Table 4.30 . Table 4.30

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Panvel Creek During Post Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon & Monsoon Season

Post monsoon

Pre-monsoon Monsoon Sr. No.

Seasons →

Parameters ↓ W11 W13 W11 W13 W11 W13

1. pH 7.5 7.5 8.0 7.8 7.4 7.6

2. Temperature, ºC 28.9 29.1 30.4 30.3 27.2 27.3

3. TSS, mg/L 140 120 51 46 47 27

4. TDS, mg/L 38100 38450 40240 42850 1040 830

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 4 8 16 9 5.0 4.0

6. Salinity, ppt 33 33 35.9 36.7 3.0 2.3

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.45 0.43 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.12

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.22 0.21 0.38 0.41 13.4 BDL

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 0.12 0.08 0.17 0.15 1.68 1.94

10. Silicate 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.1

11. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 8.3 7.5

12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L

3.6 2.0 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.4

13. Cadmium, mg/L 0.113 0.114 0.116 0.117 0.369 0.160

14. Lead, mg/L 0.177 0.181 0.209 0.218 0.983 0.336

15. Mercury, mg/L 0.013 0.042 BDL BDL 0.23 0.32

16. TOC, mg/L 30.7 31.0 27.8 15.1 10.7 10.2

17. Fecal Coli form, MF 72 <2 <2 92 <2 <2



Sampling was done during a highest high tide due to insufficient water depth for

launches to move in to various stations. The results have been compared with the

primary water quality criteria for class SW II Category waters as shown in Table 4.31 .

Table 4.31 Receiving Sea Water Standards for SW II Category

(Commercial Fishing, Contact Recreation, Bathing water)

Sr.No

Parameter

Criteria

Rationale/Remarks

1.

pH range

6.5 – 8.5

Range does not skin or eye irritation and is also conducive for propagation of aquatic lives.

2.

Dissolved Oxygen

4.0 mg/L

Not less than 3.5 mg/L at any time for protection of aquatic lives.

3.

Color and Odor

No noticeable color, odour and floating matters

Specially caused by chemical compounds like Creosols, Phenols, Naphtha, Benzene, Pyridine, Toluene etc. causing visible coloration of water and tainting of and odor in fish flesh.

4.

Floating matters

Nothing obnoxious or detrimental for use purpose.

None in concentration that would impair usages specially assigned to this class.

5.

Fecal Coliform

100 per 100 ml

The average value not exceeding 200 / 100 ml in 20% of the sample in the year and in 3 consecutive samples in the monsoon months.

6.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

3 mg/L

Restricted for bathing (aesthetic quality of water). Also prescribed by IS: 2296-1974.

Count/100ml

18. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria,SPC/ml

224 148 64 164 120



(5 days at 20oC)

7. Turbidity

30 NTU (Nephelo- Turbidity Unit)

Measured at 0.9 depth

4.8.4 Results of Water Quality Analysis

Detailed description of the individual water quality parameters and range of

values obtained during the monitoring period for the samples collected from

Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek are given below:

i) Marine Water:

a) pH:

pH of sea water varies between pH 7.5 and 8.4 with the highest values

occurring at the surface of the water body during periods of high productivity

when carbon dioxide is withdrawn during photosynthesis. It is the buffering

property of sea water, resulting from the presence of strong bases and weak

acids (H2CO3 and H2BO3) that maintains the pH. This is an important

parameter to be considered in any water body since any wide change in this

value may adversely affect the aquatic life. For aquatic life to survive, the

pH should lie within 6.5-9.0 (as per CPCB standards for Class IV Waters).

The value of pH of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range of 7.2 -

7.5, 7.4 - 7.8 and 7.1 – 7.3 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and

monsoon season respectively.



The value of pH of marine water of Ulwe River was 7.5, 7.8 and 7.5 during

post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively.

The value of pH of marine water of Panvel Creek was 7.5, 7.8 – 8.0 and 7.6

– 7.4 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The horizontal gradient was not much predominant at all the stations. The

range of the pH values of Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel creek was

found to lie within the limits prescribed by CPCB for receiving water quality

standards SWII category. The observed pH values are favorable to maintain

a healthy aquatic community in the harbour waters.

b) Temperature

This is one of the most important parameters for the aquatic environment,

because almost all the physical, chemical and biological properties are

governed by it. Temperature limits the saturation values of solids and gases

that are dissolved in it. The rate of chemical reaction and other biological

activity such as corrosion or incrustation, BOD, photosynthesis, growth and

death of micro-organisms are all dependent on temperature. At all stations,

the variation in average temperature were in accordance with ambient air

temperature and time of the day.

The temperature was observed during day time. The value of temperature of

marine water of Gadhi River was in the range of 28.7 - 32.70C, 29.1 - 31.70C

and 26.7 – 27.50C during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon

season respectively.

The value of temperature of marine water of Ulwe River was 28.7 0C, 30.60C

and 26.9 0C during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of temperature of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the range

of 28.9 - 29.1 0C, 30.3 – 30.4 0C and 27.2 – 27.3 0C during post monsoon,



pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively. The change in temperature

was in accordance with air temperature.

Though temperature has a bearing on the saturation DO, the change in this

parameter did not affect the NSF-WQI significantly.

c) Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Suspended particulate matter in the sea water originate from organic and

inorganic particles naturally present in water due to vertical mixing action in

sediments by tidal currents and through suspended solids brought in by

wastewater flows from domestic and industrial areas. Suspended solids

cause turbidity which in turn reduces the light penetrating capacity and

ultimately results in becoming an obstacle for the photosynthesis. High

concentration of TSS in sea water also affects its aesthetic value.

The value of TSS of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range of 42 -

154 mg/L, 19 - 86 mg/L and 8 - 56 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon

and monsoon season respectively.

The value of TSS of marine water of Ulwe River was 115 mg/L, 53 mg/L and

47 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of TSS of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the range of 120 -

140 mg/L, 46– 51 mg/L and 27 - 47 mg/L during post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon season respectively.

d) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Total dissolved solid (TDS) is a measure of the total amount of all the

materials that are dissolved in water. These materials, both natural and

anthropogenic (made by humans), are mainly inorganic solids, with a minor

amount of organic material. Depending on the type of water, TDS can vary

greatly from a few milligrams per liter to percent levels (tens of thousands of

milligrams per liter). Seawater contains 3.5% (35,000 mg/L) TDS.



The value of TDS of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range of 21,000

– 37,600 mg/L, 34,820 – 41,410 mg/L and 300 - 3640 mg/L during post

monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively.

The value of TDS of marine water of Ulwe River was 37,900 mg/L, 39,760

mg/L and 1800 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon


The value of TDS of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the range of

38,100 – 38,450 mg/L, 40,240– 42,850 mg/L and 830 - 1040 mg/L during


e) Oil and Grease

Oil pollution at sea essentially takes place in two ways, either as large

quantities during a short period owing to accidents like sinking of oil ships,

collision of vessels or as small but continued amounts over a longer period

through pumping from oil barges or vessels at liquid cargo jetty. Discharge

of oil contaminated bilge water from fishing launches, passenger launches

etc. also contributes oil concentration in coastal water. Discharge of sewage

into sea water contributes grease concentration in inland water.

The value of oil and grease of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range

of 3 - 7 mg/L, 5 – 17 mg/L and 2 - 21 mg/L during post monsoon, pre


The value of oil and grease of marine water of Ulwe River was 7 mg/L, 10

mg/L and 8.0 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of oil and grease of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the

range of 4 - 8 mg/L, 9 - 16 mg/L and 4 - 16 mg/L during post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon season respectively. However, some fishing is done

by local villagers.



f) Salinity

The total amount of inorganic material dissolved in sea water is termed as

salinity and is usually about 3.5 % or 35ppth. Temperature and salinity

together influence the density of sea water and to much lesser extent

pressure also. The fact that density of sea water varies with temperature

has important consequences for primary productivity in the sea water.

Average salinity of Arabian Sea is slightly higher than that of ocean.

Moreover, isolated (land locked) sea water body is more saline than an

open sea because of increased evaporation.

The value of salinity of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range of 17.5

- 31.6 ppt, 28.6 – 35.9 ppt and 1.5 – 3.0 ppt during post monsoon, pre


The value of salinity of marine water of Ulwe River was 32.3 ppt, 36.7 ppt

and 2.3 during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of salinity of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the range of

33.0 ppt, 35.9– 36.7 ppt and 2.3 – 3.0 ppt during post monsoon, pre


Though salinity has a bearing on the saturation DO, the changes in this

parameter did not affect the NSF-WQI significantly.

g) Nitrite

Nitrite in water poisons the fish by binding to the hemoglobin in the blood

preventing oxygen carrying capacity, in effect suffocating the fish .The gills

of fish dying as a result of nitrite poisoning are characteristic brown color.

The nitrite concentration of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range of

0.03 - 0.38mg/L, 0.01 - 0.45 mg/L and 0.026 - 0.182 mg/L during post




The nitrite concentration of marine water of Ulwe River was 0.45 mg/L, 0.37

mg/L and 39.1 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon


The nitrite concentration of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the range

of 0.43 - 0.45 mg/L, 33.0 mg/L, 12.0 – 33.4 mg/L during post monsoon, pre


h) Nitrate -N

Nitrate -N is a nutrient produced in natural water by decomposition of

nitrogenous organic compounds. High level of nitrate represents the

presence of more nitrogenous compounds and resulting in to excessive

growth of algae and other aquatic vegetation. Eutrophication of the water

body is also caused by the presence of excess amount of nitrate -nitrogen

along with other nutrients in the water.

The nitrate concentration of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range of

0.02 - 0.20 mg/L, 0.16 – 0.67 mg/L and 0.0 – 102.7 mg/L during post


The nitrate concentration of marine water of Ulwe River was 0.17 mg/L, 0.48

mg/L and BDL during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The nitrate concentration of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the range

of 0.21 - 0.22 mg/L, 0.38 - 0.41 mg/L and BDL – 13.4 mg/L during post


i) Phosphate-P

Phosphate-P is a nutrient that acts as a fertilizer. High level of this nutrient

causes excessive plant and algal growth in aquatic ecosystem.

Eutrophication of the water body is also caused by the presence of excess

amount of Phosphate-P along with other nutrients in the water.



The phosphate concentration of marine water of Gadhi River was in the

range of 0.13 - 0.24 mg/L, 0.17 – 0.54 mg/L and 95.3 – 668.6 mg/L during


The phosphate concentration of marine water of Ulwe River was 0.13 mg/L,

0.21 mg/L and 104.4 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and


The phosphate concentration of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the

range of 0.08 - 0.12 mg/L, 0.15 – 0.17 mg/L and 168.5 – 194.2 mg/L during


j) Silicate

The requirement of silicon by Diatoms is not, however entirely limited to

skeletal formation and has particular importance potentially in coastal

upwelling region where Diatoms form a dominant part the phytoplankton. It

appears as oxide in sand and silts. In natural water, it is found as silicate

(SiO2).

The silicate concentration of marine water of Gadhi River was in the range

of 0.73 - 7.7mg/L, 1.9 – 6.5 mg/L and _ - _ mg/L during post monsoon, pre


The silicate concentration of marine water of Ulwe River was 0.94 mg/L, 1.8

mg/L and __ mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon


The silicate concentration of marine water of Panvel Creek was in the range

of 1.0 mg/L, 2.0 – 2.1 mg/L and _ - _ mg/L during post monsoon, pre




k) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen is essential to the respiration of aquatic organisms, and its

concentration in sea is a major determinant of the species composition of

biota in the water and underlying sediments. Moreover, the dissolved

oxygen in sea has a profound effect on the biochemical reactions that occur

in water and sediments, which in turn affect numerous aspects of water

quality, including the solubility of many toxic elements and esthetic qualities

of odor and taste. For these reasons, dissolved oxygen historically has been

one of the most frequently measured indicators of water quality.

The value of dissolved oxygen in the Gadhi River was in the range of 5.6 -

6.9 mg/L, 3.8 - 6.0 mg/L and 5.4 – 7.1 mg/L during post monsoon, pre


The value of dissolved oxygen in the Ulwe River was 5.9 mg/L, 5.8 mg/L

and 5.8 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of dissolved oxygen in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 5.9 -

6 mg/L, 6.0 mg/L and 8.3 – 7.5 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon


DO is an important parameter in the calculation of NSF-WQI, the changes in

DO levels brought about prominent changes in NSF-WQI.

l) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD test shows the amount of molecular oxygen required by bacteria to

reduce the carbonaceous matter. It is also defined as the measure of the

oxygen consumed by living organisms while utilizing the organic matter. It is

a good indicator of pollution.

The value of BOD of marine water of the Gadhi River was in the range of

2.8 - 10.4 mg/L, 3.8 - 6.0 mg/L and 1.2 – 3.2 mg/L during post monsoon, pre




The value of BOD of marine water of the Ulwe River was 3.2 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L


respectively.

The value of BOD of marine water of the Panvel Creek was in the range of 2

- 3.6 mg/L, 2.4 – 2.8 mg/L and 2.4 – 2.8 mg/L during post monsoon, pre


CPCB standard for BOD of sea water (Class II Waters) is 3mg/L. BOD

values were slightly above the standard at some stations in all water bodies

during the monitoring period. This could be due to inflow of wastewater from

nearby villages.

m) Cadmium

Cadmium accumulates in the oceans from sources such as atmospheric

fallout, rivers and direct dumping of waste into the sea. Many types of

marine life, including shellfish, fish, plankton and birds, are known to

concentrate this element which, besides posing an increasing threat to

marine life, may also affect man.

The value of cadmium in the Gadhi River was in the range of 0.109 - 0.117

mg/L, 0.111 – 0.115 mg/L and 0.024 – 0.744 mg/L during post monsoon,

pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively.

The value of cadmium in the Ulwe River was 0.113 mg/L, 0.116 mg/L and

0.186 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of cadmium in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 0.113 -

0.114mg/L, 0.116 – 0.117 mg/L and 0.160 – 0.369 mg/L during post


n) Lead

Anthropogenic lead (Pb) is considered to be one of the most severe

contaminants for the environments. Although Pb is used for a variety of



purposes in industries, automobile exhaust is a predominant source of Pb

emission due to the use of leaded gasoline. Since anthropogenic Pb is

easily transported via atmosphere, sea surface water is polluted by Pb

mainly through precipitation and deposition of aerosols.

The concentration of lead in the Gadhi River was in the range of 0.138 -

0.222 mg/L, 0.159 – 0.202 mg/L and 0.111 – 8.759 mg/L during post


The concentration of lead in the Ulwe River was 0.186 mg/L, 0.198 mg/L


respectively.

The concentration of lead in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 0.177 -

0.181 mg/L, 0.209 – 0.218 mg/L and 0.336 – 0.983 mg/L during post


o) Mercury

Mercury is considered to be a pollutant of the global environment because

of its volatility, long-range atmospheric transport, its transformation to more

toxic compounds and the bio-accumulation of the latter. Sources of mercury

pollution in the environment Coal-burning electric plants are the largest

cause of avoidable mercury emissions includes the disposal of batteries,

thermometers, and gas meters. Mercury is dangerous to humans. High

levels of mercury in a human can affect the nervous system and is

especially harmful to unborn children in the womb. The most common way a

person is exposed to mercury pollution is through eating fish. The mercury is

absorbed into the fatty tissues of fish, which pass that mercury on when the

fish is eaten.

The concentration of mercury in the Gadhi River was in the range of 0.028 -

0.124 mg/L, BDL (Below Detectable Range) and 3.320 - 18.18 mg/L during




The concentration of mercury in the Ulwe River was 0.028 mg/L, BDL and

5.920 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The concentration of mercury in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 0.013

- 0.042 mg/L, BDL and 2.311 – 3.238 mg/L during post monsoon, pre


p) Total Organic Carbon

Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon bound in an organic

compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality.

TOC detection is an important measurement because of the effects it may

have on the environment, human health, and manufacturing processes.

TOC is a highly sensitive, non-specific measurement of all organics present

in a sample. It, therefore, can be used to regulate the organic chemical

discharge to the environment in a manufacturing plant. In addition, low TOC

can confirm the absence of potentially harmful organic chemicals in water

used to manufacture pharmaceutical products. It is highly important

parameter for fresh water quality assessment.

The value of TOC in the Gadhi River was in the range of 30.5 - 35.6 mg/L,

25.2 - 30.1 mg/L and 4.2 – 11.4 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon


The value of TOC in the Ulwe River was 31.0 mg/L, 15.0 mg/L and 10.6

mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of TOC in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 30.7 - 31.0 mg/L,

15.1 - 27.8 mg/L and 10.2 – 10.7 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon




q) Fecal Coliform

Fecal coliform is measured in terms of Most Probable Number (MPN). MPN

is an index of the number of coliform bacteria that, more probably than any

other number, would give the coliform density, since coliform group density

is an important criterion of the degree of fecal pollution. The major risk from

fecal contamination is from contaminated sea food. Coliform bacteria enter

coastal waters through sewage discharge.

The value of fecal coliform in marine water of the Gadhi River was in the

range of <2 - 68 MF Count /100ml, 1 - 2 MF Count /100ml and <2 - 40 MF

Count /100ml during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The value of fecal coliform in marine water of the Ulwe River was 48 MF

Count /100ml, 60 MF Count /100ml and 84 MF Count /100ml during post


The value of fecal coliform in marine water of the Panvel Creek was in the

range of <2 - 72 MF Count /100ml, <2 - 92 MF Count /100ml and <2 MF

Count /100ml during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The values of coliform colonies have a direct bearing on the NSF-WQI.



r) Total Heterotrophic Bacteria

Heterotrophic bacteria in the marine environment are involved in a number

of interrelated processes such as decomposition of complex molecules,

respiration, mineralization, remineralization and, uptake of dissolved organic

compounds and their conversion to particulate matter. The very basic

function is decomposition by heterotrophic bacteria is of considerable

ecological and economic importance in pollution clean-up. Native

heterotrophic microflora capable of degrading a variety of environmental and

human health-hazardous toxic substances is quite common in the marine

environment. The ability of such heterotrophic prokaryotes to transform

many highly toxic wastes to substances that are nontoxic, bioavailable and

utilizable by other forms of life is very important in ecosystem stability.

The value of total heterotrophic bacteria in marine water of the Gadhi River

was in the range of 120 - 196 SPC/ml, 36 - 124 SPC/ml and _ - _ SPC/ml

during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively.

The value of total heterotrophic bacteria in marine water of the Ulwe River

was 192 SPC/ml, 144 SPC/ml and __ SPC/ml during post monsoon, pre


The value of total heterotrophic bacteria in marine water of the Panvel Creek

was in the range of 148 - 224 SPC/ml, 64 - 164 SPC/ml and _ - _ SPC/ml


s) Total Marine Water Quality

All physico-chemical parameters monitored during the entire study period

show that all of them having range of values within their prescribed

standards except for BOD and nutrients. The nutrients values were slightly

above the recommended range for Arabian Sea. This could be due to inflow

of sewage from village and urban area. BOD was maximum in the upstream

end of Gadhi river and this could be because of sewage discharge from



Panvel Town and nearby areas. The presence of fecal coliform in Gadhi

River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek indicate contamination of marine water

with sanitary waste.

NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) for marine water was calculated during post

monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season and is given in Tables 4.32 to 4.34. The WQI calculated for marine water was in the range of 75 to 91,

79 – 94 and 70 to 94.



Table 4.32 Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Post Monsoon Season

Parameters for Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) for Marine Water (SPRING) Post monsoon Season

Station

Parameter

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13

Temperature, C 32.7 32.

3 29.8 29.2 29.3 29.0 28.8 28.8 28.7 29.1 28.9 28.7 29.1

Salinity, o/oo 17.5 27.1 25.7 27.9 27.9 30.1 30.8 31.6 30.8 31.6 33.0 32.3 33.0

DO, mg/L. 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.8 5.7 5.6 6.4 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9

Saturation DO, mg/L. 6.6 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.4

% Saturation DO 102 108 104 103 87 86 98 90 94 93 93 91 92

Coliform, MPN/100 ml 18 4 7 68 <2 13 11 30 <2 48 72 48 <2

pH 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

BOD 10.4 8.4 6.0 3.2 3.6 5.6 2.8 3.6 8.0 3.2 3.6 3.2 2.0

Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) (SPRING) Post monsoon Season

Station

Parameter

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13

% Saturation DO 100 96 98 99 88 87 102 91 96 95 96 93 94

BOD 26 38 5 74 71 57 77 71 41 74 71 74 83

pH 96 96 99 102 102 93 93 96 96 93 93 93 93

Coliforms 64 81 75 48 92 67 69 58 92 52 47 52 92

NSF-WQI 75 81 83 81 89 77 86 79 85 79 77 78 91

Descriptor Categories

GOOD GO

OD GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

GOOD

Excellent



Table 4.33 NSF Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Pre Monsoon Season

Parameters for Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) for Marine Water (SPRING) Pre monsoon Season

Station

Parameter

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W1

2 W13

Temperature, C 29.1 29.3 30.2 30.1 30.7 31.7 30.5 30.7 30.4 30.0 30.4 30.6

30.3

Salinity, o/oo 30.1 31.6 31.6 33.0 35.9 34.5 35.9 34.5 28.6 35.9 35.9 36.7

36.7

DO, mg/L. 4.9 5.3 5.1 3.8 5.2 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.7 6.0 6..0 5.8 6.0

Saturation DO, mg/L. 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.

1

% Saturation DO 75.4 82.5 80.5 60.4 84.7 92.0 95.8 93.8 88.8 96.7 97.3 94.8

97.6

Coliform, MPN/100 ml <2 <2 1 2 <2 <2 <2 1 <2 <2 <2 60 92

pH 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.7 8.0 7.8 7.8

BOD 4.4 3.2 4.0 2.8 1.2 2.0 1.6 0.8 21.6 1.2 2.8 1.2 2.4

Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) (SPRING) Pre monsoon Season

Station

Parameter

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W1

2 W13

% Saturation DO 75 83 81 57 86 94 99 96 90 100 100 97 101

BOD 66 74 69 77 88 83 85 91 12 88 71 88 83

pH 87 84 115 115 115 87 87 87 96 87 87 96 87

Coliforms 97 97 97 89 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 50 45

NSF-WQI 82 86 91 83 96 91 93 94 79 94 91 82 79


Good Good Exce

llent Good Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Good Excellent

Excellent

Good

Good



Table 4.34

NSF Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Creek Water For Monsoon Season

Parameters for Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) for Marine Water (SPRING) Monsoon Season

Station Parameter

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13

Temperature, C 26.7 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.1 27.2 27.1 27.1 27.2 26.9 27.3

Salinity, o/oo 3.0 1.5 2.3 1.53 2.3 4.5 1.5 3.0 2.3 3.0 3.0 2.3 3.0

DO, mg/L. 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.7 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.6 8.3 5.8 7.5 Saturation DO, mg/L. 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.8

% Saturation DO

88.9 86.9 90.4 85.6 85.6 86.5 69.7 73.0 68.8 71.6 106.3 73.6 95.9

Coliform, MPN/100 ml

<2 40 <2 <2 <2 60 <2 <2 60 <2 <2 84 <2

pH 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 BOD 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.2 2.4 2.0 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.4

Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) (SPRING) Monsoon Season

Station Parameter

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13

% Saturation

DO 90 88 92 87 87 88 68 72 67 70 97 73 99

BOD 74 80 85 88 80 83 77 83 74 83 77 77 80

pH 102 102 99 95 99 93 99 102 99 102 7.4 7.5 7.6

Coliforms 97 54 97 97 97 50 89 89 50 89 97 46 97

NSF-WQI 92 80 94 92 91 77 82 85 70 85 94 70 93


Excellent Good Excell

ent Excell

ent Excell

ent Good Good Good Medium Good Excell

ent Medium

Excellent



According to NSF Water Quality Index (WQI), the quality of water in Gadhi River

was good, excellent during post monsoon and pre monsoon season respectively

and during monsoon season it was in the range of good to excellent.

According to NSF Water Quality Index (WQI), the quality of water in Ulwe River was

good, good and good during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

According to NSF Water Quality Index (WQI), the quality of water in Panvel Creek

was excellent during post monsoon season and it was good to excellent during pre

monsoon and monsoon season.

The overall quality of marine water in the project area was found to be good based

on NSF Water Quality Index.

ii) Ground Water

The following parameters of the ground water quality were analyzed.

a) Physical: pH, temperature and turbidity.

b) Chemical: DO (dissolved oxygen), BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), COD

(Chemical Oxygen Demand), salinity, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, nitrate-

nitrogen, magnesium hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, sodium,

potassium, phenol and fluoride.

c) Biological: SPC (standard plate count), coliform colonies (MPN) and

phytoplankton.

Physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the ground water have been

studied during the post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season and results

are shown in Table 4.35 to 4.37.



Table 4.35

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ground Water In The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

Stations

Parameters (Range) G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10

pH

7.42 7.15 7.25 7.20 7.46 7.51 7.72 8.29 7.39 7.76

Temperature, oC 30.4 31.0 30.5 29.6 30.1 29.8 33.7 31.4 30.4 33.6

Turbidity, NTU

16.3 2.2 6.2 1.4 54.3 2.7 5.3 1.3 1.5 5.6

Total Hardness 204 184 172 166 5350 274 132 80 88 186

Total alkalinity, mg/L 256 276 184 192 156 228 140 124 100 100

Chloride, mg/L 79.7 35.0 27.2 29.1 16124 97.1 36.9 137.9 15.5 27.2

Sulphate, mg/L

31.4 24.1 16.1 20.7 3261 61.7 42.5 33.7 14.2 190

Nitrate-N mg/L 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.15

Sodium 115 54.9 26.7 43.2 9950 221 74.5 155 31.1 61

Potassium 8.1 8.7 1.9 1.8 623.7 8.6 11.2 13.6 1.6 5.4

Salinity, ppt 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.05 29.3 0.18 0.07 0.25 0.03 0.05

Total Nitrogen 0.35 0.49 0.44 0.40 0.41 0.45 0.36 0.40 0.47 0.46

Total Phosphorous, mg/L 0.33 0.15 0.06 1.58 0.002 0.07 0.05 0.007 0.05 0.02

Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 5.24 5.17 6.80 4.61 6.61 4.90 8.19 7.67 5.44 7.30

Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 7.2 9.6 4.8 3.6 20.4 10.8 9.6 6.0 2.4 2.4

Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 75 75 34 27 178 62 48 55 41 34

Phenol, mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.04 BDL BDL BDL

Fecal Coliform,

MF Count /100ml <2 3 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 10 60 <2

Total Hetrotrophic Bacteria, SPC/ml 156 80 64 108 68 152 116 88 180 124

Fluoride, mg/L 0.29 0.21 0.20 0.25 3.6 0.20 0.26 0.26 0.18 0.41

Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 0 175 15.7 4.0 4.8 3.4 81.5 11.5 2.9 4.5



G1- Ganeshpuri well; G2- Ganeshpuri pond; G3-Vaghelivada; G4-Koli; G5-Koppar; G6-

Chinchpada; G7- Pargaon; G8- Vaghvli; G9- Ulve; G10-Targhar

Table 4. 36 Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ground Water In The Project Area During Pre

Monsoon Season


G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10

pH 7.6 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.9 7.1 6.9

Temperature, oC 28.6 29.2 28.4 29.2 29.3 30.8 30.7 28.4 28.4 29.1

Turbidity, NTU 4.0 13.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 4.0

Total Hardness 256 7050 222 140 226 182 154 116 86 234


Chloride, mg/L 237 20300 136 56.3 72 56.3 91.3 330.2 29.14 60.2

Sulphate, mg/L 54.6 4258 18.3 21.7 22.2 35.4 25 74.5 7.3 40.2

Nitrate-N mg/L 0.34 0.04 0.14 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.15 0.053 0.031 1.41

Sodium 80.4 9133 565 77.4 64.1 47.0 89.7 178 23.7 12.7

Potassium 8.8 35.0 19.2 0.36 0.54 BDL 14.6 12.7 BDL BDL

Salinity, ppt 0.43 36.84 0.25 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.16 0.6 0.052 0.11

Total Nitrogen 0.58 0.65 0.29 0.18 0.5 0.3 0.36 0.38 0.31 1.8

Total Phosphorous, mg/L 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.14 0.03 0.01 0.13 0.24 0.08


Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 1.2 13.2 2.4 12.0 2.4 3.6 6.0 0 4.8 3.6

Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 18.9 31.6 18.9 12.6 12.6 18.9 31.6 37.9 12.6 12.6

Phenol, mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

Fecal Coliform, MF Count /100ml <2 35 <2 <2 <2 8 <2 5 <2 <2

Total Hetrotrophic Bacteria, SPC/ml 88 112 84 104 92 72 96 100 60 76

Fluoride, mg/L 0.52 5.76 0.42 0.41 0.49 0.41 0.46 0.52 0.50 0.12

Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 7.5 15.4 29.9 2.9 41.8 2.1 44.5 7.1 0.5 0.6



G1- Ganeshpuri well; G2- Kombadbhuji; G3-Vaghelivada; G4-Koli; G5-Koppar; G6- Chinchpada;

G7- Pargaon; G8- Vaghvli; G9- Ulve; G10-Targhar

Table 4.37

Values Of Ground Water Quality Parametres During Monsoon Season

Stations

Parameters (Range) G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10

pH 7.5 7. 2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.4 7.2 7.7 6.7 7.2

Temperature, oC 26.9 27.6 26.1 27.9 26.7 29.0 28.5 28.9 27.5 27.2

Turbidity, NTU 4.0 18.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 10.0 11.0 3.0 17.0

Hardness 40 200 160 200 4600 340 180 120 260 120


Chloride, mg/L 531 335 132 59 14466 158 236 531 177 276

Sulphate, mg/L 4047 26.6 36.5 14.4 4266 34.2 7.9 105 22.1 14.2

Nitrate-N mg/L 0.23 0.75 0.78 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.03 0.21 0.35 0.01

Sodium 303 102 90 67 8828 89 87 245 73 86

Potassium 11.9 5.7 4.4 3.8 421 6.3 10.8 21.2 4.5 5.0

Salinity, ppt 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.5 1.5 1.13 2.23 1.5 1.5 1.5

Total Nitrogen 0.43 0.89 0.28 0.17 0.12 0.11 0.75 0.40 0.84 0.56

Total Phosphorous, mg/L 2528 148 892 588 837 447 410 412 247 119


Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 0.4 1.6 0.0 2.4 0.4 0.0 6.8 0.8 0.4 7.6

Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 25.5 10.2 46.0 51.1 10.2 66.4 56.2 30.6 10.2 25.5

Phenol, mg/L BDL BDL 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.011 BDL 0.006 BDL

Faecal Coliform,MF Count /100ml 84 80 68 72 72 <2 <2 50 100 84

Total Hetrotrophic Bacteria, SPC/ml 84 80 68 72 72 <2 <2 50 100 84



G1- Ganeshpuri well; G2- Kombad bhugi; G3-Vaghelivada; G4-Koli; G5-Koppar; G6- Chinchpada; G7- Pargaon; G8- Vaghvli; G9- Ulve; G10-Targhar

a) pH

The pH is a measure of acidity. Acids, acid-generating salts and free carbon dioxide

lowers pH. Carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide, phosphate, silicate, and borate raise

the pH. A pH of 7.0 indicates neutrality of a solution. Values higher than 7.0 denote

increasing alkalinity; values lower than 7.0 indicate increasing acidity.

Corrosiveness of water generally increases with decreasing pH, but excessively

alkaline waters may also attack metals. As per CPCB standards water with pH

range 6.5 – 8.5 is suitable for drinking purpose.

The pH of ground water was in the range of 7.15 - 8.29, 6.9 - 7.9 and 6.7-7.7 during

the post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively. pH of ground

water at Vaghvli was slightly high (8.29) compared to pH at other location in the

project area. Ground water at all water quality monitoring stations was found well

within the limits prescribed by CPCB for drinking purpose.

b) Temperature

This is one of the most important parameter, because almost all the physical,

chemical and biological properties are governed by it. Temperature limits the

saturation values of solids and gases that are dissolved in it.

The temperature was observed during day time. The value of temperature of ground

water was in the range of 29.6 - 33.70C, 28.4 – 30.8 0C and 26.1-29.0 0C during the

Fluoride, mg/L 0.71 0.58 0.65 0.45 3.30 0.50 0.74 0.90 0.60 0.74

Cadmium, mg/L BDL 0.39 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

Lead, mg/L BDL BDL 9.86 BDL BDL BDL BDL 9.5 7.26 0.75

Mercury, mg/L 2.9 2.4 2.5 6.0 21.3 11.2 8.5 4.0 2.0 4.8

Chlorophyll-a mg/m3



post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively. The change in

temperature was in accordance with air temperature.

c) Hardness In most waters nearly all the hardness is because of calcium and magnesium. Hard

water consumes soap before lather will form, deposits soap on bathtubs, and forms

scale in boilers, water heaters, and pipes. Waters of hardness 0 to 60 mg/L are

termed soft; 61 to 120 mg/L moderately hard; 121 to 180 mg/L hard; and more than

180 mg/L very hard.

The hardness of ground water was in the range of 34 – 4400 mg/L, 34 – 4700 mg/L

and 40-4600 mg/L during the post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. Ground water at Pargaon, Vaghvli, Ulve and Targhar was found to be

soft whereas at Ganeshpuri, Vaghelivada, Koli ground water was moderately hard.

The well water at Koppar was found to be very hard. Such hard water prevents

lather formation with soap solutions. Hence, well water at Koppar is not suitable for

washing, bathing and laundry purpose.

d) Total alkalinity Alkalinity caused by the presence of certain anions, predominantly HCO3 and CO3.

These anions are formed by the action of carbon dioxide in water on carbonate

rocks such as limestone and dolomite. Certain organic materials may also produce

alkalinity. Alkalinity is an indicator of the relative amounts of carbonate (CO3),

bicarbonate (HCO3), and hydroxide ions.

As per the IS Drinking Water Standards, value of alkalinity should between

200mg/L (Desirable Limit).Beyond this limit the taste becomes unpleasant and

permissible limit is 600mg/L( in the absence of alternate source).

The alkalinity of ground water was in the range of 100 – 276 mg/L, 92 – 236 mg/L

and 70-193 mg/L during the post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.



e) Chloride Dissolved from rocks and soils. Present in sewage and found in natural and

industrial brines. Chloride salts in excess of 100 mg/L give a salty taste to water.

When combined with calcium and magnesium, chloride may increase the corrosive

activity of water.

The chloride in ground water was in the range of 15.5 mg/L – 137.9 mg/L whereas

at Koppar it was 16124 mg/L during the study period. Chloride content in

groundwater at Koppar is very high and it could be due to encroachment of saline

water because of groundwater exploitation.

f) Sulphate Dissolved from rocks and soils containing gypsum, iron sulfides, and other sulfur

compounds. Often present in some industrial wastes. Sulphate in water containing

calcium forms hard scale in boilers. In high concentrations, sulphate in combination

with other ions gives a bitter taste to water. Concentrations above 250 mg/L may

have a laxative effect. Domestic water supplies containing more than 1000 mg/L

sulphate can be used for drinking if a less mineralized water supply is not available.

The sulphate concentration in ground water was in the range of 14.2 mg/L – 190

mg/L whereas at Koppar it was 3261 mg/L during the post monsoon, pre monsoon

and monsoon season respectively. g) Nitrate The source of nitrate in ground water is decaying organic matter, sewage and

nitrate in soil and in fertilizers. High concentrations of nitrate are generally a

characteristic of individual wells and not of entire aquifers. Nitrate encourages

growth of algae and other organisms which produce undesirable tastes and odours.

There is evidence that more than about 10 mg/L may cause methemoglobinemia

("blue baby syndrome") in infants, which may be fatal. Interference Syndrome is

likely in cattle if stock water exceeds 50 to 100 mg/L of nitrate, especially for long

periods of time. At more than 100 mg/L of nitrate there is the possibility of acute

losses to Interference Syndrome and secondary disease.



The nitrate concentration in ground water was in the range of 0.08 mg/L – 0.15

mg/L, during the post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively. h) Sodium and Potassium Dissolved from most rocks and soils. Also found in brines and sewage. High

concentrations give a salty taste when combined with chloride. For most purposes

moderate levels have little effect on the use of water. Sodium salts may cause

foaming in boilers and high sodium adsorption ratio may limit use of water for

irrigation. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is Indicates the relative abundance of

sodium as compared to calcium and magnesium. Greater SAR values indicate a

greater relative abundance of sodium. A high sodium concentration in irrigation

water combined with low calcium and magnesium concentrations usually reduces

soil tilth and impairs plant growth.

The sodium concentration in ground water at all water quality monitoring stations

was in the range of 26.7 mg/L - 221 mg/L except at Koppar where it was 9950 mg/L

during the study period. Sodium concentration in well water at Koppar is very high

and it could be due to encroachment of saline water. The potassium concentration

in ground water was in the range of 1.6 mg/L - 11.2 mg/L whereas at Koppar it was

623.7 mg/L during the post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. f) Salinity

The total amount of inorganic material dissolved in sea water is termed as salinity

and is usually about 3.5 % or 35ppth. Temperature and salinity together influence

the density of sea water and to much lesser extent pressure also. The fact that

density of sea water varies with temperature has important consequences for

primary productivity in the sea water. Average salinity of Arabian Sea is slightly

higher than that of ocean. Moreover, isolated (land locked) sea water body is more

saline than an open sea because of increased evaporation.

The value of salinity in ground water at all water quality monitoring stations was in

the range of 26.7 mg/L - 221 mg/L, 1.13 The value of salinity of marine water of



Gadhi River was in the range of 17.5 - 31.6 ppt, 28.6 – 35.9 ppt and 1.5 – 3.0 ppt


Though salinity has a bearing on the saturation DO, the changes in this parameter

did not affect the NSF-WQI significantly.

k) Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen is essential to the respiration of aquatic organisms, and its

concentration in sea is a major determinant of the species composition of biota in

the water and underlying sediments. Moreover, the dissolved oxygen in sea has a

profound effect on the biochemical reactions that occur in water and sediments,

which in turn affect numerous aspects of water quality, including the solubility of

many toxic elements and esthetic qualities of odor and taste. For these reasons,

dissolved oxygen historically has been one of the most frequently measured

indicators of water quality.

The value of dissolved oxygen in ground water at all water quality monitoring

stations was in the range of mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon


DO is an important parameter in the calculation of NSF-WQI, the changes in DO

levels brought about prominent changes in NSF-WQI.

m) Cadmium

Cadmium accumulates in the oceans from sources such as atmospheric fallout,

rivers and direct dumping of waste into the sea. Many types of marine life, including

shellfish, fish, plankton and birds, are known to concentrate this element which,

besides posing an increasing threat to marine life, may also affect man.

The value of cadmium in the Gadhi River was in the range of 0.109 - 0.117 mg/L,

0.111 – 0.115 mg/L and 0.024 – 0.744 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon


The value of cadmium in the Ulwe River was 0.113 mg/L, 0.116 mg/L and 0.186

mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively.



The value of cadmium in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 0.113 - 0.114mg/L,

0.116 – 0.117 mg/L and 0.160 – 0.369 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon


n) Lead

Anthropogenic lead (Pb) is considered to be one of the most severe contaminants

for the environments. Although Pb is used for a variety of purposes in industries,

automobile exhaust is a predominant source of Pb emission due to the use of

leaded gasoline. Since anthropogenic Pb is easily transported via atmosphere, sea

surface water is polluted by Pb mainly through precipitation and deposition of

aerosols.

The concentration of lead in the Gadhi River was in the range of 0.138 - 0.222

mg/L, 0.159 – 0.202 mg/L and 0.111 – 8.759 mg/L during post monsoon, pre


The concentration of lead in the Ulwe River was 0.186 mg/L, 0.198 mg/L and 4.693


The concentration of lead in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 0.177 - 0.181

mg/L, 0.209 – 0.218 mg/L and 0.336 – 0.983 mg/L during post monsoon, pre


o) Mercury

Mercury is considered to be a pollutant of the global environment because of its

volatility, long-range atmospheric transport, its transformation to more toxic

compounds and the bio-accumulation of the latter. Sources of mercury pollution in

the environment Coal-burning electric plants are the largest cause of avoidable

mercury emissions includes the disposal of batteries, thermometers, and gas

meters. Mercury is dangerous to humans. High levels of mercury in a human can

affect the nervous system and is especially harmful to unborn children in the womb.

The most common way a person is exposed to mercury pollution is through eating



fish. The mercury is absorbed into the fatty tissues of fish, which pass that mercury

on when the fish is eaten.

The concentration of mercury in the Gadhi River was in the range of 0.028 - 0.124

mg/L, BDL (Below Detectable Range) and 3.320 - 18.18 mg/L during post


The concentration of mercury in the Ulwe River was 0.028 mg/L, BDL and 5.920


The concentration of mercury in the Panvel Creek was in the range of 0.013 - 0.042

mg/L, BDL and 2.311 – 3.238 mg/L during post monsoon, pre monsoon and


j) Fluoride Fluoride is a chemical that occurs naturally within many types of rock. The less

concentrations of fluoride can reduce the risk of dental cavities whereas high

concentration of fluoride can cause dental fluorosis. Studies have shown that

children drinking fluoridated water can expect to have up to 35% less tooth decay

than those drinking non-fluoridated water. The desirable limit of fluoride in drinking

water according to Indian Standards (BIS, 1991), is 0.6 to 1.5 mg/l.

The concentration of fluoride in ground water in the project area was in the range of

0.18 - 0.41 mg/L which is well within the limit except at Koppar where it was 3.6

mg/L. The concentration of fluoride in ground water in the project area was in the

range of 0.18 - 0.41 mg/L, whereas at Koppar it was 3.6 mg/L during post monsoon

season.

The concentration of fluoride in ground water in the project area was in the range of

0.12 - 0.52 mg/L during pre monsoon and 0.45 - 0.9 mg/L during monsoon season

which is well within the limit whereas concentration of fluoride was found to be

exceeded the permissible limit for drinking water at Ganeshpuri (5.76 mg/L) and

Koppar (3.30 mg/L) during pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively.



The highest concentration of fluoride (5.76 mg/L) ______was found at Koppar

during monsoon season. High concentration of fluoride at Koppar might be due to

leachate from soil containing high fluoride content.

k) Fecal Coliform

Fecal coliform is measured in terms of Most Probable Number (MPN). MPN is an

index of the number of coliform bacteria that, more probably than any other

number, would give the coliform density, since coliform group density is an

important criterion of the degree of fecal contamination. The presence of fecal

coliform in well water may indicate contamination of the groundwater by sewage or

animal droppings contain fecal coliforms, which could enter in to the aquifers

through infiltration. Hence, fecal coliform is considered as pollution indicator

organism. Poor well maintenance and construction (particularly shallow dug wells)

can also increase the risk of bacteria and other harmful organisms getting into a

well water supply.

The value of fecal coliform of ground water in the project area was in the range of

<2 - 60 MPN/100ml indicate contamination of ground water with sanitary waste.

The value of fecal coliform of ground water in the project area was in the range of

<2 - 60 MPN/100ml, <2 – 35 MPN/100ml and <2 -100 MPN/100ml during post

monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively, indicates contamination

of ground water with sanitary waste.

The presence of fecal coliforms in ground water especially at Vaghvli and Ulwe

indicates fecal contamination. The values of coliform colonies have a direct bearing

on the NSF-WQI.

l) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD test shows the amount of molecular oxygen required by bacteria to reduce the

carbonaceous matter. It is also defined as the measure of the oxygen consumed by

living organisms while utilizing the organic matter. It is a good indicator of pollution.



The value of BOD of ground water in the project area was in the range of 2.4 – 20.4

mg/L. The BOD values were found to be high at some locations and it could be due

to infiltration of sewage, agricultural run-off from village. Poor well maintenance and

construction (particularly shallow dug wells) can also increase the risk of

contamination. The values of BOD have a direct bearing on the NSF-WQI.

m) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen consumed to

chemically oxidize the organic matter to inorganic end products. COD is rapidly

measurable parameter and it is a good indicator of pollution. The value of COD of

ground water in the project area was in the range of 27 – 75 mg/L whereas at

Koppar it was 178 mg/L during post monsoon season. During the pre monsoon and

monsoon season the COD in the ground water was in the range of 12.6-37.9 and

10.2-66.4 respectively.

n) Phenol Phenol is formed during natural decomposition of organic matter. Phenol is also

found in gasoline, diesel engine exhaust and in cigarette smoke. Phenol can be

used as basic parameter for providing information of chemicals concentration in

surface waters. Phenol in air has short half life but it persist in water for much

longer time. Phenolic compounds are biodegradable so it does not have adverse

effect on aquatic life. The transport and movement of phenol in environment is

mainly governed by the pH. Long term exposure to phenol through inhalation and

ingestion may cause loss of appetite, liver and kidney damage, stomach upsets,

mouth ulcers, sore throat and heart effects. The phenol in ground water in the

project area was found to be below detectable limit during post monsoon and pre

monsoon; whereas it was BDL-0.011 mg/L during monsoon season.

o) Heterotrophic Bacteria

Planktonic heterotrophic bacteria are important in aquatic ecosystem as mineralizes

of organic matter and hence in bio-purification of water, which receives organic

pollution. Degradation of the organic matter contributes to the purification of the



ecosystem and is, therefore, a major process controlling water-quality. The value of

heterotrophic bacteria was in the range of 64 – 180 SPC/ml, SPC/ml, SPC/ml

during the study period in the project area.

iii) Water Quality Index

In addition to four main water quality index parameters discussed earlier in

this report, turbidity is also considered as an important parameter for

calculating water quality index for ground water. Turbidity in open water may

be caused by growth of phytoplankton, dissolved solids and storm water

runoff. The impact of turbidity on aquatic life is very significant. Turbidity

affects the plankton life in water by reducing the light penetrating capacity.

Higher turbidity also clogs the gills of higher organisms like fish, crabs etc.

Turbidity also reduces the visibility of aquatic organism. Enhancement of

light penetration increases ecosystem productivity and carrying capacity.

Excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, in drinking water is aesthetically

unappealing and can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for

microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease causing

organisms. Hence, calculation of NSF-WQI for ground water included five

water quality parameters viz., DO, BOD, fecal coliform, pH and turbidity.

The respective weights assigned by Ott (1979) for these parameters are

given below.

________________________________________________________________

Parameter Weightage*

Saturation Dissolved Oxygen = 0.28

Fecal Coliform = 0.24

pH = 0.19

BOD = 0.16

Turbidity = 0.13



* These weights are given based on the relative importance of the above stated

parameters for calculating the NSF-WQI and total weightage of all parameters is

equal to 1.00

iv) Total Ground Water Quality

All physico-chemical parameters monitored for the ground water quality

show that all values observed are within their prescribed standards. Values

of BOD were slightly high at many locations and this could be due to

infiltration of sewage, decay of dead organisms or natural organic matters.

The presence of fecal coliform in the ground water collected from Vaghvli

and Ulwe areas indicate contamination with sanitary waste or percolation of

septic tank waste. The presence of high concentration of chlorides, sodium in

ground water indicates saline water intrusion in well waters of Koppar area.

Fluoride concentration and total hardness in the ground waters from Koppar

area was high and hence ground water at Koppar is not suitable for drinking,

bathing and laundry purposes.

Total ground water quality status in the project area could be assessed only

through water quality index which incorporated five parameters, viz. DO,

BOD, pH, fecal coliform and turbidity with independent weight as discussed

earlier in this report. The water quality index calculated for every monitoring

station in during the study period and is given in Table 4.38 to 4.40. The

WQI calculated for ground water was in the range of 75 – 91. According to

NSF Water Quality Index (WQI), the quality of ground water at nine locations

in the project area was good whereas ground water quality at Targhar was

found excellent. The overall quality of ground water in the project area was

found “Good” based on NSF Water Quality Index. The quality assessment

based on index method was done considering only five above said

parameters.



Table 4.38

Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Ground Water For Post Monsoon Season

Parameters for Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) for Creek Water (SPRING) Post monsoon Season

Station

Parameter G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10

Temperature, C 30.4 31 30.5 29.6 30.1 29.8 33.7 31.4 30.4 33.6

Salinity, o/oo 0.14 0.06 0.05 0.05 29.3 0.18 0.07 0.25 0.03 0.05

DO, mg/L. 5.24 5.17 6.80 4.61 6.61 4.90 8.19 7.67 5.44 7.30

Saturation DO, mg/L. 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.6 6.4 7.6 7.1 7.4 7.5 7.1

% Saturation DO 69.9 69.6 90.8 60.6 102.9 64.7 115.4 104.1 72.5 102.7

Coliform, MPN/100 ml <2 3 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 10 60 <2

pH 7.42 7.15 7.25 7.2 7.46 7.51 7.72 8.29 7.39 7.76

Turbidity, NTU 16.3 2.2 6.2 1.4 54.3 2.7 5.3 1.3 1.5 5.6

BOD, mg/L 7.2 9.6 4.8 3.6 20.4 10.8 9.6 6.0 2.4 2.4

Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) (SPRING) Post monsoon Season

Station


% Saturation DO 68 68 93 57 100 62 92 99 71 100

BOD 46 29 63 71 14 26 29 55 80 80

pH 95 104 101 102 94 93 87 70 96 85

Coliforms 92 84 92 92 92 92 92 70 50 92

Turbidity 64 97 88 98 35 97 90 98 98 89

NSF-WQI 75 76 89 82 75 74 81 79 76 91

Descriptor Categories Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Excellent



Table 4.39

Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Ground Water For Pre Monsoon Season

Parameters for Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) for Creek Water (SPRING) Pre monsoon Season

Station


Temperature, C 28.6 29.2 28.4 29.2 29.3 30.8 30.7 28.4 28.4 29.1

Salinity, o/oo 0.43 36.84 0.25 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.16 0.6 0.05 0.11

DO, mg/L. 4.6 4.8 6.7 4.3 6.0 5.7 5.9 5.2 5.5 4.1


% Saturation DO 60 77 86 56 78 76 79 67 71 53

Coliform, MPN/100 ml <2 35 <2 <2 <2 8 <2 5 <2 <2

pH 7.6 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.2 7.9 7.1 6.9

Turbidity 4 13 1 1 6 1 4 4 2 4

BOD 1.2 13.2 2.4 12.0 2.4 3.6 6.0 0 4.8 3.6

Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) (SPRING) Pre monsoon Season

Station


% Saturation DO 56 76 87 52 78 76 79 65 69 45

BOD 88 23 80 13 80 71 55 97 63 71

pH 90 99 96 93 92 92 99 81 95 88

Coliforms 97 56 97 97 97 73 97 78 97 97

Turbidity 92 70 98 98 89 98 92 92 97 92

NSF-WQI 82 66 92 70 87 80 85 80 84 77

Descriptor Categories Good Medium Excellent Medium Good Good Good Good Good Good



Table 4.40

Nsf Water Quality Index (Wqi) Calculated For Water For Monsoon Season

Parameters for Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) for Creek Water (SPRING) Monsoon Season

Station


Temperature, C 26.9 27.6 26.1 27.9 26.7 29.0 28.5 28.9 27.5 27.2

Salinity, o/oo 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.5 1.5 1.13 2.23 1.5 1.5 1.5

DO, mg/L. 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.0 5.1 5.3 6.5 5.6 6.4 5.8


% Saturation DO 71 70 69 64 64 69 84 73 81 73

Coliform, MPN/100 ml 84 80 68 72 72 <2 <2 50 100 84

pH 7.5 7. 2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.4 7.2 7.7 6.7 7.2

Turbidity 4.0 18.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 10.0 11.0 3.0 17.0

BOD 0.4 1.6 0.0 2.4 0.4 0.0 6.8 0.8 0.4 7.6



Calculation of NSF Water Quality Index (WQI) (SPRING)

Monsoon Season

Station


% Saturation DO 70 68 67 61 61 67 85 72 81 72 BOD 94 85 97 80 94 97 49 91 94 43 pH 93 102 92 92 92 105 99 115 82 99

Coliforms 46 46 48 47 47 97 97 52 44 46

Turbidity 92 70 98 98 89 98 92 92 97 92

NSF-WQI 75 72 76 71 72 90 86 81 76 69


Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Good Medium



4.9 Air Environment

4.9.1 Air Quality

Air quality of the project area was assessed by monitoring of criteria

pollutants namely total particulate matter (TSP), respirable particulate matter

(RSPM or PM10 ), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and

ammonia (NH3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC) at ten air

quality monitoring stations within 20 km of the project area. The selections

of stations were based on WHO (1981) guidelines. The monitoring stations

selected were PCO (Panvel CIDCO Office), KRS (Khandeshwar Railway

Station), KCO (Kalamboli CIDCO Office), KNO (Kharghar Nodal Office),

BCB (Belapur CIDCO Bhavan), PHS (Pargaon High School), GWT

(Gavanphata Water Tank), ACL (Ambuja Cement Ltd.), KGH (Kille Gaothan

Guest House) and PGH (Panchsheel Guest House). The monitoring was

done during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season at a

frequency of twice a week at each station for 24 hours. Post monsoon

season was considered during the month of November, 2007 to October,

2008, Winter season was considered from December, 2007 to February,

2008, pre monsoon season was considered from March, 2008 to May, 2008

and monsoon season was considered from June, 2008 to September, 2008.

Justification for selection of the monitoring stations is given in Table 4.41. Locations of air monitoring stations are given in Figure 4.24.



Table 4.41 Selection of Air Monitoring Stations in the Project Area

Sr. Station

Code

Station Remarks

1. PCO Panvel CIDCO Office Location of meteorological station

and in residential zone

2. KRS Khandeshwar Railway Station Commercial activity centre

3. KCO Kalamboli CIDCO Office Receptor oriented as it is in

residential zone

4. KNO Kharghar Nodal Office Receptor oriented as it is in

residential zone

5. BCB Belapur CIDCO Bhavan Major commercial activity centre,

heavy traffic movement

6. PHS Pargaon High School Rural and mixed area

7. GWT Gavanphata Water Tank

Near to main traffic junction and

hence heavy traffic

movement

8. ACL Ambuja Cement Ltd Industrial activity centre.

9. KGH Kille Gaothan Guest House Receptor oriented as it is in

residential zone

10. PGH Panchsheel Guest House Receptor oriented as it is in

residential zone



Figure 4.24

Locations of Air Monitoring Stations

A 9

A 1

A 2

A 3

A 4

A 5

A 6

A 7

A 10

A 8



4.9.2 Air Quality Index (AQI)

AQI was done for combining quantitative measures with qualitative concept

of the environment. An Ìndex' is a single number derived from two or more

indicators. The first step in computing index is to calculate the individual

indicator (sub-indices), one for each assessment variable. There are many

methods by which sub-indices can be calculated, viz. linear, segmented

linear, nonlinear functions or by using the actual concentrations.

The sub-index here is calculated as follows:

XXW = Isi

iii

where,

Wi =Weightage of pollutant i.

Xi =Concentration of pollutant i, (µg/m3)

Xs i=Standard for pollutant i, (µg/m3)

Care must be taken to see that the concentrations used have been obtained

over the same averaging time as that of the standards. Here, all air

pollutant variables (SO2, NOx, TSP) have been given equal importance or

given same weightage (Wi =1). The total index is calculated as follows:-

where,

N = the number of air quality variables.

The following descriptor categories have been defined:

I N

= I 2i

N

1=i

1



AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI) DESCRIPTOR CATEGORIES

0 to 0.5

Acceptable

0.51 to 1.0

Unacceptable

1.01 to 2.0

Alert

Greater than 2

Significantly harmful

The descriptor categories, Àcceptable' corresponds to values or

concentrations near their background levels; Ùnacceptable' to values near

standard levels; Àlert' to values slightly greater than standard levels; and

`Significantly Harmful' to levels which are far greater than the standards.

4.9.3 Air Quality Results

The air quality monitoring was carried out during the post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon season as per the guidelines stipulated by CPCB

for 24 hours at ten ambient air quality monitoring stations. Tables 4.42(a) to 4.42(z’’) give monthly average values, as well as maximum and minimum

values of air pollutants concentration observed at various stations during the

post monsoon season, winter, pre monsoon and monsoon season.



Table 4.42(a) Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project

Area During The Post Monsoon Season October, 2008 November, 2007

Station Max Min Mean *98th

% Max Min Mean *98th%

Industrial and Mixed Areas

KRS 372 188 289 368 602 179 328 580

BCB 455 175 302 444 597 197 427 586

ACL 666 146 394 640 897 236 393 863

GWT 928 93 584 925 1331 269 843 1318

Residential and Rural Areas

PCO 497 234 357 486 601 185 410 596

KCO 858 251 451 854 1002 268 511 933

KNO 392 151 304 391 522 145 318 501

PHS 396 158 271 384 328 189 243 323

KGH 344 111 249 344 741 153 367 727

PGH 325 112 238 325 356 102 225 352

(* 98th %: 98th Percentile)

PCO (Panvel CIDCO Office); KRS (Khandeshwar Railway Station); KCO (Kalamboli

CIDCO Office); KNO (Kharghar Nodal Office); BCB (Belapur CIDCO Bhavan); PHS

(Pargaon High School); GWT (Gavanphata Water Tank); ACL (Ambuja Cement Ltd.); KGH

(Kille Gaothan Guest House) ; PGH (Panchsheel Guest House).



Table 4.42(b) Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The

Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season

October, 2008 November, 2007 Station

Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean *98th%


KRS 172 72 117 172 295 68 156 280

BCB 171 55 116 167 556 59 206 503

ACL 204 59 142 200 205 61 131 205

GWT 311 67 118 217 594 127 267 553


PCO 201 55 122 194 250 104 166 249

KCO 466 62 178 423 320 132 207 317

KNO 150 48 116 149 234 56 134 222

PHS 228 55 197 303 158 103 124 156

KGH 200 49 107 190 170 74 124 169

PGH 230 57 118 217 177 53 115 174





(Kille Gaothan Guest House) ; PGH (Panchsheel Guest House)



Table 4.42(c)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season




KRS 39.9 13.7 22.1 38.1 22.3 2.6 12.0 22.0

BCB 32.5 14.3 22.6 31.6 25.7 9.9 15.3 26.0

ACL 28 12.9 21.6 28.0 27.2 2.0 14.8 27.0

GWT 27.5 13.4 21.4 27.3 33.8 3.9 18.9 34.0


PCO 27.7 11.8 22.1 27.7 27.1 6.8 15.9 27.0

KCO 30.5 13.6 23.6 30.4 20.2 4.5 13.6 20.0

KNO 29.8 9.5 17.8 29.5 21.5 5.8 12.6 22.0

PHS 34 15.7 23.9 33.2 37.7 7.9 19.4 36.0

KGH 20 9.5 16.5 19.8 26.7 3.6 13.2 26.0

PGH 32.8 14 21.3 31.5 31.5 5.9 13.3 30.0








Table 4.42(d)

Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season




KRS 2.8 1.5 2.0 2.7 17.3 2.2 7.4 17.0

BCB 4.9 1.7 3.3 4.8 27.3 1.1 7.8 25.0

ACL 3.5 1.3 2.2 3.4 24.0 1.2 7.2 23.0

GWT 4.4 0.6 2.4 4.3 25.1 2.0 9.1 23.0


PCO 5.5 1.4 2.7 5.5 6.1 1.0 3.1 6.0

KCO 5.0 1.4 3.8 5.0 23.1 1.0 6.7 21.0

KNO 3.9 1.6 2.7 3.9 12.1 1.0 4.4 11.0

PHS 8.0 1.3 2.8 7.2 20.5 1.2 6.9 20.0

KGH 3.3 1.0 1.7 3.2 21.9 1.1 6.3 20.0

PGH 9.0 1.0 3.4 8.7 20.9 1.0 6.4 19.0








Table 4.42 (e)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations

Of The Project Area During The Post Monsoon Season




KRS 41.6 21.2 29.7 41.3 49.4 15.2 24.1 47.0

BCB 39.6 15.5 28.8 39.4 39.2 16.8 25.4 39.0

ACL 41.7 16.8 29.5 41.1 21.8 4.9 16.0 21.0

GWT 33.2 16 24.6 33.0 28.2 15.4 22.6 28.0


PCO 31.8 14.2 24.8 31.8 46.1 23.9 32.4 45.0

KCO 42.5 24.9 33.9 42.0 39.5 16.5 28.1 39.0

KNO 40.9 21.0 30.6 40.2 31.9 7.7 20.2 32.0

PHS 36.8 15.9 25.4 35.7 34.2 9.3 22.7 34.0

KGH 41.1 13.4 24.8 38.9 31.3 7.0 20.9 31.0

PGH 40.9 13 26.0 42.0 38.5 11.5 21.8 37.0








Table 4.42 (f) Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (Mg/M3) In Air At Various Stations


November, 2007 October, 2008


% Max Min Mean *98th

%


KRS 1.17 0.29 0.67 1.1 0.37 0.02 0.14 0.34

BCB 1.32 0.58 0.88 1.3 0.73 0.11 0.30 0.68

ACL 1.67 0.39 0.77 1.5 0.46 0.07 0.17 0.42

GWT 0.94 0.75 0.86 0.9 0.22 0.07 0.15 0.22


PCO 1.33 0.32 0.77 1.3 0.9 0.18 0.42 0.89

KCO 1.03 0.47 0.78 1.0 0.45 0 0.18 0.45

KNO 0.94 0.53 0.75 0.9 0.26 0.07 0.16 0.25

PHS 1.5 0.58 1.04 1.5 0.3 0.07 0.15 0.29

KGH 0.88 0.37 0.69 0.9 0.38 0.1 0.19 0.36

PGH 1.73 0.63 0.90 1.6 0.19 0.07 0.13 0.18








Table 4.42 (g)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations


November, 2007 October, 2008 Station



KRS 3.71 1.01 2.81 3.7 1.28 0.45 0.93 1.28

BCB 4.18 2.13 2.86 4.1 1.45 0.68 1.10 1.44

ACL 3.65 1.28 2.64 3.6 1.31 0.65 0.94 1.30

GWT 2.40 1.32 2.65 3.7 1.32 0.92 1.11 1.32

PCO 2.83 1.29 2.29 2.8 1.66 1.21 1.40 1.65

KCO 2.72 2.12 2.42 2.7 1.35 0.72 1.13 1.34

KNO 5.01 1.93 3.81 5.0 1.43 0.92 1.26 1.42

PHS 2.12 1.25 1.45 3.5 1.28 0.59 0.85 1.27

KGH 3.03 2.11 2.61 3.0 1.35 0.71 0.97 1.34

PGH 3.69 1.22 2.89 3.7 1.41 1.01 1.23 1.40


- Samples could not be analyzed.





Table 4.42 (h)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season








Higher TSP observed at KCO station is due to its close proximity to the State Highway and industrial estate.

Higher TSP at BCB & GWT stations are due to redevelopment activities that were going at the time of sample collection

December, 2007 January, 2008 February, 2008

Station Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean *98th% Max Min Mean *98th

%


KRS 518 179 392 516 1170 237 572 1117 682 335 487 668

BCB 905 445 675 893 1070 598 799 1050 1131 683 859 1116

ACL 375 279 326 373 964 314 527 929 579 306 425 571

GWT 1671 473 928 1578 1731 887 1307 1725 2032 767 1317 2015


PCO 481 306 417 478 985 332 582 951 573 359 464 564

KCO 727 315 529 720 926 381 602 889 1517 440 756 1438

KNO 609 166 419 603 695 293 484 685 621 291 442 620

PHS 842 257 470 813 511 346 401 508 591 378 445 573

KGH 500 314 395 498 888 330 453 834 512 235 391 503

PGH 506 223 363 498 676 248 447 647 726 393 536 722



Table 4.42 ( i )

Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season


Station Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean

*98th


%


KRS 251 148 189 244 260 108 207 259 304 137 209 300

BCB 310 164 228 309 383 233 300 379 364 203 278 361

ACL 155 108 134 154 410 133 211 382 262 118 160 253

GWT 477 199 315 469 650 330 476 645 778 311 443 773


PCO 261 97 189 257 735 168 282 673 267 128 196 259

KCO 362 47 212 351 349 167 268 347 457 182 297 453

KNO 251 120 165 248 259 100 195 258 246 106 168 242

PHS 203 124 159 202 226 131 173 222 238 113 178 234

KGH 189 130 163 189 718 112 278 677 236 132 190 234

PGH 235 107 166 229 284 160 221 280 336 125 209 327






Maximum deviation observed at GWT and KCO is due to heavy vehicular movement and

resuspension of dust generated by truck movements in addition to hill cutting, road

widening and pavment laying activities at the site. At KCO, it is due to the influence of

nearby Taloja industrial estate and road cross section.



Table 4.42 (j)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Winter Season



%


KRS 32.5 15.5 20.7 31.0 27.5 16.3 22.4 28.0 29.1 12.9 19.8 29.0

BCB 39.0 11.7 26.8 38.0 48.7 31.9 37.0 47.0 43.1 23.9 32.1 43.0

ACL 33.4 19.5 27.8 33.0 44.5 17.7 30.7 44.0 39.7 16.9 28.5 39.0

GWT 26.5 10.3 19.4 27.0 34.5 21.3 30.6 46.0 41.4 22.3 30.9 41.0


PCO 32.5 10.4 21.4 49.0 35.8 22.7 25.3 34.0 35.2 16.7 25.4 34.0

KCO 43.2 14.2 23.4 41.0 37.9 20.4 28.6 37.0 34.5 16.0 24.6 34.0

KNO 36.8 9.0 26.7 37.0 40.6 19.0 32.6 41.0 31.7 13.7 22.5 31.0

PHS 30.0 8.3 18.3 30.0 31.2 13.3 21.7 29.0 30.3 10.1 21.1 30.0

KGH 25.9 14.7 20.9 26.0 41.9 24.1 30.6 41.0 40.9 21.9 28.3 40.0

PGH 25.1 10.5 18.8 25.0 37.7 19.1 30.2 38.0 42.6 21.3 27.9 41.0








Table 4.42 (k) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project

Area During The Winter Season



%


KRS 5.4 2.5 3.9 5.0 7.8 1.1 2.9 7.0 8.9 1.1 5.1 9.0

BCB 4.4 1.3 2.6 4.0 5.6 1.0 2.8 6.0 11.9 1.0 4.7 11.0

ACL 4.1 1.0 3.0 4.0 11.3 1.0 4.0 11.0 6.2 1.2 3.5 6.0

GWT 6.7 1.5 3.9 7.0 13.3 1.2 4.8 12.0 8.9 1.2 5.4 9.0


PCO 3.4 1.1 2.4 3.0 6.9 1.0 2.3 7.0 15.8 1.0 5.4 15.0

KCO 5.9 1.0 4.0 6.0 10.9 1.0 4.6 11.0 8.9 1.0 3.9 8.0

KNO 6.5 1.0 3.1 6.0 9.8 1.2 4.0 9.0 14.9 1.0 4.9 14.0

PHS 15.8 1.8 5.6 15.0 8.7 0.0 3.9 13.0 9.9 1.0 3.9 10.0

KGH 5.8 2.0 3.3 6.0 8.3 1.1 4.0 8.0 8.0 1.2 4.4 8.0

PGH 4.6 1.7 3.4 5.0 18.3 1.0 5.1 17.0 7.2 1.0 2.7 7.0








Table 4.42 (l)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project

Area During The Winter Season



%


KRS 40.8 17.6 26.9 40.0 55.9 17.7 28.1 53.0 57.4 24.9 37.8 55.0

BCB 36.0 15.5 26.0 35.0 54.7 19.1 31.9 53.0 50.7 21.4 31.3 49.0

ACL 35.6 13.9 27.5 35.0 44.2 14.5 29.6 48.0 45.7 12.1 30.0 46.0

GWT 46.8 20.7 32.0 47.0 42.3 18.8 29.2 41.0 50.9 20.3 38.0 51.0


PCO 31.9 16.0 25.3 33.0 41.8 10.8 26.8 41.0 46.1 15.7 28.9 45.0

KCO 46.4 16.8 30.6 46.0 49.3 17.9 31.8 48.0 48.0 21.7 33.8 48.0

KNO 47.3 12.4 29.6 47.0 37.6 17.0 31.3 38.0 45.3 19.9 29.2 44.0

PHS 43.4 18.7 39.8 42.0 42.0 25.0 31.3 41.0 66.5 29.5 41.6 47.0

KGH 43.7 11.2 25.9 43.0 42.8 24.5 34.0 43.0 46.9 22.9 35.6 47.0

PGH 38.4 17.7 25.4 37.0 41.4 13.7 29.1 40.0 44.0 30.2 36.2 43.0








Table 4.42 (m)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations








%


KRS 1.64 0.48 0.83 1.5 0.96 0.45 0.70 1.0 0.89 0.0 0.29 0.87

BCB 1.46 0.59 0.95 1.4 1.32 0.3 0.96 1.0 1.08 0.0 0.41 1.07

ACL 1.75 0.42 0.87 1.9 1.12 0.35 0.80 1.0 0.92 0.0 0.23 0.90

GWT 1.04 0.61 0.75 1.0 1.06 0.35 0.71 1.0 0.76 0.0 0.19 0.74


PCO 1.68 0.62 1.03 1.6 1.17 0.58 0.91 1.0 0.86 0.0 0.36 0.86

KCO 1.68 0.49 0.91 1.6 1.25 0.5 0.92 1.0 1.12 0.0 0.38 1.11

KNO 1.08 0.44 0.85 1.1 1.28 0.48 0.84 1.0 1.16 0.0 0.38 1.11

PHS 1.22 0.55 0.77 1.2 1.09 0.48 0.80 1.0 0.79 0.0 0.32 0.79

KGH 1.34 0.42 0.77 1.3 1.32 0.81 0.97 1.0 0.85 0.0 0.25 0.82

PGH 1.38 0.53 0.89 1.4 1.68 0.5 1.01 2.0 0.91 0.0 0.22 0.88



Table 4.42 (n)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations







Station Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean *98th% Max Min Mean 98th

%


KRS 4.51 1.20 2.69 4.3 - - - - 2.38 1.39 1.66 2.33

BCB 2.99 1.18 2.39 3.0 - - - - 2.83 1.56 2.21 2.79

ACL 3.05 1.57 2.38 3.0 - - - - 1.97 1.32 1.64 1.95

GWT 3.44 1.27 2.41 3.4 - - - - 2.65 1.39 1.81 2.56


PCO 3.85 1.37 2.69 3.8 - - - - 2.74 1.49 1.86 2.65

KCO 3.46 1.14 2.56 3.4 - - - - 2.33 1.39 1.75 2.26

KNO 3.39 1.32 2.63 3.3 - - - - 1.97 1.59 1.80 1.97

PHS 3.83 1.15 2.34 3.7 - - - - 2.82 1.25 1.73 2.72

KGH 3.31 1.19 2.26 3.3 - - - - 2.15 1.56 1.82 2.56

PGH 4.01 1.21 2.80 3.9 - - - - 2.61 1.73 2.08 2.60



Table 4.42 (o)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

March, 2008 April, 2008 May, 2008 Station

Max Min Mean *98th% Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean *98th

%


KRS 437 146 270 422 371 166 253 369 311 49 106 279

BCB 1097 542 746 1076 1242 300 734 1198 1049 304 605 1006

ACL 553 119 245 520 290 136 198 284 311 46 117 287

GWT 2208 119 691 2007 1308 305 646 1290 548 103 256 514


PCO 637 210 404 625 521 192 364 515 387 194 296 386

KCO 928 365 558 881 607 246 420 605 401 144 239 386

KNO 572 235 396 566 536 102 291 534 218 68 117 218

PHS 478 301 395 475 720 139 327 675 318 142 232 316

KGH 1050 157 402 994 307 119 193 298 291 61 136 269

PGH 484 147 316 476 453 166 302 439 266 79 162 260








Table 4.42 (p)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season

March, 2008 April, 2008 May, 2008

Max Min Mean *98th


% Max Min Mean *98th %


KRS 205 61 128 199 152 60 99 149 54 16 37 53

BCB 288 151 216 287 349 141 224 337 274 69 168 271

ACL 177 75 118 170 97 56 76 95 67 14 44 64

GWT 1391 75 302 1229 394 79 164 379 73 13 44 70


PCO 222 93 145 220 188 63 121 186 98 60 76 95

KCO 460 114 229 435 295 70 133 273 67 28 48 67

KNO 315 97 191 304 224 55 105 210 79 25 43 77

PHS 175 98 138 173 187 65 104 179 143 30 73 139

KGH 839 63 205 743 127 69 93 125 76 16 38 73

PGH 177 80 132 175 271 74 130 251 107 37 59 101





(Kille Gaothan Guest House); PGH (Panchsheel Guest House)



Table 4.42 (q)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season



%


KRS 29.8 10.7 15.9 29.0 20.9 7.9 12.6 18.0 17.1 7.3 10.7 17.0

BCB 42.6 15.7 27.2 43.0 32.6 17.7 24.4 33.0 17.3 11.2 14.5 17.0

ACL 34.4 16.1 25.5 34.0 40.1 17.1 24.9 39.0 16.5 8.8 12.5 16.0

GWT 40.5 15.7 23.1 39.0 25.2 11.2 18.2 25.0 18.3 8.2 12.4 18.0


PCO 33.9 13.0 18.0 33.0 20.6 10.1 15.4 21.0 24.8 10.3 13.7 23.0

KCO 26.9 14.5 21.1 29.0 25.7 11.0 17.4 26.0 17.7 8.2 11.7 17.0

KNO 42.0 15.2 27.9 41.0 38.2 16.2 27.9 37.0 23.5 9.7 16.2 23.0

PHS 25.3 13.8 19.6 25.0 26.7 8.6 17.0 26.0 17.7 7.9 12.5 17.0

KGH 26.9 12.4 17.0 27.0 18.3 11.1 14.3 18.0 14.1 8.1 10.6 14.0

PGH 35.1 17.3 23.3 34.0 29.4 14.7 19.4 28.0 14.9 9.3 12.2 15.0








Table 4.42 (r)

Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season



%


KRS 4.5 1.0 2.5 8.0 4.4 1.2 2.6 4.0 4.3 0.9 2.5 4.0

BCB 7.3 1.6 3.5 7.0 7.1 1.8 3.7 7.0 5.3 1.3 3.4 5.0

ACL 10.1 2.8 5.1 9.0 10.1 7.2 4.4 9.0 7.0 1.4 3.7 7.0

GWT 5.8 1.3 4.0 9.0 4.7 1.0 2.5 5.0 6.3 0.6 3.4 6.0


PCO 8.3 1.6 3.6 7.0 3.8 1.0 2.3 4.0 5.1 1.7 2.8 5.0

KCO 3.9 1.0 1.9 4.0 5.0 1.1 2.6 5.0 4.4 1.0 2.8 4.0

KNO 5.2 2.2 3.3 5.0 7.8 2.1 4.3 8.0 6.8 2.9 4.2 7.0

PHS 4.8 1.1 2.4 5.0 4.4 1.1 2.4 4.0 5.8 1.0 3.1 6.0

KGH 5.7 1.0 2.8 6.0 3.5 1.0 2.5 4.0 5.4 0.0 2.5 5.0

PGH 5.2 1.9 3.6 5.0 6.0 1.0 2.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 2.6 5.0








Table 4.42 (s)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season



%


KRS 44.2 23.5 34.0 43.0 41.7 16.6 27.1 41.0 37.4 15.1 25.5 37.0

BCB 56.2 18.3 32.8 53.0 37.4 17.8 27.2 37.0 43.9 18.2 26.3 42.0

ACL 39.8 25.7 29.1 40.0 41.5 20.5 32.9 41.0 38.3 17.5 28.1 38.0

GWT 45.8 19.4 30.6 45.0 40.7 27.4 33.2 40.0 36.6 14.3 28.2 36.0


PCO 45.3 17.9 30.5 33.0 38.5 21.0 29.0 37.0 45.0 16.3 28.7 43.0

KCO 50.4 22.7 32.8 50.0 44.0 19.5 30.5 43.0 34.0 15.4 24.2 34.0

KNO 55.4 26.4 37.8 55.0 46.1 22.7 37.9 46.0 38.6 15.9 32.4 38.0

PHS 52.4 20.2 36.9 52.0 37.0 22.1 30.2 37.0 38.9 16.9 28.0 39.0

KGH 37.2 21.3 30.7 36.0 41.4 24.2 30.3 41.0 45.2 17.8 32.4 45.0

PGH 55.1 21.7 31.6 53.0 37.8 17.9 29.5 37.0 37.9 19.2 26.2 37.0








Table 4.42 (t)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season



%


KRS 0.14 1.59 0.76 1.50 0.93 0.15 0.44 0.90 0.53 0.07 0.49 0.21

BCB 0.0 1.20 0.61 1.19 0.96 0.16 0.58 0.96 0.47 0.10 0.29 0.46

ACL 0.0 0.91 0.37 0.88 0.50 0.14 0.28 0.49 0.25 0.05 0.15 0.24

GWT 0.0 0.71 0.45 0.71 0.51 0.12 0.31 0.50 0.30 0.10 0.18 0.30


PCO 0.0 1.48 0.69 1.41 1.16 0.28 0.55 1.10 0.57 0.20 0.36 0.56

KCO 0.0 1.98 0.83 1.94 0.82 0.19 0.53 0.81 0.29 0.10 0.17 0.28

KNO 0.0 1.98 0.83 1.94 1.52 0.23 0.73 1.46 1.31 0.11 0.30 1.14

PHS 0.0 1.70 0.66 1.64 0.73 0.22 0.41 0.72 0.24 0.08 0.16 0.23

KGH 0.0 1.81 0.65 1.08 0.36 0.14 0.23 0.36 0.25 0.12 0.18 0.25

PGH 0.0 1.16 0.50 0.88 0.86 0.15 0.44 0.84 0.81 0.10 0.30 0.79








Table 4.42 (u)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Pre Monsoon Season



%


KRS 2.65 1.46 1.98 2.65 2.87 1.74 2.23 2.83 2.36 1.04 1.39 2.27

BCB 3.09 1.54 2.22 3.09 4.18 1.57 2.38 4.07 2.26 1.02 1.47 2.16

ACL 2.45 1.68 2.03 2.45 3.37 1.68 2.20 3.22 1.57 1.21 1.37 1.56

GWT 2.88 1.26 1.78 2.74 2.41 1.56 1.99 2.39 2.28 1.16 1.49 2.24


PCO 2.82 1.29 1.82 2.72 2.78 1.86 2.19 2.75 2.84 1.07 1.72 2.79

KCO 2.53 1.43 1.82 2.48 3.01 1.68 2.16 2.93 2.39 1.02 1.58 2.35

KNO 1.97 1.27 1.68 1.97 4.18 1.46 2.52 4.06 2.34 1.02 1.41 2.21

PHS 2.47 1.39 1.69 2.40 3.03 1.75 2.24 2.94 2.0 1.1 1.51 1.96

KGH 2.03 1.27 1.55 1.99 4.11 1.7 2.39 3.90 2.17 1.11 1.38 2.06

PGH 2.47 1.54 1.83 2.42 2.88 1.75 2.26 2.84 2.63 1.07 1.64 2.55








Table 4.42 (v)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Tsp (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The

Project Area During The Monsoon Season






June, 2008 July, 2008 August, 2008 September, 2008


% Max Min Mean *98th% Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean *98th

%


KRS 152 18 71 147 532 33 117 468 81 28 54 79 77 36 86 154

BCB 352 24 161 347 501 65 193 472 310 41 167 308 330 82 163 312

ACL 158 37 81 154 376 19 76 322 113 21 31 50 388 37 154 366

GWT 492 35 163 460 239 39 81 213 393 27 33 62 448 40 245 447


PCO 284 53 121 265 186 61 102 183 347 39 120 320 258 61 165 256

KCO 319 35 138 305 641 24 135 565 177 31 85 171 294 76 140 285

KNO 214 33 113 211 161 27 63 149 134 34 83 133 116 55 104 151

PHS 306 21 109 291 246 35 105 236 266 15 49 120 330 82 174 336

KGH 323 45 137 306 152 21 58 142 70 24 22 34 276 50 115 268

PGH 460 25 124 417 130 29 77 130 130 33 30 38 276 47 108 252



Table 4.42 (w)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Pm10 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The

Project Area During The Monsoon Season


PCO (Panvel CIDCO Office); KRS (Khandeshwar Railway Station); KCO (Kalamboli CIDCO Office); KNO (Kharghar Nodal Office); BCB (Belapur CIDCO Bhavan); PHS (Pargaon High School); GWT (Gavanphata Water Tank); ACL (Ambuja Cement Ltd.); KGH (Kille Gaothan Guest House) ; PGH (Panchsheel Guest House)



% Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean *98th

% Max


KRS 49 13 28 48 KRS 49 13 28 48 KRS 49 13 28 48 KRS 49

BCB 116 16 56 111 BCB 116 16 56 111 BCB 116 16 56 111 BCB 116

ACL 48 24 35 47 ACL 48 24 35 47 ACL 48 24 35 47 ACL 48

GWT 81 15 37 75 GWT 81 15 37 75 GWT 81 15 37 75 GWT 81


PCO 107 19 47 100 PCO 107 19 47 100 PCO 107 19 47 100 PCO 107

KCO 56 24 38 55 KCO 56 24 38 55 KCO 56 24 38 55 KCO 56

KNO 100 15 47 99 KNO 100 15 47 99 KNO 100 15 47 99 KNO 100

PHS 131 14 45 123 PHS 131 14 45 123 PHS 131 14 45 123 PHS 131

KGH 83 22 43 79 KGH 83 22 43 79 KGH 83 22 43 79 KGH 83

PGH 104 19 44 96 37 17 27 37 35 17 30 38 86 26 52 84



Table 4.42 (x) Monthwise Measured Values Of Nox (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The

Project Area During The Monsoon Season June, 2008 July, 2008 August, 2008 September, 2008


% Max Min Mean 98th% Max Min Mean *98th % Max Min Mean *98th

%


KRS 7.6 3.5 5.0 7.8 12.5 2.8 7.0 12.4 15.5 9.0 11.2 14.9 11.7 11.5 13.1 15.0

BCB 17.2 6.1 11.9 17.0 13.9 9.7 11.6 13.9 15.1 9.0 11.4 14.9 15.7 11.9 13.5 15.7

ACL 26.8 4.8 10.7 25.2 14.8 6.5 9.2 14.2 15.5 9.3 11.4 15.3 15.1 11.6 13.5 15.1

GWT 16.3 4.2 10.4 15.7 12.5 3.3 8.2 12.3 15.6 8.1 10.4 15.3 15.6 10.9 13.8 15.6


PCO 23.1 5.6 11.0 21.1 12.7 5.9 9.5 12.6 14.3 10.0 11.3 14.0 15.1 10.3 13.5 15.1

KCO 13.3 5.7 9.1 12.7 12.6 6.2 9.9 12.5 14.9 11.0 11.6 14.7 15.5 10.6 13.8 15.5

KNO 30.4 8.0 16.5 28.9 15.3 8.2 11.6 15.1 15.4 7.8 11.6 15.2 15.5 11.2 14.0 15.5

PHS 15.0 4.9 8.1 14.4 11.5 3.9 7.4 11.4 14.4 5.0 10.9 14.1 15.5 11.7 13.9 15.5

KGH 11.9 2.8 7.3 11.7 13.6 2.7 8.9 13.5 14.8 10.4 11.9 14.6 15.1 12.8 14.1 15.1

PGH 15.4 6.1 10.7 14.9 11.5 6.0 9.5 11.4 10.9 9.4 11.3 14.5 15.5 11.6 13.8 15.5





Table 4.42 (y) Monthwise Measured Values Of So2 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The

Project Area During The Monsoon Season June, 2008 July, 2008 August, 2008 September, 2008



%


KRS 3.8 1.8 2.8 4.0 3.7 0.0 2.0 3.7 3.6 1.4 2.5 3.6 3.7 1.1 2.3 3.7

BCB 6.3 1.4 3.2 6.0 5.1 1.5 2.8 5.0 3.7 1.8 2.6 3.6 4.3 2.2 3.1 4.2

ACL 8.1 1.8 4.3 7.7 5.4 1.0 2.2 5.0 4.0 1.3 2.3 3.9 15.1 11.6 2.0 3.2

GWT 3.8 1.9 3.0 4.0 7.9 0.6 3.1 7.5 3.7 2.3 2.5 3.6 3.9 1.4 2.6 3.9


PCO 4.6 0.0 3.0 4.9 3.8 1.0 2.2 3.7 5.0 1.0 2.7 4.7 4.3 1.3 2.3 4.2

KCO 8.0 2.1 3.8 7.8 5.5 1.1 2.5 5.4 4.7 3.0 2.5 4.5 3.7 1.4 2.3 3.6

KNO 6.3 2.1 4.3 5.8 6.6 1.2 2.9 6.2 5.7 1.9 3.0 5.4 3.3 2 2.6 3.3

PHS 7.2 1.8 3.2 6.6 5.1 1.1 2.3 4.9 3.0 1.4 2.4 3.0 5.4 1.3 2.7 5.2

KGH 7.0 1.6 2.9 6.4 4.2 0.8 2.4 4.1 5.7 1.7 2.9 5.4 3.3 1.3 2.2 3.3

PGH 3.0 1.5 2.2 2.9 4.1 1.1 2.1 4.0 3.0 1.3 2.2 3.0 3.7 1.4 2.7 3.7





Table 4.42 (z)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Nh3 (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season




%


KRS 33.0 13.9 22.5 32.4 17.7 10.5 14.5 17.6 17.4 10.8 14.6 17.2 18.4 14.3 16.4 18.3

BCB 29.1 16.0 22.3 29.0 15.8 11.7 14.7 15.8 17.6 11.6 15.3 17.6 18.0 15.5 16.6 18

ACL 37.0 7.0 23.9 36.0 18.3 11.5 15.1 18.3 16.6 11.9 14.6 16.6 17.3 13.8 16.7 17.3

GWT 42.0 8.6 23.3 40.9 18.0 13.9 16.0 17.9 18.7 15.3 14.5 18.5 17.9 12.8 15.8 17.8


PCO 29.6 15.8 22.0 29.8 18.9 11.8 16.1 18.8 17.8 11.1 14.9 17.7 17.5 15 16.4 17.5

KCO 30.6 16.5 23.5 30.5 17.2 13.3 15.7 17.2 17.3 10.4 14.3 17.2 18 15.2 16.5 17.9

KNO 40.3 13.2 26.5 38.4 17.7 15.2 16.4 17.7 1.0 9.0 14.4 17.0 17.6 15.4 16.4 17.5

PHS 34.6 16.7 26.5 34.9 18.6 11.8 15.9 18.5 17.4 10.1 14.6 17.3 18.1 11.4 16.3 18.0

KGH 39.7 16.0 26.9 39.0 19.6 13.5 16.8 19.5 17.3 8.6 14.3 17.3 18.0 14.4 16.4 17.6

PGH 35.6 13.2 22.7 34.9 18.8 10.2 15.2 18.6 17.0 10.7 14.1 16.9 22.6 13.5 16.7 21.8





Table 4.42 (z’)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Co (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project Area During The Monsoon Season




%


KRS 0.37 0.02 0.14 0.34 0.37 0.01 0.15 0.36 0.42 0.06 0.16 0.39 0.66 0.09 0.25 0.60

BCB 0.73 0.11 0.30 0.68 0.41 0.11 0.29 0.41 0.73 0.17 0.38 0.73 0.65 0.14 0.47 0.79

ACL 0.46 0.07 0.18 0.42 0.36 0.03 0.19 0.36 0.42 0.09 0.16 0.39 1.3 0.13 0.56 1.24

GWT 0.22 0.07 0.15 0.22 0.28 0.01 0.14 0.28 0.19 0.22 0.27 0.48 1.21 0.12 0.62 1.20


PCO 0.90 0.18 0.42 0.89 0.29 0.11 0.20 0.29 0.6 0.07 0.2 0.54 0.96 0.18 0.46 0.92

KCO 0.45 0.0 0.18 0.45 0.23 0.05 0.12 0.22 0.05 0.32 0.19 0.31 0.58 0.16 0.33 0.55

KNO 0.26 0.07 0.16 0.25 0.22 0.01 0.12 0.21 0.28 0.11 0.20 0.28 0.41 0.11 0.31 0.56

PHS 0.30 0.07 0.15 0.29 0.61 0.03 0.19 0.54 0.21 0.06 0.13 0.21 0.54 0.14 0.23 0.50

KGH 0.38 0.10 0.19 0.36 0.26 0.05 0.12 0.24 0.36 0.03 0.10 0.33 0.9 0.11 0.38 0.88

PGH 0.19 0.07 0.13 0.18 0.73 0.06 0.18 0.64 0.46 0.09 0.21 0.43 1.23 0.18 0.49 1.14





Table 4.42 (z’’)

Monthwise Measured Values Of Hc (G/M3) In Air At Various Stations Of The Project

Area During The Monsoon Season




%


KRS 1.28 0.59 0.93 1.28 1.13 0.59 0.93 1.13 1.19 0.73 0.99 1.18 1.21 1.09 1.14 1.21

BCB 1.45 0.68 1.10 1.44 1.46 0.92 1.20 1.46 1.86 1.19 1.37 1.79 2.2 1.31 1.49 2.11

ACL 1.31 0.65 0.94 1.30 1.11 0.65 0.84 1.11 1.13 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.38 1.08 1.19 1.38

GWT 1.32 0.92 1.11 1.32 1.29 0.79 1.07 1.29 1.42 1.20 1.28 1.41 1.54 1.00 1.28 1.51


PCO 1.66 1.21 1.40 1.65 1.39 0.65 1.04 1.37 1.39 1.04 1.21 1.39 1.46 0.96 1.27 1.46

KCO 1.35 0.72 1.13 1.34 1.25 0.73 0.99 1.25 1.29 1.09 1.19 1.28 1.53 1.06 1.26 1.50

KNO 1.43 0.92 1.26 1.42 1.31 0.81 1.07 1.30 2.11 1.06 1.32 2.03 1.31 1.15 1.32 1.74

PHS 1.28 0.59 0.85 1.27 1.26 0.45 0.91 1.25 1.2 0.98 1.06 1.19 1.62 0.92 1.19 1.57

KGH 1.35 0.71 0.97 1.34 1.26 0.71 1.01 1.25 1.22 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.54 0.84 1.24 1.51

PGH 1.41 1.01 1.23 1.40 1.31 0.69 1.07 1.30 1.25 0.96 1.16 1.24 1.51 1.16 1.29 1.50





The average values of air pollutants at various stations during the post monsoon,

winter, pre monsoon and monsoon season in the study area are given in Tables 4.43 to 4.46.

Table 4.43

Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

Station Code

TSP

µg/ m3

PM10

µg/ m3

NOx

µg/m3

SO2

µg/ m3

NH3

µg/ m3

CO

µg/ m3

HC

µg/ m3


KRS 390 137 17.1 4.7 26.9 0.41 1.87

BCB 365 161 19.0 5.6 27.1 0.59 1.98

ACL 394 137 18.2 4.7 22.8 0.47 1.79

GWT 714 193 20.2 5.8 23.6 0.51 1.88


PCO 384 144 19.0 2.9 28.6 0.60 1.85

KCO 481 193 18.6 5.3 31.0 0.48 1.78

KNO 311 125 15.2 3.6 25.4 0.46 2.54

PHS 257 161 21.7 4.9 24.1 0.60 1.15

KGH 308 116 14.9 4.0 22.9 0.44 1.79

PGH 232 117 17.3 4.9 23.9 0.52 2.06







Table 4.44 Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The

Project Area During Winter Season

Station Code

TSP

µg/ m3

PM10

µg/ m3

NOx

µg/m3

SO2

µg/ m3

NH3

µg/ m3

CO

µg/ m3

HC

µg/ m3


KRS 484 202 21.0 4.0 30.9 0.6 2.18

BCB 778 269 32.0 3.4 29.7 0.8 2.30

ACL 426 168 29.0 3.5 29.0 0.6 2.01

GWT 1184 411 27.0 4.7 33.1 0.6 2.11


PCO 488 222 24.0 3.4 27.0 0.8 2.28

KCO 629 259 25.5 4.2 32.1 0.7 2.16

KNO 448 176 27.3 4.0 30.0 0.7 2.22

PHS 439 170 20.4 4.5 37.6 0.6 2.04

KGH 413 210 26.6 3.9 31.8 0.7 2.04

PGH 449 199 25.6 3.7 30.2 0.7 2.44




Table 4.45

Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

Station Code

TSP

µg/ m3

PM10

µg/ m3

NOx

µg/m3

SO2

µg/ m3

NH3

µg/ m3

CO

µg/ m3

HC

µg/ m3


KRS 210 88 13.1 2.5 28.9 0.56 1.87

BCB 695 203 22.0 3.5 28.8 0.49 2.02

ACL 187 79 21.0 4.4 30.0 0.27 1.87

GWT 531 170 17.9 3.3 30.7 0.31 1.75


PCO 355 114 15.7 2.9 29.4 0.53 1.91

KCO 406 137 16.7 2.4 29.2 0.51 1.85

KNO 268 113 24.0 3.9 36.0 0.62 1.87

PHS 318 105 16.4 2.6 31.7 0.41 1.81

KGH 244 112 14.0 2.6 31.1 0.35 1.77

PGH 260 107 18.3 12.3 29.1 0.41 1.91




Table 4.46

Average Values Of Different Air Pollutants Concentration At Various Stations Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season

Station Code

TSP

µg/ m3

PM10

µg/ m3

NOx

µg/m3

SO2

µg/ m3

NH3

µg/ m3

CO

µg/ m3

HC

µg/ m3


KRS 82 34 9.1 2.4 17.0 0.18 1.00

BCB 171 52 12.1 2.9 17.2 0.36 1.29

ACL 89 38 11.2 2.7 17.6 0.27 1.01

GWT 131 42 10.7 2.8 17.4 0.30 1.19


PCO 127 53 11.3 2.6 17.4 0.32 1.23

KCO 125 45 11.1 2.8 17.5 0.21 1.14

KNO 91 38 13.4 3.2 18.4 0.20 1.24

PHS 109 53 10.1 2.7 18.3 0.18 1.00

KGH 83 32 10.6 2.6 18.6 0.20 1.10

PGH 85 38 11.3 2.3 17.2 0.25 1.19




The monitoring stations such as ACL, BCB, KRS and GWT are considered

in the industrial and mixed areas whereas, PCO, KCO, KNO, PGH, KGH

and PHS are considered in the residential, rural and other areas. The results

obtained are compared with the respective standards for different land use

areas as given by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi and

found that all values for gaseous pollutants are well within prescribed limit

except TSP and PM 10 during the study period at all stations.

The average concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and HC for

industrial and mixed areas in study area during post monsoon season were

in the range of 289-843 µg/m3, 116 - 267 µg/m3, 12 – 22.6 µg/m3, 2.0 – 9.1

µg/m3, 16 – 29.7 µg/m3, 0.14-0.88 µg/m3, 0.93 -2.86 µg/m3.


industrial and mixed areas in study area during winter season were in the

range 326- 1317µg/m3, 134- 476µg/m3, 19.4 – 37.0 µg/m3, 2.6- 5.4µg/m3,

26.0 – 38.0 µg/m3, 0.19- 0.96 µg/m3, 1.64 – 2.69 µg/m3HC.


industrial and mixed areas in study area during pre monsoon season were

in the range 106-746 µg/m3, 37- 302µg/m3, 10.7 – 27.2 µg/m3, 2.5-

5.1µg/m3, 25.5 – 34.0 µg/m3, 0.15- 0.76 µg/m3, 1.37 – 2.38 µg/m3HC. The

average concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and HC for

industrial and mixed areas in study area during monsoon season were in the

range 31-245 µg/m3, 20-64 µg/m3, 5-13.8 µg/m3, µg/m3, 2.0 - 4.3 µg/m3,

14.5 - 23.9 µg/m3, 0.14 - 0.62 µg/m3, 0.84 - 1.49µg/m3 The gaseous air

pollutant like NOx, SO2, NH3, and CO concentrations in the air always

remained within limits prescribed by CPCB for industrial and mixed areas

during all seasons. The criteria pollutants, TSP and PM10 sometimes

exceeded the limits prescribed by CPCB at some stations during post

monsoon and pre monsoon seasons. The high values of TSP and PM10

might be due to wind blown dust and resuspended road dust due to the road

construction work and vehicular movement on unpaved roads at these

areas. Gavanphata area was observed to have maximum TSP and PM10

concentration compared to other areas in study area. This could be due to



increased vehicular traffic as it is a junction. Gavanphata is also surrounded

by spacious open area on one side and huge water tanks and vegetation on

other side. Hence, resuspended road dust from continuous movement of

heavy vehicles on unpaved road and wind blown dust trapped here, and

resulted in high levels of TSP and PM10 concentrations at the monitoring

station in this area. Hill cutting, road construction activities worsen the

situation of TSP and PM10 in Gavanphata area. The average concentrations

of TSP and PM10 in CBD, Belapur area were sometimes exceeded the

CPCB limits; this could be due to road construction activities and increased

vehicular traffic. Total air monitoring results of the survey during study

period showed that TSP and PM10 were highest during winter season

whereas concentration of TSP and PM10 was observed to be decreased

during pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon season. Winter season is

the worst time for air quality, in this season, surface atmospheric

temperature drops down with an inversion condition. So, ground level

concentration of the pollutants in air will be more than the upper

atmosphere. Little mixing or dilution of pollutants takes place at this stability

condition (low mixing height) of the atmosphere and hindered pollutant

dispersion during winter months. Moreover, suspended particles in the study

area are natural and not chemical in nature and may not have adverse

effect on human health. Pollutant dispersion due to meteorological condition

during pre monsoon season resulted in decrease in TSP concentration.

During monsoon season, there was a considerable decrease in TSP. This

was because of rain wash out (precipitation scavenging of pollutants) at

these stations. The concentration of criteria pollutants were gradually

increased during post monsoon season.

The average concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2 and NH3, CO and HC

for residential and rural areas in study area during post monsoon season

were observed to be in the range of 225 to 511 µg/m3, 107 to 207 µg/m3,

12.6 to 23.9 µg/m3, 1.7 to 6.9 µg/m3, 20.2 to 33.9 µg/m3, 0.13 to 1.04 µg/m3,

0.85 to 3.81 µg/m3.




residential and rural areas in study area during winter season were in the

range of 363- 756 µg/m3, 159- 297µg/m3, 18.3 – 32.6 µg/m3, 2.3 – 5.6

µg/m3, 25.3 - 41.6µg/m3, 0.22 – 1.03µg/m3, 1.73 – 2.80µg/m3HC.


residential and rural areas in study area during pre monsoon season were in

the range of 117- 558µg/m3, 38- 229µg/m3, 10.6 – 27.9 µg/m3, 1.9 – 31.6

µg/m3, 24.2 – 37.9µg/m3, 0.16 - 0.83µg/m3, 1.38 – 2.52µg/m3HC.


residential and rural areas in study area during monsoon season were in the

range of 22 - 174 µg/m3, 19 - 76 µg/m3, 7.3 - 16.5 µg/m3, 2.1 - 4.3 µg/m3,

14.1 - 26.9 µg/m3, 0.1 - 0.49 µg/m3, 0.85 - 1.4 µg/m3HC.

The higher value of TSP and PM10 might be due to wind blown dust.

Resuspension of dust due to vehicular movement on unpaved roads and

road construction activities being undertaken at some stations also

contributed to increased level of TSP in air at Panvel, Kalamboli and

Kharghar areas. Vehicular movement on unpaved roads, operation of stone

quarries at Kombadbhuji and new road construction work led to high levels

of TSP and PM10 at Kille Gaothan and Pargaon.

The overall average concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and

HC in the study area were found to be in the range 88 to1184µg/m3, 32 to

411 µg/m3, 9.1 to 32 µg/m3, 2.3 to 12.3 µg/m3, 17 to 37.6 µg/m3, 0.18 to 0.8

µg/m3, 1.0 to 2.54 µg/m3 respectively.

The maximum concentrations of TSP for industrial and mixed area were

found to be 843 µg/m3, 1317µg/m3, 746µg/m3 and 245 µg/m3 whereas in

residential and rural areas it was found to be 511 µg/m3, 756µg/m3, 558

µg/m3 and 174 µg/m3 during post monsoon, winter, pre monsoon and


The minimum concentrations of TSP for industrial and mixed area were

found to be 289 µg/m3, 326µg/m3, 106µg/m3 and 31µg/m3 whereas in



residential and rural areas it was found to be 225 µg/m3, 363µg/m3,

117µg/m3 and 22µg/m3 during post monsoon, winter, pre monsoon and


The maximum concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and HC for

industrial and mixed area in study area during post monsoon season were

found to be 1331 µg/m3, 594µg/m3, 39.9 µg/m3, 27.3 µg/m3, 49.4µg/m3,

1.67µg/m3 and 4.18µg/m3 at GWT, GWT, KRS, BCB, KRS, ACL and BCB

stations respectively.

The minimum concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and HC for

industrial and mixed area in study area during post monsoon season were

found to be 93 µg/m3, 55 µg/m3, 2.0µg/m3, 0.6 µg/m3, 4.9µg/m3, 0.02µg/m3,

and 0.45µg/m3 at GWT, BCB, ACL, GWT, ACL, KRS, and KRS stations

respectively.


residential and rural area in study area during post monsoon season were

found to be 1002 µg/m3, 466 µg/m3, 37.7 µg/m3, 23.1 µg/m3, 46.1 µg/m3,

1.73 µg/m3 and 5.01 µg/m3 at KCO, KCO, PHS, KCO, PCO, PGH and KNO



residential and rural area in study area during post monsoon season were

found to be 102 µg/m3, 48µg/m3, 3.6µg/m3, 1.0 µg/m3, 7.0µg/m3, BDL, and

0.59µg/m3 at PGH, KNO, KGH, KGH, KGH, KCO and PHS stations

respectively.


industrial and mixed areas in the study area during winter season were

found to be 2032 µg/m3, 778µg/m3, 48.7µg/m3, 13.3µg/m3, 57.4 µg/m3, 1.75

and 4.51µg/m3 GWT, GWT, BCB, GWT, KRS, ACL and GWT respectively.


industrial and mixed areas in the study area during winter season were

found to be 179 µg/m3, 108µg/m3, 10.3 µg/m3, 1.0µg/m3, 12.1 µg/m3,



BDLµg/m3 and 1.18µg/m3 KRS, ACL, GWT, ACL, ACL, KRS and BCB

respectively.

The maximum concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and HC

residential and rural areas in study area during winter season were found to

be 1517µg/m3, 735µg/m3, 43.2 µg/m3, 18.3µg/m3, 66.5µg/m3, 1.68 µg/m3,

4.01µg/m3 at KCO, PCO, KCO, PGH, PHS, PGH and PGH, stations

respectively.


residential and rural areas in the study area during winter season were

found to be 166 µg/m3, 47µg/m3, 8.3 µg/m3, BDL µg/m3, 10.8 µg/m3,

BDLµg/m3 and 1.14 µg/m3 KNO, KCO, PHS, PHS, PCO, PCO, and KCO

respectively.

The maximum concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and HC

industrial and mixed areas in study area during pre monsoon season were

found to be 2208 µg/m3, 151 µg/m3, 42.6 µg/m3, 10.1 µg/m3, 56.2 µg/m3,

0.96 µg/m3, 4.18 µg/m3 at GWT, BCB, BCB, ACL,BCB, BCB and BCB



industrial and mixed areas in the study area during pre monsoon season

were found to be 46 µg/m3, 13 µg/m3, 7.3 µg/m3, 0.6 µg/m3, 14.3 µg/m3,

0.05µg/m3, 1.02 µg/m3, KRS, GWT, KRS, GWT, GWT, ACL and BCB

respectively.


residential and rural areas in the study area during pre monsoon season

were found to be 1050 µg/m3, 839µg/m3, 42.0 µg/m3, 8.3 µg/m3, 55.4 µg/m3,

1.52 µg/m3 and 2.84 µg/m3, KGH, KGH, KNO, PCO, KNO, KNO, PCO

respectively.


residential and rural areas in study area during pre monsoon season were

found to be 61 µg/m3, 16 µg/m3, 7.9 µg/m3, BDL, 15.4 µg/m3, 0.08 µg/m3,



1.02 µg/m3 at KGH, KGH, PHS, KGH, KCO, PHS, and KCO stations

respectively.


industrial and mixed areas in the study area during monsoon season were

found to be 532 µg/m3, 116 µg/m3, 26.8 µg/m3, 15.1 µg/m3, 42.0 µg/m3, 1.3

µg/m3, 2.2 µg/m3 KRS, BCB, ACL, ACL, GWT ACL, BCB respectively.

The minimum concentrations of TSP, PM10, NOx, SO2, NH3, CO and HC

industrial and mixed areas in study area during monsoon season were

found to be 18 µg/m3, 11µg/m3, 2.8 µg/m3, BDL , 7.0 µg/m3, 0.02 µg/m3,

0.59 µg/m3 at KRS, ACL, KRS, KRS, ACL, KRS AND KRS stations

respectively.


residential and rural areas in the study area during monsoon season were

found to be 641 µg/m3, 200 µg/m3, 30.4 µg/m3, 8.0 µg/m3, 40.3 µg/m3, 1.23

µg/m3 and 2.11 µg/m3 KCO, PHS, KNO, KCO, KNO, PGH, KNO stations

respectively.


residential and rural areas in study area during monsoon season were found

to be 15 µg/m3, 3 µg/m3, 2.7 µg/m3, BDL , 8.6 µg/m3, BDL , 0.45 µg/m3 at

PHS, PHS, KGH, PCO, KGH, KCO and PHS stations respectively.

The highest concentration of TSP and PM10 was observed 2032 µg/m3, 778 µg/m3 in the winter season at GWT

4.9.4 Total Air quality

Total air quality status of the project area was assessed with help of Air

Quality Index (AQI). Air quality index has been calculated for each station

for the post monsoon, winter, pre monsoon and monsoon season and the

results are shown in Tables 4.47 to 4.50.



Table 4.47 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Tation Of The Project

Area During Post Monsoon Season


November, 2007 October, 2008

Station AQI

Descriptor category

AQI Descriptor category


KRS 0.38 Acceptable 0.35 Acceptable

BCB 0.50 Acceptable 0.37 Acceptable

ACL 0.46 Acceptable 0.47 Acceptable

GWT 0.98 Unacceptable 0.68 Unacceptable


PCO 1.19 Alert 1.04 Alert

KCO 1.48 Alert 1.31 Alert

KNO 0.92 Unacceptable 0.89 Unacceptable

PHS 0.72 Unacceptable 0.80 Unacceptable

KGH 1.06 Alert 0.73 Unacceptable

PGH 0.66 Unacceptable 0.70 Unacceptable

Average AQI for the Project Area during Post Monsoon Season

0.96 Unacceptable



Table 4.48 Air Quality Index (AQI) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project

Area During Winter Season



Station AQI Descriptor category AQI

Descriptor category



KRS 0.46 Acceptable 0.67 Unacceptable 0.57 Unacceptable

BCB 0.79 Unacceptable 0.94 Unacceptable 1.00 Unacceptable

ACL 0.40 Acceptable 0.63 Unacceptable 0.51 Unacceptable

GWT 1.08 Alert 1.52 Alert 1.53 Alert


PCO 1.21 Alert 1.69 Alert 1.35 Alert

KCO 1.54 Alert 1.75 Alert 2.19 Significantly

harmful

KNO 1.23 Alert 1.42 Alert 1.29 Alert

PHS 1.36 Alert 1.17 Alert 1.29 Alert

KGH 1.15 Alert 1.33 Alert 1.15 Alert

PGH 1.06 Alert 1.31 Alert 1.56 Alert

Average AQI for the Project Area during Post Monsoon Season

1.39 Alert



Table 4.49 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area


March, 2008 April, 2008 May, 2008

Station AQI Descriptor category AQI

Descriptor category



KRS 0.32 Acceptable 0.30 Acceptable 0.13 Acceptable

BCB 0.87 Unacceptable 0.86 Unacceptable 0.70 Unacceptable

ACL 0.31 Acceptable 0.26 Acceptable 0.15 Acceptable

GWT 0.81 Unacceptable 0.75 Unacceptable 0.30 Acceptable


PCO 1.17 Alert 1.06 Alert 0.86 Unacceptable

KCO 1.62 Alert 1.22 Alert 0.70 Unacceptable

KNO 1.16 Alert 0.86 Unacceptable 0.36 Acceptable

PHS 1.15 Alert 0.95 Unacceptable 0.68 Unacceptable

KGH 1.17 Alert 0.57 Unacceptable 0.40 Acceptable

PGH 0.96 Unacceptable 0.88 Unacceptable 0.48 Acceptable

Average AQI for the Project Area during Pre Monsoon Season

0.73 Unacceptable



Average air quality index has been calculated for the post monsoon, winter,

premonsoon and monsoon season for each monitoring station and is given in Table 4.51

Table 4.50 Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area



Station AQI

Descriptor

category AQI

Descriptor

category AQI

Descriptor

category AQI

Descriptor

category


KRS 0.09 Acceptable 0.14 Acceptable 0.08 Acceptable 0.10 Acceptable

BCB 0.20 Acceptable 0.23 Acceptable 0.20 Acceptable 0.20 Acceptable

ACL 0.11 Acceptable 0.11 Acceptable 0.07 Acceptable 0.11 Acceptable

GWT 0.20 Acceptable 0.11 Acceptable 0.06 Acceptable 0.20 Acceptable


PCO 0.36 Acceptable 0.30 Acceptable 0.36 Acceptable 0.36 Acceptable

KCO 0.40 Acceptable 0.40 Acceptable 0.26 Acceptable 0.41 Acceptable

KNO 0.35 Acceptable 0.20 Acceptable 0.25 Acceptable 0.34 Acceptable

PHS 0.32 Acceptable 0.31 Acceptable 0.16 Acceptable 0.33 Acceptable

KGH 0.40 Acceptable 0.18 Acceptable 0.11 Acceptable 0.41 Acceptable

PGH 0.37 Acceptable 0.23 Acceptable 0.12 Acceptable 0.37 Acceptable

Average AQI for the Project Area during Pre Monsoon Season

0.24 Acceptable



Table 4.51

Average Air Quality Index (Aqi) And Overall Air Quality Status At Various Station Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon, Pre Monsoon, Monsoon Season

Air Quality Monitoring Seasons

Post Monsoon Winter Pre Monsoon Monsoon

Station AQI

Descriptor

category AQI

Descriptor

category AQI

Descriptor

category AQI

Descriptor

category


KRS 0.37 Acceptable 0.57 Unacceptable 0.25 Acceptable 0.10 Acceptable

BCB 0.44 Acceptable 0.91 Unacceptable 0.81 Unacceptable 0.21 Acceptable

ACL 0.47 Acceptable 0.51 Unacceptable 0.24 Acceptable 0.09 Acceptable

GWT 0.83 Unacceptable 1.37 Alert 0.62 Unacceptable 0.11 Acceptable


PCO 1.12 Alert 1.42 Alert 1.03 Alert 0.34 Acceptable

KCO 1.40 Alert 1.83 Alert 1.18 Alert 0.33 Acceptable

KNO 0.91 Unacceptable 1.31 Alert 0.79 Unacceptable 0.26 Acceptable

PHS 0.76 Unacceptable 1.28 Alert 0.93 Unacceptable 0.24 Acceptable

KGH 0.90 Unacceptable 1.21 Alert 0.71 Unacceptable 0.20 Acceptable

PGH 0.68 Unacceptable 1.31 Alert 0.77 Unacceptable 0.21 Acceptable

Average AQI for the Project Area

0.78 Unacceptable 1.39 Alert 0.73 Unacceptable 0.24 Acceptable



The Air quality index values showed significant variation during study period.

The average value of air quality index observed for industrial and mixed

areas was in the range, 0.37 to 0.83, 0.51 to 1.37, 0.24 to 0.81 and 0.09 to

0.21 during post monsoon, winter, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. The average value of air quality index observed for residential

and rural areas was in the range, 0.68 to 1.4, 1.21 to 1.83, 0.71 to 1.18 and

0.2 to 0.34 during post monsoon, winter, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively.

The average value of air quality index indicated that the industrial and mixed

area falls in the “Acceptable” category during monsoon season,

“Unacceptable to Acceptable” category during post monsoon season,

“Acceptable to Alert” category in pre monsoon season and it was in

“Unacceptable to Alert” category during winter. Similarly the average value

of air quality index indicated that the residential and rural area falls in the

“Acceptable” category during monsoon season, “Acceptable to Alert”

category during pre monsoon and post monsoon season it was found to be

in “Unacceptable to Alert” whereas during winter it was in “Alert” category.

According to the average air quality index calculated for total project area,

the air quality status of the study area was found to be in “Unacceptable”

category during post monsoon and pre monsoon season, whereas during

winter season it was in “Alert” category. During monsoon season the air

quality status of the study area was found to be in “Acceptable” category.

The seasonal air quality status at each monitoring station varied

considerably during study period. Air quality status of the total study area

during winter season was found to be in “Alert” category. It was due to the

high concentration of TSP in the study area. Concentration of TSP in the

project area was mainly due to the re-suspended and wind- blown dust from

construction area, unpaved roads, and traffic junctions, hill cutting, sand

dredging as well as from quarry operation. The Air quality status of the total

study area during pre monsoon season was found to be in Unacceptable

category. It was due to meteorological condition during pre monsoon season

which allows proper/better dispersion of pollutants. The Air quality status of



the total study area during monsoon season was found to be in “Acceptable”

category because of rain wash out. Dust emission sources are only

temporary and could be controlled by selecting appropriate mitigation

measures in the project area.

4.9.5 Meteorology

Meteorology plays an important role in air pollution studies. Meteorological data was

collected as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS:

8829) and India Meteorological Department (IMD). A weather station has been

installed at CIDCO office in New Panvel and it records hourly data for wind speed,

wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and solar radiation. The

location of meteorological station is shown in Figure 4.25.

Figure 4.25 Location of meteorological station

M 1



Meteorological data recorded for wind speed and wind direction revealed that

meteorological conditions varied significantly during post monsoon, pre monsoon

and monsoon season. Table 4.52(a) to 4.52(l) gives details of meteorological data

recorded for the months of November, 2007 to October, 2008 and Table 4.53 to 4.56 gives the summary of meteorological data recorded at New Panvel for post

monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season. Maximum wind speed (10.3 m/s)

was recorded during monsoon season and Maximum temperature, relative humidity

and solar radiation recorded during post monsoon season were 37.40C, 99.9% and

154.5 Watts/m2 respectively in November, 2007. Maximum wind speed recorded

during post monsoon season at JN Port area was 7.6 m/s, 7.8 m/s and 8.5 m/s in

November, 2007, December, 2007 and January, 2008 respectively. Maximum wind

speed in the project area was much less than that in JN Port area though both are in

Navi Mumbai Region. Minimum temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air

in the project area during post monsoon season was 12.50C and 17.2% in January,

2008 and November, 2007 respectively. Average wind speed, temperature, relative

humidity during post monsoon season were observed to be in the range 0.1 - 0.7

m/s, 16.3 0C - 33.40C, 29.4 % - 88.5 %, respectively. Average wind speed in the

project area during post monsoon was almost within the calm period.

Hourly Average wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation for the

month of November, 2007, December, 2007 and January, 2008 is graphically

depicted in Figures 4.26(a - d) to 4.29(a - c). Wind speed was minimum in the

month of November, 2007 and had maximum calm period (77.08%) whereas, it was

maximum in the month of January, 2008 and had minimum calm period (50.13%).

Minimum temperature was recorded in January, 2008 during the post monsoon

season. Temperature was observed to be decreased suddenly till 160C during

morning hours (6.00 AM to 8.00 PM) in January month, and lowest temperature of

12.50C was recorded on 23rd January, 2008 during post monsoon season. Highest

temperature of 37.40C was recorded during post monsoon season on 5th

November, 2007. Figures 4.30 (a) to 4.30 (l) show wind roses plotted for the

months of November, 2007 to September 2008. Predominant wind direction during



November, 2007, December, 2007 and January, 2008 was East South East (ESE),

West North West (WNW), and West North West (WNW) respectively. Prevailing

wind direction during post monsoon season was from West North West (WNW) with

66.86% calm condition.

Tables 4.57 to 4.60 show cloud type observed during study period and it was

observed that predominant cloud type in the study area during post monsoon

season was fine cloud. The cloud cover observed in study area during the months

of November 2007 to October 2008 is given in Tables 4.61 (a) to 4.61 (l). Visibility

observed in project area during various seasons is given in Tables 4.62 to 4.65.

The visibility observed in project area during November, 2007 was between 200-

300 meters in morning hours for 11 days and 400-600 meters in the evening hours

for 16 days. Visibility observed in the project area during morning hours in

December was less than 200 meter for 15 days. The lowest visibility recorded

during post monsoon season in project area was observed in January, 2008.

Visibility observed in the project area during the morning hours of the month of

January, 2008 was even less than 100 meters for 24 days and it was less than 200

meters in the evening hours for 19 days. The low visibility observed during morning

hours of January, 2008 might be due to temperature inversion which is a normal

phenomenon in winter season. High concentration of re-suspended dust in the

lower atmosphere might have caused poor visibility especially in January month.

During inversion, vertical air movement in the atmosphere is suppressed and

hence, pollutants in the air are get trapped in the lower atmosphere close to the

ground. Study area is surrounded by hills and free movement of wind is restricted

which can also cause to build up dust particles just above the ground surface and

may lead to poor visibility of the atmosphere. Visibility impairment in this area may

also take place due to conventional brick kilns near Khandeshwar and Pargaon

area as well as domestic waste burning in local villages especially in morning

hours. Burning of bricks in the final stage of manufacturing process, leads to

emission of CO, CO2 and soot particles which can also reduce visibility of the

atmosphere. Dust emission sources are only temporary and could be controlled by

selecting appropriate mitigation measures in the project area which may improve

visibility in this area. Transport of pollutants from urban Mumbai may also expect in



the project area because of prevailing wind direction during the post monsoon

season.

Table 4.52(a) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For

November, 2007

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

1/11/2007 2.9 0.0 31.7 25.2 99.9 64.4 - - 723.9 3.6

2/11/2007 3.3 0.0 35.7 25.1 99.9 50.6 - - 833.9 3.1

3/11/2007 4.3 0.0 37.2 25.2 99.9 41.3 - - 830.3 2.6

4/11/2007 3.9 0.0 36.8 24.6 99.3 41.7 - - 795.8 3.1

5/11/2007 4.4 0.0 37.4 24.9 96.9 41.6 - - 841.1 3.6

5/11/2007 3.0 0.0 36.8 24.8 95.0 43.5 - - 725.9 4.1

6/11/2007 3.0 0.0 35.2 26.2 98.8 49.0 - - 668.3 2.6

7/11/2007 2.6 0.0 35.4 25.2 95.8 51.6 - - 655.0 3.6

8/11/2007 2.5 0.0 34.9 24.1 93.1 47.4 - - 650.3 4.6

9/11/2007 3.2 0.0 34.8 23.9 95.0 45.2 - - 631.8 4.1

10/11/2007 2.1 0.0 35.3 23.2 96.7 40.8 - - 655.5 4.1

11/11/2007 3.2 0.0 34.3 24.4 93.7 35.9 - - 666.8 3.1

12/11/2007 2.5 0.0 35.0 22.2 85.6 30.0 - - 649.8 2.6

13/11/2007 2.9 0.0 34.9 22.3 95.0 26.2 - - 644.2 0.0

14/11/2007 3.2 0.0 34.9 20.7 87.8 22.9 - - 656.0 0.0



15/11/2007 4.0 0.0 35.2 19.6 71.6 18.1 - - 695.6 0.0

16/11/2007 4.0 0.0 33.6 21.6 83.2 20.0 - - 713.1 0.0

17/11/2007 4.1 0.0 33.1 17.4 83.7 17.7 - - 691.5 1.0

18/11/2007 2.9 0.0 33.0 17.1 85.9 24.7 - - 682.2 0.0

19/11/2007 3.2 0.0 33.8 17.8 90.6 22.4 - - 713.1 0.0

20/11/2007 3.6 0.0 32.9 16.5 86.3 20.0 - - 701.7 0.0

21/11/2007 3.5 0.0 32.8 14.9 82.5 17.3 - - 720.3 0.0

22/11/2007 4.4 0.0 32.5 15.1 82.0 17.2 - - 682.2 0.0

23/11/2007 2.7 0.0 33.4 14.5 81.1 17.9 - - 690.4 0.0

24/11/2007 3.2 0.0 33.1 15.3 84.3 17.9 - - 682.2 0.0

26/11/2007 2.6 0.0 28.3 14.5 87.7 36.0 - - 586.1 0.0

27/11/2007 2.5 0.0 35.0 22.2 85.6 30.0 - - 649.8 2.6

28/11/2007 4.1 0.0 33.1 17.4 83.7 17.7 - - 691.5 1.0

29/11/2007 2.9 0.0 34.9 22.3 95.0 26.2 - - 644.2 0.0

30/11/2007 3.2 0.0 34.9 20.7 87.8 22.9 - - 656.0 0.0

- No rainfall occurred on the project site



Table 4.52 (b) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel

For December, 2007

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date

Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min

1/12/2007 3.7 0.0 32.4 17.8 85.3 30.7 - - 509.0 2.6

2/12/2007 5.2 0.0 33.1 21.1 79.7 32.0 - - 578.9 0.0

3/12/2007 4.1 0.0 33.1 18.7 78.8 25.1 - - 541.9 0.0

4/12/2007 3.5 0.0 31.7 16.8 87.1 30.7 - - 565.0 0.0

5/12/2007 3.8 0.0 33.7 18.9 80.6 30.2 - - 544.4 0.0

6/12/2007 4.0 0.0 31.3 19.4 77.7 41.6 - - 543.4 2.1

7/12/2007 2.7 0.0 30.5 20.4 73.8 33.4 - - 312.6 0.0

8/12/2007 0.5 0.0 31.8 16.5 88.5 32.3 - - 589.2 0.0

9/12/2007 3.7 0.0 32.4 17.8 85.3 30.7 - - 509.0 2.6

10/12/2007 4.0 0.0 32.4 18.6 89.8 37.4 - - 501.2 2.6

11/12/2007 3.6 0.0 31.5 18.2 91.6 35.4 - - 515.1 1.5

12/12/2007 3.5 0.0 31.0 18.6 90.4 38.3 - - 664.7 1.5

13/12/2007 4.0 0.0 31.3 19.4 77.7 41.6 - - 543.4 2.1

14/12/2007 4.1 0.0 33.1 18.7 78.8 25.1 - - 541.9 0.0

15/12/2007 3.8 0.0 31.9 18.5 82.8 40.3 - - 516.2 2.1

16/12/2007 5.0 0.0 34.5 20.3 84.2 24.4 - - 564.5 3.1

17/12/2007 5.2 0.0 33.1 21.1 79.7 32.0 - - 578.9 0.0

18/12/2007 5.6 0.0 32.8 21.3 68.4 26.5 - - 594.8 0.5



19/12/2007 3.7 0.0 32.9 18.9 78.8 26.5 - - 596.4 1.0

20/12/2007 3.7 0.0 33.0 21.1 73.0 38.1 - - 601.0 2.1

21/12/2007 3.4 0.0 35.9 23.0 84.9 35.7 - - 563.5 0.0

22/12/2007 4.3 0.0 36.2 23.5 86.7 35.5 - - 559.9 2.6

23/12/2007 3.3 0.0 36.7 20.9 92.6 22.7 - - 595.8 2.6

24/12/2007 4.1 0.0 35.5 19.2 88.5 22.5 - - 564.5 0.0

25/12/2007 3.8 0.0 33.7 18.9 80.6 30.2 - - 544.4 0.0

26/12/2007 4.2 0.0 33.7 19.5 88.1 38.9 - - 529.0 0.0

27/12/2007 4.0 0.0 33.4 18.4 82.2 24.4 - - 556.8 0.0

28/12/2007 3.5 0.0 31.7 16.8 87.1 30.7 - - 565.0 0.0

29/12/2007 4.0 0.0 31.1 15.3 80.1 23.4 - - 563.5 0.0

30/12/2007 4.1 0.0 31.2 16.7 83.1 29.4 - - 510.0 0.0

31/12/2007 3.8 0.0 32.4 16.3 88.8 37.7 - - 500.2 0.0


Table 4.52 (c) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For

January, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/ 01/2008 4.5 0.0 31.3 16.3 61.1 75.9 - - 517.7 0.0

2/ 01/2008 3.9 0.0 31.8 14.2 72.4 58.6 - - 551.1 0.0

3/ 01/2008 3.5 0.0 31.9 14.6 70.3 65.4 - - 564.0 0.0



4/ 01/2008 4.0 0.0 33.0 14.9 73.8 67.3 - - 491.0 0.0

5/ 01/2008 4.3 0.0 34.2 16.2 68.5 65.1 - - 562.4 0.0

6/ 01/2008 5.4 0.0 33.7 15.6 66.3 64.0 - - 586.6 0.0

7/ 01/2008 6.0 0.0 33.4 16.8 70.7 64.0 - - 551.6 0.0

8/ 01/2008 4.1 0.0 33.4 16.7 64.0 68.7 - - 570.1 0.0

9/ 01/2008 3.2 0.0 34.0 16.1 63.7 60.8 - - 526.4 0.0

10/ 01/2008 4.5 0.0 33.1 17.7 60.3 62.0 - - 468.3 0.0

11/ 01/2008 4.4 0.0 32.8 19.5 51.0 59.3 - - 494.6 0.0

12/ 01/2008 4.5 0.0 35.1 17.5 70.9 50.9 - - 525.9 0.0

13/ 01/2008 4.0 0.0 33.6 17.3 75.0 68.9 - - 502.8 0.0

14/ 01/2008 4.0 0.0 35.9 17.6 75.5 73.3 - - 517.2 0.0

15/ 01/2008 3.4 0.0 36.0 18.5 73.0 70.0 - - 495.6 0.0

16/ 01/2008 3.8 0.0 36.2 19.3 69.2 67.6 - - 522.3 0.0

17/ 01/2008 4.0 0.0 35.9 20.1 65.9 65.9 - - 502.3 0.0

18/ 01/2008 5.2 0.0 32.2 18.2 78.7 61.5 - - 524.9 0.0

19/ 01/2008 4.2 0.0 28.7 15.1 82.5 75.5 - - 557.3 0.0

20/ 01/2008 4.8 0.0 29.6 14.2 72.4 71.1 - - 560.4 0.0

21/ 01/2008 4.8 0.0 29.5 13.9 73.3 72.0 - - 484.8 0.0

22/ 01/2008 4.8 0.0 28.2 14.5 69.8 70.8 - - 506.9 0.0

23/ 01/2008 5.9 0.0 28.0 12.5 62.3 67.1 - - 540.8 0.0

24/ 01/2008 4.9 0.0 28.9 13.8 74.1 62.0 - - 501.8 0.0

25/ 01/2008 6.3 0.0 28.1 13.2 42.1 71.8 - - 486.9 0.0

26/ 01/2008 6.4 0.0 26.4 13.3 49.1 33.0 - - 540.8 0.0

27/ 01/2008 4.3 0.0 28.5 13.1 50.4 48.6 - - 529.5 0.0

28/ 01/2008 4.9 0.0 31.4 12.6 59.4 49.9 - - 518.2 0.0



29/ 01/2008 5.4 0.0 30.9 13.8 57.0 46.0 - - 506.4 0.0

30/ 01/2008 6.4 0.0 27.6 13.8 71.4 53.2 - - 540.3 0.0

31/ 01/2008 4.7 0.0 27.4 13.2 71.4 69.6 - - 529.0 0.0


Table 4.52 (d) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel

For February, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/2/2008 3.5 0.0 29.1 14.1 87.3 24.0 - - 517.2 0.0

2/2/2008 6.2 0.0 30.6 13.0 75.1 16.5 - - 487.9 0.0

3/2/2008 4.5 0.0 27.7 15.4 78.0 53.2 - - 526.4 0.0

4/2/2008 4.8 0.0 26.0 16.4 78.7 37.1 - - 512.0 0.0

5/2/2008 6.6 0.0 25.7 11.4 85.9 25.9 - - 554.2 0.0

6/2/2008 6.6 0.0 27.2 11.2 71.9 23.8 - - 555.7 0.0

7/2/2008 6.6 0.0 24.0 13.6 76.4 3.9 - - 528.5 0.0

8/2/2008 6.5 0.0 24.0 11.3 63.2 18.8 - - 557.8 0.0

9/2/2008 5.8 0.0 28.1 10.4 69.7 22.7 - - 833.4 0.0

10/2/2008 6.4 0.0 31.3 13.6 67.4 24.1 - - 858.5 0.0

11/2/2008 6.3 0.0 31.1 14.1 79.3 27.6 - - 810.2 0.0

12/2/2008 5.7 0.0 34.7 16.0 78.7 25.6 - - 806.1 0.0



13/2/2008 6.0 0.0 33.4 18.8 61.1 32.5 - - 793.8 0.0

14/2/2008 5.2 0.0 35.9 18.5 75.8 23.6 - - 863.7 1.5

15/2/2008 5.7 0.0 36.4 18.4 39.1 21.8 - - 820.5 0.0

16/2/2008 4.8 0.0 33.9 18.2 58.0 19.7 - - 783.5 1.0

17/2/2008 4.5 0.0 34.5 17.4 65.3 15.7 - - 837.0 0.0

18/2/2008 3.1 0.0 34.8 16.4 65.3 14.7 - - 816.9 0.0

19/2/2008 4.5 0.0 34.9 16.3 68.7 16.1 - - 804.6 0.0

20/2/2008 4.4 0.0 31.4 17.5 74.6 31.7 - - 740.8 1.5

21/2/2008 4.9 0.0 33.6 17.9 62.6 29.4 - - 705.3 0.0

22/2/2008 4.2 0.0 33.0 17.8 74.3 25.7 - - 724.9 0.0

23/2/2008 4.2 0.0 32.3 18.5 76.6 32.1 - - 736.2 1.5

24/2/2008 4.0 0.0 31.9 17.4 94.5 27.3 - - 776.8 0.0

25/2/2008 4.0 0.0 33.5 17.2 83.4 15.0 - - 779.4 0.0

26/2/2008 4.3 0.0 37.0 16.8 75.1 12.2 - - 781.4 0.0

27/2/2008 3.7 0.0 38.6 20.1 55.3 11.0 - - 762.9 0.0

28/2/2008 4.9 0.0 38.2 19.1 56.1 10.4 - - 785.0 0.0

29/2/2008 3.7 0.0 38.2 18.6 54.0 9.4 - - 775.8 0.0


Table 4.52 (e) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For March, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date




1/3/2008 4.5 0.0 36.6 17.1 56.8 13.8 - - 716.7 0.0

2/3/2008 5.9 0.0 36.2 18.2 57.4 13 - - 736.2 0.0

3/3/2008 3.8 0.0 36.1 18.2 52.9 12.3 - - 787.1 0.0

4/3/2008 3.8 0.0 36.3 17.9 75.0 21.1 - - 729.0 1.5

5/3/2008 4.5 0.0 34.4 18.9 99.9 26.7 - - 719.2 0.0

6/3/2008 3.7 0.0 36.8 19.4 84.1 22.8 - - 695.1 2.1

7/3/2008 4.2 0.0 37.2 20.4 76.7 22.5 - - 688.9 0.0

8/3/2008 4.1 0.0 37.6 20.5 77.8 22.2 - - 660.1 1.5

9/3/2008 5.6 0.0 37.5 21.6 83.4 18.5 - - 689.9 2.1

10/3/2008 4.7 0.0 32.1 21.2 87.0 43.5 - - 730.5 1.0

11/3/2008 4.6 0.0 36.2 21.7 87.2 24.1 - - 718.2 0.0

12/3/2008 4.8 0.0 33.6 23.1 82.3 35.2 - - 648.8 0.0

13/3/2008 4.5 0.0 34.5 20.3 84.8 31.3 - - 685.3 3.1

14/3/2008 4.7 0.0 34.5 20.9 84.1 36 - - 640.1 2.6

15/3/2008 5.4 0.0 37.2 21.8 88.8 20.7 - - 670.9 0.0

16/3/2008 5.1 0.0 38.5 21.9 74.9 15.9 - - 696.1 1.5

17/3/2008 3.8 0.0 36.6 22.9 66.6 27.1 - - 585.0 0.0

18/3/2008 4.5 0.0 36.6 22.6 74.4 31.1 - - 626.7 0.0

19/3/2008 4 0.0 34.9 23.6 79.2 30.1 - - 740.3 0.0

20/3/2008 4.6 0.0 37.1 20.9 91.5 16.3 - - 700.2 2.1

21/3/2008 4.5 0.0 34.3 23.5 90.8 36.4 - - 649.8 0.0

22/3/2008 4.7 0.0 35.5 25.8 93.9 37 - - 715.6 4.1

23/3/2008 5.6 0.0 34.8 25.6 91.2 40 - - 854.9 4.6

24/3/2008 4.8 0.0 33.9 23.1 87.9 36.3 - - 872.9 0.0

25/3/2008 4.5 0.0 34.7 23 93.5 27.9 - - 858.0 3.6



26/3/2008 4.8 0.0 33.6 22.7 90.2 30.2 - - 853.4 3.6

27/3/2008 4.7 0.0 33.9 23.2 83.7 35.7 - - 813.8 5.1

28/3/2008 5.5 0.0 34 24.3 87.7 38.9 - - 813.3 4.6

29/3/2008 5 0.0 33.7 23.8 91.2 49.9 - - 829.8 4.1

30/3/2008 5.6 0.0 36 23.5 87.4 25.6 - - 904.3 2.6

31/3/2008 5.2 0.0 32.2 21.5 75.3 42 - - 904.3 3.1


Table 4.52 (f) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For April, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/4/2008 4.7 0.0 31.0 20.9 81.6 46.9 - - 899.2 2.6

2/4/2008 5.5 0.0 32.4 20.5 81.2 42.3 - - 11.8 2.6

3/4/2008 4.7 0.0 32.6 20.6 82.9 35.7 - - 908.4 3.1

4/4/2008 6.4 0.0 31.3 21.6 82.9 48.0 - - 962.9 0.0

5/4/2008 4.8 0.0 33.1 22.2 88.0 45.4 - - 847.8 3.1

6/4/2008 4.8 0.0 36.4 23.6 90.0 33.9 - - 845.7 3.1

7/4/2008 4.4 0.0 36.4 24.7 87.9 38.4 - - 870.9 4.1

8/4/2008 4.8 0.0 37.1 23.8 75.7 29.0 - - 822.6 0.0

9/4/2008 7.8 0.0 37.7 24.5 96.7 29.9 - - 904.8 5.7

10/4/2008 4.8 0.0 38.7 25.1 67.5 23.8 - - 828.7 5.1

11/4/2008 5.1 0.0 40.2 24.6 74.5 20.5 - - 10.3 0.0



12/4/2008 5.9 0.0 39.0 24.8 69.7 20.6 - - 856.0 4.6

13/4/2008 4.7 0.0 37.0 24.5 82.4 37.5 - - 12.3 4.6

14/4/2008 4.2 0.0 38.6 25.5 78.0 22.5 - - 840.0 4.6

15/4/2008 4.5 0.0 37.3 25.1 89.9 25.9 - - 840.0 4.1

16/4/2008 5.6 0.0 35.1 24.1 79.4 32.7 - - 822.0 4.1

17/4/2008 5.7 0.0 36.3 24.2 90.1 32.1 - - 833.9 3.6

18/4/2008 4.7 0.0 34.8 24.3 96.3 41.8 - - 819.5 5.1

19/4/2008 4.3 0.0 36.5 24.1 83.5 18.3 - - 851.3 5.1

20/4/2008 5.0 0.0 37.5 24.1 87.9 25.1 - - 913.0 4.1

21/4/2008 8.6 0.0 39.9 25.5 82.3 19.5 - - 809.7 5.1

22/4/2008 4.4 0.0 38.0 26.0 77.2 32.1 - - 12.3 4.6

23/4/2008 4.4 0.0 37.0 26.7 72.4 32.7 - - 757.3 0.0

24/4/2008 5.0 0.0 36.6 25.3 72.9 36.4 - - 752.6 5.1

25/4/2008 4.7 0.0 36.0 28.0 83.3 52.4 - - 724.9 6.2

26/4/2008 4.4 0.0 37.8 27.6 87.7 37.0 - - 746.5 6.2

27/4/2008 4.8 0.0 36.4 26.6 95.4 31.5 - - 737.7 5.7

28/4/2008 6.0 0.0 35.0 26.6 89.3 48.5 - - 742.4 6.7

29/4/2008 5.0 0.0 35.5 25.6 89.6 30.2 - - 722.3 4.1

30/4/2008 5.1 0.0 34.6 25.7 89.3 45.2 - - 706.4 0.0




Table 4.52 (g) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For May, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/5/2008 5.1 0.0 36.7 26.2 89.9 43.5 - - 710.5 6.2

2/5/2008 6.0 0.0 34.5 25.3 93.2 44.2 - - 735.2 5.7

3/5/2008 4.8 0.0 33.7 25.3 87.0 44.4 - - 765.5 4.6

4/5/2008 5.0 0.0 34.1 25.3 87.3 50.8 - - 760.9 6.2

5/5/2008 4.6 0.0 36.3 25.9 84.1 37.3 - - 816.4 6.1

6/5/2008 5.5 0.0 33.9 25.8 86.3 50.5 - - 753.2 5.7

7/5/2008 5.6 0.0 34.4 26.6 82.8 48.0 - - 731.1 6.2

8/5/2008 4.6 0.0 34.7 26.0 87.3 48.9 - - 692.0 3.1

9/5/2008 6.0 0.0 34.9 26.8 87.3 48.7 - - 707.4 5.1

10/5/2008 6.2 0.0 34.9 26.2 84.2 55.0 - - 726.4 5.7

11/5/2008 5.9 0.0 34.4 26.2 86.0 54.3 - - 723.9 4.6

12/5/2008 5.7 0.0 34.5 25.7 86.6 51.3 - - 717.7 2.1

13/5/2008 4.8 0.0 35.2 25.5 86.8 48.0 - - 691.0 5.7

14/5/2008 5.0 0.0 34.2 25.8 84.0 53.8 - - 764.0 5.7

15/5/2008 7.0 0.0 34.8 26.1 86.3 48.0 - - 713.1 5.1

16/5/2008 5.0 0.0 35.2 26.4 82.3 45.2 - - 720.3 5.1

17/5/2008 5.1 0.0 35.0 26.8 82.2 48.2 - - 740.3 5.7

18/5/2008 5.1 0.0 35.3 27.0 84.1 49.0 - - 785.0 5.1

19/5/2008 5.9 0.0 35.5 27.8 85.7 51.7 - - 738.2 6.7



20/5/2008 5.4 0.0 35.2 27.6 87.1 47.5 - - 775.3 6.2

21/5/2008 6.6 0.0 34.6 28.0 83.0 45.6 - - 1008.2

0.0

22/5/2008 5.5 0.0 36.4 27.6 84.4 48.5 - - 1021.0

0.0

23/5/2008 4.7 0.0 36.5 27.7 82.7 52.1 - - 984.0 7.2

24/5/2008 5.5 0.0 36.1 28.4 82.7 44.8 - - 950.1 6.7

25/5/2008 5.3 0.0 36.9 28.0 85.0 36.3 - - 936.7 6.7

26/5/2008 4.6 0.0 37.1 28.1 83.2 49.1 - - 906.4 6.2

27/5/2008 6.0 0.0 36.7 29.1 84.3 51.1 - - 1028.2 6.7

28/5/2008 5.4 0.0 36.7 28.3 86.1 83.0 - - 987.1 6.7

29/5/2008 5.2 0.0 35.9 27.8 86.4 50.7 - - 981.4 0.0

30/5/2008 6.1 0.0 36.1 28.3 81.1 44.3 - - 955.7 6.7

31/5/2008 5.0 0.0 36.3 28.6 82.3 48.7 - - 920.2 7.2




Table 4.52 (h)

Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For June, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/6/2008 4.5 0.0 36.2 28.8 83.0 44.9 - - 938.7 6.2

2/6/2008 5.9 0.0 36.3 28.5 81.5 46.6 - - 897.6 6.7

3/6/2008 5.3 0.0 36.8 26.2 93.8 42.6 1.5 0.5 1040.5 8.7

4/6/2008 6.0 0.0 36.1 26.7 91.2 49.7 1.5 0.5 1022.0 5.1

5/6/2008 9.9 0.0 35.1 27.2 90.5 51.3 - . 1280.1 6.2

6/6/2008 5.6 0.0 32.1 26.6 91.8 68.7 - - 739.4 6.1

7/6/2008 4.2 0.0 29.5 24.6 99.9 80.9 53.0 0.5 1081.7 10.3

8/6/2008 7.0 0.0 27.7 24.9 99.9 87.2 48.0 0.5 459.1 6.7

9/6/2008 8.1 0.0 29.2 24.3 99.9 83.2 85.5 0.5 1068.3 4.6

10/6/2008 7.7 0.0 29.0 23.9 99.9 83.8 44.0 0.5 895.6 4.6

11/6/2008 6.0 0.0 28.7 24.9 99.9 87.6 59.0 0.5 580.4 4.1

12/6/2008 6.1 0.0 29.9 24.0 99.9 84.2 81.5 0.5 797.9 5.7

13/6/2008 7.6 0.0 29.6 24.1 99.9 68.5 8.5 0.5 924.9 4.1

14/6/2008 10.3 0.0 31.4 24.5 99.9 74.2 29.0 0.5 1096.1 3.1

15/6/2008 6.3 0.0 31.8 25.8 97.6 72.8 2.5 0.5 1003.0 4.6

16/6/2008 6.2 0.0 31.5 28.3 89.4 74.9 - - 722.8 4.1

17/6/2008 5.7 0.0 31.9 27.8 91.8 72.7 0.5 0.5 839.5 0.0

18/6/2008 6.1 0.0 32.1 26.9 94.9 69.4 - - 835.9 0.0

19/6/2008 5.7 0.0 32.2 28.1 91.5 67.3 - - 769.1 0.0



20/6/2008 5.4 0.0 32.1 26.4 99.9 67.9 7.5 0.5 914.1 0.0

21/6/2008 4.2 0.0 32.5 27.5 94.6 69.6 - - 835.4 0.0

22/6/2008 4.3 0.0 31.4 27.7 96.1 73.1 1.5 0.5 719.7 0.0

23/6/2008 5.7 0.0 32.8 27.4 95.2 66.5 - - 904.3 0.0

24/6/2008 5.6 0.0 31.5 25.9 99.1 73.6 15.5 0.5 1063.7 0.0

25/6/2008 4.8 0.0 29.1 24.8 99.9 85.5 16.5 0.5 962.4 0.0

26/6/2008 4.9 0.0 30.9 25.2 99.9 76.7 23.5 0.5 1113.0 0.0

27/6/2008 4.3 0.0 31.9 26.0 99.9 68.8 4.0 0.5 1053.4 0.0

28/6/2008 5.1 0.0 33.1 26.1 99.5 65.7 3.5 0.5 957.3 0.0

29/6/2008 8.0 0.0 29.8 25.5 99.9 84.8 53.0 0.5 1166.0 0.0

30/6/2008 6.0 0.0 27.8 24.5 99.9 93.3 138.5 0.5 325.4 0.0


Table 4.52 (i)

METEOROLOGICAL DATA RECORDED AT PANVEL FOR JULY, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date

Max Min Max Min Max Min Total Min Max Min

1/7/2008 6.6 0.0 28.5 24.0 99.9 90.7 152 0.5 383.5 0.0

2/7/2008 6.0 0.0 30.6 25.6 99.7 81.4 11.5 0.5 1232.3 0.0

3/7/2008 5.6 0.0 30.2 25.6 99.9 78.6 13.5 0.5 783.5 0.0

4/7/2008 6.5 0.0 29.5 24.7 99.9 84.0 41.5 0.5 1037.5 0.0

5/7/2008 5.2 0.0 31.2 24.7 99.9 72.3 7.5 0.5 1112.5 0.0

6/7/2008 5.0 0.0 31.2 26.7 97.7 73.5 3.0 0.5 1026.1 0.0



7/7/2008 5.2 0.0 30.6 26.9 94.7 78.8 1.5 0.5 981.9 0.0

8/7/2008 4.8 0.0 31.2 26.5 97.9 73.8 3.0 0.5 976.3 0.0

9/7/2008 5.5 0.0 31.1 25.8 98.0 75.1 2.5 0.5 992.7 0.0

10/7/2008 6.3 0.0 30.4 26.3 99.9 78.1 11.5 0.5 968.6 0.0

11/7/2008 6.0 0.0 29.6 25.8 99.9 81.2 16.5 0.5 716.1 0.0

12/7/2008 7.3 0.0 31.0 24.4 99.9 73.8 23.5 0.5 1025.6 0.0

13/7/2008 5.9 0.0 31.8 27.0 98.2 70.7 6.5 1.5 1060.1 0.0

14/7/2008 5.1 0.0 31.9 26.4 99.9 71.6 2.5 0.5 983.5 0.0

15/7/2008 5.1 0.0 29.6 24.1 99.9 77.2 30.0 0.5 1080.1 0.0

16/7/2008 4.6 0.0 31.4 25.2 99.9 78.2 5.5 0.5 986.6 0.0

17/7/2008 3.8 0.0 31.7 26.3 99.8 71.9 0.0 0.0 960.9 0.0

18/7/2008 3.9 0.0 32.2 26.5 97.2 68.7 0.0 0.0 1042.6 0.0

19/7/2008 4.4 0.0 31.8 26.0 99.0 72.6 1.5 0.5 955.2 0.0

20/7/2008 4.8 0.0 32.0 25.6 99.9 69.7 4.5 0.5 887.3 0.0

21/7/2008 4.3 0.0 32.2 25.9 99.1 70.5 1.5 0.5 1080.6 0.0

22/7/2008 4.3 0.0 32.4 25.3 99.9 72.4 0.0 0.5 1069.8 0.0

23/7/2008 5.5 0.0 31.7 26.2 99.1 75.5 1.0 0.5 1185.0 0.0

24/7/2008 3.2 0.0 28.9 24.9 99.9 87.5 37.5 0.5 637.0 0.0

25/7/2008 4.8 0.0 30.0 23.8 99.9 79.2 25.0 0.5 908.9 0.0

26/7/2008 4.3 0.0 26.2 24.1 99.9 95.1 87.5 0.5 369.6 0.0

27/7/2008 2.7 0.0 25.7 24.4 99.9 99.9 76.0 0.5 206.7 0.0

28/7/2008 5.0 0.0 25.8 24.0 99.9 95.6 124.5 0.5 465.3 0.0

29/7/2008 5.9 0.0 26.9 24.7 99.9 95.9 53.0 0.5 397.4 0.0

30/7/2008 5.7 0.0 29.5 24.2 99.9 82.3 5.5 0.5 1122.3 0.0

31/7/2008 5.8 0.0 31.1 25.7 99.9 73.9 9.0 0.5 1222.0 0.0



Table 4.52 (j) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For August, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/8/2008 5.0 0.0 30.9 25.1 99.9 76.3 14.5 0.5 1197.3 0.0

2/8/2008 6.6 0.0 29.0 25.5 99.9 83.1 12.5 0.5 454.5 0.5

3/8/2008 4.6 0.0 30.6 25.4 99.9 73.6 17.0 0.5 1169.1 0.0

4/8/2008 4.2 0.0 29.0 25.7 99.9 84.0 14.0 0.5 575.3 0.0

5/8/2008 5.7 0.0 28.0 23.7 99.9 90.8 69.0 0.5 346.0 0.0

6/8/2008 3.6 0.0 26.0 23.2 99.9 99.0 59.5 0.5 233.4 0.5

7/8/2008 4.7 0.0 30.1 24.8 99.9 78.1 10.0 0.5 795.8 0.0

8/8/2008 5.5 0.0 28.6 24.6 99.9 83.4 168.0 0.5 509.0 1.0

9/8/2008 6.0 0.0 29.0 24.5 99.9 81.0 30.0 0.5 936.2 0.0

10/8/2008 9.1 0.0 26.8 24.4 99.9 91.7 108.5 0.5 209.8 1.0

11/8/2008 7.9 0.0 26.4 24.6 99.9 96.7 97.0 0.5 152.7 0.0

12/8/2008 7.8 0.0 27.7 25.5 99.9 84.9 17.0 0.5 547.0 0.0

13/8/2008 6.0 0.0 28.2 24.6 99.9 90.2 35.0 0.5 841.6 1.5

14/8/2008 9.3 0.0 38.9 25.5 99.9 86.3 10.5 0.5 1180.4 22.6

15/8/2008 39.7 0.0 37.2 25.1 99.9 87.8 17.0 0.5 1190.1 28.3

16/8/2008 23.2 0.0 40.1 28.4 99.9 76.4 6.0 0.5 1136.2 64.8

17/8/2008 5.3 0.0 38.7 28.3 99.9 83.9 10.5 0.5 1145.4 54.0

18/8/2008 10.5 0.0 39.1 26.1 99.9 75.3 0.5 0.5 1128.4 49.9

19/8/2008 3.5 0.0 37.4 27.8 99.9 73.1 0.0 0.0 1054.9 16.5



20/8/2008 3.8 0.0 32.7 26.9 99.9 67.8 3.0 0.5 1091.4 0.0

21/8/2008 4.7 0.0 31.3 26.1 99.9 70.7 6.0 0.5 1104.8 0.0

22/8/2008 4.3 0.0 32.1 24.6 99.9 68.5 12.0 0.5 1088.3 0.0

23/8/2008 5.5 0.0 32.9 25.1 99.9 75.6 13.0 0.5 1127.9 6.7

24/8/2008 4.1 0.0 29.9 24.3 99.9 85.8 2.0 1.0 539.3 15.9

25/8/2008 3.0 0.0 36.8 25.1 99.9 69.4 2.5 0.5 1098.1 23.1

26/8/2008 2.5 0.0 32.5 26.1 99.9 89.6 0.0 0.5 495.6 30.8

27/8/2008 4.2 0.0 34.9 26.1 99.9 71.6 0.0 0.0 1192.2 31.9

28/8/2008 3.8 0.0 36.7 25.8 99.9 60.9 1.5 0.5 1087.8 35.0

29/8/2008 2.6 0.0 35.2 25.7 99.9 71.4 1.5 0.5 874.5 23.1

30/8/2008 2.8 0.0 34.8 26.9 99.9 67.1 0.0 0.0 1023.1 28.8

31/8/2008 3.9 0.0 36.6 27.1 99.9 63.7 1.5 0.5 1082.7 31.4

Table 4.52 (k) Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For September, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/9/2008 4.0 0.0 35.5 27.0 99.9 66.6 1.5 0.5 1189.1 38.6

2/9/2008 7.2 0.0 37.5 25.9 99.9 66.5 0.5 0.5 1039.5 29.8

3/9/2008 3.5 0.0 36.9 26.5 99.9 67.4 0.0 0.0 1070.4 33.4

4/9/2008 3.0 0.0 35.9 28.2 99.9 74.1 0.0 0.0 976.8 51.4

5/9/2008 4.1 0.0 34.9 26.8 99.9 77.2 0.0 0.0 1040.5 54.5



6/9/2008 2.5 0.0 34.7 26.2 99.9 76.0 0.0 0.0 1178.8 39.6

7/9/2008 3.0 0.0 35.2 26.0 99.9 70.0 0.5 0.5 1123.8 32.9

8/9/2008 3.2 0.0 34.0 25.9 99.9 71.1 2.5 0.5 998.9 32.4

9/9/2008 10.3 0.0 33.5 22.2 99.9 79.9 56.0 0.5 987.1 48.8

10/9/2008 2.8 0.0 34.4 23.0 99.9 74.7 27.5 0.5 952.4 47.7

11/9/2008 2.8 0.0 34.4 26.7 99.9 74.9 11.0 0.5 993.2 47.9

12/9/2008 4.2 0.0 34.7 25.5 99.9 75.1 2.5 0.5 973.6 48.1

13/9/2008 6.1 0.0 34.9 22.8 99.9 86.7 7.5 0.5 479.1 0.0

14/9/2008 7.2 0.0 34.9 20.2 99.9 85.1 70.5 0.5 227.2 54.0

15/9/2008 6.2 0.0 37.7 21.8 99.9 73.4 23.0 0.5 1101.2 58.1

16/9/2008 5.7 0.0 35.9 19.6 99.9 82.7 41.5 0.5 1051.3 51.4

17/9/2008 5.3 0.0 38.8 21.0 99.9 81.2 10.0 0.5 1216.4 29.3

18/9/2008 4.5 0.0 39.9 21.0 99.9 75.0 13.5 0.5 1110.5 52.4

19/9/2008 5.9 0.0 36.1 20.2 99.9 98.3 8.0 0.5 489.4 48.8

20/9/2008 3.6 0.0 40.6 21.0 99.9 98.9 9.0 0.5 572.2 50.4

21/9/2008 3.6 0.0 38.2 22.0 99.9 74.4 6.0 0.5 976.3 64.8

22/9/2008 3.4 0.0 38.7 25.7 99.9 66.7 9.0 0.5 996.8 48.8

23/9/2008 3.4 0.0 38.9 24.2 99.9 63.8 0.0 0.0 1189.1 48.3

24/9/2008 3.3 0.0 39.4 21.5 99.9 56.6 0.5 0.5 1068.3 96.1

25/9/2008 3.2 0.0 37.8 24.0 99.9 60.0 2.0 0.5 1051.8 81.7

26/9/2008 3.4 0.0 35.2 25.2 99.9 61.3 0.0 0.0 1014.3 53.0

27/9/2008 3.0 0.0 34.3 23.2 99.9 57.5 0.0 0.0 1057.0 76.1

28/9/2008 3.7 0.0 35.7 23.7 99.9 57.3 0.5 0.5 1088.9 66.3

29/9/2008 3.9 0.0 33.9 23.1 99.8 55.6 0.0 0.0 1006.1 55.5

30/9/2008 4.0 0.0 35.0 23.6 99.6 57.6 0.5 0.5 1028.2 67.3



Table 4.52 (l)

Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel For October, 2008

Wind Speed

(m/s)

Temperature

(00C)

Relative Humidity

%

Rainfall

(mm)

Solar Radiation

(watts/m2)

Date


1/10/2008 2.9 0.0 36.8 23.9 99.9 58.0 1.5 0.5 972.7 54.5

2/10/2008 3.2 0.0 36.7 23.4 96.1 56.7 0.5 0.5 886.3 38.0

3/10/2008 2.1 0.0 33.5 23.7 99.5 72.5 0.0 0.0 755.2 35.5

4/10/2008 6.9 0.0 38.5 22.8 99.9 63.0 0.0 0.0 803.5 33.4

5/10/2008 8.1 0.0 38.0 22.2 99.9 67.9 0.0 0.0 926.9 27.8

6/10/2008 4.3 0.0 37.9 22.8 99.9 64.6 0.0 0.0 969.1 29.3

7/10/2008 6.9 0.0 38.9 24.4 99.9 61.6 0.5 0.5 30.8 25.7

8/10/2008 2.4 0.0 34.9 24.2 99.9 65.3 2.5 0.5 1026.7 24.2

9/10/2008 7.7 0.0 39.6 23.0 99.9 60.2 56 0.5 910.0 25.2

10/10/2008 9.2 0.0 40.8 22.2 99.9 55.5 27.5 0.5 871.9 24.7

11/10/2008 6.2 0.0 40.4 23.0 99.9 51.0 11.0 0.5 880.7 24.7

12/10/2008 2.6 0.0 41.5 24.0 97.4 47.0 2.5 0.5 915.1 28.3

13/10/2008 3.2 0.0 40.3 24.0 96.6 34.8 7.5 0.5 885.8 24.7

14/10/2008 3.3 0.0 40.1 23.8 95.5 32.0 70.5 0.5 895.6 22.1

15/10/2008 2.6 0.0 38.5 22.8 94.5 28.7 23.0 0.5 898.6 21.1

16/10/2008 3.0 0.0 38.6 22.3 94.4 34.9 41.5 0.5 876.6 0.0

17/10/2008 5.3 0.0 36.3 22.9 96.5 37.8 10.0 0.5 835.9 0.0

18/10/2008 4.3 0.0 36.2 24.4 82.5 44.3 13.5 0.5 817.9 0.0



19/10/2008 3.7 0.0 36.5 25.4 91.0 43.9 8.0 0.5 853.9 0.0

20/10/2008 4.0 0.0 35.8 23.7 94.1 27.0 9.0 0.5 810.2 0.0

21/10/2008 4.4 0.0 25.2 23.9 89.4 25.6 6.0 0.5 839.5 0.0

22/10/2008 0.0 0.0 25.7 23.4 90.1 25.2 9.0 0.5 805.1 0.0

23/10/2008 4.7 0.0 25.6 22.7 84.2 31.1 0.0 0.0 794.8 0.0

24/10/2008 5.4 0.0 24.8 24.6 86.8 23.1 0.5 0.5 828.2 0.0

25/10/2008 4.2 0.0 24.8 23.1 87.5 22.7 2.0 0.5 756.8 0.0

26/10/2008 2.4 0.0 24.5 22.2 92.4 28.9 0.0 0.0 743.4 0.0

27/10/2008 3.1 0.0 25.8 23.0 97.4 25.4 0.0 0.0 735.7 0.0

28/10/2008 2.5 0.0 26.4 23.6 99.3 34.8 0.5 0.5 698.1 0.0

29/10/2008 3.4 0.0 25.9 25.2 96.6 27.7 0.0 0.0 706.9 0.0

30/10/2008 3.5 0.0 27.6 24.3 95.9 26.5 0.5 0.5 692.5 0.0

31/10/2008 2.8 0.0 25.3 26.3 96.8 24.8 0.0 0.0 613.8 0.0


Table 4.53 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel

During Post Monsoon Season

Months Parameters

Units November, 07

October, 08

Maximum 4.4 9.2

Minimum 0.0 0.0 Wind speed

m/s

Average 0.2 0.2

Wind Direction

Predominant Direction

East South East

(ESE)

East North East (ENE)



Maximum 37.4 36.8

Minimum 14.5 22.5 Temperature 0C

Average 26.7 28.5

Maximum 99.9 99.9

Minimum 17.2 22.7

Relative Humidity

% Average 65.0 73.9

Maximum 0.0 1.0

Minimum 0.0 0.5

Rainfall

Mm Average 0.0 0.1

Maximum 841.4 1026.7

Minimum 0.0 0.0

Solar Radiation

Watts/m2

Average 154.5 204.2

Maximum 8 8

Minimum 0 0

Cloud Cover

Morning

(6.00AM)

Oktas

Predominant Type Fine Fine

Maximum 8 8

Minimum 0 0

Cloud Cover

Evening

(6.00PM).

Oktas

Predominant Type Fine Fine



Table 4.54

Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel During Winter Season

Months

Parameters

Units


Maximum 5.6 6.4 6.6

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 Wind speed

m/s

Average 0.5 0.6 0.6

Wind Direction


West North West (WNW)

West North West (WNW)

West North West

Maximum 36.7 36.2 38.6

Minimum 15.3 12.5 10.4 Temperature 0C

Average 25.3 22.8 23.4

Maximum 92.6 82.5 94.5

Minimum 22.5 33.0 3.9

Relative Humidity

% Average 59.1 56.0 49.7

Maximum 0.0 0.0 0.0

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rainfall

Mm Average 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maximum 664.7 586.6 863.7

Solar Radiation

Watts/m2

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0



Table 4.55 Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel


Radiation

m2

Average 112.6 123.8 177.9

Maximum 8 0 8

Minimum 0 0 0

Cloud Cover

Morning

(6.00AM)

Oktas

Predominant Type Fine Fine Fine

Maximum 8 8 4

Minimum 0 0 0 Cloud Cover

Evening

(6.00PM)

Oktas

Predominant Type Fine Fine Fine

Months

Parameters

Units March, 08 April, 08 May, 08

Maximum 5.9 8.6 7.0

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 Wind speed

m/s

Average 0.5 0.6 0.7



Wind Direction


West North West

West North West

West North West

Maximum 38.5 40.2 37.1

Minimum 17.1 20.5 25.3

Temperature

0C

Average 27.8 29.8 30.5

Maximum 99.9 96.7 93.2

Minimum 12.3 18.3 36.3

Relative Humidity

% Average 58.3 63.0 70.7

Maximum 0.0 0.0 0.0

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rainfall

Mm Average 0.0 0.0 0.0

Maximum 904.3 962.7 1028.2

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0

Solar Radiation

Watts/m2

Average 189.1 220.3 226.5

Maximum 8 8 8

Minimum 0 0 2

Cloud Cover

Morning

(6.00AM)

Oktas

Predominant Type Fine Partly Cloudy Overcast

Maximum 8 8 8

Minimum 0 0 2 Cloud Cover

Evening

(6.00PM).

Oktas

Predominant Type Fine Fine Overcast



Table 4.56 Grand Summary Of Meteorological Data Recorded At Panvel

Months

Parameters

Units

June, 08 July, 08 August, 08

September, 08

Maximum 10.3 7.3 7.3 10.3

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Wind speed

m/s

Average 1.0 0.8 0.42 0.28

Wind Direction

Predominant

Direction West West West West North West

Maximum 36.8 32.4 40.1 42.5

Minimum 23.9 23.8 23.2 19.6

Temperature

0C

Average 28.4 27.3 27.9 28.9

Maximum 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9

Minimum 42.6 68.7 60.9 55.6

Relative Humidity

% Average 86.4 91.5 93.8 91.1

Maximum 23.0 23.0 39.0 1.0

Minimum 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Rainfall

Mm Average 12.7 15.1 15.8 0.1

Maximum 1280 24.0 1197.3 23.7

Minimum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Solar Radiation

Watts/m2

Average 153.2 2.8 146.4 4.3

Maximum 8 8 8 8

Cloud Cover

Oktas

Minimum 2 8 8 8



Figure 4.26(a) Hourly Variation Of Average Wind Speed For The Month Of November, 2007 And

October 2008

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

HOURS

WIN

D S

PEED

(m/s

)

Nov, 2007 OCT, 2008

Cover

Morning

(6.00AM)

s

Predominant Type Overcast Overcast Overcast Overcast

Maximum 8 8 8 8

Minimum 8 8 8 8

Cloud Cover

Evening

(6.00PM)

Oktas

Predomina

nt Type Overcast Overcast Overcast Overcast



Figure 4.26(b) Hourly Variation Of Average Temperature For The Month Of November, 2007 And

October 2008

20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

32.0

34.0

36.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

HOURS

TEM

PER

ATU

RE 0 C

Nov, 2007 OCT, 2008

Figure 4.26(c) Hourly Variation Of Average Relative Humidity For The Month Of November, 2007

And October 2008

25.0

35.0

45.0

55.0

65.0

75.0

85.0

95.0

105.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

HOURS

REL

ATI

VE H

UM

IDIT

Y %

Nov, 2007 OCT, 2008



Figure 4.26(d)

Hourly Variation Of Average Solar Radiation For The Month Of November, 2007 And October 2008

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

HOURS

SOLA

R R

AD

IATI

ON

(w/m2 )

Nov, 2007 OCT, 2008

Figure 4.27(a)

Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month of December, 2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008

-0.1

0.10.3

0.50.7

0.9

1.11.3

1.51.7

1.9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24HOURS

WIN

D S

PEED

(m/s

)

Dec Jan Feb



Figure 4.27(b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month of December, 2007,

January, 2008 and February, 2008

15.0

17.0

19.0

21.0

23.0

25.027.0

29.031.0

33.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

HOURS

TEM

PER

ATU

RE 0 C

Dec Jan Feb

Figure 4.27(c) Hourly Variation of Average Relative Humidity Speed for the Month of December,

2007, January, 2008 and February, 2008

25.0

35.0

45.0

55.0

65.0

75.0

85.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24HOURS

REL

ATI

VE H

UM

IDIT

Y %

Dec Jan Feb



Figure 4.27(d) Hourly Variation of Average Solar Radiation for the Month of December, 2007,

January, 2008 And February, 2008

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19HOURS

SOLA

R R

AD

IATI

ON

(w/m2 )

Dec Jan Feb

Figure 4.28(a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month of

March, 2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24HOURS

WIN

D S

PEED

(m/s

)

March April May



Figure 4.28(b) Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month of


20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

32.0

34.0

36.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24HOURS

TEM

PER

ATU

RE 0 C

March April May

Figure 4.28(c) Hourly Variation of Average Relative Humidity Speed for the Month of


30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

HOURS

REL

ATI

VE H

UM

IDIT

Y %

March April May



Figure 4.28(d)

Hourly Variation of Average Solar Radiation for the Month of March, 2008, April, 2008 and May, 2008

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

800.0

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19HOURS

SOLA

R R

AD

IATI

ON

(w

/m2 )

March April May

Figure 4.29(a) Hourly Variation of Average Wind Speed for the Month Of June, 2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 and September, 2008

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

HOURS

WIN

D S

PEED

(m/s

)

June July Aug Sept



Figure 4.29(b)

Hourly Variation of Average Temperature for the Month Of June, 2008, July, 2008, August, 2008 and September, 2008

25.0

26.0

27.0

28.0

29.0

30.0

31.0

32.0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24HOURS

TEM

PER

ATU

RE 0 C

June July Aug Sept

Figure 4.29(c) Hourly Variation Of Average Relative Humidity For The Month Of June, 2008, July,

2008, August, 2008 And September, 2008

75

80

85

90

95

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24HOURS

REL

ATI

VE H

UM

IDIT

Y %

June July Aug Sept



Figure 4.30(a) Wind Rose For The Month Of November, 2007

Figure 4.30 (b) Wind Rose For The Month Of December, 2007

Figure 4.30(c)



Wind Rose For The Month Of January, 2008

Figure 4.30(d) Wind Rose For The Month Of February, 2008

Figure 4.30(e)



Wind Rose For The Month Of March, 2008

Figure 4.30(f) Wind Rose For The Month Of April, 2008

Figure 4.30(g)



Wind Rose For The Month Of May, 2008

Figure 4.30(h) Wind Rose For The Month Of June, 2008

Figure 4.30(i)



Wind Rose For The Month Of July, 2008

Figure 4.30(j) Wind Rose For The Month Of August, 2008

Figure 4.30(k)



Wind Rose For The Month Of September, 2008

Figure 4.30(l) Wind Rose For The Month Of October, 2008

Table 4.55

PROJECT NO.:

DATE: 11/7/2008

MODELER: C.E.S.E DEPARTMENT

COMPANY NAME: IIT BOMBAY,POWAI, MUMBAI - 400076

COMMENTS: PROMINENT WIND DIRECTION EAST NORTH EAST- EFFECT OF EASTERLY WINDS

WIND ROSE PLOT: WIND ROSE FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 2008

NORTH

SOUTH

WEST

EAST

0.6%

1.2%

1.8%

2.4%

3% DATA

PERIOD: 2008 Oct 1 - Oct 31 00:00 - 23:00

WI ND SPEED

(m/ s)

>=

1. 5

1.3

- 1.5

1.1

- 1.3

0.9

- 1.1

0.7

- 0.9

0.5

- 0.7

Calms: 86.25%

AVG. WIND SPEED: 0.14 m/s

CALM WINDS: 86.25%

TOTAL COUNT: 720 hrs.

DISPLAY: Wind Speed Direction (blowing from)



Table 4.57

Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season NUMBER OF DAYS WITH CLOUD COVER

MONTHS 0

(Oktas)

1-2

(Oktas)

3-5

(Oktas)

6-7

(Oktas)

8

(Oktas)

M 12 5 4 3 6 NOVEMBER,

2007 E 10 4 11 0 5

M 9 6 5 - 11 OCTOBER, 2008 E 8 7 2 1 13

M- Morning; E- Evening 0 Oktas - Clear Sky; 1-2 Oktas - Fine Sky; 3-5 Oktas- Partly Cloudy Sky; 6-7 Oktas-

Cloudy Sky; 8 Oktas – Overcast

Table 4.58 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area During Winter

Season NUMBER OF DAYS WITH CLOUD COVER

MONTHS 0

(Oktas)

1-2

(Oktas)

3-5

(Oktas)

6-7

(Oktas)

8

(Oktas)

M 9 11 5 2 4 DECEMBER,

2007 E 8 9 10 2 2

M 30 0 1 0 0 JANUARY,

2008 E 27 0 3 0 1

M 25 1 2 - 1 FEBRUARY,

2008 E 25 3 1 - -

M- Morning; E- Evening 0 Oktas - Clear Sky; 1-2 Oktas - Fine Sky; 3-5 Oktas- Partly Cloudy Sky; 6-7 Oktas-

Cloudy Sky; 8 Oktas - Overcast



Table 4.59 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area During Pre

Monsoon Season NUMBER OF DAYS WITH CLOUD COVER

MONTHS 0 1-2 3-5 6-7 8

M 11 4 4 4 8 MARCH,

2008 E 12 1 8 4 6

M 7 4 12 5 3 APRIL,

2008 E 7 5 9 6 3

M - 1 - 6 24 MAY,

2008 E - 2 - 3 26

M- Morning; E- Evening 0 Oktas - Clear Sky; 1-2 Oktas - Fine Sky; 3-5 Oktas- Partly Cloudy Sky; 6-7 Oktas- Cloudy Sky; 8 Oktas - Overcast

Table 4.60 Frequency Of Cloud Cover In Oktas Observed In The Project Area During Monsoon

Season

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH CLOUD COVER MONTHS

0 1-2 3-5 6-7 8

M - 2 - - 28 JUNE,

2008 E - - - - 30

M - - - - 31 JULY,

2008 E - - - - 31

M - - - - 31 AUGUST, 2008 E - - - - 31

M 1 3 2 1 23 SEPTEMBER, 2008 E 1 0 1 2 26



M- Morning; E- Evening 0 Oktas - Clear Sky; 1-2 Oktas - Fine Sky; 3-5 Oktas- Partly Cloudy Sky; 6-7 Oktas- Cloudy Sky; 8 Oktas - Overcast

Table 4.61(a)

Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of November’ 2007

Cloud Cover (November, 2007)

Date

Morning (6 am) (Oktas)

Type

Evening (6 pm) (Oktas)

Type

1/11/2007 8 Overcast 8 Overcast

2/11/2007 8 Overcast 3 Partly cloudy

3/11/2007 2 Fine 8 Overcast

4/11/2007 6 Cloudy 2 Fine

5/11/2007 8 Overcast 2 Fine

6/11/2007 0 Fine 5 Partly cloudy


8/11/2007 6 Cloudy 5 Partly cloudy

9/11/2007 5 Partly cloudy 1 Fine




13/11/2007 2 Fine 0 Fine



16/11/2007 5 Partly cloudy 5 Partly cloudy

17/11/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine

18/11/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine




20/11/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine

21/11/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine

22/11/2007 0 Fine 2 Fine

23/11/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine

24/11/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine



27/11/2007 0 Fine 1 Fine

28/11/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine

29/11/2007 4 Partly cloudy 8 Overcast


0 Oktas - Clear Sky; 1-2 Oktas - Fine Sky; 3-5 Oktas- Partly Cloudy Sky; 6-7 Oktas- Cloudy Sky; 8 Oktas - Overcast

Table 4.61(b) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of December, 2007

Cloud Cover (December, 2007)

Date

Morning (6 am) (Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm) (Oktas)

Type




4/12/2007 3 Partly cloudy 7 Cloudy


6/12/2007 8 Overcast 7 Cloudy





9/12/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine

10/21/2007 0 Fine 0 Fine

11/12/2007 0 Fine 2 Fine

12/12/2007 0 Fine 2 Fine



15/12/2007 2 Fine 0 Fine

16/12/2007 0 Fine 2 Fine


18/12/2007 1 Fine 2 Fine

19/12/2007 2 Fine 0 Fine

20/12/2007 3 Partly cloudy 8 Overcast


22/12/2007 2 Fine 0 Fine



25/12/2007 0 Fine 2 Fine

26/12/2007 0 Fine 2 Fine



29/12/2007 0 Fine 2 Fine

30/12/2007 2 Fine 0 Fine

31/12/2007 2 Fine 0 Fine



0 Oktas - Clear Sky; 1-2 Oktas - Fine Sky; 3-5 Oktas- Partly Cloudy Sky; 6-7 Oktas- Cloudy Sky; 8 Oktas – Overcast

Table 4.61 (c)

Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of January, 2008 Cloud Cover (January, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type

1/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

2/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

3/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

4/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

5/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

6/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

7/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

8/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

9/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

10/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine



13/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

14/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

15/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

16/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

17/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine




19/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

20/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

21/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

22/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

23/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine


25/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

26/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

27/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

28/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

29/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine


31/01/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine


Table 4.61(d)

Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of February, 2008

Cloud Cover (February, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type

1/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

2/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine


4/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

5/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine



6/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

7/02/2008 2 Fine 2 Fine

8/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

9/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

10/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

11/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

12/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

13/02/2008 4 Partly Cloudy 0 Fine

14/02/2008 3 Partly Cloudy 4 Partly Cloudy

15/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

16/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

17/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

18/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

19/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

20/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

21/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

22/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

23/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

24/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

25/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

26/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

27/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

28/02/2008 0 Fine 2 Fine

29/02/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine




Table 4.61 (e) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of March, 2008

Cloud Cover (March, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type

1/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

2/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

3/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

4/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

5/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

6/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

7/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

8/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine





13/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

14/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

15/03/2008 2 Fine 2 Fine


17/03/2008 6 Cloudy 8 Overcast

18/03/2008 6 Cloudy 4 Partly Cloudy

19/03/2008 6 Cloudy 4 Partly Cloudy



20/03/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine


22/3/2008 8 Overcast 4 Partly Cloudy


24/03/2008 5 Partly Cloudy 6 Cloudy




28/03/2008 2 Fine 0 Fine



31/03/2008 2 Fine 4 Partly Cloudy


Table 4.61(f) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of April, 2008

Cloud Cover (April, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type

1/04/2008 2 Fine 1 Fine












11/04/2008 6 Cloudy 2 Fine


13/04/2008 2 Fine 2 Fine

14/04/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

15/04/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

16/04/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

17/04/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

18/04/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

19/04/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine



22/04/2008 7 Cloudy 0 Fine

23/04/2008 0 Fine 2 Fine

24/04/2008 7 Cloudy 7 Cloudy










Table 4.61 (g)

Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of May, 2008

Cloud Cover (May, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type




























26/05/2008 2 Fine 2 Fine







Table 4.61 (h) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of June, 2008

Cloud Cover (June, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type




































Table 4.61 (i)

Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The Month Of July, 2008

Cloud Cover (July, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type



































Table 4.61 (j) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of August, 2008

Cloud Cover (August, 2008) Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas) Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas) Type





































Table 4.61 (k) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of September, 2008

Cloud Cover (September, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type

























23/09/2008 2 Fine 0 Fine


25/09/2008 4 Partly Cloudy 8 Overcast



28/09/2008 0 Fine 6 Cloudy




Table 4.61 (l) Type Of Cloud Cover Observed During The

Month Of October, 2008

Cloud Cover (June, 2008)

Date Morning (6 am)

(Oktas)

Type Evening (6 pm)

(Oktas)

Type







7/10/2008 2 Fine 6 Cloudy








13/10/2008 2 Fine 2 Fine

14/10/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

15/10/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

16/10/2008 0 Fine 2 Fine








24/10/2008 0 Fine 2 Fine

25/10/2008 2 Fine 0 Fine

26/10/2008 2 Fine 0 Fine

27/10/2008 0 Fine 2 Fine

28/10/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

29/10/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

30/10/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine

31/10/2008 0 Fine 0 Fine




Table 4.62 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During

Post Monsoon Season

M- Morning; E- Evening

NUMBER OF DAYS WITH VISIBILITY

MONTH 0-100

(m)

100-300

(m)

300-500

(m)

500-800

(m)

800-1000

(m)

1000-2000

(m)

2000-3000

(m)

3000-3500

(m)

M 0 11 15 4 0 0 0 0 N

O

V

2007

E 0 2 26 2 0 0 0 0

M 0 0 9 22 0 0 0 0 O

C

T

2008

E 0 0 0 1 7 23 0 0



Table 4.63

Visibility Observed Within Study Area During

Winter Season


MONTH 0-100

(m)

100-300

(m)

300-500

(m)

500-800

(m)

800-1000

(m)

1000-2000

(m)

2000-3000

(m)

3000-3500

(m)

M 5 19 6 1 0 0 0 0 D

E

C

2007

E 2 12 10 7 0 0 0 0

M 24 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 J

A

N

2008

E 3 23 4 3 0 0 0 0

M 24 4 1 8 0 0 0 0 F

E

B

2008

E 0 1 10 18 0 0 0 0



Table 4.64

Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Pre Monsoon Season


MONTH 0-100

(m)

100-300

(m)

300-500

(m)

500-800

(m)

800-1000

(m)

1000-2000

(m)

2000-3000

(m)

3000-3500

(m)

M 24 4 1 8 0 0 0 0 F

E

B

2008

E 0 1 10 18 0 0 0 0

M 16 11 3 1 0 0 0 0 M

A

R

2008

E 0 0 2 26 3 0 0 0

M 21 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 A

P

R

2008

E 1 0 11 15 3 0 0 0

M 2 11 8 2 3 4 1 0 M

A

Y

2008

E 0 0 0 4 11 14 1 1




Table 4.65 Visibility Observed Within Study Area During Monsoon Season


MONTH 0-300

(m)

300-500

(m)

500-800

(m)

800-1000

(m)

1000-1500

(m)

1500-2000

(m)

2000-2500

(m)

2500-3500

(m)

M 1 9 8 5 5 2 - - JUNE

2008 E 2 2 3 6 6 5 6 -

M 5 5 11 6 3 1 - - JULY

2008 E 4 - 3 13 7 3 1 -

M - 1 13 14 1 2 - - AUG

2008 E - - 1 2 16 12 - -

M 2 5 18 5 0 0 0 0 SEPT

2008 E 0 0 0 1 13 14 1 1


4.10 Noise Environment

4.10.1 Ambient Noise Quality

Noise is typically defined as sound that is unwanted, as perceived by a

listener. Noise quality monitoring stations (Fig 4.31) were selected based on

different noise generating sources and type of receptor environment in the

project area. The list of sites selected for noise monitoring in the project

area is given in Table 4.66. The sound level meter was placed 1.2 to 1.5m

above ground level and at lEast 3m away from sound reflecting sources like

walls etc in the outdoor environment. Measurements were taken for 24 hrs

at twelve locations during the month of January, 2008 (post monsoon

season) April, 2008 (pre monsoon season) and October, 2008 (monsoon

season) to establish representative background (existing noise level).



Fig 4.31

Location of Noise quality monitoring stations

N2

N1

N10

N9

N8

N7

N12

N6

N5

N4

N3

N11



Table 4.66 Locations of Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring stations in and around the project

site

Sr. No. Station Name Category of area

1 Ambuja Cement Limited Industrial area

2 CIDCO Bhavan, CBD Belapur Commercial area

3 Palaspa Junction Commercial area

4 Teen Tank Gavanphata Commercial area

5 Panvel CIDCO Office Residential Area (Mixed category)

6 Kharghar Nodal Office Residential Area

7 Panchsheel Guest House Residential Area

8 Pargaon School Sensitive area (Mixed category)

9 MES School Sensitive area (Mixed category)

10 MGM Hospital, Kalamboli Sensitive area (Mixed category)

11 Swapna Nagri Residential Area (Mixed category)

12 Karnala Bird Sanctuary Sensitive area



Ambient noise standard prescribed by CPCB for different land uses is given in Table 4.67

Table 4.67 Ambient Noise Quality Standards

Limits in dB (A) Leq Sr. No Category of Area

Day Timeb Night Timec

1. Industrial area 75 70

2. Commercial area 65 55

3. Residential area 55 45

4. dSensitive area 50 40

aMixed categories of areas should be declared as one of the four above mentioned

categories by the Competent Authority and the corresponding standards shall apply.

bDay time is reckoned in between 6.00 AM and 9.00 PM.

cNight time is reckoned in between 9.00 PM and 6.00 AM.

dSensitive area is defined as areas up to 100 meters around such premises as

hospitals, educational institutions and courts.

4.10.2 Equivalent Continuous Sound Levels

Though there are a huge number of indices in use worldwide, use of

equivalent continuous level (Leq) is the best noise index. The Leq is an ‘A’

weighted average measure of sound pressure levels over a given period of

time. It is a logarithmic variable and, therefore, not linearly additive.

Moreover, all noise prediction models give Leq value. This is because; Leq is

independent of the statistics of the traffic flow.



The Leq can be calculated based on equation as given below.

Leq = 10 log2

1

10/10

n

i

LpAifi -------------------------------(4.6.1)

where LpAi is the dBA level and fi is the ith fraction of time that LpAi is in

progress. Hourly Leq values for post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon

seasons are given in Table 4.68(a), 4.68(b), 4.68(c)

Leq values recorded for various stations in study area during daytime (6.00

AM and 9.00 PM) and nighttime (9.00 PM and 6.00 AM) were observed to

be in the range of 48.7 dBA to 72.2 dBA and 46.4 dBA to 72.4 dBA

respectively during post monsoon season whereas during pre monsoon

season it was observed to be in the range of 54.2 dBA to 74.3 dBA

(daytime) and 49.2 dBA to 74.9 dBA (nighttime) wherwas during mansoon

season it was observed to be in the range of 49.3 dBAto 78.8 dBA (daytime)

and 46.0 dBA to 66.3 dBA (nighttime).

Leq values recorded for industrial area during daytime was 61.6, 57.1

and57.8 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. Leq values recorded for industrial area during nighttime was

59.2, 57.6 and 55.1 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon

season respectively. Leq values recorded for industrial area during three

seasons were well within the limits prescribed for industrial area.

Leq values recorded for commercial area during daytime were found to be in

the range of 56.6 dBA to 72.2 dBA, 62.6 dBA to 74.3 dBA and 71.3 dBA to

72.4 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season (dry

days) respectively. Leq values recorded for commercial area during nighttime

were found to be in the range of 53.3 dBA to 72.4 dBA, 59.7 dBA to 74.9

dBA and 61.0 dBA to 66.3 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and

monsoon season respectively. Leq values recorded at CBD Belapur during

daytime and nighttime were found to be well within the limit during post

monsoon season whereas, during pre monsoon season it was within the

prescribed standard for daytime while for nighttime it exceeded slightly and

during mansoon season it exceeded the limit during daytime as well as



nighttime. This could be due to traffic noise as it is a Central Business

District of Navi Mumbai and house several economic and Government

administrative and private company’s offices. This area is one of the fastest

developing regions in Navi Mumbai hence, road construction activities and

commercial construction projects further contribute to the noise level.

The noise levels at traffic junctions such as Phalaspa and Gavanphata were

exceeding the limits during daytime as well as nighttime during post

monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season. The night time noise levels

at teen tank Gavanphata exceeded the standard during all the seasons

while the daytime values exceeded the standard only during monsoon

season. Gavanphata was selected nearby a traffic junction. Hence, noise

due to vehicle will be main source at this location. Movement of heavy

vehicles on the up terrain also creates a noisy environment at this location.

The road construction activities going around Gavanphata further augment

the noise level at this traffic junction. Continuous movement of heavy

vehicles particularly diesel engine vehicles during daytime as well as nigh

time contributed to higher noise level at Phalaspa station also. The

background noise will be relatively less during night time and hence, noises

at nearby sources will be more predominant. Hence the noise level recorded

at three stations in commercial area remains high even during nighttime.

Sound levels recorded for residential area during daytime were found to be

in the range of 48.7 dBA to 65.7 dBA, 54.2 dBA to 67.6 dBA and 49.3 dBA

to 78.8 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. Leq values recorded for residential area during nighttime were

found to be in the range of 46.4 dBA to 59.1 dBA, 49.2 dBA to 69.6 dBA and

46.0 dBA to 63.0 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon

season respectively. Leq values recorded at Swapna Nagri during daytime

were found to be well within the limit whereas it was exceeded the limit

during nighttime during all the seasons. During pre monsoon season Leq

values recorded at Swapna Nagri were exceeded the limit during daytime as

well as nighttime. Swapna Nagri is well known Bollywood shooting place

hence, noise due to film shooting created noisy environment at Swapna



Nagri. The noise levels recorded at Panvel, Kharghar, and Panchsheel

locations were exceeding the limits during daytime as well as nighttime

during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon seasons. This could be

due to domestic noise as well as traffic noise at these areas. The higher

noise level at these places could be due to high rise buildings located close

to each other which would not allow dispersion of noise and caused

magnified sound. The high noise level at Panchsheel could be due to its

close proximity to Sion-Panvel highway and Amra Marg.

Leq values recorded for sensitive area during daytime were found to be in

the range of 49.5 dBA to 71.0 dBA, 57.9 dBA to 68.3 dBA and 62.5 dBA to

68.3 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season

respectively. Leq values recorded for sensitive area during nighttime were

found to be in the range of 48.7 dBA to 60.1 dBA, 50.8 dBA to 70.4 dBA and

49.6 dBA to 65.6 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon


Leq values recorded at Karnala Bird Sanctuary during nighttime was found

to be above the limits prescribed for sensitive zone but during daytime of

post monsoon season it was slightly below the standard. The noise levels

recorded at Karnala Bird Sanctuary during pre monsoon and monsoon

season were exceeded the limits during daytime as well as nighttime.

Karnala Bird Sanctuary is near Mumbai-Goa National Highway (NH) 17 and

continuous vehicular movement and hence traffic noise at this National

Highway caused an increase in noise level at Karnala Bird Sanctuary. The

tourist and visitors parked their vehicles inside the sanctuary at the bottom

of the fort, hence vehicular movement, horns, and loud music played by

visitors further contributed to the noise level. Karnala Fort and the forest

favoured echoing of vehicular sound at this area. This noise level can affect

the wildlife at Karnala. Noise level recorded at Kalamboli, and Pargaon were

exceeding the limits during daytime as well as nighttime. Noise level at

Kalamboli area was exceeded 57 dBA above 90% of the time. Though,

Kalamboli is a sensitive area it is one kilometer away from National Highway

(NH) 4 and the Mumbai-Pune Expressway and is connected to these



highways by an eight-lane road. Hence, continuous vehicular movement,

traffic congestion and horns were responsible for high noise level at

Kalamboli. The background noise will be relatively less during night time and

hence, noises at nearby sources will be more predominant. Hence the noise

level recorded at these stations in sensitive area remains high even during

nighttime. The noise level at MES school also exceeded the standard during

day and night time during all the seasons because of vehicular movement

due to school buses and other transport vehicles near the premises which is

located in a residential area.

Table 4.68(a) Hourly Leq Values At Various Location Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

Location Hourly Leq values

Ambuja Cement Ltd (dBA)

CIDCO Bhavan Belapur (dBA)

Phalaspa Junction (dBA)

Gavan- Phata (dBA)

Panvel CIDCO Office (dBA)

Kharghar Nodal Office (dBA)

Panchsheel Guest House (dBA)

Swapna Nagri (dBA)

Pargaon High School (dBA)

MES School Panvel (dBA)

MGM Hospital Kalamboli (dBA)

Karnala Bird Sanctuary (dBA)

6.00 AM 60.7 57.9 71.6 60.2 70.6 62.2 62.3 47.9 56.7 55.7 62.3 47.2

7.00 AM 60.8 57.9 71.8 59.5 70.8 62.3 66.0 47.9 59.2 59.0 64.7 48.3

8.00 AM 67.8 57.7 71.8 61.2 68.1 62.3 67.6 48.2 61.3 57.0 63.7 49.7

9.00 AM 66.6 57.6 72.5 63.5 64.9 63.6 60.6 48.2 64.9 57.4 61.8 45.7

10.00 AM 62.1 57.1 71.7 67.1 63.3 63.9 59.8 48.3 79.7 74.5 61.7 45.1

11.00 AM 65.3 57.3 69.6 62.1 66.2 64.5 58.6 48.3 73.0 64.7 62.2 51.9

12.00 AM 57.5 56.1 72.5 64.9 64.2 62.0 58.6 46.6 66.3 61.5 60.1 50.3

13.00 PM 57.8 54.1 71.7 65.7 64.5 60.8 63.1 49.2 67.4 62.4 64.2 51.1

14.00 58.5 57.3 75.2 61.3 64.6 61.2 59.7 49.2 70.2 58.7 65.2 50.8



PM

15.00 PM 56.4 53.5 65.5 63.2 64.6 62.5 60.9 49.5 68.4 60.6 64.0 48.7

16.00 PM 55.7 56.3 69.1 65.8 62.4 61.8 61.7 48.4 71.0 62.8 66.7 48.8

17.00 PM 55.0 56.9 71.3 63.1 65.9 59.7 63.3 47.6 64.5 60.8 63.7 49.4

18.00 PM 54.0 56.7 74.1 61.3 63.3 60.5 62.9 50.1 60.9 61.9 64.2 47.1

19.00 PM 57.7 54.4 74.3 63.7 67.0 60.8 59.2 48.7 61.7 66.5 63.0 48.5

20.00 PM

56.2 55.6 71.6 66.8 64.8 62.9 61.7 50.5 61.1 63.0 63.0 49.2

21.00 PM

56.2 59.6 71.8 64.7 56.9 61.4 61.8 44.9 63.0 64.9 60.0 50.7

22.00 PM

56.1 55.9 74.6 63.3 59.1 60.7 58.5 45.1 58.3 60.2 62.0 48.5

23.00 PM

55.4 54.7 76.5 65.8 57.0 58.6 57.7 44.8 57.1 57.7 61.9 48.5

24.00 PM

57.7 48.8 67.4 64.8 51.6 59.1 57.9 46.2 55.4 56.1 58.8 50.0

1.00 AM

57.5 47.2 72.6 64.9 51.7 55.8 64.6 44.7 57.8 48.8 59.1 49.1

2.00 AM

60.9 47.0 70.6 58.2 51.6 55.5 56.3 45.8 53.4 50.0 59.2 50.8

3.00 AM

59.9 47.0 67.9 62.2 51.6 54.3 53.3 47.3 55.6 49.4 59.3 47.8

4.00 AM

60.5 47.8 68.1 57.9 51.6 57.8 53.1 46.4 52.2 50.1 59.3 48.8

5.00 AM

60.0 54.1 72.9 61.5 52.4 56.5 57.9 47.0 55.7 52.1 59.8 46.7

6.00 AM

60.8 58.5 71.8 61.2 54.9 62.8 59.4 48.7 55.7 52.3 60.1 50.6



Table 4.68(b)

Hourly Leq Values At Various Location Of The Project AreaDuring Pre Monsoon Season





Gavan- Phata (dBA)



Panchshel Guest House (dBA)

Swapna Nagri (dBA)





6.00 AM 57.9 62.1 68.7 64.6 62.3 60.8 57.9 53.8 57.3 60.1 61.2 77.8

7.00 AM 58.3 68.3 71.4 64.7 65.3 62.1 60.4 56.7 61.3 60.4 63.5 78.9

8.00 AM 54.5 60.8 71.9 63.0 65.6 63.8 63.8 63.4 58.8 60.6 69.0 66.5

9.00 AM 53.9 60.3 65.0 63.2 64.5 63.7 56.3 53.2 60.3 60.3 71.2 56.9

10.00 AM 52.9 62.2 71.0 62.9 63.6 68.1 53.1 49.6 62.3 64.9 65.7 58.8

11.00 AM 57.5 62.6 84.2 65.4 63.6 65.8 53.5 51.1 58.2 59.5 68.5 60.7

12.00 AM 56.0 62.9 69.8 61.0 63.0 66.3 55.8 49.9 55.6 59.1 64.3 56.8

13.00 PM 57.5 61.2 65.8 63.5 68.6 62.8 53.6 48.9 59.9 59.2 65.7 63.6

14.00 PM 60.0 62.3 73.3 60.3 65.7 65.0 54.2 49.3 59.7 60.8 67.0 59.5

15.00 PM 59.5 60.3 71.6 64.6 62.2 65.1 56.6 50.5 61.8 61.9 64.1 63.3

16.00 PM 59.1 63.3 66.9 64.1 72.1 63.7 57.7 50.2 56.6 59.1 69.0 63.6

17.00 PM 55.4 62.2 70.6 63.3 70.9 61.0 56.6 53.1 61.8 56.5 65.9 66.8

18.00 PM 57.4 62.1 69.1 63.7 72.8 61.3 62.5 47.3 61.1 60.3 71.7 64.1

19.00 PM 56.9 61.9 69.6 63.7 65.5 59.4 51.6 47.4 55.6 62.8 71.4 59.9



20.00 PM 56.1 59.7 67.6 61.2 66.1 59.6 55.8 48.4 59.7 64.5 64.9 54.9

21.00 PM 54.8 59.0 70.8 59.7 63.7 58.3 54.6 46.6 59.5 61.6 64.6 55.7

22.00 PM 54.0 58.9 68.0 63.3 59.6 59.5 49.4 50.8 49.4 68.3 61.5 53.3

23.00 PM

53.1 59.5 68.4 59.5 58.1 58.4 48.0 46.2 48.0 65.9 61.5 51.4

24.00 PM

57.2 57.5 67.6 60.1 50.5 60.6 47.0 47.2 47.0 62.5 59.9 52.4

1.00 AM

58.2 57.1 64.6 60.1 44.8 57.4 46.4 51.7 46.4 57.3 59.3 51.3

2.00 AM

56.8 58.2 63.8 59.2 50.9 57.6 45.6 46.1 45.6 57.9 63.2 50.2

3.00 AM

55.9 60.3 60.5 56.8 73.7 57.9 49.2 45.3 49.2 56.7 60.8 52.2

4.00 AM

55.8 55.8 67.9 59.8 76.2 58.9 47.1 46.4 47.1 63.8 58.5 52.2

5.00 AM

57.4 59.6 66.7 83.4 69.8 58.7 54.0 49.3 54.0 66.2 60.1 52.0

6.00 AM

62.5 64.3 64.3 77.2 67.7 64.3 56.2 52.8 56.2 69.4 59.3 79.9



Table 4.68(c) Hourly Leq Values At Various Locations Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season





Gavan- Phata (dBA)



Panchshel Guest House (dBA)

Swapna Nagri (dBA)





6.00 AM

54.2 64.3 68.3 62.3 62.8 61.3 58.9 49.7 51.6 58.4 63.3 50.2

7.00 AM

55.2 67.6 67.2 65.2 63.5 61.8 57.9 50.9 53.8 59.9 67.6 52.0

8.00 AM

58.6 66.0 69.3 62.1 69.1 61.7 55.1 51.1 57.9 65.5 66.0 55.4

9.00 AM

57.6 80.8 71.0 64.3 77.2 61.9 55.0 51.1 64.3 68.0 80.8 56.4

10.00 M

57.9 61.5 69.7 78.4 72.0 61.7 58.8 47.8 58.9 67.5 61.5 49.2

11.00 AM

58.0 66.3 71.4 70.8 87.3 62.7 55.0 51.3 63.6 66.9 66.3 75.7

12.00 AM

57.8 71.8 66.6 63.3 74.7 61.5 56.0 50.5 60.3 66.9 71.8 68.3

13.00 PM

58.9 68.5 63.3 68.0 74.1 64.3 52.1 46.4 69.6 67.3 68.5 48.1

14.00 PM

59.7 62.4 67.7 61.1 75.6 60.3 54.3 46.2 57.8 62.8 62.4 69.5

15.00 PM

55.8 61.1 70.4 68.6 64.2 60.2 51.1 48.7 63.5 62.6 61.1 55.2

16.00 PM

56.0 67.7 73.1 80.0 79.6 57.8 51.8 47.1 58.9 63.3 67.7 51.9

17.00 PM

59.0 61.2 71.0 72.3 84.9 58.6 53.3 52.3 59.4 66.2 61.2 65.8

18.00 PM

55.4 64.4 73.5 67.0 65.1 59.7 57.6 46.6 62.3 73.4 64.4 51.9

19.00 PM

58.6 60.8 76.0 72.9 74.8 62.2 60.9 48.2 64.6 75.1 60.8 54.0

20.00 PM

58.2 75.2 74.1 69.6 62.2 58.1 53.5 48.0 55.5 65.0 75.2 52.7



21.00 PM

57.5 60.7 68.5 63.4 63.7 60.5 50.3 46.2 53.4 62.4 60.7 53.3

22.00 PM

58.0 61.5 69.1 63.9 63.3 57.5 49.6 48.6 53.6 69.0 61.5 50.5

23.00 PM

57.0 64.5 60.4 61.0 64.9 56.4 49.5 44.8 50.0 61.4 64.5 48.4

24.00 PM

55.3 56.8 61.9 58.2 51.0 54.8 49.0 44.2 50.3 55.6 56.8 46.5

1.00 AM

54.1 63.6 66.4 60.7 55.1 55.4 49.9 43.9 50.1 55.0 63.6 50.0

2.00 AM

54.0 56.1 69.0 65.3 53.3 56.0 49.8 44.4 49.5 55.3 56.1 52.1

3.00 AM

54.1 55.3 61.8 58.8 64.6 56.5 48.0 44.3 49.8 54.1 55.3 47.3

4.00 AM

53.5 56.9 67.6 64.4 55.2 55.3 48.6 44.1 49.3 54.8 56.9 47.8

5.00 AM

53.3 57.3 66.0 62.2 67.5 56.0 50.3 44.3 51.9 54.2 57.3 49.7

6.00 AM

54.3 64.3 66.3 62.9 65.5 66.2 61.6 49.7 53.6 67.1 64.3 51.0

4.10.3 Traffic Noise Index

The major contribution to noise in the study area comes from vehicular

traffic. Therefore, noise data is also used for finding Traffic Noise index

(TNI). TNI is the A weighted sound level sampled at numerous discrete

intervals over 24 hours study period. TNI is a weighted combination of L10

and L90. It describes the noise level and fluctuant characteristic. It has good

relativity with subjective response of public and can be used to evaluate

disturbance of a mass of traffic volume to public. Value of 74 dB (A) is

defined as threshold limit for out door noise level. TNI was calculated for

daytime and nighttime period using the equation as given below.

TNI = 4 (L10-L90) + L90-30 ----------------------------------- (4.6.2)



where, L10 = 90 per cent of the area under the histogram, L90 = 10 per cent

of the area under the histogram.

Traffic Noise Index for various receptor environments was calculated and

the results obtained are given in Table 4.69(a),4.69(b),4.69(c). TNI

calculated for industrial area was 50.8 dBA, 55.4 dBA and 46.2 dBA during

post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively. TNI

calculated for commercial area were found to be in range of 54.2 dBA to

79.9 dBA, 61.2 dBA to 88.6 dBA and 75.3 to 87.2 dBA during post

monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively. TNI calculated

for residential area were found to be in range of 31.5 dBA to 84.4 dBA, 53.3

dBA to 113.3 dBA and 47.5 to 126.9 dBA during post monsoon, pre

monsoon and monsoon season respectively. TNI calculated for sensitive

area were found to be in range of 74.1 dBA to 98.0 dBA, 44.3 dBA to 97.8

dBA and 60.6 to 110.2 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and


4.10.4 Noise Pollution Index (NPI)

In order to predict the physical attribute of traffic noise and subjective

response of people, noise pollution index, NPI is calculated from Equation

as given below.

NPI = 100xLL

b

eq ------------------------------------------------(4.6.3)

where, Lb is baseline value and taken as 75 dBA for high annoyance

outdoors . The index ranges and respective categories are as shown Table 4.70.



Table 4.70

Index Ranges

These noise descriptor categories and noise index ranges were derived

from traffic noise data collected for 15 years and a social survey. Noise

Pollution Index calculated for various locations in project area and the result

is given in Table 4.69(a),4.69(b),4.69(c)

NPI obtained for industrial area was 88.9 dBA to 107.6 dBA, 80.8 dBA to

105.5 dBA, and 88.9 to 107.6 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and

monsoon season respectively. NPI calculated for residential area were

found to be in range of 75.7 dBA to 101.1 dBA, 71.7 dBA to 87.9 dBA, and

75.7 to 101.1 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon

season respectively. NPI calculated for sensitive area were found to be in

range of 73.7 dBA to 92.8 dBA, 79.1 dBA to 102.1 dBA and 79.1 to 102.1

dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively.

The industrial area belongs to the rather noisy category whereas whereas

commercial area, residential area and sensitive area belong to rather noisy

to very noisy category. The main noise generating sources were local

vehicles and these sources were not free to radiate sound in all direction but

localized at monitoring stations only.

Grade Description Index

1 No noisy <60

2 Little noisy 60-67

3 Noisy 67-75

4 Rather noisy 75-100

5 Very noisy >100



4.10.5 Average Noise Level

Different receptor environment were monitored during daytime and night

time and Leq values of each station have been calculated separately using

the above equation for Leq. Average noise level of the project area during

day time was calculated using the Equation as given below.

LeqPa(D) = 10 log (10Leq I(D)/10+ 10LeqC(D)/10+ 10LeqR(D)/10 +10LeqS(D)/10) -----

(4.6.4)

where, LeqPa (D) is equivalent continuous sound level (average) during

nighttime in the project area.

LeqI(D), LeqC(D), LeqR(D) and LeqS(D) are equivalent continuous sound level

during daytime in industrial, commercial, residential and sensitive areas

respectively.

Similarly, average noise level of the project area during nighttime is also

calculated and the results of the noise analysis are given in Table 4.71(a) to 4.71(c ).

The average noise levels calculated for industrial area during daytime were

were 34.8 dBA, 36.8 dBA and 35.1 dBA whereas during night time it were

35.0 dBA, 35.7 dBA and 33.9 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and

monsoon season respectively. The average noise levels calculated for

commercial area during daytime were were 44.4 dBA , 43.5 dBA and 45.9

dBA whereas during night time it were 43.3 dBA, 44.7 dBA and 42.4 dBA


The average noise levels calculated for residential area during daytime were 43.0 dBA, 42.5 dBA and 45.4 dBA whereas during night time it were were 42.4 dBA, 40.3 dBA and 40.9 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and monsoon season respectively..

The average noise levels calculated for residential area during daytime were

42.5 dBA, 43.0 dBA and 45.4 dBA whereas during night time it were 40.3

dBA, 42.4 dBA and 40.9 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and




The average noise levels calculated for sensitive area during daytime were

44.2 dBA, 44.2 dBA and 44.8 dBA whereas during night time it were 40.2

dBA, 43.0 dBA and 40.8 dBA during post monsoon, pre monsoon and

monsoon season respectively. The overall average noise level during

daytime in the project area was 34.3dBA, 34.4 dBA and 35.0 dBA and

during nighttime it was 33.5 dBA, 34.2 dBA and 33.4 dBA during post


The average noise levels for industrial, commercial, residential and sensitive

areas are well within the limits though Leq values recorded at individual

stations showed high noise levels. This could be due to the fact that the

main noise generating sources were local vehicles and these sources were

not free to radiate sound in all direction but localized at monitoring stations

only.



Table 4.69(a) Areawise Noise Characteristrics In The Project Area

During Post Monsoon Season (January, 2008)

Sr. No. Station

Traffic Noise

Index (TNI)

Noise pollution

Index (NPI)

Average noise

level (D)

Average noise

level (N)

Industrial Area

1 Ambuja Cement Limited 50.8 85.3 34.8 35.0 Commercial Areas

2 CBD Belapur 54.2 88.9 3 Palaspa Junction 79.9 100.3 4 Teen Tank Gavanphata 64.9 107.6

44.4 44.7

Residential Areas

5 Panvel CIDCO Office 113.3 101.1 6 Kharghar Nodal office 65.9 89.5

7 Panchsheel Guest House 75.3 79.1

8 Swapna Nagri 53.3 75.7

43 42.4

Sensitive Areas 9 Pargaon School 75.3 79.1

10 MES School, New Panvel 83.0 84.3

11 MGM Hospital, Kalamboli 74.1 92.4

12 Karnala Bird Sanctuary 98.0 102.1

44.2 43.0

Total Project Area 34.4 34.2



Table 4.69(b) Areawise Noise Characteristrics In The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

(April, 2008)

Sr. No. Station

Traffic Noise

Index (TNI)

Noise pollution

Index (NPI)

Average noise

level (D)

Average noise

level (N)

Industrial Area


2 CBD Belapur 61.2 80.8 3 Palaspa Junction 88.6 105.5 4 Teen Tank Gavanphata 68.0 92.7

43.5 43.3

Residential Areas

5 Panvel CIDCO Office 84.4 87.1 6 Kharghar Nodal office 57.8 87.9


8 Swapna Nagri 31.5 71.7

42.5 40.3

Sensitive Areas 9 Pargaon School 97.8 92.8



12 Karnala Bird Sanctuary 44.3 73.7

44.2 40.2

Total Project Area 34.3 33.5



Table 4.69(c) Areawise Noise Characteristrics In The Project Area During Monsoon Season

(October, 2008)

Sr. No. Station

Traffic Noise

Index (TNI)

Noise pollution

Index (NPI)

Average noise

level (D)

Average noise

level (N)

Industrial Area


2 CBD Belapur 75.3 88.9 45.9 42.4 3 Palaspa Junction 84.4 100.3 4 Teen Tank Gavanphata 87.2 107.6 Residential Areas

5 Panvel CIDCO Office 126.9 101.1 45.4 40.9 6 Kharghar Nodal office 66.9 89.5


8 Swapna Nagri 47.5 75.7 Sensitive Areas

9 Pargaon School 79.9 79.1 44.8 40.8



12 Karnala Bird Sanctuary 60.6 102.1 Total Project Area 35.0 33.4



Ambient noise standard prescribed by CPCB for different land uses is given

in Table 4.72

Table 4.72

Ambient Noise Quality Standards

Limits in dB (A) Leq Sr. No Category of Area

Day Time Night Time

1. Industrial area 75 70

2. Commercial area 65 55

3. Residential area 55 45

4. cSensitive area 50 40

aMixed categories of areas should be declared as one of the four above mentioned

categories by the Competent Authority and the corresponding standards shall apply.

bDay time is reckoned in between 6.00 AM and 9.00 PM.

cNight time is reckoned in between 9.00 PM and 6.00 AM.

dSensitive area is defined as areas up to 100 meters around such premises as

hospitals, educational institutions and courts.



Table 4.71(a) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area During Post Monsoon Season

Sr.

No. Station Ldn

dB(A) Leq (d)

dB(A)

Leq (n)

dB(A)

L10

dB(A)

L50

dB(A)

L90

dB(A)

Lmax

dB(A)

Lmin

dB(A)

Industrial Area

1. Ambuja Cement Limited 66.0 61.6 59.2 61.7 57.7 53.8 75.0 49.8

Commercial Areas

2. CBD Belapur 60.6 56.6 53.3 58.2 55.5 47.2 62.6 45.1

3. Palaspa Junction 79.1 72.2 72.4 76.3 69.1 62.2 82.0 54.9

4. Teen Tank

Gavanphata 69.5 64.1 62.9 67.1 61.8 56.8 73.2 50.4

Residential Areas

5. Panvel CIDCO Office 65.3 65.7 54.5 67.3 60.6 51.6 73.7 51.6

6. Kharghar Nodal office 65.9 62.2 58.7 63.8 59.9 55.8 69.3 51.2

7. Panchsheel Guest House 65.9 61.0 59.1 63.6 57.6 51.6 70.4 51.6

8. Swapna Nagri 53.8 48.7 46.4 49.2 46.2 45.1 51.6 48.5

Sensitive Areas

9. Pargaon School 69.6 71.0 56.0 71.1 60.7 52.2 82.4 47.8

10. MES School, New Panvel 65.2 65.4 54.8 65.4 57.8 49.8 81.9 46.6

11 MGM Hospital, Kalamboli 67.2 63.6 60.1 64.9 61.2 57.6 71.7 54.1

12 Karnala Bird Sanctuary 55.3 49.5 48.7 51.8 48.7 44.3 56.5 40.5



Leq (d) - The average integrated sound level recorded in day time from 6.00 AM and 9.00 PM

Leq (n) - The average integrated sound level accumulated from 9.00 PM and 6.00 AM

Ldn-The average sound pressure over a 24 hours study period (Day/Night sound level)

L10- The sound pressure level exceeded for 10% of the time over a 24 hours study period



Table 4.71(b) Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area During Pre Monsoon Season

Sr.

No. Station Ldn

dB(A) Leq (d)

dB(A)

Leq (n)

dB(A)

L10

dB(A)

L50

dB(A)

L90

dB(A)

Lmax

dB(A)

Lmin

dB(A)

Industrial Area

1 Ambuja Cement Ltd 64.0 57.1 57.6 59.2 56.2 52 68 49.2

Commercial Areas

2 CBD Belapur 66.7 62.6 59.7 63.5 59.9 56.6 73.4 52.8

3 Palaspa Junction 75.2 74.3 66.4 72.7 66.7 60.3 91.4 52.7

4 Teen Tank

Gavanphata 80.7 63.2 74.9 66.4 61.2 56.9 91.1 6.31

Residential Areas

5 Panvel CIDCO Office 75.8 67.6 69.6 70.1 62.5 45.7 83.8 43.1

6 Kharghar Nodal office 67.1 63.9 59.8 66.5 60.5 56.7 72.3 51.3

7 Panchsheel Guest House 59.3 57.9 50.8 60.9 51.5 46.1 67 41.8

8 Swapna Nagri 56.8 54.2 49.2 54.8 48.2 45.3 67.5 42.3

Sensitive Areas

9 Pargaon School 59.3 57.9 50.8 60.9 51.5 46.1 67 41.8



Leq (d) - The average integrated sound level recorded in day time from 6.00 AM and 9.00 PM






Table 4.71(c)

10 MES School, New Panvel 63.2 61.4 55.1 63.2 57 46.6 70 45.8



Sr.

No. Station Ldn

dB(A) Leq (d)

dB(A)

Leq (n)

dB(A)

L10

dB(A)

L50

dB(A)

L90

dB(A)

Lmax

dB(A)

Lmin

dB(A)

Industrial Area

1 Ambuja Cement Ltd 62.1 57.8 55.1 59.1 56.4 53.4 62.3 51.0

Commercial Areas

2 CBD Belapur 71.2 71.4 61.0 68.1 61.1 55.7 88.5 51.6

3 Palaspa Junction 73.9 71.3 66.3 73.3 65.8 59.6 82.8 51.8

4 Teen Tank

Gavanphata 72.4 72.4 62.5 71.0 63.0 55.6 87.6 51.6

Residential Areas

5 Panvel CIDCO Office 69.6 78.8 63.0 79.2 62.8 53.3 95.0 46.8

6 Kharghar Nodal office 60.5 61.2 59.1 65.1 58.2 54.5 69.0 49.5



Ambient Noise Level At Various Location Of The Project Area During Monsoon Season Leq (d) - The average integrated sound level recorded in day time from 6.00 AM and 9.00 PM






7 Panchsheel Guest House 60.5 55.9 53.8 58.3 51.6 47.2 68.3 51.6

8 Swapna Nagri 53.0 49.3 46.0 52.3 46.5 43.9 57.1 42.7

Sensitive Areas

9 Pargaon School 62.0 62.5 51.2 64.3 54.3 49.1 74.7 48.2

10 MES School, New Panvel 66.9 68.3 52.6 68.5 62.3 44.6 79.8 43.7





4.11 Ecology

Natural flora and fauna are organized into natural communities and constantly

interact with their physical environment as well as among themselves. They show

various responses and sensitivities to outside influences. Hence, for a meaningful

assessment, It is necessary to fully understand the ecological status of the

proposed site for any development project before evaluating the probable

environmental impact of the project. This impact can be maintained at a minimal

level or can even be ameliorated if the probable shift the proposed activities

envisaged in the project may induce in the dynamic equilibrium maintained in the

ecosystem through the intricate interactions between the operative abiotic and

biotic factors.

For the comprehensive ecological survey and to predict the probable impact of

various stages of the project on the environment, it is necessary to follow the steps

as given below.

a. Recognizance of the area under project and ancillary development

b. Delineation and stratification of the area for ecological assessment

c. Collection of primary (base line) information on ecological features and

ecological values of the area

d. Survey of habitats, communities, distribution trends etc to establish

importance values of species and ecological indices for the communities

e. Assessment of rare, endangered and economically important site

f. Monitoring the existing constraints on wildlife

g. Interpretation of special and ecological data

h. Impact prediction

i. Mitigation planning

The area of the proposed site for the International Airport and the ancillary

developments was visited during pre monsoon season for a rapid assessment of the

kinds of habitats, general status of vegetation, wildlife, rare-endangered species and

also to judge the magnitude of the intended development as well as of the impact this

may have on the environment. Pre monsoon season was selected for rapid

assessment of ecological status of the project area because dry season is critical for



ecological survey. Plants which can survive during dry season are perennial plants

and can give better idea about perennial vegetation in turn wildlife depends on it for

their survival. To study the ecological status of the project area 21 stations viz, W1 to

W21 were selected along Gadhi river, Ulve river and Panvel creek. Ten stations were

selected in the Gadhi River, three stations were selected in Panvel creek and eight

stations were selected in Ulve River. Description for above mentioned monitoring

station is given Table 4.73.Locations of monitoring stations for ecological studies are

given in Figure 4.32.

Table 4.73 Monitoring Stations In The Project Area For Ecological Studies

Sr. No. Station Location

1 W1 Extreme end of Gadhi River (upstream side)

2 W2 Near Pargaon village (200m from W1) in Gadhi River

3 W3 Near Jui Village (300m from W2) in Gadhi River

4 W4 Near Koppar Khadi (300m from W3) in Gadhi River

5 W5 Near Vaghvli village (500m from W4) in Gadhi River

6 W6 Vaghvli creek junction (300m from W5) in Gadhi River

7 W7 Near Kharghar Rly Stn (300m) in Gadhi River

8 W8 Near Belpada (300m from W7) in Gadhi River

9 W9 Near Konkan Bhavan (300m from W8) in Gadhi River

10 W10 Near Divala village (300m from W10) in Gadhi River

11 W11 Extreme end of Ulwe River (upstream side)

12 W12 200m from W11 in Ulwe River









19 W19 At Junction of Ulwe and Gadhi Rivers in Panvel Creek

20 W20 Near Rathi bander in Panvel Creek

The surface water collected at various locations along Gadhi river, Ulve river and

Panvel creek were analyzed for primary productivity, phytoplankton and

zooplankton composition, Dry organic weight of zooplankton. The sediments

collected at these stations were analyzed for benthic organisms and organic matter

content.



Figure 4.32 Locations of Monitoring Stations for Ecological Studies

W 15

W 14

W 13

W 12

W 11

W 10

W 9

W 8

W 7

W 6

W 1

W 5

W 4

W 3

W 2

W 20

W 19

W 18

W 17 W 16



4.11.1 Terrestrial Habitats The satellite images of the area were used to determine the more sensitive

areas for rigorous assessment. For the survey of the terrestrial habitat, 45

stations spread across the entire project area were surveyed. For the ease

in visiting them repeatedly, they have been numbered starting from the

approach road entering the project area near Targhar. The Ulve river,

Gandhi river and Panvel creek were assessed in mechanized boats. The

sample plots were chosen and the terrestrial habitats were surveyed using

quadrant and transect methods for assessing biotic communities. The

commonly accepted plot sizes of 0.1sq.m for soil covered with mosses,

lichens, and liverworts, 1.0 sq.m for herbaceous vegetation as well as

grasses, 10-20sq.m for shrubs and 100sq.m for tree communities were

intended for use. The 1st and the last plot sizes were eliminated due to the

lack of such localities. The line transect method has particular value in

assessing vegetation transition zones and requires minimum time as well as

equipments so that this too was frequently used. The standing crop biomass

was assessed by clipping all the vegetation above ground from sample

quadrants. A metal cylinder of the dimension 2.5``x10`` was dug into the

ground in sample plots and the withdrawn samples of soil were examined

for soil biota, soil texture etc.

4.11.2 Avifauna

A total number of 58 species of birds including aquatic birds were

identified during the ecological survey during different season. The Table 4.74 gives the list of Avifauna recorded in the study area. The most

striking was the avifauna and due to the active locomotion of their body

cataloguing species list method was applied in the assessment. The fauna

being very scarce the drive count/call count methods were not applicable.

The density measurement by counting crab holes was possible at only few

places. The mark-recapture method was also not practicable.



Table 4.74 List of Avifauna recorded in the study area

1 Accipiter nisus nisosimilis Sparrow Hawk

2 Acridotheres tristis Indian myna

3 Anas Crecca Common Teal

4 Alcedo atthis Small blue kingfisher

5 Anthus trivialis Tree pipit

6 Amaurornis phoenicurus WhitebrEasted water hen

7 Ardea cinerea Grey heron

8 Ardeola grayii Pond heron

9 Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret

10 Charadrius dubius Little ringed plover

11 Chlidonias Indian whiskered tern

12 Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier

13 Circus macrourus Pale Harrier

14 Circus mclanolcucous Pied Harrier

15 Columba livia Blue rock pigeon

16 Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller/ blue jay

17 Corvus splendens House crow

18 Cuculus canorus Cuckoo

19 Cuculus poliocephalus Small Cuckoo

20 Cypsiurus parvus Palm swift

21 Dicrus adsimilis Black drongo

22 Egretta garzetta Little egret

23 Egretta gularis Indian reef heron

24 Emberiza bruniceps Red headed Bunting



25 Emberiza melanocephala Black headed Bunting

26 Erithacus svecicus Bluethroat

27 Falco Peregrious japonensis *

Peregrine Falcon

28 Falco tinnuneulus Kestrel

29 Galerida cristata Crested lark

30 Gallinago gallinago Fantail Snipe

31 Gallinago stenura Pintail Snipe

32 Haliastrur Indus Brahmini kite

33 Halcyon smyrnensis White brEasted kingfisher

34 Hirundo rustica Common Swallow

35 Jynx torquilla Wryneck

36 Lanius schach Rufousbacked shrike

37 Merops orientalis Small green bee-eater

38 Milvus migrans Common Pariah Kite

39 Mirafra erythroptera Red winged bush lark

40 Motacilla caspic Grey Wagtail

41 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail

42 Monticola solitaries Blue Rock Thrush

43 Muscicapa parva Red brEasted flycatcher

44 Muscicapa thalassina Verditer Flycather

45 Numenius arquata Curlew

46 Pandion haliaetus * Osprey

47 Pernis ptilorhynchus Honey Buzzard

48 Phoenicopterus roseus Flamingo

49 Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart



rufiventris

50 Psittacula krameri Rose ring parakeet

51 Saxicoloides fulicata Indian robin

52 Sterna aurantia River tern

53 Streptopelia decaocto Ring dove

54 Streptopelia tranquebarica Red turtle dove

55 Sturnus roseus Rosy Pastor

56 Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper

57 Iurdoides caudatus Common babbler

58 Vanellus indicus Redwattled lapwing

The common domestic animals observed during the survey are Bos indicus

(Cow), Babalus babalis (Buffalo), Capra domesticus (Goat), Felis

domesticus (Cat), Canis familiaris (Dog), Sus domesticus (Pig), Funambolus

palmarum (Three striped Squirrel). Equus cabalus (Horses) were also

noticed during the survey. The common rodents are Common Mus booduga

(rat) and Bandicoota indica (Field rat) while reptiles observed are Calotis

versicolor (Garden Lizard) and Common Metanochelys lrijuga (Skin). The

following Tables 4.75 & 4.76 give the list of animals encountered in the

study area in different season.



Table 4.75 Gastropods, Pelecypods, Butterflies, Reptiles & Mammals Encountered During The Site Visits In Different Seasons

Name Name Name Name Name Sr. No.

Gastropods Pelecypods Butterflies Reptiles Mammals

1. Trochus maculates

Cardium sp. Delias eucharis (common jezbel)

Calotes versicolor (Garden lizard)

Bos indicus (Cow)

2. Turbo bruneus

Cardita sp. Danaus genubia (stripped tiger)

Mabuya carinata (Common skink)

Babalus babalis (Buffalo)

3. Astrea stellare

Arca bristigata

Ixias Marianne (white orange tip)

Naja naja

(Indian cobra)

Capra domesticus (Goat)

4. Nerita tussellata

Donax sp. Cepora nerissa (common gull)

Dryophis spp. (Whip snake)

Felis domesticus (Cat)

5. Nerita Lineata Paphia textiles

Tirumala limniace (blue tiger)

Domestic mammals

Canis familiaris (Dog)

6. Nerita albicilla Gaffrarium sp.

Parantica aglea (glassy tiger)

Funambolus palmarum (Three stripped Squirrel)

7. Littorina intermedia

Eurema hecabe (common grass yellow)

Mus. Booduga (common Rat)

8. Turitella duplicate

Euploea core (common crow)

Wild mammals

Bandicoota indica (Bandicoot)

9. Planaxis sulcatus

Pachliopta aristolochiae (common rose)

10. Chicorus turrefactus

Pachliopta hector (crimson rose)

11. Cantharus sp. Junonia almanac (peacock pansy)

12. Telescopium sp.

Junonia lemonias (yellow pansy)



Table 4.76 Fish, Amphibians, Prawns & Crabs

Encountered During The Site Visits In Different Seasons

13. Hypolimnas misippus (danaid egg fly)

14. Leptosia nina (Psyche)

Name Name Name Name Sr. No.

Fish Amphibians Prawns Crabs

1. Mugil cephalus (Mullet) Rana tigerina (Common Indian Bull Frog)

Paeneus indicus Uca sp.

(Fiddler Crab)

2. Mugil dussumieri (Mullet)

Hyla spp. (Tree Frog) Paeneus monodon Scylla serrata (Estuarine Crab)

3. Rhinomugil corsula (freshwater Mullet)

Bufo melanostictus (Common Toad)

Paenids

Metapaeneus dobsoni

4. Tilapia mossambica (Mouth brooder)

Palaemon styliferus

5. Otolithus brunneus (Ghol)

Macrobrachium rosenbergii

6. Protonibea diacanthus (Wam)

Non-paenids

Acetus sp.

7. Pampus argenteus (Pomphret)

8. Gobius spp. (Gobi)

9. Periophthalmus spp. (Mudskipper)

10. Tetradon spp. (Puffer fish)



The surface water was collected for assessing the primary productivity and

for analyzing phytoplankton following the treatment with Lugol’s iodine.

Depth was ganged using meter marked strings while the sechhi disc was

used to determine turbidity. The sediment samples were examined for

mesobenthos and the organic content was estimated by the Walkley and

Black method. 4.11.3 Habitats Encountered In the Project Area

1. Open land

2. Salt Marshes

3. Mangrove forest

4. Agricultural lands

5. Man-made groves

Over 50% of the 1615 hectare area under the project is under open land.

The salt marshes cover another 25% area while 10% is under mangrove

forest. Rain fed agriculture occupies barely 7% area while the rest has other

uses including man-made groves, brick kilns, stone quarries etc.

1. Open Land

The open land includes the hilly terrain extending NW and is towards the

SW end of the proposed runway. Both the proposed runways would be

across this terrain in the Southern half. The Ulwe-Targhar side of the hill,

which is the west side of the hill, is with very poor soil cover with the rock

crops exposed at places in pre-monsoon season though in monsoon season

there were plenty of herbs, grasses and bryophytes. Except for some

sparse growth of bamboos and manually planted trees between and

around the houses of the villages, there is hardly any vegetation in pre-

monsoon season though in monsoon the region was lush green due to the

growth of annual herbs and grasses. The soil cover of Bryophytes was also

noticed at certain places. In the post-monsoon season most of the grasses,

herbs and many of the shrubs were already dried. The overall impression

was that the standing crop biomass as well as diversity and density of the



plants were almost same as in pre-monsoon season, at most of the plots

surveyed. At places, these parameters were marginally poorer than in pre-

monsoon, indicating a trend towards progressive degradation of the habitat.

The hill has a number of quarries and stone crushing sites particularly facing

NE. These activities have already caused the NE slopes of the hill and a

considerable adjacent area to be denuded of its vegetation cover. Even the

mangroves and other vegetation between the hill and Ulwe River seem to

have been severely affected by the dust load they have to carry. In

monsoon, though, the dust load seems to get washed away and the

seasonal hers and grasses seem to grow at all conceivable places. The

slopes of all hillocks and hills were with abundant moisture and growth of

annual herbs, grasses and ground cover of algae/bryophytes.

In post monsoon season, it was noticed that the stone quarrying, breaking

and crushing activities had increased still further. The soil cover was found

totally degraded and the seasonal growth of grasses, herbs and shrubs had

already vanished or dried completely.. The man-made groves, particularly of

Bamboos stand out in stark contrast, particularly at Targhar. At a few

locations, herbs adapted to survive in adverse, dry conditions were however

noticed. The dust load was apparently even more than in pre-monsoon. The

vegetation between the stone quarries/ crushers and the Ulwe River,

already degraded, was found almost vanished in large patches. The grassy

plains along Pargaon had also dried and at a few places, commercial

exploitation of this grass was also noticed.

2. Salt Marshes Right from Targhar in the west to Pargaon in the East and Vaghvli in North

to Ulwe and Mulgaon in South, there are scattered marshes. These are,

however, more common in the Eastern region of the site of proposed airport

than in the west. Many of the marshes seem to be the abandoned prawn

culture ponds and therefore man-made rather than natural. There is no trace

of life in majority of them and anaerobic conditions seem to prevail. At many



places the salt seemed have precipitated, making the conditions even more

stressed, so that no life could propagate.

In monsoon the salts seemed to have been washed away from many of

these places and some sparse growth of herbs and grasses was evident.

The marshes formed due to tidal activity are however with life and a variety

of gastropods as well as fiddler crabs dominate the macrofauna. The

microfauna are dominated by a variety of foraminiferans. The mud is quite

rich in organic content and out welling from it must be proving beneficial for

the life in Ulwe as well as Gadhi River. The organic contents were, however,

found to have been depleted during monsoon, probably due to washing

away and/or dripping to the deeper layers. The productivity of the waters of

the two Rivers was also found to have decreased in monsoon supporting

the assumption.

In post-monsoon survey it was noticed that the marshes were already drying

fast . A few were totally dry . Some were found to be still productive and

fishing efforts being put in by the local population were evident . Majority of

these marshes are not supporting much of the biota. At several of the

commercially exploited, man-made marshes, the post-monsoon survey

revealed excessive algal growth or break for maintenance . The pump sets

for drawing creek water into these ponds could be noticed at few places.

The discussion with local prawn farmers, however, revealed that many of

the farm operations are not being done professionally and are not very

profitable.

Some marshes along the creek showed scanty life forms. They included

barnacles , fiddler crabs, hermit crabs, various gastropods, mudskippers

and some egg masses.



3. Mangrove Field observation Though the term forest has been employed here, there are only degrading

mangrove strands predominantly between the two Rivers and to the NE side

of the site. The mangroves are dominated by Avicennia marina which in

most of the places, appears stunted, growing barely above 1 to 1.5m tall

and with a perimeter of canopy barely 1.5 m. There are sparse Bruguira

cylindrical syn. Bruguira caryophylloides and Aegiceros corniculata plants

noticeable particularly towards the hillside of Ulwe River. Along the banks of

Ulwe River there is a somewhat continuous and healthier growth of

Avicennia marina with patches of Salvadora persica . At several places, the

plants seem to be dying and dried stems are left behind . Wherever there

has been considerable degradation of the true mangroves, the associate

mangroves, mainly Acanthus ilicifoiius has come up. So as to compete with

the receding A. marina plants, the stem of these A. ilicifolius plant ahs grown

very tall with leaves along the tip.

At places Acanthus longifolia is also seen growing among the A. marina.

Along the banks of Ulwe River facing North, towards Gadhi River the A

.marina plants are seen associated with healthy Sessmium portulacatum

plants. The channels that extend out from Ulwe River and Gadhi River

where the circulation of sea water is properly maintained, the mangroves

are seen to form healthy thickets though elsewhere there is only a sparse

growth of stunted plants . At a few places in NE region, where the tidal water

seems to spread, there are clumps of Clerodendrom inermis, with fewer and

smaller leaves as well as weak stem. Surprisingly, Salvadora persica plants

are sparse except for some locations. In contrast with the whitish and olive

green colour of A. marina, the clumps of S. persica are seen with parrot

green, smooth, almost glistening leaves. Salt tolerant grasses like Settaria

sp., Coix lachryma-joba, Scirpus maritimus, Eleucine sp. are found to

associate with the mangroves and mangrove associates. Away from the

waterfront, these grasses that dominate the landscape replace the



mangroves. Though in the summer season, when the current survey was

done, the grasses were found to have dried at places where the moisture

was retained to sufficient extent, these grasses were found lush green and

fresh . Monsoon is the flowering season of Avicennia marina and

subsequently the fruits drop from the parent plants. They start germinating

soon as the pericarp disintegrates. The germinating seeds could be seen in

large numbers at several locations along the site. Despite this, the saplings

of Avicennia apparently fail to survive so that the young plants were hardly

seen. The frequency of mangroves remained same at all collection sites.

In post-monsoon season, the saplings of Avicennia marina that had come

up at a few places had already dried and even the Acanthus longifolia had

started drying . The stands were appearing just as they were in pre-

monsoon at most places. Salvadora persica was seen flowering. A detailed

analysis of Mangrove area in the project area, its plantations and

management is dealt in detail in Chapter-8 : Additional Studies.

4 Agricultural Land

Fishing and agriculture seems to be one of the natural occupations of the

residents of the villages in the area of proposed site of airport. The soil,

however, is not very fertile. The salinity of the soil is high and the texture

either rough or excessive smooth. At several places, there was salt

precipitation on the surface of soil. Though none of the agricultural strips

were under cultivation at the time of the survey, since it is exclusively rain-

fed agriculture, the fields were totally barren with no traces of weeds. During

monsoon survey all the fields were green with paddy cultivation. Only paddy

is being grown probably since this crop is salt tolerant. At places, the wild

growth of grasses was also observed.

The fact that the agriculture is not very productive is evident from the fact

that the surface soil is being stripped off for brick making. The culture fishing

also seems to provide meager revenue so that the sand dredging activity

which is obviously deleterious for the fishing activity has taken precedence

in Ulwe River. In monsoon, the trap fishing even along the fields lining the



Gadhi River was observed. The ponds for culture fishing were also found

functioning during monsoon. Sport fishing was also found to be common in

monsoon.

The rock crushing and sand dredging activities apparently have taken their

toll on agriculture, which must have suffered a further setback. The ash from

brick kilns is another menace for agriculture. The crushers were found

functional even during monsoon . In post-monsoon season, the farms were

already dry and even the grasses did not seem to remain. Where some

stubble and/or green grass remained, the herds of sheep were found

grazing .

5. Man-Made Groves Though the naturally growing plants in the area are man made groves, they

would barely meet the demand of lumber and other small purpose timber.

There has been, therefore, plantation of a variety of trees in and around the

villages. They range from fruiting trees like mango, jamun, jackfruit, guava,

custard apple etc. to the wood yielding trees like teak, arjun etc. The

ornamental trees, bamboos and palms also have been planted and/or

maintained by the villagers. The firewood cultured by the villagers can be

seen along most of the houses. Even in the mangrove patches the collected

firewood could be noticed. Although it was monsoon the firewood collection

was not found curbed.

In post-monsoon season, the groves were still green, though the grasses

along them had long dried. The erosion of soil and firewood collection seem

to take its toll on these plants.

4.11.4 Streams There are two Rivers, Ulwe and Gadhi that meet together forming Panvel

creek before joining the sea. During the proposed development, the Ulwe

River is going to be completely filled while the course of Gadhi River is

going to be altered.



1. Ulwe River The entire course of Ulwe River was surveyed, a part through boat and a

part on foot. The head portion of Ulwe River is quite narrow and shallow .

There is a sparse growth of stunted mangroves and mangrove associates,

mainly Avicennia marina, acanthus ilicifolius, salvadora persica and

Sessuvium portulacastrum, for 1.5 to 2 meters from the water’s edge, on

both the banks. The growth is scantier on the Southern bank than on the

Northern bank. Beyond the mangrove growth there are mostly open grassy

plains.

Towards the mouth, the patches of mangrove growth extend several meters

from waters edge and are denser, particularly along the Northern bank.

There are narrow channels between Ulwe and Gadhi Rivers with patches of

Salvadora persica more prominent along the bank. In South and Southwest

direction, the growth of mangroves is hardly 1 meter from the edge of water

and is sparser.

Sand dredging activities with the help of pumps were going on at several

places along the River. Excavation as well as prawn farming was also

noticed along the banks of Ulwe River.

In post-monsoon survey, the water of Ulwe River was quite calm. The entire

stretch of land between the hills and Ulwe River appeared to have dried

grasses behind the sparse growth of mangroves lining the water front ,

though at a few places, closer to Kombadbhuje village, the mangrove

patches were more extensive and green .

At several places, particularly towards the Panvel creek, the portions of land

between the Ulwe and Gadhi Rivers showed luxuriant growth of mangroves

. Towards the head portion of the River, the mangrove growth seemed to be

sparse and grasses predominate. The grasses were already dry at

December end, when the post-monsoon survey was carried out . At a few

places, the dry grass was seen to be removed for trade.



The sand dredging activity seemed to have gathered great strength and not

only the pumping of bottom water were observed but the mud was being

dredged out to draw sand and water away from the stream at many places.

Excavation and mud deposition among the mangrove stands was observed

at many places. At certain places, this dredging was being done for the

prawn farming. Whatever the reason, the mud dredging and depositions

have been adversely affecting the habitat.

The fishing activities were noticed in the post-monsoon season as well,

though it was a little subdued as compared to monsoon. The fire wood

collection was evident at the same spots as during two earlier surveys

though, the assumption that the source of it might be mangroves was

confirmed..

2. Gadhi River

The head of Gadhi River is also narrow and shallow. In the boat the farthest

point that could be reached from mouth towards head was near the

Khandeshwar railway station. There is transported soil laid along the

Southern bank and a road constructed on it. On the opposite bank is a

narrow, discontinuous fringe of mangrove vegetation with dry open land

behind. The transported soil sill along the bank extends far. On the opposite

bank is seen the railway line . There is a finger of land, with mangrove

thicket on it, in this section of the River.

The River is, however, quite broad and substantially deep for most of its

length, towards the mouth. The broader and deeper portion, in Eastern and

NorthEastern region, of the River there is active fishing. The wall nets are

placed at every few meters. Fishing vessels are encountered frequently

along the course of the River. There are fishing ports particularly along the

Northern bank of the River .

There is a relatively denser growth of mangroves in North and NorthEast

directions while in the Northwest, there is only a sparser growth of

mangroves and the open dry land is seen predominantly. On the bank



towards the Vaghvli village, in Southwest direction too there is only dry open

land, On the same bank, in SouthEast direction also the dry grassland

extends far Between Gadhi River and Ulwe River, the land is mostly dry

with grasses in patches. More towards the mouth, in Southwest direction the

mangrove growth appears healthier and denser. On the NorthEast, the

mangrove growth is in a narrower belt .

Near the Panvel creek, on the North and NorthEast bank of the Gadhi River,

there is an extensive sand dredging, storage and transport activity . The

sand dredgers and boats are frequently noticed in this section of River. The

reclamation of land at places is taking its toll on the mangroves along the

banks of Gadhi River in these commercial operations.

Another major operation, inevitable for the development of the project would

be to displace the electricity towers carrying the high-tension wires.

The post-monsoon visit revealed that the mangrove lining along both banks

was just the same though the grass behind these had already dried.

Between the two Rivers the mangrove growth was denser along the

connecting canals while elsewhere it was seen to extend only one to meters

from the water’s edges reveal predominance of grasses. The grassy plain

are yet more prominent. Towards the opposite bank, there are denser

mangroves closer to the mouth of the River and towards the head of the

River while in the middle stretches the mangrove growth is sparser and

stunted plants are evident .

The fishing activities in Gadhi River seemed to go on with relatively same

intensity throughout the year. The fishing for crabs, with a float denoting the

position of a basket weighed down to the bottom, is quite common though

in inflated tire-tubes, dugouts and larger plank built boats paying out larger

nets too the fishing operations are performed . Fishing by the wall nets

erected in the stream is however the most common mode in the River. This,

in all probabilities, is due to the greater depth of water in this River.



In the post-monsoon survey conducted in late December, the sand dredging

activity appeared to have gathered greater strength and along the

Khandeshwar side bank of the River the industry seems to flourish bettel

using large sand dredgers. Towards the narrower and shallower water near

the mouth of the River, sand collection by pumping out sediments was

observed. Dredging out mud and its deposition on the mangrove studed

banks was observed along this River too though it was to a negligible extent

compared to that in Ulwe River. Road or bund construction along the bank

was also observed along the bank of Gadhi River. The fire wood collection

was also observed and storage at the same areas as observed in the earlier

surveys was noticed . The use of this River as water way was also evident

from the hovercrafts and launches noticed along the banks.

3. Panvel Creek

Portion of the stream from the point of meeting of Gadhi River with Ulwe

River is the Panvel creek . It has a very short length before meeting the

Thane Creek. Moreover no portion of Panvel creek is going to be affected

by the project directly. However, since both, Gadhi River as well as Ulwe

River is going to be directly affected by the project, it was necessary to

analyze the condition of the Creek as well.

The Northern bank of the creek has a very narrow but healthy strip of

mangrove growth in Southwest and also in North, interrupted by sand

landing and transport facilities. The water in this section is polluted with

scum seen in patches over the water. There are fishing activities as well;

particularly the crab fishing seems prevalent (float of the basket paid out for

the purpose is seen in image).

The post-monsoon survey revealed that the water of the creek was much

calm. Along the bank of River towards the city, there are patches of dense

and tall mangroves though the construction and other anthropogenic

activities seem to disturb the same . The fishing port and water transport

facilities seem to be prevalent . The crab fishing and fishing with wall nets

was observed in post-monsoon as well.



4.11.5 Community analysis for Terrestrial Habitats

The survey of the terrestrial habitat, numbering 45 stations, spread across

the entire project area were surveyed. The result of assessments are

given in the Tables 4.77(a) to 4.77(c). At each station at lEast two

transects were taken and wherever feasible quadrants were also taken. The

line transect method was used for analyzing the qualitative characters of

each type of community through the computation of ecological indices. The

frequency or importance probability was calculated as the ratio of the

number of individuals of a given species in all transects laid in the terrestrial

habitats to the total number of individuals of all species, encountered in the

habitat. Though the number of trees and shrubs encountered in the

transects was much smaller, the shrubs, herbs and grasses also were not

too abundant. The comparative data for all transects considered together

yielded a fair picture of the overall community. A total of 87 transects were

laid and a total number of 923 plants were encountered in pre monsoon

season whereas 1542 plants were encountered in monsoon season.

Mangroves were encountered along 15 transects, hence 17.24% of

transects exhibited mangrove or associated mangrove plants. Avicennia

marina was found along 13 transects (14.94%) whereas A. ilicifoleus was

observed along 11 transects (12.64%). Salvadora persica was noticed in 27

(9.2%) and Clerodendron inermi at 4 (4.6%) places. Sessuvium

portulacatum was encountered along 8 transects (9.2%). Hence, Avicennia

marina was dominant species whereas mangrove associated A. ilicifoleus

occupied second position in abundance. The salt tolerant grass Eleucine

was found along 12 (13.79%) transects.

Shannon and Weiner species Diversity Index Shannon-Weiner diversity index provides a means of comparing the

diversity between two or more ecosystems. For the mangrove community

alone, the species diversity index was 1.536 while the Shannon and Weiner

index of general diversity was 1.668 in pre-monsoon whereas in monsoon



the species diversity index was 17.7 and the Shannon – Weiner index of

general diversity was 1.93. In the post monsoon survey the diversity index

for mangrove community was 3.082 while the Shannon-Weiner index of

general diversity was 1.715. Shannon index can be interpreted as the

chance of encountering the same species as encountered earlier. Lower the

index value, lesser the chance of encountering the same species again and

therefore greater the species diversity. Higher the index value, greater are

the chances of the next being the same as previously encountered one and

therefore lesser the diversity in the community. The values of Shannon

index over the seasons did not vary greatly and were relatively low,

suggesting that the mangrove community has been moderately diverse. The

variation in species diversity index has been due to the saplings developed

during monsoon and perishing during post-monsoon season.

The frequency of Avicennia marina is highest, closely followed by that of A.

ilicifoleus and Eleucine. Salvadora persica and Sessuvium portulacatum

exhibit moderate frequency while Clerodendron inermi and Acanthus

longifolia have lower frequency. The lEast represented mangroves have

been Bruguira cylindrical and Aegiceras corniculata. The standing crop

biomass as dry weight per square meter has been 82.34 + 4. 96 g in pre-

monsoon though it was 85.19 + 4.88 g in monsoon and and 83.84 + 2.57 g

in post monsoon. The difference in the dry organic weight of plants clipped

from the soil in different seasons has been only marginal.

The general diversity index (of Shannon and Weiner) for the open grassland

has been 2.37, a little greater than the index for mangrove community so

that the diversity is lesser than that of mangrove community in pre-

monsoon. In monsoon the general diversity index was calculated to be 2.81,

a little greater than that in pre-monsoon, which indicates that the density of

the grasses seem to increase during monsoon, masking the variety

(therefore the chances of encountering the same species of grass seems to

be greater). The Shannon-Weiner index, calculated from the data collected

in post-monsoon for the grassy plains, was 2.52, probably due to decrease



in density as well as variety of species and the combined effect was

decreased chances of encountering same species as the earlier one.

The mean dry weight per square meter has been 69.25 + 7.11 g in pre-

monsoon while in monsoon it was 64.53 + 5.81g. The marginal decline in

dry organic weight is due to the fact that the younger, less fibrous parts

abounded in the plant material collected in monsoon. The dry weight of

biomass per square meter, collected from grassy plain, during post-

monsoon was 74.16 + 9.03 g indicating that the primary production reaches

its maximum in this season though the consumption is not remarkable and

that the intense radiation causes oxidation of the organic substances so that

the standing crop biomass declines in pre-monsoon season.

For the manmade groves and roadside plants the general diversity index

has been 3.9 and 3.65 in pre-monsoon and monsoon respectively. The fall

in the index value indicates an increase in diversity or lesser chances that

the next species encountered are the same as the earlier one. The reason

for this change can be just that the transect sites were not exactly the same

and the perennials encountered might have been somewhat different. The

total number of species encountered is much greater than in the other

habitats in the area but are sparsely growing with lEast density.

A total of 94 species of flowering plants have been found along 87 transects

in pre-monsoon season with the total number of plants as 923. In monsoon

season though, there were 130 species with a total of 1542 plants

encountered along 87 transects.

Shannon and Weiner diversity index calculated by using equation given

below

S-/in N,

where S is the number of species

N is the total number of individuals of these species encountered along the

transects



S

Hs = - (Pi) (ln Pi),

i =1

where, Hs is Diversity index of S species or kinds, S is the number of

species in the sample,

Pi is relative abundance of ith species or kind’s measures (Pi= ni/N), N is

the total number of individuals of all kinds, ni is the number of individuals of

ith species and ln – natural log

The species diversity index (calculated as S-/in N, where S is the number of

species while N is the total number of individuals of these species

encountered along the transects)

The species diversity index has been 13.6 in pre-monsoon and 17.71 in

monsoon. The Shannon-Weiner index of general diversity has been 0.74 in

the pre-monsoon season while in monsoon it was 4.37. The greater species

diversity and the smaller Shannon index value indicate low density of plants

and localized distribution of plants or presence of microclimates or

fragmented habitats. In fact all of this holds true for the area of the project

site.



Table 4.77 (a)

Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project Area Surveyed During Pre Monsoon Season

Sr. No. Plants Frequency Dominance F.Ln F

1 Acasia auriculiformis 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

2 Acasia nilotica 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

3 Acasia laucufolia 0.0032 0.0000106 0.01862

4 Aegl marmalos 0.00108 0.0000012 0.007377

5 Albizzia lebbeck 0.00108 0.0000012 0.007377

6 Alstonia scholaris 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

7 Anoegeisus latifolia 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

8 Annona sqamosa 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

9 Anacardium occidentale 0.00108 0.0000012 0.007377

10 Anthocephalus cadamba 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

11 Artocarpus integrefolia 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

12 Azadirachta indica 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

13

T R E E S

Bauhinia racemosa 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862




14 Bombax malabaricus 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

15 Borasus flabellifer 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

16 Butea frondosa 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

17 Carica papaya 0.00433 0.000019 0.02356

18 Cassia fistula 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

19 Cordia mixa 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

20 Combretum ovalifolium 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

21 Erythrina indica 0.00433 0.000019 0.02356

22 Eucalyptus terrepicornis 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

23 Ficus benghalensis 0.00433 0.000019 0.02356

24 Ficus religiosa 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

25 Garuga pnnata 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

26 Gmelia arborea 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

27 Lagestroemia parviflora 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

28 Mangifera indica 0.00542 0.000029 0.02828

29 Mitragynas parviflora 0.00217 0.0000012 0.0133

30 Moringa tinctoria 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

31 Moring oleifera 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

32 Oroxylum indicum 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

33 Peltoforum pterocarpum 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

34 Pithecolobium dulces 0.00433 0.00019 0.02356

35 Pongamia glabra 0.0065 0.000042 0.03273

36 Psidium guavale 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

37

T R E E S

Sapindus indicus 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133




38 Syzygium cuminii 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

39 Tamaridus indicus 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

40 Tectona grandis 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

41

Terminalia tomentosa 0.00433 0.00019 0.02356

42 Thespesia populnea 0.00542 0.000029 0.02828

43

Zizyphus jujuba

44 Adathoda vasica 0.00217 0.0000042 0.0133

45 Agave avenieona 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

46 Bougainvillea spectabilis 0.00433 0.00019 0.02356

47 Calotropis gigantea 0.00542 0.000029 0.02828

48 Carissa carandes 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

49 Hibiscus rosasinensis 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

50 Ipomoea carnea 0.00867 0.000075 0.04116

51 Ixora parvoflora 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

52 Jatropha curcas 0.00433 0.00019 0.02356

53 Lantana camera 0.0065 0.000042 0.03273

54 Nerium indicum 0.00433 0.00019 0.02356

55 Opuntia dillenii 0.00758 0.000057 0.037

56 Prosopis spicigera 0.00542 0.000029 0.02828

57 Ricinus communis 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

58 Thevesia nerifolia 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

59

S H R U B S

Vitex negundo 0.0065 0.000042 0.03273



60 Woodfordia fruticosa 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

61 Eupatorium triplinerve 0.0195 0.00038 0.07678

62 Euphorbia hirta 0.0141 0.0002 0.06

63 Scoparia dulces 0.02275 0.00052 0.086

64 Tephrosia purpurea 0.0119 0.00014 0.05273

65

H E R B S

Urena lobata 0.0184 0.00034 0.07352

66 Abrus precatoriu 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

67 Caesalpinea sepinuria 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

68 Celastrus paniculata 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

69 Cuscuta reflexa 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

70 Jasminum malabaricum 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

71 Mucuna pruriens 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

72 Spatholobus callosus 0.00433 0.000019 0.0435

73

C L I M B E R S

Tinospora cordifolia 0.00325 0.0000106 0.01862

74 BAMBOO Bambusa arundinacea 0.0206 0.00042 0.08

75 Andropogon annulatus 0.0293 0.00086 0.1034

76 Andropogon schoenasthus 0.0195 0.00038 0.0768

77 Andropogon pertusus 0.0423 0.00178 0.1338

78 Aristida paniculata 0.0358 0.00128 0.1192

79 Coix lachryma-jobi 0.0238 0.000566 0.089

80 Cynodon dactylon 0.0368 0.00135 0.1215

81 Cyperus puncticulatus 0.0336 0.00113 0.114

82 Cyperus haspan 0.0314 0.00099 0.1087

83

G R A S S E S

Digitariasanguinalis-ciliaris 0.0347 0.0012 0.1166

84 Digitaria pedicularis 0.0206 0.00042 0.08



85 Eleucine species 0.0563 0.00317 0.162

86 Settaria species 0.0293 0.00086 0.1034

87 Acanthus ilicifolius 0.0856 0.00733 0.2104

88 Acanthus longifolia 0.0108 0.000117 0.0489

89 Aegiceras corniculatum 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

90 Avicennia marina 0.091 0.00828 0.21812

91 Bruguira cylindrica 0.00217 0.0000047 0.0133

92 Clerodendron inermi 0.0098 0.000096 0.04533

93 Salvadora persica 0.0228 0.00052 0.0862

94

M A N G R O V E S

Sessuvium portulacatum 0.04 0.0016 0.12876

Shannon-Weiner General Diversity Index H‾ 0.76431



Table 4.77(b) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project Area Surveyed


Sr. No. Name of the plant Frequency Dominance F*LN F

Trees

1 Acasia auriculiformis 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

2 Acasia nilotica 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

3 Acasia laucufolia 0.000649 4.20563E-07 -0.00476

4 Aegl marmalos 0.000649 4.20563E-07 -0.00476

5 Albizzia lebbeck 0.000649 4.20563E-07 -0.00476

6 Alstonia scholaris 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

7 Anoegeisus latifolia 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

8 Annona sqamosa 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

9 Anacardium occidentale 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

10 Anthocephalus cadamba 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

11 Artocarpus integrefolia 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

12 Azadirachta indica 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

13 Bauhinia racemosa 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

14 Bombax malabaricus 0.002594 6.72901E-06 -0.01545

15 Borasus flabellifer 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

16 Butea frondosa 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

17 Carica papaya 0.003243 1.05141E-05 -0.01858

18 Cassia fistula 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

19 Cordia mixa 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

20 Combretum ovalifolium 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862




21 Erythrina indica 0.002594 6.72901E-06 -0.01545

22 Eucalyptus terrepicornis 0.003243 1.05141E-05 -0.01858

23 Ficus benghalensis 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

24 Ficus religiosa 0.002594 6.72901E-06 -0.01545

25 Garuga pinnata 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

26 Gmelia arborea 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

27 Lagestroemia parviflora 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

28 Mangifera indica 0.003243 1.05141E-05 -0.01858

29 Mitragynas parviflora 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

30 Moringa tinctoria 0.000649 4.20563E-07 -0.00476

31 Moring oleifera 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

32 Oroxylum indicum 0.000649 4.20563E-07 -0.00476

33 Peltoforum pterocarpum 0.001946 3.78507E-06 -0.01214

34 Pithecolobium dulces 0.003243 1.05141E-05 -0.01858

35 Pongamia glabra 0.00454 2.06076E-05 -0.02449

36 Psidium guavale 0.002594 6.72901E-06 -0.01545

37 Sapindus indicus 0.001297 1.68225E-06 -0.00862

38 Syzygium cuminii 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

39 Tamaridus indicus 0.002 0.000004 -0.01243




40 Tectona grandis 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

41 Terminalia tomentosa 0.001333 1.77778E-06 -0.00883

42 Thespesia populnea 0.004 0.000016 -0.02209

43 Zizyphus jujuba 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

Shrubs

44 Adhatoda vasica 0.002 0.000004 -0.01243

45 Agave avenieona 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

46 Bougainvillea spectabilis 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

47 Calotropis gigantea 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

48 Carissa carandes 0.002 0.000004 -0.01243

49 Hibiscus rosasinensis 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

50 Ipomoea carnea 0.007333 5.37778E-05 -0.03605

51 Ixora parvoflora 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

52 Jatropha curcas 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

53 Lantana camera 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

54 Malachra capitata 0.009333 8.71111E-05 -0.04363

55 Nerium indicum 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

56 Opuntia dillenii 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

57 Prosopis spicigera 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

58 Ricinus communis 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

59 Thevesia nerifolia 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

60 Urena lobata 0.012667 0.000160444 -0.05534




61 Vitex negundo 0.004667 2.17778E-05 -0.02505

62 Woodfordia fruticosa 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

Herbs

63 Alternanthera sessilis 0.005333 2.84444E-05 -0.02791

64 Ammania baccifera 0.004667 2.17778E-05 -0.02505

65 Amorphophalus commutatus 0.001333 1.77778E-06 -0.00883

66 Celosia argentea 0.010667 0.000113778 -0.04843

67 Cliome viscosa 0.005333 2.84444E-05 -0.02791

68 Costus speciosus 0.004 0.000016 -0.02209

69 Crotalaria hebecarpa 0.004 0.000016 -0.02209

70 Cyanotis fasciculatus 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

71 Cyathocline purpurea 0.006667 4.44444E-05 -0.0334

72 Eupatorium triplinerve 0.004 0.000016 -0.02209

73 Euphorbia hirta 0.011333 0.000128444 -0.05077

74 Gomphrena globosa 0.009333 8.71111E-05 -0.04363

75 Heliotropium indicum 0.004667 2.17778E-05 -0.02505




Herbs

76 Justicia diffusa 0.007333 5.37778E-05 -0.03605

77 Leea macrophylla 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

78 Lucas aspara 0.006 0.000036 -0.0307

79 Ludwigia parviflora 0.008 0.000064 -0.03863

80 Oldenlandia corymbosa 0.005333 2.84444E-05 -0.02791

81 Portulaca oleracea 0.004 0.000016 -0.02209

82 Scoparia dulcis 0.014 0.000196 -0.05976

83 Sesamum indicum 0.006 0.000036 -0.0307

84 Sesbania sp. 0.008667 7.51111E-05 -0.04115

85 Smithia sensitiva 0.010667 0.000113778 -0.04843

86 Sphaeranthus indicus 0.005333 2.84444E-05 -0.02791

87 Tephrosia purpurea 0.007333 5.37778E-05 -0.03605

88 Trichodesma zeylanicum 0.009333 8.71111E-05 -0.04363

89 Triumphetta rhomboidea 0.006667 4.44444E-05 -0.0334

Climbers

90 Abrus precatoriu 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

91 Argyreira sericea 0.001333 1.77778E-06 -0.00883

92 Caesalpinea sepinuria 0.004 0.000016 -0.02209

93 Celastrus paniculata 0.002 0.000004 -0.01243

94 Cucurbita sp. 0.009333 8.71111E-05 -0.04363

95 Cuscuta reflexa 0.005333 2.84444E-05 -0.02791




96 Dioscoria bulbifera 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

97 Ipomoea violacea 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

98 Jasminum malabaricum 0.004667 2.17778E-05 -0.02505

99 Mucuna pruriens 0.003333 1.11111E-05 -0.01901

100 Spatholobus callosus 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

101 Tinospora cordifolia 0.002 0.000004 -0.01243

102 Vigna vexillata 0.002667 7.11111E-06 -0.01581

Bamboo

103 Bambusa arundinacea 0.006 0.000036 -0.0307

Grasses

104 Andropogon annulatus 0.021333 0.000455111 -0.08208

105 Andropogon schoenasthus 0.014 0.000196 -0.05976

106 Andropogon pertusus 0.018667 0.000348444 -0.07431

107 Aristida paniculata 0.011333 0.000128444 -0.05077

108 Coix lachryma-jobi 0.009333 8.71111E-05 -0.04363

109 Cynodon dactylon 0.027333 0.000747111 -0.09839

110 Cyperus pumilus 0.023333 0.000544444 -0.08768

111 Cyperus puncticulatus 0.019333 0.000373778 -0.07629

112 Cyperus haspan 0.029333 0.000860444 -0.10352

113 Digitaria sanguinalis-ciliaris 0.041333 0.001708444 -0.13169

114 Digitaria pedicularis 0.024667 0.000608444 -0.09132

115 Eleucine species 0.035333 0.001248444 -0.11812



116 Ergostris aspara 0.044667 0.001995111 -0.13885

117 Ergostris tenella viscosa 0.030667 0.000940444 -0.10686

118 Scirpus maritimus 0.018667 0.000348444 -0.07431

119 Scirpus supinus 0.023333 0.000544444 -0.08768

120 Setaria glauca 0.028667 0.000821778 -0.10182

121 Setaria verticillata 0.012667 0.000160444 -0.05534

Halophytes

122 Acanthus ilicifolius 0.040667 0.001653778 -0.13023

123 Acanthus longifolia 0.012 0.000144 -0.05307

124 Aegiceras corniculatum 0.006 0.000036 -0.0307

125 Avicennia marina 0.049333 0.002433778 -0.14845

126 Bruguiera cylindrica 0.005333 2.84444E-05 -0.02791

127 Clerodendron inermi 0.014 0.000196 -0.05976

128 Salvadora persica 0.038 0.001444 -0.12427

129 Sessuvium portulacatum 0.032667 0.001067111 -0.11177

130 Sueda maritima 0.007333 5.37778E-05 -0.03605

Shannon-Weiner General Diversity Index H‾ -4.3722



Table 4.77(c) Ecological Indices for the Flora of Terrestrial Habitats in Project Area Surveyed

During Post Monsoon Season Sr. No. Name of the plant Frequency Dominance F*LN F

Trees

1 Acasia auriculiformis 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

2 Acasia nilotica 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

3 Acasia laucufolia 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

4 Aegl marmalos 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

5 Albizzia lebbeck 0.0012626 1.594E-06 -0.00843

6 Alstonia scholaris 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

7 Anoegeisus latifolia 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

8 Annona sqamosa 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

9 Anacardium occidentale 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

10 Anthocephalus cadamba 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

11 Artocarpus integrefolia 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198

12 Azadirachta indica 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

13 Bauhinia racemosa 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

14 Bombax malabaricus 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

15 Borasus flabellifer 0.0012626 1.594E-06 -0.00843

16 Butea frondosa 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

17 Carica papaya 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

18 Cassia fistula 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

19 Cordia mixa 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

20 Combretum ovalifolium 0.0012626 1.594E-06 -0.00843

21 Erythrina indica 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671



22 Ficus benghalensis 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198

23 Ficus religiosa 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

24 Garuga pinnata 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

25 Lagestroemia parviflora 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

26 Mangifera indica 0.0088384 7.812E-05 -0.04179

27 Mitragynas parviflora 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

28 Moringa tinctoria 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

29 Moringa oleifera 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

30 Oroxylum indicum 0.0012626 1.594E-06 -0.00843

31 Peltoforum pterocarpum 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198

32 Pithecolobium dulces 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

33 Pongamia glabra 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

34 Psidium guavale 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

35 Sapindus indicus 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

36 Syzygium cuminii 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

37 Tamaridus indicus 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

38 Tectona grandis 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198



40 Thespesia populnea 0.0075758 5.739E-05 -0.03699

41 Zizyphus jujube 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671



Shrubs

42 Adhatoda vasica 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

43 Agave avenieona 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198

44 Bougainvillea spectabilis 0.0088384 7.812E-05 -0.04179

45 Calotropis gigantean 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198

46 Carissa carandes 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

47 Hibiscus rosasinensis 0.0075758 5.739E-05 -0.03699

48 Ipomoea carnea 0.0164141 0.0002694 -0.06746

49 Ixora parvoflora 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

50 Jatropha curcas 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

51 Lantana camera 0.0075758 5.739E-05 -0.03699

52 Malachra capitata 0.0113636 0.0001291 -0.05088

53 Nerium indicum 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

54 Opuntia dillenii 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

55 Prosopis spicigera 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198

56 Ricinus communis 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

57 Thevesia nerifolia 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671

58 Vitex negundo 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

59 Woodfordia fruticosa 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671 Herbs

60 Celosia argentea 0.0214646 0.0004607 -0.08245

61 Cliome viscose 0.0113636 0.0001291 -0.05088

62 Crotalaria hebecarpa 0.0063131 3.986E-05 -0.03198

63 Eupatorium triplinerve 0.0075758 5.739E-05 -0.03699

64 Euphorbia hirta 0.0164141 0.0002694 -0.06746

65 Gomphrena globosa 0.020202 0.0004081 -0.07883

66 Ludwigia parviflora 0.0088384 7.812E-05 -0.04179



67 Portulaca oleracea 0.0151515 0.0002296 -0.06348

68 Scoparia dulcis 0.0075758 5.739E-05 -0.03699

69 Sesbania sp. 0.0176768 0.0003125 -0.07133

70 Smithia sensitive 0.010101 0.000102 -0.04642

71 Sphaeranthus indicus 0.0138889 0.0001929 -0.0594

Climbers

72 Caesalpinea sepinuria 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

73 Celastrus paniculata 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

74 Cuscuta reflexa 0.0050505 2.551E-05 -0.02671 Climbers

75 Ipomoea violacea 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

76 Jasminum malabaricum 0.0025253 6.377E-06 -0.0151

77 Tinospora cordifolia 0.0012626 1.594E-06 -0.00843

Bamboo

78 Bambusa arundinacea 0.0151515 0.0002296 -0.06348

Grasses

79 Andropogon pertusus 0.0391414 0.0015321 -0.12684

80 Aristida paniculata 0.0189394 0.0003587 -0.07512

81 Coix lachryma-jobi 0.0176768 0.0003125 -0.07133

82 Cynodon dactylon 0.0467172 0.0021825 -0.14312

83 Cyperus puncticulatus 0.0353535 0.0012499 -0.11816

84 Cyperus haspan 0.0239899 0.0005755 -0.08949

85 Digitaria pedicularis 0.0176768 0.0003125 -0.07133

86 Eleucine species 0.0429293 0.0018429 -0.13515

87 Ergostris aspara 0.0227273 0.0005165 -0.086

88 Scirpus maritimus 0.0176768 0.0003125 -0.07133

89 Setaria glauca 0.0328283 0.0010777 -0.11216



Halophytes

90 Acanthus ilicifolius 0.0517677 0.0026799 -0.15328

91 Acanthus longifolia 0.0164141 0.0002694 -0.06746

92 Aegiceras corniculatum 0.0088384 7.812E-05 -0.04179

93 Avicennia marina 0.0656566 0.0043108 -0.1788

94 Bruguiera cylindrica 0.0037879 1.435E-05 -0.02112

95 Clerodendron inermi 0.020202 0.0004081 -0.07883

96 Salvadora persica 0.0277778 0.0007716 -0.09954

97 Sessuvium portulacatum 0.0164141 0.0002694 -0.06746

98 Sueda maritima 0.010101 0.000102 -0.04642

Shannon-Weiner General Diversity Index H‾ -4.10015



4.12 Forest

Forest serves as an efficient mechanism in trapping precipitation and storing it in its

canopy. The perennial vegetation with its multifarious flora & fauna forms the

backbone of the forest ecosystem. The flora and fauna regulate the water balance

and makes the forest ecosystem self sufficient. Ecological investigations have been

undertaken to assess the existing status of forest. Forest ecosystem was

investigated with respect to floristic composition, phyto- sociology, structure,

distribution pattern etc. There are 8 Reserved Forests covering an area of 1797.36

ha. and 24 Protected Forests with total area of 1417.21 ha within the study area.

Details of forest areas are given in Table 4.78 & Table 4.79 and are also depicted

in Figure 4.33.

Table 4.78 List of Protected Forests in the Study Area

Sl.No. Name of forest Area (hect.) Direction

1. Ambivali 4.09 E

2. Belpada 70.84 N

3. Ashte 59.87 SE

4. Chirley 50.70 S

5. Dahivali 9.48 NE

6. Devad 57.15 NE

7. Harigram 182.81 NE

8. Kevali 135.30 NE

9. Koproli 11.65 NE

10. Manghar 80.70 S

11. Mosale 21.29 S

12. Nandangaon 62.60 SE

13. Owe 62.18 N



Sl.No. Name of forest Area (hect.) Direction

14. Palaspe 29.43 SE

15. Padge 19.63 NE

16. Palibhadrak 14.48 NE

17. Pendhar 5.15 N

18. Pali 14.48 SE

19. Sangurle 141.87 SE

20. Shivkar 47.98 E

21. Somatade 34.41 SE

22. Tembhode 45.45 NE

23. Vindhane 14.39 S

24. Veshvi 14.44 S



Figure 4.33

Forest Map of Study Area



Table 4.79

List of Reserve Forests in the Study Area

Sl.No. Name Area (hect.) Direction

1. Belpada 106.60 N

2. Jambhipada 127.04 S

3. Nanoshi 80.53 S

4. Ransai 605.00 NE

5. Mosare 40.46 S

6. Turmale 128.00 SE

7. Manghar 40.46 S

8. Owe 466.92 N

4.12.1 Forest Types

Most of the study area falls in Alibaug range of Raigad district. The soil type

is loamy sand and sandy loam in nature. As per Champion & Seth, (1968)

forests in the study area can be categorized as Southern Moist Mixed

Deciduous Forest (B-C2), Moist Teak forest (4-9) and Riperian Frijing Forest

(4E-1251).

Composition of Forest

Forest studies showed following six major associations of species:

Tectona - Terminalia- Holorrhena

Tectona – Acacia - Holorrhena & Lantana

Tectona -Boswelia - Holorrhena, Diospyros

Tectona – Terminalia – Madhuca- Carissa

Tectona – Agle – Emblica – Zizyphus



The forests are of heterogenous type housing large canopy trees, middle

storey trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, and climbers. These species

composition has been discussed in details below:

(I) Top Canopy Trees Tectona grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, Acacia catechu, Diospyros melanoxylon, Adina cordifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Anogeissus latifolia, Garuga pinnata, Albizzia lebbek, A. procera, Madhuca indica, Terminalia belerica, Lannea coromandellica, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Soymida febrifuga.

(II) Middle Storey Buchanania lanzan, Emblica officinalis, Gardenia kicida, Grewa teliaefola, Accacia catechu, Careya arborea, Butea monosperma, Ixora nigricans, Zizyphus Jujuba, Erythrina indica, found on the foot hills and outskirts of forest where the soil is clayey.

(III) Shrubs and Herbs

Carissa carandus Helicteres isora, Lantana camara, Euphorbia ligularia etc. Woodfardia fouticasa, Vitex negando, Calatropis gigantea, Calatropis procera, Moghania sp.

(IV) Grasses

Cypris rotendum, Cynodon dactylon, Aristida paniculata & Themeda triandrum

(V) Climbers

Arbus precatarius, Ichnocarpus fruitescens, Ventilago calyculate, Combretum ovalifolium, Butea superba, Mucuna pruriata, Vistis carnosa, Celastrus, Bauhinia vahili, Tinosoara cardifodia, Dioscorea species are the main climbers of the study area.

VI) Bamboos

The only species of bamboo is Dendrocalmus arundinaceae.



4.13 Acquatic Ecosystem

Acquatic Ecosystem is represented by the river Gadhi, Ulwe and Panvel Creek. In

order to assess the water quality based on the phytoplankton, zooplankton and

benthos samples were collected from the above mentioned water bodies within the

study area.

4.13.1 Phytoplankton The totals of 24 species were encountered in the pre-monsoon season, though in

monsoon only 12 species were observed. A total of 24 species were encountered in

the pre-monsoon season, of which a maximum 9 species were found at W13 and

W21 followed by 8 species at W 8 and W 9 stations whereas 7 species were

encountered at W 3 and W 16 and 6 species were observed at W 14 and W 15.

Rhizosolenia species were the commonest being encountered at 20 stations,

Skeletonema species were next being found at 19 out of 21 stations. Pleurosigma

species could be seen at 14 stations. Chaetoceros species, Ditilum breghturelli,

Guinardia flacida and Volvox species was each encountered at only one station

while the unidentified box like centric diatoms and Coccosphere species were also

noticed at one station each. Tables 4.80(a) to 4.80(c) depict the species of

phytoplankton encountered at various stations along the Gadhi River, Ulwe River

and Panvel Creek in the project area during pre monsoon, monsoon and post

monsoon season.



Tables 4.80(a) Phytoplankton Species Encountered in Marine Water of Gadhi River, Ulwe

River and Panvel Creek during Pre-Monsoon Season

Sr. No

Species W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

5

W

6

W

7

W

8

W

9

W

10

W

11

W

12

W

13

W

14

W

15

W

16

W

17

W

18

W

19

W

20

W

21

Total

1 Rhizosolenia sps √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 20

2 Skeletonema sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 17

3 Pleurosigma sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 14

4 Pinnate diatom √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 11

5 Fragillaria sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ 6

6 Ceratulina pelagica √ √ √ 3

7 Paralia sulcata √ √ √ √ √ √ 6

8 Nitzschia closterium √ √ √ √ 4

9 Astrionella japonica √ 1

10 Biddulphia sps. √ √ √ 3

11 Box like centric diatom √ 1

12 Coccosphere √ 1

13 Cosinodiscus radiates √ 1

14 Coscinodiscus excentricus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 7

15 Licmophora sps. √ 1

16 Phaeocystis √ √ √ √ 4

17 Leptocylindricus danicus √ √ √ √ 4



.

Tables 4.80(b)

Phytoplankton species encountered at all collection stations from Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Monsoon Season

18 Haplosphaera viridis √ √ √ √ 4

19 Bacillaria paradoxa √ √ 2

20 Thalassionema nitzschioides √ √ 2

21 Chaetoceros sps. √ 1

22 Ditilum brighturelli √ 1

23 Guinardia flacida √ 1

24 Volvox species √ 1

Total Number of Species 4 5 7 5 5 5 3 8 8 4 5 3 9 6 6 7 4 3 5 5 9

Sr. No.

Species W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

5

W

6

W

7

W

8

W

9

W

10

W

11

W

12

W

13

W

14

W

15

W

16

W

17

W

18

W

19

W

20

W

21

Total

1

Coscinodiscus excentricus

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 16

2 Skeletonema sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 14

3 Paralia sulcata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 10

4 Pinnate diatom

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8

5 Rhizosolenia sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 8

6 Pleurosigma sps. √ √ √ √ 4

7 Holosphaera viridis √ √ 2

8 Ceratulina pelagica √ √ 2



Tables 4.80(c)

Phytoplankton species encountered at all collection stations from Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Post Monsoon

9 Nitzschia closterium √ √ √ 3

10

Thalassionema nitzchioides

√ 1

Total Sp. of Phytoplakton

6 1 4 2 2 6 2 4 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 4 3 3 6 3 4

Sr. No.

Species W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

W6

W7

W8

W9

W10

W11

W12

W13

W14

W15

W16

W17

W18

W19

W20

W21

Total

1 Pinnate Diatoms √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 15

2 Rhizosolenia sp. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 13

3 Coscinodiscus excentricus √ √ √ √

4

4 Coscinodiscus radiatus √ √ √ √

4

5 Nitzschia closterium √ √ √ √

4

6 Halosphaera viridis √

1

7 Leptocylindricus sps. √ √

2

8 Paralia sulcata √ 1

9 Skeletonema sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ 6

10 Box like centric diatom √

1

11 Pleurosigma sps. √ √ √ 3

12 Ceratulina sps. √ √ 2

Total Sp. of Phytoplankton 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 3



A total of 12 species were encountered in the monsoon the total number of

species was only 12. Of them a maximum 5 species were found at the

station 14; 4 species were found at stations 1, 15, 16, 18 and 19; 3 species

each were encountered at the stations 12, 17, 20 and 21; 2 species only

were there in waters from stations 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11; while only one

planktonic species was encountered in water collected from stations 5, 7

and 13. Unidentified pinnate diatoms were the most common

representatives of phytoplankton collected from 15 stations along the Rivers

and creek. Rhizosolenia species were the next common being encountered

at 13 out of 21 stations, Coscinodiscus excentricus and C. radiatus as well

as Nitschia closterium were the phytoplankton elements at 4 out of 21

stations. Pleurosigma species could be seen in water from 3 out of 21

stations. Leptocylindricus species and Ceratulina species were found at 2

out of 21 stations. Paralia sulcata, Halosphaera viridis and unidentified box

like diatoms were the components of phytoplankton at only 1 station each.

In post-monsoon, a total of 10 species were encountered in phytoplankton

collected from Ulwe River, Gadhi River and Panvel Creek. A maximum of 6

species were, however, found in water in a howl. This number was

encountered in samples collected from station number 1, 6 and 19. There

were 5 species in the water sample collected from station 9 while at stations

3, 8, 16 and 21, the water samples had 4 species of phytoplankton. At

stations 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18 and 20, 3 species of phytoplankton were

encountered while only 2 species were noticed in water sample collected

from station number 4, 5 and 7. In the water collected from station number

2, 14 and 15, there was only one species each. Coscinodiscus excentricus

was the commonest phytoplankton species, encountered in the water

samples collected from 16 stations, followed by Skeletonema sps. That was

found in water collected from 14 stations. Paralia sulcata was found in

waters from 10 stations while Rhizosolenia sps and pinnate diatom of

unidentified species were present in water samples from 8 stations.

Pleurosigma species was observed in water collected from 4 stations.

Halosphaera viridis and Ceratulina peligera were seen in water samples

from 2 stations while Nitschia closterium was encountered in water from 3



stations. Thalassionema nitzchioides was noticed in water collected only

from station number 1.

During pre-monsoon, the primary production was between 0.49 and 0.809

mg of Glucose/ L/ hr at ambient temperature. In monsoon, the primary

production ranged from 0.03 mg to 0.38 mg of Glucose per liter of water per

hour at ambient temperature. The primary production has been between

0.148 and 0.454 mg of glucose per litre per hour, at ambient tempersture.

The primary production has been notably less monsoon and post-monsoon

seasons than that in pre-monsoon season.

The results of primary production of major aquatic habitats in the project

area are given in Tables 4.81(a) to 4.81(c). The average primary

productivity of the waters of Gadhi River in pre-monsoon was found to be

0.628 + 0.104 mg of Glucose per liter, Panvel Creek had it as 0.752 + 0,043

mg of glucose/ L/ hr at ambient temperature while waters of Ulwe River had

the average primary production of 0.674 + 0.119 mg of glucose per litre per

hour at ambient temperature. In monsoon the average primary production

of Gadhi River was found to be 0.193+ 0.093 mg glucose/ lit/ hr., that of

Panvel Creek was 0.267 + 0.064 mg. glucose/ lit./ hr., while the primary

production of Ulwe River was found to be 0.259 + 0.075 mg glucose/lit./ hr.

During post-monsoon, the primary production, at ambient temperature, of

Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River was found to be 0.207 + 0.104,

0.247 + 0. 086 and 0.223 + 0.115 mg glucose/lit./ hr. respectively. The land

drainage, greater flow and velocity of water, reduction in salt content of

water during monsoon must be affecting the primary production. During

post-monsoon, the lower temperature and probably the progressive

degradation of the habitats must have caused a fall in primary production of

waters. There is also an obvious lowering of quality as well as quantity of

phytoplankton in monsoon and to some extent during post-monsoon. The

species composition of phytoplankton has not been same in Gadhi River,

Ulwe River and Panvel Creek and the primary productivity did vary

significantly, in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons.



Tables 4.81(a) Primary Production of Water at Different Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and

Panvel Creek in Pre Monsoon Season

Sr. No. Location Station

Primary Production

(mg of Glucose/L/Hr) at ambient temperature

1 W1 0.98

2 W2 1.03

3 W3 136

4 W4 1.23

5 W5 1.14

6 W6 1.04

7 W7 1.28

8 W8 1.40

9 W9 1.52

10

GADHI RIVER

W10 1.57

11 W11 1.42

12 W12 1.48

13

PANVEL CREEK

W13 1.61

14 W14 1.32

15 W15 1.54

16 W16 0.98

17 W17 1.29

18 W18 1.04

19 W19 1.61

20 W20 1.44

21

ULWE RIVER

W21 1.56



Tables 4.81(b) Primary Production of Water Collected From Different Stations along Gadhi River,

Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Monsoon Season


Primary Production


1 W1 0.03

2 W2 0.05

3 W3 0.22

4 W4 0.21

5 W5 0.18

6 W6 0.15

7 W7 0.24

8 W8 0.27

9 W9 0.27

10

GADHI RIVER

W10 0.31

11 W11 0.24

12 W12 0.22

13

PANVEL CREEK

W13 0.34

14 W14 0.38

15 W15 0.26

16 W16 0.11

17 W17 0.24

18 W18 0.28

19 W19 0.30

20 W20 0.24

21

ULWE RIVER

W21 0.26



Tables 4.81(c) Primary Production of Water Collected From Different Stations along Gadhi River,

Ulwe River and Panvel Creek in Post Monsoon Season


Primary Production


1 W1 0.44438

2 W2 0.29625

3 W3 0.14813

4 W4 0.14813

5 W5 0.14813

6 W6 0.29625

7 W7 0.14813

8 W8 0.14813

9 W9 0.14813

10

GADHI RIVER

W10 0.14813

11 W11 0.29625

12 W12 0.29625

13

PANVEL CREEK

W13 0.14813

14 W14 0.14813

15 W15 0.14813

16 W16 0.45375

17 W17 0.14813

18 W18 0.29625

19 W19 0.14813

20 W20 0.14813

21

ULWE RIVER

W21 0.29625



4.13.2 Zooplankton

The zooplankton species found at various locations in Gadhi River, Ulwe River and

Panvel creek are given in Tables 4.82(a) to 4.82(c) while in Tables 4.83(a) to 4.83(c) are recorded the ecological indices calculated for the same habitats. The

zooplankton collected from different stations located in Gadhi River, Panvel Creek

and Ulwe River showed a total number of 22 types of organisms during pre-

monsoon season but only 4 species during monsoon and 14 during the post-

monsoon season. At any given station, however, the types of organisms found did

not go beyond 7 in premonsoon, 3 in monsoon and 8 during post-monsoon. The

diversity was apparently lesser in Ulwe River (a total of 8 zooplanktonic forms) than

in Gadhi River (a total of 13 zooplanktonic forms) and panvel Creek (a total of 10

zooplanktonic forms) in pre-monsoon while in monsoon the diversity as well as

density of zooplankton was maximum in Panvel Creek (average 2 forms), relatively

low in Gadhi River (average 1.22 forms per ststion) while it was moderate in Ulwe

River (average 1.75 forms per station). During post-monsoon survey it was noticed

that Gadhi River had between 1 and 7 species of zooplankton, Panvel Creek had

between 6 and 8 zooplankton species while in Ulwe River there were between 2

and 6 species of zooplankton.

The general diversity index for Ulwe River was 6.48, for Gadhi River it was 3.5

while for panvel Creek it was 0.375 in pre-monsoon whereas in monsoon the

Shannon Weinner index of general diversity was 0.719 for Gadhi River, 0.922 for

Panvel Creek and 0.75 for Ulwe River. In post-monsoon the Shannon-Weiner index

for Gadhi River was 1.44, for Panvel Creek it was 1.72 while for Ulwe River it was

1.705. Though the number of species was low in monsoon, the lower values of

diversity index is suggestive of the fact that the chance that the species

encountered in the collection to be same as the previously encountered one is very

less. In post-monsoon, the number of species in aquatic habitats seemed to

recover though the Shannon-Weiner index remained low suggesting that the

diversity also is relatively more. The overall Shannon-Weiner Index values for the 3

seasons did not vary significantly and indicated a relative high diversity or lesser

chances of encountering same species as that of the previously encountered.



Table 4.82 (a) Species Composition of Zooplankton from Various Stations in Aquatic Habitats in

the Project Area during Pre- Monsoon Season

W

1-2

W

2-3

W

3-4

W

4-5

W

5-6

W

6-7

W

7-8

W

8-9

W

9-10

W

10-11

W

11-12

W

12-13

W

13-14

W

14-15

W

15-16

W

16-17

W

17-18

W

18-19

W

19-20

W

20-21

Sr.

No. Species

Gadhi River Panvel Creek Ulwe River

1 Calanus sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2 Eucalanus elongatus √ √

3 Pseudocalanus elongatus √ √

4 Ebalia sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

5 Phialidium √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

6 Cosmetira pilosella √ √ √ √ √

7 Candacia sps. √ √ √ √

8 Combjelly √ √ √ √

9 Gastropod larvae √ √ √ √

10 Hemimysis √ √ √

11 Shrimps √ √ √

12 Sirella sps. √ √ √

13 Jaxea sps. √ √

14 Oithiona sps. √ √

15 Acanthephyra √



Tables 4.82(b)

Zooplankton Species encountered in waters collected from different sites along

Gadhi River, Ulwe River And Panvel Creek during monsoon

16 Eucheilota maculata √

17 Meliceratum √

18 Nereis sps √

19 Sagitta √

20 Zoea √

21 Other medusae √

22 Other larval forms √

Total No. Of Species 3 4 7 5 4 5 4 4 3 5 4 5 5 4 2 4 4 2 2 4

w1

-2

w2

-3

w3

-4

w4

-5

w5

-6

w6

-7

w7

-8

w8

-9

w9-10

w10-11

w11-

12

w12-

13

w13-14

w14-15

w15-

16

w16-

17

w17-18

W18-19

W19-

20

W20

-21 Sl.

No.

Species


1 Calanus sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2 Ebalia sp. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

3 Portunum sp. √ √ √

4

Gastropod larvae √ √

Total no. of species 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 1



Tables 4.82(c) Species encountered in waters collected from different sites along Gadhi River,

Ulwe River And Panvel Creek during Post monsoon

w1

-2

w2

-3

w3

-4

w4

-5

w5

-6

w6

-7

w7

-8

w8

-9

w9-10

w10-11

w11-

12

w12-

13

w14-

15

w15-

16

w16-

17

w17-18

W18-19

W19-

20

W20

-21

Sl.No. Zooplankton

Species


1 Phialidium √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2 Calanus sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

3 Eucalanus √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

4 P. elongates √ √ √ √

5 Combjelly √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

6 Ebalia sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

7 Siriella sps. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

8 Eucheliota √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

9 Cosmetira sps. √ √ √

10 G. strigosa √

11 Mesopodopsis √

12 Gastro. Larvae √

13 C. armata √

Total no. of species 2 1 3 4 3 7 5 4 5 8 6 7 2 3 6 5 4 5 5



Tables 4.83(a)

Ecological Indices Calculated For The Zooplankton at Various Locations Along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And Ulwe River during Pre Monsoon Season

Sr.

No. Species Total f D lnf H-

1 Calanus sps. 8069.26 0.490126516292 0.240224001972 -1.42618 -0.69901

2 Eucalanus

elongatus 88.00 0.005345116335 0.000028570269 -10.4631 -0.05593

3 Pseudocalanus

elongatus 184.00 0.011176152336 0.000124906381 -8.98795 -0.10045

4 Ebalia sps. 2237.66 0.135915375195 0.018472989214 -3.99145 -0.5425

5 Phialidium 10.235 0.000621673474 0.000000386478 -14.7662 -0.00918

6 Cosmetira

pilosella 8.440 0.000512645248 0.000000262805 -15.1519 -0.00777

7 Candacia sps. 377.330 0.022919008483 0.000525280950 -7.55158 -0.17307

8 Combjelly 2.903 0.000176328099 0.000000031092 -17.2863 -0.00305

9 Gastropod

larvae 2135.67 0.129720506843 0.016827409896 -4.08475 -0.52988

10 Hemimysis 3159.37 0.191900002203 0.036825610846 -3.30156 -0.63357

11 Shrimps 0.824 0.000050049726 0.000000002505 -19.805 -0.00099

12 Sirella sps. 1.877 0.000114008902 0.000000012998 -18.1585 -0.00207

13 Jaxea sps. 0.187 0.000011358372 0.000000000129 -22.7711 -0.00026

14 Oithiona sps. 92.00 0.005588076168 0.000031226595 -10.3742 -0.05797

15 Acanthephyra 0.067 0.000004069577 0.000000000017 -24.8239 -0.0001



Tables 4.83(b) Ecological Indices for Zooplankton Species at Various Locations Along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek And

Ulwe River during Monsoon Species

Sr. No Stations Calanus sp. Ebalia sp. Portunus sp. Gastropod Larvae

1 W1-W2 0.104 0.104 0 0

2 W2-W3 0 0.084 0 0

3 W3-W4 0 0 0 0

4 W4-W5 0 0 0 0

5 W5-W6 0.0096 0 0 0

6 W6-W7 0.0084 0 0 0

7 W7-W8 0.0058 0 0 0

8 W8-W9 0.0123 0.0092 0 0

9 W9-W10 0.0029 0.0088 0 0.0029

10 W10-W11 0.0096 0.0024 0.0048 0

11 W11-W12 0.0037 0 0.0025 0

12 W12-W13 0 0 0.0059 0

13 W13-W14 0.2027 0.0253 0 0

14 W14-W15 0.2027 0.364 0 0.056

15 W15-W16 0.392 0.373 0 0

16 W16-W17 0.72 0.104 0 0

17 W17-W18 0.1387 0.004 0 0

18 W18-W19 0 0.004 0 0

19 W19-W20 0 0.02 0 0

20 W20-W21 0 0.112 0 0

Total 1.8124 1.2147 0.0132 0.0589 3.0992

Pi 0.5847961 0.39194 0.00425916 0.019004904

Pi*Pi 0.3419865 0.153617 1.814E-05 8.0945E-05

LN Pi -0.5364921 -0.936647 -5.45868246 -3.963058202

Pi*LN(Pi) -0.3137385 -0.367109 -0.02324942 -0.075317543 -0.77941



Tables 4.83(c) Ecological Indices Calculated For The Zooplankton From Various Locations Along Gadhi River, Panvel

Creek And Ulwe River during Post Monsoon.

Species Sr. No Stations

Calanus sp. Ebalia sp. Portunus sp. Gastropod Larvae

1 W1-W2 0.1040 0.1040

2 W2-W3 0.0840

3 W3-W4

4 W4-W5

5 W5-W6 0.0096

6 W6-W7 0.0084

7 W7-W8 0.0056

8 W8-W9 0.0123 0.0092

9 W9-W10 0.0029 0.0088 0.0029

10 W10-W11 0.0096 0.0024 0.0048

11 W11-W12 0.0037 0.0025

12 W11-W13 0.0059

13 W14-W15 0.2027 0.0253

14 W15-W16 0.3920 0.3640 0.0560

15 W16-W17 0.7200 0.3730

16 W17-W18 0.1387 0.1040

17 W18-W19 0.0040

18 W19-W20 0.0200

19 W20-W21 0.0112

Total 1.6095 1.1099 0.0132 0.0589 2.7915

Pi 0.576571736 0.39759986 0.004728641 0.021099767

Pi*Pi 0.332434966 0.15808565 2.236E-05 0.0004452

LN Pi -0.55065551 -0.92230916 -5.354117535 -3.858493274

Pi*LN Pi -0.31749241 -0.36670999 -0.025317697 -0.08141331 -0.79093



The dry organic weight of the zooplankton collected from Gadhi River,

Panvel Creek and Ulwe River in different seasons has been presented in

Tables 4.84(a) to 4.84(c). As seen from it, in pre-monsoon, the minimum

standing crop biomass in the form of dry organic weight of zooplankton has

been 0.107 g/m3 of water while the maximum biomass was 15.86 g/m3 of

water. The lowest dry organic weight of zooplankton in monsoon was 0.046

g/m3 and the highest was 1.008 g/m3 of water. In post monsoon, the

minimum dry organic weight of zooplankton was 11.467 g/cu.m while the

maximum was 41.6 g/cu.m. During pre-monsoon the average biomass of

zooplankton from waters of Gadhi River was 5.98 + 4.0 g/m3, that of Panvel

Creek was 9.03 + 6.05 g/m3 while for the waters of Ulwe River it was only

1.59 + 1.47 g/m3. In monsoon, though the standing crop biomass,

expressed as dry organic weight in grams per cubic meter, was 0.17 for

Gadhi River, 0.24 for Panvel Creek and 0.35 for Ulwe River. In post-

monsoon, the dry organic weight of zooplankton from Gadhi River was

23.43 + 5.0 g/ m3, for Panvel Creek it was 31.82 + 8.62 g/ m3 and for Ulwe

River, it was 21.16 + 6.62 g/ m3. The mean standing crop biomass for all

these water bodies taken together was 4.899 + 4.41 g/m3 in pre-monsoon

and 0.245+ 0.233 g/m3 in monsoon and 23.95 + 6.99 g/m3 in post-monsoon

season.

In pre-monsoon the variety of zooplankton was much greater though the dry

organic weight it contributed was relatively low. During monsoon the variety,

density as well as the dry organic weight of zooplankton was the lEast. In

post-monsoon, the variety of organisms in zooplankton was moderate but

the density and dry organic weight was significantly higher. This is probably

due to better availability of mineral nutrients during post-monsoon owing to

land drainage as well as greater turbulence causing retrieval of nutrients

from the sediments (out welling and upwelling) all through monsoon,

showing the effect in post-monsoon.

Tables 4.84(a)

Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River During Pre Monsoon Season




Dry Organic Weight of Zooplankton

(g/m3 of water)

Average Biomass

(g/m3 of water)

1 W1-w2 8.80 2 W2-w3 11.65 3 W3-w4 5.69 4 W4-w5 11.29 5 W5-w6 4.93 6 W6-w7 3.84 7 W7-w8 1.38 8 W8-w9 1.23 9 W9-w10 1.89 10

GADHI RIVER

W10-w11 9.08

5.98 + 4.0

11 W11-w12 15.86

12 W12-w13 6.90

13

PANVEL CREEK

W13-w14 4.34

9.03 + 6.05

14 W14-w15 1.14

15 W15-w16 3.36

16 W16-w17 0.11

17 W17-w18 2.78

18 W18-w19 0.27

19 W19-w20 3.19

20

ULWE RIVER

W20-w21 0.27

1.59 + 1.47

Average Biomass in Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel creek 4.899 + 4.41



Tables 4.84(b)

Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River During Monsoon Season

Sr. No. Location Station Dry Organic Weight of

Zooplankton(g/m3 of water) Average Biomass(g/m3 of water)

1 W1-w2 0.312

2 W2-w3 0.112

3 W3-w4 0.000

4 W4-w5 0.000

5 W5-w6 0.320

6 W6-w7 0.504

7 W7-w8 0.058

8 W8-w9 0.061

9 W9-w10 0.059

10

GADHI RIVER

W10-w11

0.432

0.186+ 0.18

11 W11-w12

0.107

12 W12-w13

0.176

13

PANVEL CREEK

W13-w14

0.176

0.153 + 0.03

14 W14-w15

0.405

15 W15-w16

1.008

16 W16-w17

0.213

17 W17-w18

0.104

18 W18-w19

0.400

19 W19-w20

0.240

20

ULWE RIVER

W20-w21

0.224

0.371 + 0.30

Average Biomass in Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel creek 0.246 + 0.23



Tables 4.84(c)

Dry Organic Weight of the Zooplankton Collected From Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Post Monsoon Season

Sr. No. Location Station Dry Organic Weight of

Zooplankton(g/m3 of water)

Average Biomass(g/m3 of water)

1 W1-w2 -

2 W2-w3 22.8

3 W3-w4 21.33

4 W4-w5 29.33

5 W5-w6 14.67

6 W6-w7 21.2

7 W7-w8 30.67

8 W8-w9 24.53

9 W9-w10 22.93

10

GADHI RIVER

W10-w11

25.07

23.6 + 4.7

11 W11-w12

41.6

12

PANVEL CREEK W11-

w13 28.8 35.2+ 9.1

13 W14-w15

15.2

14 W15-w16

11.467

15 W16-w17

19.2

16 W17-w18

26.67

17 W18-w19

29.33

18 W19-w20

26.67

19

ULWE RIVER

W20-w21

19.6

21.2 + 6.6

Average Biomass in Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel creek



4.13.3 Benthos The sediment samples collected at various locations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River

and Panvel creek were analysed for benthic forms during pre monsoon, monsoon

and post monsoon season and results are given in Tables 4.85(a) to 4.85(c). The

results showed a total of eight varieties of sedimentary organisms, though at a given

station not more than 5 of them were found in the sediments. During monsoon a

total of only 6 species with not more than 3 in the sediments collected from any

given station were encountered. In post-monsoon, there were a total of 12 species

of foraminiferans encountered in the sediments with not more than 5 at a given

station. The minimum number of forms was just one in pre-monsoon but during

monsoon at 5 collection stations either no sediment could be collected or no

organisms were found in the sediments due to greater rate of flow of the water. Even

during post-monsoon, the first two stations along Gadhi River did not yield any

sediment while at 5 stations there was only one benthic foraminiferan species in the

sediments. Sediments from 7 stations had 2 species of foraminiferans while 3

species were found in sediments of 3 stations and 4 species in the sediments of 2

stations. The sediments collected in post-monsoon from Gadhi River showed 0 to 5

forms, from Panvel Creek, 2 forms and from Ulwe River 1 to 3 forms. As was noticed

earlier with phytoplankton and zooplankton, the diversity of benthic organisms was

poorer in Ulwe River, as compared to that of Gadhi River and Panvel Creek in all

seasons. The dredging of sand seems to have affected the diversity of the benthic

forms the most.

The organic matter in the sediments expressed as grams per 100 grams of dry

sediments collected from Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River, in three

seasons is seen in Tables 4.86(a) to 4.86(c). In pre-monsoon season, the

Sediments from Gadhi River had an average of 1.6226 + 0.38 g%. Panvel Creek

had 3.1+ 0.38 g% of organic content while Ulwe River sediments exhibited the

lEast amount of organic matter being 1.314 + 0.905 g%. In monsoon, the

sediments collected from Gadhi River had an average of 5.083 + 0.941 g% Panvel

Creek had an average of 4.54 + 1.787 g% while Ulwe River sediments showed

5.082 + 0.455 g% of the organic material. During post-monsoon, the sediments

from stations along Gadhi River had an average of 3.83 + 1.49 g%, Panvel Creek



exhibited 3.2 + 1.99 g% and Ulwe River sediments showed 3.522 + 0.873 g% of

organic matter.

Tables 4.85(a) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at Various Stations along

Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Pre Monsoon Season

W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

5

W

6

W

7

W

8

W

9

W

10

W

11

W

12

W

13

W

14

W

15

W

16

W

17

W

18

W

19

W

20

W

21 Sr. No.

Benthic forms

Gadhi

River

Panvel Creek

Ulwe

River

1 Texularia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2 Cyclamina √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

3 Microgromia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

4 Vernullina √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

5 Saccamina √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

6 Rhizonubeula √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

7 Bathysiphon √ √ √ √

8 Turrispirillina √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Total 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 5 3 3 4 4 3 1 3 4 3



Tables 4.85(b)

Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at Various Stations along Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Monsoon Season

W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

5

W

6

W

7

W

8

W

9

W

10

W

11

W

12

W

13

W

14

W

15

W

16

W

17

W

18

W

19

W

20

W

21 Sr. No.

Benthic forms Gadhi

River

Panvel Creek

Ulwe

River

1 Cyclammina sp. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2 Textularia sp. √ √ √ √ √ √ √

3 Rhizonubecula sp. √

4 Nodosaria sp. √

5 Rhabdamina sp. √

6 Turrispirillina sp. √

Total 0 0 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 3 1 1



Tables 4.85(c) Benthic Forms Encountered in the Sediments Collected at Various Stations along

Gadhi River, Panvel Creek and Ulwe River during Post Monsoon Season

W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

5

W

6

W

7

W

8

W

9

W

10

W

11

W

12

W

13

W

14

W

15

W

16

W

17

W

18

W

19

W

20

W

21 Sr. No.

Benthic forms

Gadhi

River Panvel Creek

Ulwe

River

1 Cyclammina √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2 Saccammina √ √ √ √ √ √ √

3 Verneullina √ √ √ √

4 Textularia √ √ √

5 Microgromia √ √ √

6 Bathysiphon √ √ √

7 Discospirulina √ √

8 Spirolucalina √

9 Nummulities √

10 Saccorhiza √

11 Hyperammina √

12 Dendrophyra √

Total 0 0 3 5 4 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2



Tables 4.86(a) Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel

Creek during Pre Monsoon Season

Sr. No. Location Station Organic Matter

(g %)/100 g sediment Average Organic matter (g %)

1 W1 1.613 2 W2 2.108 3 W3 1.374 4 W4 1.725 5 W5 1.955 6 W6 1.437 7 W7 2.037 8 W8 1.142 9 W9 0.995

10

GADHI RIVER

W10 1.840

1.63 + 0.38

11 W11 2.311 12 W12 4.119 13

PANVEL CREEK W13 2.871

3.10+ 0.38

14 W14 3.438 15 W15 0.929 16 W16 1.445 17 W17 0.774 18 W18 1.393 19 W19 0.671 20 W20 1.084 21

ULWE RIVER

W21 0.774

1.31 + 0.91

Average Organic Matter in Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel creek 1.72 + 0.89



Tables 4.86(b)

Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Monsoon Season

Sr.

No. Location Station Organic Matter (g %)

Average Organic matter (g %)

1 W1 -

2 W2 -

3 W3 5.366

4 W4 4.644

5 W5 2.889

6 W6 5.573

7 W7 5.573

8 W8 5.469

9 W9 5.573

10

GADHI RIVER

W10 5.573

4.07 + 2.30

11 W11 5.573

12 W12 5.573

13 PANVEL CREEK

W13 2.477 4.54 + 1.79

14 W14 5.160

15 W15 4.128

16 W16 4.747

17 W17 5.573

18 W18 5.263

19 W19 5.469

20 W20 5.160

21

ULWE RIVER

W21 5.160

5.08 + 0.46




Tables 4.86(c)

Organic Matter Content of Sediments from Various Stations along Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel Creek during Post Monsoon Season

Sr. No. Location Station Organic Matter

(g %) Average Organic matter (g %)

1 W1 6.192

2 W2 -

3 W3 1.032

4 W4 3.406

5 W5 3.818

6 W6 2.89

7 W7 4.128

8 W8 3.096

9 W9 5.263

10

GADHI RIVER

W10 4.644

3.83+1.28

11 W11 4.025

12 W12 4.644

13 PANVEL CREEK

W13 0.929 3.20 + 1.99

14 W14 3.406

15 W15 3.818

16 W16 4.025

17 W17 3.509

18 W18 3.612

19 W19 1.548

20 W20 3.715

21

ULWE RIVER

W21 4.541

3.52 + 0.87




The average organic contents of all these habitats in pre-monsoon,

monsoon and post monsoon seasons have been 1.716 + 0.89 g%, 5.02 +

0.91 g%, and 3.61 + 1.3 g% respectively. The land drainage has been, in all

probabilities, has been bringing in the organic matter, which enriches the

sediment in organic matter during monsoon and the low temperature during

post-monsoon must not be able to oxidise this organic material though in

pre-monsoon that follows, has significantly higher temperature so that the

organic contents of the sediment is lEast in this season.

4.13.4 Water Quality Status of Major aquatic Habitat in the Project Area

The physico-chemical characteristics of the water of Gadhi River, Ulwe

River and Panvel creek are given in the Tables 4.87 (a) to 4.87 (e). The

results indicate that the pH of water of Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel

creek was in the range 7.4-7.8, 7.8, 7.8-8.0 respectively during pre monsoon

season. The observed pH values are favorable to maintain a healthy aquatic

community. The total suspended solids were ranged similar in all the water

bodies except at W10 location in the Gadhi River, this could be due to

mixing of waste water at this location. The total dissolved solids of water of

Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel creek was in the range 34800- 41410,

39760, 40240- 428 respectively during study period. The total dissolved

solids are maximum in the waters of Panvel creek. The salinity was more in

Panvel creek and Ulwe River. Salinity in Ulwe River is more due to less

dilution of tidal water with fresh water during pre monsoon season. The oil

and grease contents were in the range 5-17 ppm, 10 ppm, 9-16 ppm in the

waters of Gadhi River, Ulwe River and Panvel creek respectively.

The nutrient contents like nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, phosphate phosphorus

and silicates are also more in Panvel Creek and lEast in the waters of Ulwe

River. The dissolved oxygen in Panvel Creek has also been more than in

the Rivers, probably due to the better mixing with seawater. The DO level

and nutrient in Panvel creek supported the zooplankton growth. The value of

BOD of marine water in the Gadhi River and Panvel creek was in the range

of 0.8-21.6 mg/L and 2.4-2.8 mg/L respectively and in the Ulwe River it was

1.2 mg/L during the study period. BOD values were slightly high in the



upstream end of the Gadhi River and at W9 location indicating waste water

mixing at these stations. BOD values were slightly above the standard at

some of the remaining monitoring stations during the study period. This also

could be due to inflow of wastewater from nearby villages.

Tables 4.87 (a)

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Post Monsoon Season

Stations Sr. No.

Parameters

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10

1. pH 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5

2. Temperature, oC 32.7 32.3 29.8 29.2 29.3 29.0 28.8 28.8 28.7 29.1

3. TSS, mg/L 89 66 42 117 129 137 147 151 148 154

4. TDS, mg/L 21000 32050 31350 32400 33500 35450 36150 36650 36850 37600

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 5 6 4 5 7 5 3 7 4 6

6. Salinity, ppt 17.5 27.1 25.7 27.9 27.9 30.1 30.8 31.6 30.8 31.6

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.12 0.20 0.01 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.45

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.12 0.13 0.02 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.18

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.15

10. Silicate 7.7 4.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.73 0.73 0.73 1.1 1.1


6.7 6.8 6.9 6.8 5.7 5.6 6.4 5.8 6.1 6.1


10.4 8.4 6.0 3.2 3.6 5.6 2.8 3.6 8.0 8.0

13. Cadmium, mg/L 0.109 0.111 0.112 0.112 0.112 0.113 0.112 0.116 0.117 0.116

14. Lead, mg/L 0.138 0.157 0.165 0.172 0.180 0.170 0.175 0.205 0.218 0.222

15. Mercury, mg/L 0.177 0.050 0.096 0.038 0.124 0.077 0.041 0.028 0.059 0.048

16. TOC, mg/L 35.6 31.2 31.3 31.6 31.2 30.5 31.1 30.5 31.0 30.7

17. Fecal Coliform, MF Count /100ml

18 4 7 68 <2 13 11 30 <2 48

18. Total Hetrotrophic Bacteria, SPC/ml

160 124 116 196 124 120 120 176 168 160



Tables 4.87 (b)

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Pre Monsoon Season


W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10

1. pH 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.7

2. Temperature, oC 29.1 29.3 30.2 30.1 30.7 31.7 30.5 30.7 30.4 30.0

3. TSS, mg/L 56 37 39 19 25 22 36 40 41 86

4. TDS, mg/L 34820 36600 37900 38150 41230 41410 41060 40680 34980 39380

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 9 17 5 11 8 12 8 7 5 9

6. Salinity, ppt 30.1 31.6 31.6 33.0 35.9 34.5 35.9 34.5 28.6 35.9

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.35 0.32 0.38 0.38 0.03 030

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.45 0.16 0.27 0.35 0.35 0.49 0.40 0.29 0.67 0.28

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 0.37 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.20 0.21 0.54 0.17

10. Silicate 6.5 5.4 4.7 3.9 4.0 3.4 2.2 2.8 5.9 1.92



4.4 3.2 4.0 2.8 1.2 2.0 1.6 0.8 21.6 1.2

13. Cadmium, mg/L 0.111 0.113 0.114 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.112

14. Lead, mg/L 0.159 0.166 0.177 0.185 0.190 0.191 0.195 0.202 0.173 0.198

15. Mercury, mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

16. TOC, mg/L 29.8 30.1 3.1 27.7 27.7 28.8 25.2 27.9 25.4 27.2


<2 <2 1 2 <2 <2 <2 1 <2 <2


84 76 72 92 88 80 104 124 36 40



Tables 4.87 (c)

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Gadhi River During Monsoon Season


W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10

1. pH 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.3

2. Temperature, oC 26.7 26.7 27.1 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.1 27.2 27.1 27.1

3. TSS, mg/L 23 16 30 8 21 56 33 37 38 43

4. TDS, mg/L 350 300 420 430 360 3640 830 650 690 600

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 2.0 3.0 8.0 4.0 21.0 7.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 4.0

6. Salinity, ppt 3.0 1.5 2.3 1.53 2.3 4.5 1.5 3.0 2.3 3.0

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.035 0.026 0.028 0.041 0.042 0.182 0.120 0.146 0.149 0.132

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 35.7 4.5 8.9 0.0 102.7 0.0 53.6 22.3 17.9 31.3

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 668.6 272.9 371.8 144.7 95.3 194.2 201.5 144.7 144.7 139.2



3.2 2.4 1.6 1.2 2.4 2.0 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.0

12. Cadmium, mg/L 0.724 0.744 0.552 0.321 0.297 0.172 0.101 0.512 0.024 0.061

13. Lead, mg/L 0.59 0.87 0.76 0.63 0.443 0.111 0.21 0.49 0.22 0.40

14. Mercury, mg/L 0.15 0.11 0.3 0.67 0.33 0.85 0.4.93 0.55 0.18 0.48

15. TOC, mg/L 5.2 6.3 5.4 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.2 8.1 7.2 11.4


<2 40 <2 <2 <2 60 <2 <2 60 <2


30 96 160 120 104 88 33 64 25 96



Tables 4.87 (d)

Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Ulve River During Post Monsoon, Premonsoon And Monsoon

Station W12 Sr.

No. Parameter

Post monsoon Pre monsoon Monsoon

1. pH 7.5 7.8 7.5

2. Temperature, oC 28.7 30.6 26.9

3. TSS, mg/L 115 53 47

4. TDS, mg/L 37900 39760 1800

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 7.0 10 8.0

6. Salinity, ppt 32.3 36.7 2.3

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.45 0.37 39.1

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.17 0.48 BDL

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 0.13 0.21 1.04

10. Silicate 0.94 2.8

11. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 5.9 5.8 5.8

12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 3.2 1.2 2.8

13. Cadmium, mg/L 0.113 0.116 0.186

14. Lead, mg/L 0.186 0.198 4.693

15. Mercury, mg/L 0.028 BDL 5.920

16. TOC, mg/L 31.0 15.0 10.6

17. Fecal Coliform, MF Count /100ml <2 60 84

18.

Total Hetrotrophic Bacteria, SPC/ml 148 144 136



Tables 4.87 (e) Results Of Water Quality Analysis Of Panvel Creek During Post Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon & Monsoon

Season

Post monsoon Pre-monsoon Monsoon Sr. No. Seasons →

Parameters ↓ W11 W13 W11 W13 W11 W13

1. pH 7.5 7.5 8.0 7.8 7.4 7.6

2. Temperature, ºC 28.9 29.1 30.4 30.3 27.2 27.3

3. TSS, mg/L 140 120 51 46 47 27

4. TDS, mg/L 38100 38450 40240 42850 1040 830

5. Oil & grease, mg/L 4 8 16 9 5.0 4.0

6. Salinity, ppt 33 33 35.9 36.7 3.0 2.3

7. Nitrite-N, mg/L 0.45 0.43 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.12

8. Nitrate-N, mg/L 0.22 0.21 0.38 0.41 13.4 BDL

9. Phosphate-P, mg/L 0.12 0.08 0.17 0.15 1.68 1.94

10. Silicate 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.1

11. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 8.3 7.5

12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 3.6 2.0 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.4

13. Cadmium, mg/L 0.113 0.114 0.116 0.117 0.369 0.160

14. Lead, mg/L 0.177 0.181 0.209 0.218 0.983 0.336

15. Mercury, mg/L 0.013 0.042 BDL BDL 0.23 0.32

16. TOC, mg/L 30.7 31.0 27.8 15.1 10.7 10.2

17. Fecal Coli form, MF Count/100ml 72 <2 <2 92 <2 <2

18. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria,SPC/ml 224 148 64 164 120



The TOC concentration of marine water in the Gadhi River and Panvel

creek was in the range of 3.1-30.1mg/L and 15.1-27.8 mg/L respectively and

in the Ulwe River it was 15.0 mg/L during the study period. The TOC content

in water of the Gadhi River is high, sources of TOC in the marine water body

can also be decaying of natural organic matter as well as wastewater

containing detergents, pesticides, herbicides etc.

The heavy metal pollutants in the River as well as creek waters has been

quite in the safer range not large enough to adversely affect the life. The

total heterotrophic bacterial count was, however high in the water of Panvel

Creek as compared to the waters of Gadhi River, though the count was

intermediate in the waters of Ulwe River. The fecal coliform count per 100

ml of water has, however been quite high in the water of Panvel Creek

indicating sewage pollution though in both Rivers the count is very low.

The value of fecal coliform in the Gadhi River and Panvel creek was in the

range of 1- 2 MF Count /100ml and 92 MF Count /100ml respectively and in

the Ulwe River it was 60 MF Count /100ml during the study period. The

presence of fecal coliform in Ulwe River and Panvel creek indicate

contamination of marine water with sanitary waste or fecal matter.

4.14 Traffic & Transportation Study

4.14.1 Land Side Access

The proposed airport site is located at latitude 18o 59’ 33” North and

longitude 73o 04' 18” The catchment area of the proposed airport covers a

large part of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, which includes Kalyan,

Dombivali, Ulhasnagar, Khopoli, Pen, Alibaug and part of South Mumbai,

besides Navi Mumbai. The location and catchment area of the proposed

airport in Navi Mumbai is shown in Fig 4.34 It is this catchment which is

going to generate and attract traffic to Navi Mumbai airport. The

attractiveness of an airport depends upon the time of access by surface

transport to airport. For the short haul, trips might be as short as 45 to 60



minutes while more than 60 minutes is acceptable for international trips. The

adequacy of accessibility to Navi Mumbai airport needs to be assessed for

the entire horizon period by carrying out a traffic & transportation study and

the same is analysed and described in this chapter.

4.14.2 Site accessibility

Very few airports in the world have accessibility by all modes of transport i.e.

air, water and road and Navi Mumbai airport would be one among them.

The airport site is presently connected by commuter rail, National, State

highways and city roads and proposed to be connected in future by water

transport, sea link and commuter ring railway. Besides above site is also

connected to Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNPT), Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT).

The following Table 4.88 shows direct connectivity to catchment area and

the rest of the country.



Fig 4. 34

Location and Catchment area of the Proposed airport in Navi Mumbai



Table 4.88

Direct Connectivity To Catchment Area And The Rest Of The Country

4.14.3 Rail Linkages:

The existing commuter rail line between Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST)

formerly V.T., and Panvel provide the suburban Rail linkage to the region as

well as within the city. The nearest suburban railway station is less than a

k.m. from the Eastern boundary of airport. The Thane-Nerul railway line and

Nerul-Uran railway line (under construction) would further enhance the

regional and city linkages in future. The nearest railway station from the

western boundary of airport is located at about 1 Km on the Nerul-Uran

railway commuter line. Panvel Rly. Station located 4 km. from the airport

site establishes the direct linkage to Konkan Railway (Mumbai-Goa-

Mangalore) and indirect access to Central Railway. Besides this, C.S.T.,

Mumbai Central, Kurla, Bandra Terminals can be approached through

suburban rail and road system. The master plan of airport provides Metro

Accessibility Mode Navi Mumbai Airport

Rail Road Water Transport

Navi Mumbai Catchment Area

CST-Panvel Commuter

Railway line

Ring Rail

NH4B,NH4,SH54,

Aamra Marg, Sea link Mumbai-Pune Expressway

Nerul-Uran

Gateway of India-Vashi

Rest of the Country

Central Railway

Konkan Railway

NH3,NH8, NH17,NH4

JNPT Port

MbPT



Station and adequet reservation for Metro Line entering from western side

linked to either South Mumbai through MTHL or and to Metro at Mankhurd.

4.14.4 Water Transport:

The proposal of providing a water transport service in terms of catamaran

and hovercraft from South Mumbai to Nerul Navi Mumbai is under active

consideration of Govt. of Maharashtra. Further, the proposal is to extend

the water transport service to Eastern-western suburbs of Mumbai

Metropolitan Region. It is also proposed to connect the airport by providing

Hovercraft service from South Mumbai. The master plan of Water

Transport system is shown in Fig.4.35

4.14.5 Road Linkages:

The airport is well connected to Mumbai and other parts of the country

through National and State highways. NH4 (Mumbai- Pune- Bangalore),

NH4B (Kalamboli- JNPT- Panvel) pass on the Eastern boundary of the

airport and connect to other National Highways i.e. NH17 (Mumbai-Goa),

NH3 (Mumbai-Agra) and provide the country linkages. Sion-Panvel

highway, Uran-Panvel road (state highway), Mumbai-Pune Expressway

provide the regional linkages. Major arterial roads such as Aamra Marg,

Palm Beach Marg and other arterial roads establish linkage with in the city

of Navi Mumbai. The proposal of construction of Mumbai Trans Harbour

Link is under active consideration and the airport will be connected to this

link by constructing a coastal road of 8 kms. in the form of urban

expressway.



Fig.4.35

Master Plan Of Water Transport System



4.14.6 Mode Share

Worldwide experience speaks that airport users mostly use automobiles to

reach the airport. The automobile mode could be either by personalised or

private taxi. The automobile mode dominates for the airport of size 5 to 8

MPPA. There after the airport users shift to public transport in form of bus

and commuter rail. Navi Mumbai Airport is being design for the 60 MPPA. It

is assumed that 60% of airport users would be automobile base (car + taxi)

and remaining 40% would use the other modes transport i.e. commuter rail

(15%), Bus (5%), Auto (10%) and water transport (10%). The cargo traffic

generated would be entirely dispersed through roads.

As the majority of airport users are automobile based, it becomes apparent

to examine the land access modes of Navi Mumbai Airport. The important

linkages ( Fig 4.36), which are identified to test the adequacy, are

enumerated below.

i) National Highway 4B

The National highway 4B connects the NH4 and Jawaharlal Nehru Port. It

has two links i.e. Northern link connecting NH4 at Kalamboli to cater to the

Mumbai bound traffic and Southern link to Pune bound traffic. These two

links also act as western bypass to Panvel Town. NH4B has a right of way

of 60 m and the existing carriageway is of four lane width with paved

shoulder of 2.5 m. on both sides. National Highway Authority of India is

proposing to widen the road to six lanes. This road is proposed to be

widened ultimately to eight lanes. Thus the road will have eight lanes with

carrying capacity of 7200 PCU per hour.

ii) State Highway No.54

State Highway 54 connects Uran with Panvel town and runs on the

Southern boundary of Airport. This road would provide accessibility to

airport from Southern side for activities planned near second run way. The

road has the connectivity to NH4, NH4B and Aamra Marg. The existing



road is of two lanes of 7 m. width with 2 m wide soft verges with right of way

of 30 m. The road will be widened to four lanes. Thus the carrying capacity

of this road is considered as 4000 pcu per hour.

iii) Aamra Marg

Aamra Marg is a major city scale road of urban expressway standards

connecting Sion Panvel Highway at Devisaddle, passing though Belapur,

Nerul and Ulwe nodes and finally meeting SH54 and NH4B near village

Pedheghar. A portion of Aamra Marg from Sion-Panvel highway to Palm

Beach Marg junction is existing with 6-lane. National Highway Authority is

planning to construct a new 6 lane new bridge across Panvel creek and a 4-

lane highway from Southern end of Panvel Creek Bridge to junction of

SH54. This highway gives access to the Airport from Western side. It is

expected that most of traffic generated by the Airport will use this road for

Mumbai through proposed Nhava-Sewri Sea link (Trans Harbour Link) to

South Mumbai and Navi Mumbai & North Mumbai suburb through Palm

Beach Marg and Sion Panvel expressway respectively. The road will have

ultimately 8 lanes with 60 m. right of way with carrying capacity of 7200 pcu

per hour.

iv) National Highway 4

National highway 4 begins from Chennai and passes through various

districts of Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra and

finally ends at Thane. NH4 also provides access to NH8 leading to

Ahmedabad and to NH3 leading to Nashik. As mentioned earlier, it is

connected to NH4B at two locations. The existing carriageway width of

14.0 m with 2.5m hard shoulders on either side of central verge of 2 mts.

The road has 45 m. right of way and has ultimately 8 lanes with carrying

capacity of 7200 pcu per hour.



Fig 4.36 Land Access Modes Of Navi Mumbai Airport - The Important Linkages



4.14.7 Road Traffic Forecast

Having established the important land side access links, it is now proposed

to work out the traffic on these links owing to natural traffic growth as well as

the traffic generated due to airport development.

i) Natural Traffic Forecast

Based on the traffic volume study carried out by the Corporation as well as

by using the secondary data from National Highway Authority of India and

State P.W.D., the traffic volume on the various links described above has

established for the year, 2009 and 2010 and the same was used fo

forecasting the traffic on the road through which the airport traffic, dispersal

would take place, i.e. Aamra marg, NH4B/NH4 and SH54. The growth

rates adopted for the forecast are based on the developments envisaged in

region and same are given below:

Table 4.89

TRAFFIC GROWTH RATES FOR NH4B,AAMRA MARG,SH54&NH4

Fig. In %

Category Car, Taxi, Van

2/3 wheelers

Buses Trucks

Up to 2009 4.5 10.0 5.0 7.5

2009-2015 4.5 10.0 5.0 6.0

2015-2030 4.0 10.0 5.0 3.0



The forecasted number of vehicles is converted in to passenger car units

(PCU) for arriving at the Average Daily Traffic (ADT) and peak hour

volumes. Peak hour volume is considered as 8% of average daily traffic.

The following PCU factors are used.

Table 4.90

PCU FACTORS OF VEHICLES

Vehicles PCU Factor

PV 1.0

Two Wheeler 0.5

Bus 3.0

Mini Bus 1.5

LCV 1.5

2 Axle Truck 3.0

Rigid Axle 4.5

Semi Articulated Axle 4.5

With the existing traffic, assumed growth factors and passenger car units,

natural traffic forecast is worked out on the identified links taking into

consideration that 50% of traffic is using Mumbai Pune Expressway from

Kalamboli Junction and the same is shown in the Table 4.91.



Table 4.91

Natural Traffic Forecast

Road Links NH4 NH4B SH54 Aamra Marg

Year

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

2010 28236 50710 15185 39599 16648 33162 19183 44414 2015 38139 67281 20697 53033 22827 44319 26105 59363 2020 48931 81460 25950 62595 29668 53436 33105 70583 2025 63935 99429 33146 74266 39382 65011 42793 84463 2030 85254 122581 42943 87791 53474 79992 56520 101907

ii) Air Passenger Traffic Volume

The traffic volume generated due to air passenger on the identified links is

estimated based on findings of study conducted by IIT, Mumbai for

Santacruz Domestic Airport and Sahar International Airport. The study

revealed that domestic and international air passenger generates 1.12 pcu

and 1 pcu traffic volumes on the roads respectively. Using these factors

and air passenger traffic already forecasted, traffic volumes owing to airport

development are worked out. The road traffic volumes so worked out are

distributed on identified links on assumed percentage basis. It is assumed

that NH4B, SH54 and Aamra Marg will share 40%, 10% and 50% of airport

traffic volumes respectively. Further, 40% of traffic assumed for NH4B

would be shared by Sion-Panvel Highway, NH4B (Pune Side) and NH4 in

the proportion of 10%, 10% and 20% respectively. Based on the above

assumption, traffic volumes on the road due to air passenger on the

identified links are worked out as under.



Table 4.92

Airport Traffic

Road Links NH4 NH4B SH54 Aamra Marg

Year

Airport (Pass) PCU

Airport (Cargo)

PCU

Airport (Pass) PCU

Airport (Cargo) PCU

Airport (Pass) PCU

Airport (Cargo)

PCU

Airport (Pass) PCU

Airport (Cargo)

PCU 2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2015 5187 58 10374 117 2594 29 12968 146 2020 11896 131 23792 262 5948 66 29740 328 2025 19113 226 38227 452 9557 113 47783 564 2030 22566 268 45132 536 11283 134 56416 670

iii) Airport Cargo Traffic Volume

Air Cargo forecast carried out for the Navi Mumbai airport is used for

forecasting cargo traffic on the roads. The bulk cargo handled by the airport

is converted into truck equivalent units (TEUs) assuming load carrying

capacity of each truck as 10.0 tones. The associated PCU factor of 3.0 is

adopted for obtaining the volumes in PCU. Further as the airport handles

bulk cargo the distribution of the same by trucks involves some idle trips and

a factor of 2 is adopted for the same. 50% of traffic is assumed on Aamra

Marg, 30% by NH 4B (Mumbai side), 10% on NH4B (Pune side), 10% on

SH4B and 30% on NH4. Table 4.92 also shows the airport cargo traffic

volume.

iv) Total Traffic Volume

Traffic volume on identified links due to natural traffic growth as well as due

to air passengers and cargo is added to arrive at total traffic volume and the

same is indicated in the following table.



Table 4.93

Total Traffic Year Road Links

NH4 NH4B SH54 Aamra Marg

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

No. of Veh.

Total PCUs

2010 28236 50710 15185 39599 16648 33162 19183 44414 2015 43384 72526 31188 63524 25450 46942 39219 72477 2020 60958 93487 50004 86649 35682 59450 63173 100651 2025 83274 118768 71825 112945 49052 74681 91140 132810 2030 108088 145415 88611 133459 64891 91409 113606 158993

4.14.8 Test Of Adequacy

The Peak traffic volume on each link and its’ Link capacity is compared in

the following table to ascertain adequacy of links.

Table 4.94

Peak Hour Volume & Capacity

Road Links

NH4 NH4B SH54 Aamra Marg

Year

Peak hour

traffic

Link Capacity

Peak hour

traffic

Link Capacity

Peak hour

traffic

Link Capacity

Peak hour

traffic

Link Capacity

2010 2259 4000 1215 4000 1332 2000 1535 4000 2015 3471 6000 2495 6000 2036 4000 3138 6000 2020 4877 6000 4000 6000 2855 4000 5054 8000 2025 6662 8000 5746 8000 3924 4000 7291 8000 2030 8647 8000 7089 8000 5191 4000 9088 10000



With commissioning of airport all the links identified with proposed

improvement proposal will be operating at desired level of service B with

speed of 60 KMPH upto 2025 except Amra marg. Thereafter operating

characteristics would reduce the level of service C with speed of 40 KMPH

necessitating addition of two more lanes to the identified links to bring the

level of service back to B. Thus the Traffic and Transportation study revels

that road network around the airport is is adequate to handle increase in

traffic due the airport.

It is evident that the existing and proposed accessibility in terms of proposed

Metro and high speed water transport system will make up the availability of

efficient and comprehensive transport system to the Navi Mumbai airport.

4.14.9 Intersection Analysis

The primary road network providing access to airport is analysed in the

above section in detail to assess its adequacy in meeting the travel demand

generated from the air traffic and natural traffic. It is now propose to analise

the major junctions in and around airport to assess its adequacy in meeting

the traffic demand generated due to airport development. Accordingly seven

intersections are considered for the analysis of traffic assessments based on

its importance in distributing the traffic at city level, nearness to airport,

importance of roads etc. The selected seven intersections are as follows.

I. Belapur intersection.

II. Kalamboli intersection.

III. D.Y.Patil intersection

IV. Panvel intersection

V. Uran intersection

VI. Taloja intersection.

VII. Sanpada Intersection.

TransCad is used for the geocoding and mapping of the Study area. For

providing a GIS platform, all study area was coded in TransCAD. All seven

intersections are coded in point geographic file as well as Major roads and



suburban rails in Line geographic files. A map showing the airport site and

the location of seven intersections selected with its latitudes and longitudes

are given for geocoding in Transcad is given in the table below.

Figure 4.37 : Location of Intersections

Table 4.95 Details of Intersections

ID Latitude Longitude Name Characteristic Approaches

1 73028675 19011086 Belapur Signalized 4

2 73105853 19016492 Kalamboli Rotary 5

3 73030551 19033788 D Y Patil Signalized 3

4 73113217 18987604 Panvel Un Controlled 3

5 73033702 18958606 Uran Uncontrolled 3

6 73104544 19042857 Taloja Uncontrolled 4

7 73012354 19069959 Sanpada Signalized 4

Each intersection, its location, characteristic, distance from the airport, lane configuration,

and proposals are described in the following paragraphs.



i) Belapur Intersection.

The Belapur intersection is located at a distance of 2.25 Km from the Western

boundary of airport. The intersection is between two major arterial roads of urban

expressway namely Palm Beach Marg and Amra Marg. Both the roads are six lane

divided carriage way with extra lanes on the intersections for turning traffic. Both

the roads are going to play an important role in distributing the traffic within the city

and outside. Presently the intersection is signalized one and the proposal is to

construct a fly over on the Amra Marg in future.

Figure 4.38: Belapur Intersection



ii) Kalamboli Intersection.

The Kalmboli intersection is one of the major intersections with 5 arms are

meeting and is located at a distance of 2 Km from the Eastern boundary of

airport. The intersection is in between two National Highways called NH4B

and NH-4 and Sion Panvel Highway. The Sion Panvel Highway is directly fly

over this junction to provide direct access to Mumbai Pune Highway for inter

city traffic and meets at the grade for city traffic. The intersection has a rotary

at the grade for movement of city traffic. The Sion Panvel Highway has four

lane at grade with six lane flyover where as the national highways are of four

lane with divided carriage way. Each arm of the roads have extra lane for

turning traffic. The proposal is to provide service roads to the Sion- Panvel

Highway and widen the national Highway to six lanes initially and finally to

eight lanes as per the traffic demand. The junction will be also improved in

accordance with the widening of extra arm and the same will be signalized in

future.

Figure 4.39: Kalamboli Intersection



iii) D.Y.Patil Intersection.

The D.Y Patil intersection is about a distance of 5 Km from the Western

boundary of airport. This intersection is also located between two major

arterial roads of urban expressway namely Sion Panvel Highway and Amra

Marg. Both the roads are six lane divided carriage way with extra lanes on

the intersections for turning movements. Presently the intersection is

signalized one and there is proposal to construct a fly over on the Sion

Panvel Highway in future. The Sion Panvel is also proposed to widen to 10

lanes with provision of service road on either side in immediate future.

Similarly the Amra Marg will also be widen to 8 lane from the existing six lane

in future based on the traffic growth.

Figure 4.40: D.Y.Patil Intersection



iv) Panvel Intersection.

The Panvel intersection is about 5 Km from the Estern boundary of airport.

The intersection is between two major National Highways Called NH-4,

Mumbai- Pune Road and NH-4B leading to JNPT. Both the roads are Four

lane divided carriage way with extra lanes on the intersections for turning

traffic. Presently the intersection is an unsignalized intersection. The

proposal is to widen both the road to 6 lane initially and ultimately to eight

lane based on the traffic growth. The junction will be signalized with extra

turning lane on all the approaches.

Figure 4.41: Panvel Intersection

v) Uran Intersection.

The Uran intersection is located to a distance of 3.5 Km from the Western

boundary of airport. This is a T intersection with 3 legs and connecting

Amra Marg, State Highway SH 54 connecting Panvel_Airport on one side

and JNPT/ Uran on other side. All the roads meeting at this intersection are

4 lane with divided carriage way with extra lanes on the intersections. Both

the roads are going to play an important role in distributing the traffic within

the city and outside. Presently the intersection is un signalized one and the

proposal is to construct a grade separated junction connecting Amra Marg



directly to NH 4B by flying over SH 54 nad Uran Panvel railway lane. The

Amra Marg is proposed to be widen to 6 lane in near future and ultimately to

8 lane in the distant future based on the traffic demand. Similarly the SH-54

will be widen to four lane towards Uran in future.

Figure 4.42: Uran Intersection

vi) Taloja Intersection.

The Taloja intersection is located at a distance of 5 Km from the Eastern

boundary of airport. The intersection is between the National Highway NH- 4

and city arterial road. Both the roads are of four lane divided carriage way

with extra lanes on the intersections. The NH4 is connecting the major

urban area and industrial area of the region. Presently this intersection is an

uncontrolled intersection. There is a proposal to initially signalize this

section by widening the approach and the four arm and later widen both the

roads to six lanes in future.



Figure 4.43: Taloja Intersection

vii) Sanpada Intersection.

The Sanpada intersection is about 10 Km from the Western boundary of

airport. This intersection is located in the major arterial roads of Sion Panvel

Expressway with the city arterial road leading towards major whole sale

markets and station road. The Sion panvel Highway is 8 lane divided

carriage way and the city arterial road is of 4 lane divided carriage way with

extra lanes on the intersections for turning traffic. Presently this intersection

is also a signalized one and the proposal is to construct a fly over on the

Sion Panvel Highway in future. The Sion Panvel is also proposed to widen to

10 lane with provision of service road on either side



Figure 4.44: Sanpada Intersection

4.14.10 Assessments of intersection

The assessment of junction includes the existing traffic conditions, junction

capacity assessment, delay at junctions and measures to handle the future

traffic. VISSIM simulation model is used for assessment of junction to

identify the critical junction requiring mitigation measures. The critical

junctions were further analysed using volume capacity (V/C ratio).

To build a VISSIM simulation model for this network and to calibrate it for

the local traffic conditions, two types of data are required. The first type is

the basic input data used for network coding of the simulation model. The

second type is the observation data employed for the calibration of

simulation model parameters. Basic input data include data of network

geometry, traffic volume data, turning movements, vehicle characteristics,

travel demands, vehicle mix, stop/delay, traffic control systems, etc. A

summary of traffic data collected is given in the Table below.



Table 4.96:

Summary of data collected

Mid Block , Through and Turning Traffic Count

Vehicle Composition 1. Traffic Volume Data

Vehicle Length*

Desired Speed 2. Speed Data

Left and Right Turning movements Speed

Cycle Length

Phase Direction

Phase Duration 3. Signal Control Data

Priority Rules

Section Travel Time 4. Data for Calibration

Average Queue Length

a) Traffic Surveys

Existing traffic conditions are carried out at each intersection. The classified

traffic volume counts at all the intersections at each approaches including

turning movements for a period of 14 hours (7:00 AM to 9:00 PM) are carried

out manually. Mid block volume counts were also taken at selected locations to

enable to use it for expanding the samples for forecasting. The intersection

inventory surveys were also conducted to know the width of approach, number

of lanes, scope for future widening options, signal details, cycle time, travel

time, maximum and average queue length and the link speed etc.



b) VISSIM Model Calibration

The coded VISSIM simulation network needs to be calibrated to replicate the

local traffic conditions. The calibration involves comparing the simulation results

against field observed data and adjusting model parameters until the model

results fall within an acceptable range of convergence. Using the field data, the

calibration and validation of the model is done.

c) Traffic Projection

The future traffic volume of approaches of all the seven intersections are

forecasted based on the traffic volume survey carried out on the intersection as

well as on mid blocks and using the growth rate for various composition of traffic

for the horizon years. The estimated traffic volumes for the different approaches

on the seven intersections are given in the following tables

Table 4.97: Traffic volume forecast at Belapur Intersection

Time Periods

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 Approach

Avg. Daily Traffic in PCU’s

12 15240.75 18933.54 27181.54 39022.62 56022.01 80426.84

14 17610.25 21877.16 31407.49 45089.51 64731.83 92930.91

16 14007.75 17401.78 24982.51 35865.63 51489.74 73920.19

18 9488.25 11787.22 16922.08 24293.84 34876.95 50070.37



INTERSECTION VOLUME

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

YEAR

PCU

12141618

Figure 4.45 : Traffic volume forecast for Belapur Intersection

Table 4.98: Traffic volume forecast at Kalamboli Intersection

Time Periods

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 Approach


62 21765.00 27038.59 38817.39 55727.39 80003.88 114855.9

64 37914.25 47100.75 67619.22 97076.14 139365.40 200077.00

66 2607.75 3239.60 4650.86 6676.92 9585.58 13761.34

68 32148.25 39937.67 57335.69 82312.80 118170.70 169649.30

69 10976.50 13636.07 19576.34 28104.37 40347.46 57924.00



INTERSECTION VOLUME

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

YEAR

PCU

62 64 66 68 692

Figure 4.46: Traffic volume forecast at Kalamboli Intersection

Table 4.99: Traffic volume forecast at D.Y.Patil Intersection

Time Period

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 Approach


42 25504.25 31683.85 45486.26 65301.42 93748.63 134588.30

44 23351.70 29009.74 41647.23 59790.00 85836.28 122828.27

46 5940.75 7380.18 10595.20 15210.77 21837.03 31349.89



INTERSECTION VOLUME

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

YEAR

PCU

42 44 46

Figure 4.47: Traffic volume forecast for D.Y.Patil Intersection

Table 4.100: Traffic volume forecast for Panvel Intersection

Time Periods

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 Approach


22 18905.00 23485.62 33716.65 48404.61 69491.08 99763.43

24 18763.25 23309.53 33463.84 48041.67 68970.03 99015.40

26 8599.25 10682.82 15336.57 22017.63 31609.16 45379.03



INTERSECTION VOLUME

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

YEARS

PCU

22 24 26

Figure 4.48: Traffic volume forecast for Panvel Intersection

Table 4.101: Traffic volume forecast for Uran Intersection

Time Periods

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 Approach


32 9704.75 12056.18 17308.21 24848.17 35672.76 51212.86

34 9299.5 11552.74 16585.45 23810.56 34183.14 49074.32

36 13466.5 16729.39 24017.20 34479.8 49500.22 71063.96



INTERSECTION VOLUME

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

YEAR

PCU

32 34 36

Figure 4.49: Traffic volume forecast for Uran Intersection

Table 4.102: Traffic volume forecast for Taloja Intersection

Time Periods

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 Approach


52 17391.00 21604.78 31016.46 44528.14 63925.91 91773.91

54 10055.25 12491.61 17933.32 25745.59 36961.13 53062.48

56 14053.00 17458.00 25063.21 35981.48 51656.07 74158.98

58 7663.50 9520.34 13667.68 19621.73 28169.52 40441.00



INTERSECTION VOLUME

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

YEAR

PCU

52 54 56 58

Figure 4.50: Traffic volume forecast for Taloja Intersection

Table 4.103: Traffic volume forecast for Sanpada Intersection

Time Periods

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 Approach


72 29064.75 36107.05 51836.34 74417.77 106836.30 153377.40

74 17213.25 21383.97 30699.45 44073.03 63272.53 90835.91

76 26221.00 32574.27 46764.57 67136.59 96383.26 138370.60

78 10978.25 13638.25 19579.47 28108.85 40353.90 57933.24



INTERSECTION VOLUME

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

YEARS

PCU

72 74 76 78

Figure 4.51: Traffic volume forecast for Sanpda Intersection

d) Intersection Evaluation by VISSIM model . The intersection Evaluation is done using the VISSIM software by assessing

the possible queues and delays at each intersection. Intersection Evaluation

for delays are grouped by turning movements. Each turning relation is

named using the approximate compass directions (N / NE / E / SE / S / SW /

W / NW) of its first and last link (at the Intersection boundary) with a defined

North direction. For e g. "NE-S" is a movement entering from the North-East

and leaving to the South. List of selected parameters for intersection

evaluation are given in the following table.



Table 4.104 Parameters Selected For Node Evaluation

Sr.

No. Parameter Definition Column

Header

1. From Link Number of the link entering intersection FromLink

2. To Link Number of the link leaving intersection ToLink

3. Movement Movement (Bearing from-to) Movement

4. Number of Vehicle Number of Vehicles Veh

5. Delay time Average delay per vehicle [s] Delay

6. Maximum Queue Length Maximum Queue Length (M) maxQueue

7. Average Queue Length Average Queue Length (M) aveQueue

8. Stopped Delay Average stopped delay per vehicle [s] tStopd

9. Stops Average number of stops per vehicle s] Stops



The output of intersection evaluation for the base year (2008) traffic volume is given in Tables given below.

Table 4.105:

Intersection Evaluation for Belapur Intersection

From Link

To Link

Move-ment

Veh (All)

Delay (All)

Avg

Queue

Max Queue

tStopd (All)

Stops (All)

14 15 N-E 35 12.8 24.3 95 8.3 0.2

14 17 N-SE 43 20.4 59.5 135.8 12.1 0.49

14 11 N-W 26 106.6 61.3 137.0 85.2 1.5

18 13 SE-N 34 212.4 184.6 215.9 169.7 3.76

18 11 SE-W 21 262.5 0 0 203 5

18 15 SE-E 25 277.6 183.5 214.9 223.5 4.2

12 13 W-N 57 20.5 1.8 90.3 13.9 0.47

12 17 W-SE 78 38.2 40.5 125.7 28.5 0.77

12 15 W-E 68 40.9 40.6 126.5 31.4 0.76

16 13 E-N 53 29.7 15.7 86.3 22.1 0.7

16 17 E-SE 40 2.5 0 0 0.7 0.07

16 11 W-W 73 24.2 16.3 88.1 17.5 0.58

0 0 All 553 61.7 52.4 215.9 47.5 1.13

0 0 All 553 61.7 52.4 215.9 47.5 1.13



Table 4.106:

Intersection Evaluation for Kalamboli Intersection

From Link

To Link Movement

Veh (All)

Delay (All)

Avg

Queue

Max Queue

tStopd (All)

Stops (All)

692 61 SW-NW 31 4.9 0.2 12.7 0.2 0.13

692 63 SW-N 21 8.2 0.2 12.7 0.1 0.19

692 65 SW-SE 40 6.1 0.2 12.7 0.1 0.25

692 67 SW-S 61 0 0.2 12.7 0 0

68 61 S-NW 35 155.2 54.8 88.6 46.6 6.05

68 63 S-N 0 156.4 54.8 88.6 40.9 6.08

68 65 S-SE 0 0 54.8 88.6 0 0

68 69 S-SW 27 0 54.8 88.6 0 0

62 61 NW-N 0 15 8.6 93.2 0.2 0.11

62 63 NW-SE 130 0 8.6 93.2 0 0

62 65 NW-S 55 17 8.6 93.2 0.3 0.23

62 69 NW-SW 0 18.2 8.6 93.2 0.3 0.27

66 67 SE-S 2 0 6 40.4 0 0

66 69 SE-SW 1 86.7 6 40.4 63.7 4

66 61 SE-NW 12 12.6 6 40.4 0.5 1

66 63 SE-N 0 36.3 6 40.4 19 2.83

64 65 N-SE 146 0 3 70 0 0

64 67 N-S 68 9.5 3 70 0.1 0.05

64 69 N-SW 69 9.7 3 70 0.2 0.1

64 61 N-NW 49 10.8 3 70 0.1 0.06

0 0 All 644 34.8 14.5 93.2 7.5 1.11

0 0 All 644 34.8 14.5 93.2 7.5 1.11



Table 4.107:

Intersection Evaluation for DY Patil Intersection

From Link

To Link Movement

Veh (All)

Delay (All)

Avg

Queue

Max Queue

tStopd (All)

Stops (All)

42 43 N-E 265 0.3 0 0 0 0

42 45 N-S 16 0.5 0 0 0 0

44 45 E-S 66 41.1 86.2 185.6 23.5 1.03

44 41 E-N 279 47.1 103.4 193.1 27.5 1.07

46 41 S-N 18 9.3 8 55.7 3.6 0.5

46 43 S-E 48 30 10.9 49.1 20.3 0.77

0 0 All 692 25.4 29.9 193.1 14.8 0.6

0 0 All 692 25.4 29.9 193.1 14.8 0.6

Table 4.108:

Intersection Evaluation for Panvel Intersection

From Link

To Link Movement

Veh (All)

Delay (All)

Avg

Queue

Max Queue

tStopd (All)

Stops (All)

24 25 SE-W 71 1 0.2 14.4 0.2 0.06

24 21 SE-NW 177 0.5 0.2 14.4 0 0.02

25 21 W-NW 0 0 65.5 84.4 0 0

26 23 W-SE 31 144.8 63.5 82.5 91.4 5.55

22 23 NW-W 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 23 NW-SE 224 0.2 0 0 0 0

0 0 All 503 9.3 21.6 84.4 5.7 0.36

0 0 All 503 9.3 21.6 84.4 5.7 0.36



Table 4.109:

Intersection Evaluation for Uran-JNPT Junction)

From Link

To Link Movement

Veh (All)

Delay (All)

Avg

Queue

Max Queue

tStopd (All)

Stops (All)

34 31 SW-NE 55 8.7 1.4 19.7 0.9 0.2

34 35 SW-N 29 4.5 0 0 0.2 0.07

32 33 NE-SW 27 15 3.1 27.8 5.3 0.44

32 35 NE-N 43 35.6 20.2 45.1 14.8 1.77

36 31 N-NE 9 0.1 0 0 0 0

36 33 N-SW 106 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 All 275 9.3 305 45.1 3 0.37

0 0 All 275 9.3 3.5 45.1 3 0.37

Table 4.110:

Intersection Evaluation for Taloja Intersection

From Link

To Link Movement

Veh (All)

Delay (All)

Avg

Queue

Max Queue

tStopd (All)

Stops (All)

54 57 E-W 17 22.3 4.6 57.2 3.8 1.06

54 55 E-S 16 11.6 0 2.5 0.6 0.19

54 51 E-NW 22 7.1 3.9 59.2 0.4 0.09

52 57 NW-W 35 0.8 0 0 0 0

52 55 NW-S 60 0.4 0 0 0 0.02

52 53 NW-E 20 1.1 0 0 0.3 0.05

56 53 S-E 34 1 0 0 0 0

56 51 S-NW 49 1.3 0 0 0 0

56 57 S-W 37 1.7 0 0 0 0

58 55 W-S 24 5.6 4 67.1 0.5 0.08

58 51 W-NW 17 10.5 0.2 13.7 0.9 0.24

58 53 W-E 26 20.8 4.9 66.2 5.8 1.15

0 0 All 357 5.1 1.5 67.1 0.8 0.17

0 0 All 357 5.1 1.5 67.1 0.8 0.17



Table 4.111:

Intersection Evaluation for Sanpada Intersection

From Link

To Link Movement

Veh (All)

Delay (All)

Avg

Queue

Max Queue

tStopd (All)

Stops (All)

74 77 N-S 28 104 88.4 122.6 86.3 1.36

74 71 N-W 23 112.7 11.5 25.2 93.4 1.3

74 75 N-E 8 112.7 11.5 25.2 93.9 1.38

78 71 S-W 1 5.2 48.7 69 0 0

78 73 S-N 36 154.3 39.5 58.1 134 1.86

78 75 S-E 12 161.1 48.7 69 138.9 1.75

72 75 W-E 124 23.9 14.4 44.7 16 0.47

72 77 W-S 6 29.4 12.7 43.7 17.6 1

72 73 W-N 18 12.9 4.4 47.8 6.8 0.44

76 77 E-S 9 13.2 11.9 68.6 2.3 0.44

76 71 E-W 168 28.3 28.3 54.2 14.9 0.74

76 73 E-N 13 65.4 24.7 49.6 49.4 1.15

0 0 All 446 51.6 28.7 122.6 38.5 0.86

0 0 All 446 51.6 28.7 122.6 38.5 0.86



The result of intersection analysis using the VISSIM model identify the four

intersections ie Belapur, Kalamboli, D.Y.Patil, Sanpada and experiencing

traffic delays, queue length with the existing traffic and the same is

expected to increase in future. Keeping this in view these junctions were

further analysed using volume and capacity (V/C) analysis with future

proposals of intersection improvements, signalization, provision of flyovers

and grade separators.

4.14.11 Intersection Evaluation by V/C Ratio

The ratio of traffic volume to capacity (v/c ratio) used as a standard to

measure performance of transportation operations. The measure applied to

highway segments, intersections, and/or a series of intersections. The level

of service (LOS) is a qualitative indicator for the operational condition of

different traffic stream and V/C ratio is an indirect indicator for representing

the LOS. Six level of service has been designed commonly from A to F with

respect to various traffic conditions. In which LOS A represents the free flow

condition and F represent the force flow with jam conditions. In urban area

LOS C is acceptable however in case it goes beyond this then suitable

mitigation measures needs to be adopted for reducing the congestion at

approach roads and at the junctions. Mitigation is normally required for any

intersection with a projected V/C ratio of greater than 0.85, and the

mitigation strategy should reduce the V/C ratio to 0.85 or lower.

The Volume to Capacity (V/C) ratio’s at three critical intersections falling

within 5km of airport boundary ie Belapur, Kalamboli, and D.Y.Patil has

been calculated for existing, projected traffic with the existing configuration

of intersections, proposals of intersection improvements, signalization,

provision of flyovers and grade separators respectively during the horizon

year for the various arms of the intersection as and the same is shown in

the following tables.



Table 4.112 a:

V/C Ratio for Belapur Intersection of Approach 12

Time Period Traffic Volume PCU/hr V/C Ratio

From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 372 462 663 951 1366 1960 0.09 0.12 0.17 0.19 0.23 0.33

8:00 9:00 537 667 958 1376 1975 2835 0.13 0.17 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.47

9:00 10:00 1697 2108 3026 4344 6236 8953 0.42 0.53 0.76 0.87 1.04 1.49

10:00 11:00 1478 1836 2636 3784 5432 7798 0.37 0.46 0.66 0.76 0.91 1.30

11:00 12:00 1130 1403 2014 2892 4152 5960 0.28 0.35 0.50 0.58 0.69 0.99

12:00 13:00 1015 1260 1809 2598 3729 5354 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.52 0.62 0.89

13:00 14:00 953 1183 1699 2439 3501 5026 0.24 0.30 0.42 0.49 0.58 0.84

14:00 15:00 803 998 1432 2056 2952 4238 0.20 0.25 0.36 0.41 0.49 0.71

15:00 16:00 1133 1407 2020 2900 4164 5978 0.28 0.35 0.51 0.58 0.69 1.00

16:00 17:00 1343 1668 2394 3437 4935 7085 0.34 0.42 0.60 0.69 0.82 1.18

17:00 18:00 1752 2176 3124 4485 6438 9243 0.44 0.54 0.78 0.90 1.07 1.54

18:00 19:00 1322 1643 2358 3386 4860 6978 0.33 0.41 0.59 0.68 0.81 1.16

19:00 20:00 998 1240 1780 2555 3668 5267 0.25 0.31 0.44 0.51 0.61 0.88

20:00 21:00 711 884 1269 1821 2614 3753 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.36 0.44 0.63



Table 4.112 b:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 339 421 604 867 1245 1788 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.17 0.17 0.25

8:00 9:00 675 839 1204 728 2481 3562 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.15 0.34 0.49

9:00 10:00 1295 1608 2309 3315 4759 6833 0.32 0.40 0.46 0.66 0.66 0.95

10:00 11:00 1480 1839 2640 3790 5441 7811 0.37 0.46 0.53 0.76 0.76 1.08

11:00 12:00 1245 1547 2220 3188 4576 6570 0.31 0.39 0.44 0.64 0.64 0.91

12:00 13:00 1434 1781 2558 3672 5271 7567 0.36 0.45 0.51 0.73 0.73 1.05

13:00 14:00 1598 1985 2849 4090 5872 8430 0.40 0.50 0.57 0.82 0.82 1.17

14:00 15:00 1539 1911 2744 3939 5655 8119 0.38 0.48 0.55 0.79 0.79 1.13

15:00 16:00 1736 2156 3095 4444 6379 9158 0.43 0.54 0.62 0.89 0.89 1.27

16:00 17:00 1393 1730 2483 3565 5119 7348 0.35 0.43 0.50 0.71 0.71 1.02

17:00 18:00 1075 1336 1918 2753 3952 5674 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.55 0.55 0.79

18:00 19:00 1294 1608 2308 3313 4756 6829 0.32 0.40 0.46 0.66 0.66 0.95

19:00 20:00 1429 1775 2549 3659 5253 7541 0.36 0.44 0.51 0.73 0.73 1.05

20:00 21:00 1080 1342 1927 2766 3971 5701 0.27 0.34 0.39 0.55 0.55 0.79



Table 4.112 c:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 306 380 546 784 1126 1616 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.23 0.34

8:00 9:00 611 759 1090 1565 2247 3226 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.33 0.47 0.67

9:00 10:00 696 864 1240 1781 2557 3670 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.37 0.53 0.76

10:00 11:00 821 1019 1463 2101 3016 4330 0.27 0.34 0.41 0.44 0.63 0.90

11:00 12:00 968 1203 1726 2478 3558 5108 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.52 0.74 1.06

12:00 13:00 984 1222 1754 2518 3615 5190 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.52 0.75 1.08

13:00 14:00 638 1165 1672 2401 3447 4949 0.21 0.39 0.46 0.50 0.72 1.03

14:00 15:00 845 1050 1507 2164 3106 4459 0.28 0.35 0.42 0.45 0.65 0.93

15:00 16:00 803 998 1433 2057 2953 4239 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.43 0.62 0.88

16:00 17:00 1070 1329 1908 2740 3933 5646 0.36 0.44 0.53 0.57 0.82 1.18

17:00 18:00 1291 1603 2302 3305 4745 6811 0.43 0.53 0.64 0.69 0.99 1.42

18:00 19:00 1727 2145 3079 4421 6346 9111 0.58 0.71 0.86 0.92 1.32 1.90

19:00 20:00 1747 2170 3116 4473 6422 9219 0.58 0.72 0.87 0.93 1.34 1.92

20:00 21:00 1203 1494 2145 3079 4420 6346 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.64 0.92 1.32



Table 4.112d:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 270 335 482 691 992 1425 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.14 0.17 0.24

8:00 9:00 517 642 922 1324 1900 2728 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.26 0.32 0.45

9:00 10:00 680 844 1212 1740 2499 3587 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.35 0.42 0.60

10:00 11:00 586 728 1045 1500 2154 3092 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.30 0.36 0.52

11:00 12:00 867 1077 1546 2219 3186 4574 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.44 0.53 0.76

12:00 13:00 803 997 1432 2055 2951 4236 0.20 0.25 0.29 0.41 0.49 0.71

13:00 14:00 536 666 956 1372 1970 2829 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.27 0.33 0.47

14:00 15:00 606 753 1080 1551 2227 3197 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.31 0.37 0.53

15:00 16:00 450 558 802 1151 1652 2372 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.23 0.28 0.40

16:00 17:00 583 725 1040 1493 2144 3078 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.30 0.36 0.51

17:00 18:00 1012 1258 1805 2592 3721 5342 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.52 0.62 0.89

18:00 19:00 995 1236 1775 2548 3658 5252 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.51 0.61 0.88

19:00 20:00 860 1068 1533 2201 3159 4536 0.21 0.27 0.31 0.44 0.53 0.76

20:00 21:00 725 900 1292 1855 2663 3823 0.18 0.23 0.26 0.37 0.44 0.64



Table 4.113. a:

V/C Ratio for Kalamboli Intersection of Approach 62


From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 722 896 1287 1874 2652 3807 0.24 0.30 0.32 0.31 0.44 0.63

8:00 9:00 1337 1661 2384 3423 4914 7054 0.45 0.55 0.60 0.57 0.82 1.18

9:00 10:00 1473 1830 2627 3771 5414 7772 0.49 0.61 0.66 0.63 0.90 1.30

10:00 11:00 1615 2006 2880 4135 5936 8523 0.54 0.67 0.72 0.69 0.99 1.42

11:00 12:00 1624 2018 2897 4159 5970 8571 0.54 0.67 0.72 0.69 1.00 1.43

12:00 13:00 1821 2263 3248 4663 6695 9611 0.61 0.75 0.81 0.78 1.12 1.60

13:00 14:00 1692 2101 3017 4331 6218 8926 0.56 0.70 0.75 0.72 1.04 1.49

14:00 15:00 1485 1845 2649 3803 5459 7838 0.50 0.62 0.66 0.63 0.91 1.31

15:00 16:00 1553 1929 2770 3976 5709 8195 0.52 0.64 0.69 0.66 0.95 1.37

16:00 17:00 1808 2246 3225 4630 6647 9542 0.60 0.75 0.81 0.77 1.11 1.59

17:00 18:00 1558 1936 2779 3989 5727 8222 0.52 0.65 0.69 0.66 0.95 1.37

18:00 19:00 1479 1838 2638 3787 5437 7806 0.49 0.61 0.66 0.63 0.91 1.30

19:00 20:00 1843 2290 3287 4719 6775 9726 0.61 0.76 0.82 0.79 1.13 1.62

20:00 21:00 1755 2181 3130 4494 6452 9263 0.59 0.73 0.78 0.75 1.08 1.54



Table 4.113. b:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 1492 1854 2661 3821 5485 7875 0.41 0.51 0.53 0.76 0.91 1.31

8:00 9:00 2378 2954 4242 6089 8742 12550 0.66 0.82 0.85 1.22 1.46 2.09

9:00 10:00 2170 2695 3870 5555 7976 11450 0.60 0.75 0.77 1.11 1.33 1.91

10:00 11:00 2193 2724 3910 5614 8059 11570 0.61 0.76 0.78 1.12 1.34 1.93

11:00 12:00 3214 3992 5732 8229 11813 16959 0.89 1.11 1.15 1.65 1.97 2.83

12:00 13:00 3011 3741 5371 7710 11069 15891 0.84 1.04 1.07 1.54 1.84 2.65

13:00 14:00 2319 2881 4135 5937 8523 12236 0.64 0.80 0.83 1.19 1.42 2.04

14:00 15:00 1971 2449 3516 5047 7246 10402 0.55 0.68 0.70 1.01 1.21 1.73

15:00 16:00 1597 1983 2847 4088 5868 8425 0.44 0.55 0.57 0.82 0.98 1.40

16:00 17:00 2776 3448 4950 7107 10203 14648 0.77 0.96 0.99 1.42 1.70 2.44

17:00 18:00 3165 3931 5644 8102 11632 16699 0.88 1.09 1.13 1.62 1.94 2.78

18:00 19:00 4640 5764 8274 11879 17054 24483 1.29 1.60 1.65 2.38 2.84 4.08

19:00 20:00 3733 4638 6658 9559 13723 19701 1.04 1.29 1.33 1.91 2.29 3.28

20:00 21:00 3257 4046 5809 8339 11972 17187 0.90 1.12 1.16 1.67 2.00 2.86



Table 4.113. c:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 251 311 446 641 921 1322 0.13 0.16 0.22 0.32 0.46 0.66

8:00 9:00 197 244 351 504 723 1038 0.10 0.12 0.18 0.25 0.36 0.52

9:00 10:00 168 208 299 430 617 885 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.21 0.31 0.44

10:00 11:00 143 177 254 365 524 752 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.18 0.26 0.38

11:00 12:00 232 288 414 594 853 1224 0.12 0.14 0.21 0.30 0.43 0.61

12:00 13:00 214 266 382 549 788 1131 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.27 0.39 0.57

13:00 14:00 73 91 130 187 268 385 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.19

14:00 15:00 62 77 110 158 227 326 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.16

15:00 16:00 247 307 440 632 907 1302 0.12 0.15 0.22 0.32 0.45 0.65

16:00 17:00 199 247 355 510 731 1050 0.10 0.12 0.18 0.25 0.37 0.53

17:00 18:00 204 253 363 521 748 1074 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.26 0.37 0.54

18:00 19:00 217 269 386 554 796 1142 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.28 0.40 0.57

19:00 20:00 208 258 371 532 764 1096 0.10 0.13 0.19 0.27 0.38 0.55

20:00 21:00 196 243 349 501 720 1033 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.36 0.52



Table 4.113. d:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 693 861 1236 1774 2547 3657 0.19 0.24 0.25 0.35 0.42 0.61

8:00 9:00 1654 2054 2949 4234 6079 8727 0.46 0.57 0.59 0.85 1.01 1.45

9:00 10:00 2115 2628 3773 5416 7775 11162 0.59 0.73 0.75 1.08 1.30 1.86

10:00 11:00 2043 2538 3644 5231 7510 10781 0.57 0.71 0.73 1.05 1.25 1.80

11:00 12:00 2427 3015 4329 6215 8922 12809 0.67 0.84 0.87 1.24 1.49 2.13

12:00 13:00 2600 3229 4636 6656 9555 13718 0.72 0.90 0.93 1.33 1.59 2.29

13:00 14:00 2141 2659 3818 5481 7869 11297 0.59 0.74 0.76 1.10 1.31 1.88

14:00 15:00 2152 2674 3838 5511 7911 11358 0.60 0.74 0.77 1.10 1.32 1.89

15:00 16:00 2531 3144 4514 6480 9303 13356 0.70 0.87 0.90 1.30 1.55 2.23

16:00 17:00 2355 2925 4199 6028 8655 12425 0.65 0.81 0.84 1.21 1.44 2.07

17:00 18:00 2711 3368 4835 6942 9966 14308 0.75 0.94 0.97 1.39 1.66 2.38

18:00 19:00 2909 3614 5188 7448 10692 15350 0.81 1.00 1.04 1.49 1.78 2.56

19:00 20:00 2901 3604 5174 7428 10664 15309 0.81 1.00 1.03 1.49 1.78 2.55

20:00 21:00 2917 3624 5202 7469 10722 15393 0.81 1.01 1.04 1.49 1.79 2.57



Table 4.113 e:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 402 499 716 1028 1476 2119 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.26 0.30 0.42

8:00 9:00 869 1079 1549 2224 3192 4583 0.29 0.36 0.39 0.56 0.64 0.92

9:00 10:00 836 1039 1491 2141 3073 4412 0.28 0.35 0.37 0.54 0.61 0.88

10:00 11:00 692 859 1233 1771 2542 3649 0.23 0.29 0.31 0.44 0.51 0.73

11:00 12:00 497 617 886 1273 1827 2623 0.17 0.21 0.22 0.32 0.37 0.52

12:00 13:00 492 611 877 1260 1809 2596 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.31 0.36 0.52

13:00 14:00 528 655 941 1351 1939 2784 0.18 0.22 0.24 0.34 0.39 0.56

14:00 15:00 723 898 1289 1851 2658 3815 0.24 0.30 0.32 0.46 0.53 0.76

15:00 16:00 697 865 1242 1783 2560 3675 0.23 0.29 0.31 0.45 0.51 0.74

16:00 17:00 1072 1332 1912 2745 3941 5658 0.36 0.44 0.48 0.69 0.79 1.13

17:00 18:00 971 1206 1732 2486 3569 5124 0.32 0.40 0.43 0.62 0.71 1.02

18:00 19:00 1019 1265 1816 2608 3744 5375 0.34 0.42 0.45 0.65 0.75 1.07

19:00 20:00 1057 1313 1885 2706 3885 5578 0.35 0.44 0.47 0.68 0.78 1.12

20:00 21:00 1124 1397 2005 2879 4133 5933 0.37 0.47 0.50 0.72 0.83 1.19



Table 4.114 a:

V/C Ratio for D Y Patil Intersection of Approach 42


From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 974 1210 1731 2494 3580 5140 0.24 0.30 0.29 0.42 0.50 0.71

8:00 9:00 1807 2245 3222 4626 6641 9534 0.45 0.56 0.54 0.77 0.92 1.32

9:00 10:00 2015 2503 3593 5159 7406 10632 0.50 0.63 0.60 0.86 1.03 1.48

10:00 11:00 2017 2506 3597 5164 7414 10644 0.50 0.63 0.60 0.86 1.03 1.48

11:00 12:00 1975 2454 3522 5057 7260 10422 0.49 0.61 0.59 0.84 1.01 1.45

12:00 13:00 1939 2409 3558 4965 7127 10232 0.48 0.60 0.59 0.83 0.99 1.42

13:00 14:00 1774 2204 3164 4542 6521 9362 0.44 0.55 0.53 0.76 0.91 1.30

14:00 15:00 1536 1908 2740 3933 5647 8107 0.38 0.48 0.46 0.66 0.78 1.13

15:00 16:00 1512 1878 2697 3871 5558 7979 0.38 0.47 0.45 0.65 0.77 1.11

16:00 17:00 1591 1976 2837 4073 5847 8395 0.40 0.49 0.47 0.68 0.81 1.17

17:00 18:00 1732 2151 3088 4433 6365 9137 0.43 0.54 0.51 0.74 0.88 1.27

18:00 19:00 2132 2649 3803 5459 7838 11252 0.53 0.66 0.63 0.91 1.09 1.56

19:00 20:00 2271 2821 4050 5815 8348 11984 0.57 0.71 0.68 0.97 1.16 1.66

20:00 21:00 2230 2770 3777 5710 8197 11768 0.56 0.69 0.63 0.95 1.14 1.63



Table 4.114 b:



From To 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 908 1128 1619 2324 3337 4790 0.23 0.28 0.27 0.39 0.46 0.67

8:00 9:00 1499 1862 2673 3838 5510 7910 0.37 0.47 0.45 0.64 0.77 1.10

9:00 10:00 1784 2216 3181 4567 6557 9413 0.45 0.55 0.53 0.76 0.91 1.31

10:00 11:00 1887 2344 3365 4831 6936 9957 0.47 0.59 0.56 0.81 0.96 1.38

11:00 12:00 1829 2272 3262 4683 6723 9652 0.46 0.57 0.54 0.78 0.93 1.34

12:00 13:00 1791 2225 3195 4586 6584 9452 0.45 0.56 0.53 0.76 0.91 1.31

13:00 14:00 1645 2044 2934 4212 6047 8682 0.41 0.51 0.49 0.70 0.84 1.21

14:00 15:00 1420 1764 2532 3635 5219 7492 0.35 0.44 0.42 0.61 0.72 1.04

15:00 16:00 1395 1734 2489 3573 5129 7364 0.35 0.43 0.41 0.60 0.71 1.02

16:00 17:00 1471 1828 2624 3767 5407 7763 0.37 0.46 0.44 0.63 0.75 1.08

17:00 18:00 1597 1983 2847 4088 5868 8425 0.40 0.50 0.47 0.68 0.82 1.17

18:00 19:00 1972 2449 3516 5048 7247 10404 0.49 0.61 0.59 0.84 1.01 1.45

19:00 20:00 2098 2606 3741 5370 7710 10669 0.52 0.65 0.62 0.90 1.07 1.48

20:00 21:00 2057 2556 3669 5267 7561 10855 0.51 0.64 0.61 0.88 1.05 1.51



Table 4.114 c:



From To 2008

2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2008 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031

7:00 8:00 379 471 676 970 1393 2000 0.13 0.16 0.23 0.32 0.46 0.67

8:00 9:00 398 494 709 1018 1461 2098 0.13 0.16 0.24 0.34 0.49 0.70

9:00 10:00 451 560 804 1155 1658 2380 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.38 0.55 0.79

10:00 11:00 515 640 918 1319 1893 2718 0.17 0.21 0.31 0.44 0.63 0.91

11:00 12:00 505 627 901 1293 1856 2665 0.17 0.21 0.30 0.43 0.62 0.89

12:00 13:00 446 557 799 1147 1647 2364 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.38 0.55 0.79

13:00 14:00 391 486 697 1001 1437 2063 0.13 0.16 0.23 0.33 0.48 0.69

14:00 15:00 332 413 593 851 1221 1753 0.11 0.14 0.20 0.28 0.41 0.58

15:00 16:00 328 407 585 840 1206 1731 0.11 0.14 0.19 0.28 0.40 0.58

16:00 17:00 338 420 602 865 1242 1782 0.11 0.14 0.20 0.29 0.41 0.59

17:00 18:00 371 461 661 949 1363 1956 0.12 0.15 0.22 0.32 0.45 0.65

18:00 19:00 485 603 865 1242 1783 2559 0.16 0.20 0.29 0.41 0.59 0.85

19:00 20:00 542 673 967 1388 1992 2860 0.18 0.22 0.32 0.46 0.66 0.95

20:00 21:00 459 570 818 1174 1685 2420 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.39 0.56 0.81



The analysis of V/C ratio for Belapur junction reveals that the level of service

goes down from C during the peak hours in 2026. Beyond this the junction

operates all the time below the level of service C. However the commissioning

of Mumbai Trans Harbour link would substantially improve the level of service

above C and there by the junction will operate smoothly. The situation at D.Y.

Patil is more or less same of Belapur junction. Kalamboli junction start

experiencing congestion corresponding to below C from 2021 and reach to

force flow with jam condition 2031 warranting second level grade separation by

2031.

4.15 Land Status & Settlement

The land requirement of airport works out to 2054 Ha. consisting of 1615 Ha. for

airport zone and remaining for the development of connectivity, construction of

interchanges, diversion and training of rivers, laying of utilities, etc. The above

land falls in the Raigad District in Taluka Panvel and Uran in Navi Mumbai.

These lands are already notified for the development of Navi Mumbai city and

airport is one of its components of infrastructure development. The entire land

required for the airport development belongs to 16 (sixteen) villages spread over

in the two Talukas mentioned above. The 2054 Ha. land consist of 1154 Ha. of

land in possession of Corporation, 443 Ha. Govt. land under transfer to CIDCO

and 457 Ha. of private land. The process for acquiring the 457 Ha. of private land

is already made by the corporation and the notification of the same would be

issued shortly. The following Table gives the village-wise land status:



Table 4.115: Status Of Land For The Project

Area in Ha.

Sr.

No.

Village Land required

Land in possession

Land not in possession

Pvt. Land to be acquired

Govt. land to be transferred

1. Vadghar 68.042 53.391 14.651 14.166 0.485

2. Kopar 197.866 186.728 11.138 8.401 2.737

3. Pargaon 157.831 0.794 155.693 67.067 88.626

4. Pargaon-

Dungi

150.314 24.693 125.621 93.687 31.934

5. Owale 333.146 100.558 232.506 180.879 51.627

6. Ulwe 279.336 263.054 16.645 12.459 4.186

7. Targhar 145.9248 144.2362 2.388 1.194 1.194

8. Panvel-A 61.937 61.936 0.000 0.001 0.000

9. Waghiwali 226.975 0.000 226.975 59.040 167.935

10. Kamothe 197.369 109.823 87.553 0.652 86.901

11. Bambavi 126.715 124.296 2.419 2.419 0.000

12. Vahal 20.81 20.81 0.000 0.000 0.000

13. Kundevahal 9.197 0.000 9.197 9.197 0.000

14. Dapoli 11.282 6.087 5.195 4.115 1.080

15. Sonkar 63.585 57.499 6.060 0.000 6.060

16. Manghar 3.372 0.000 3.372 3.372 0.000

Total 2053.702 1153.905 899.413 456.649 442.765

56.19% 43.79% 22.24% 21.56%



10 Settlements from 7 revenue villages are required to be acquired as the same

falls in the airport zone. Based on the 2001 census, the population of these

settlements is above 15000 spread in about 3113 households. This population is

required to be re-settled in the three settlements pocket identified. The following

Table and the Map shows the details of settlement population, household, reveue

village and the location of the settlements.

Table 4.116 Villages, Settlements Area & Population and Households within Airport

Sl. No. Revenue

Village

Settlements

Gaothan

Area(Ha)

Population No: of Households

1. Targhar Kombadbhuje 1.92 2991 620

Targhar 1.61

2. Ulwe Ulwe 3.72 2028 423

Ganeshpuri

3. Owle Vaghivlivada 1 520 65

Mulgaon (Upper Owle) 1.6 642 76

4. Pargaon Koli 0.84 2417 476

5. Kopar Kopar 1.094 1243 251

6. Vadghar Chinchpada 3.15 5320 1140

1. Vaghivli Vaghivli 1.65 418 62

GRAND TOTAL 16.584 15579 3113



Fig 4.52

Settlements Falling within Airport Zone



4.16 Demographic Socio-Economic

The Govt. of Maharashtra recognizing the need of decongestion of city of

Mumbai decided to create a counter magnet trans-harbour and constituted

CIDCO in the year 1970, which is a State Govt eneterprise, registred under

Companies Act, 1956, and entrusted the task of development of area

notified for new town of Navi Mumbai. The proposed development of Navi

Mumbai Internatioanl Airport (NMIA) is subset of development of New Town

of Navi Mumbai.

Navi Mumbai is planned over an area of 344 SqKm for targeted populationof

20 lacs and 8 lac jobs and for the purpose land falling in 95 villages of

Thane &Raigad district was notified excepting the existing gaothans. No

displacement of settlements/gaothan was envisaged and the villages are

retained at their existing locations and surrounding area was acquired by the

Govt of Maharashtra and vested in CIDCO for development and disposal for

various activities required for city development. The existing 95 settlements

are being integrated into the city development to minimize the disparity in

the quality of physical, commercial, social infrastructure, between the urban

and rurul area.

The examination of study area covering a distance of radios 10 km. from the

airport reference point reveals that certain area such as; Sanpada, Nerul,

Belapur, Kharghar, Kalamboli, Panvel have been developed with the

physical and social infrastructures. The airport zone and the area falling on

South mainly consist of existing settlements in Panvel and UranTaluka

villages and the same are yet to be developed. Thus, the study area

consist of population of urban and rurul nature. The total population under

the study area is about 5.68 lakhs based on 2001 census consisting of

urban as 4.8 lakhs and rest rural.



Keeping above in view, CIDCO periodically carried out socio-economic

survey with the help of reputed Institutes such as; Tata Instituet of Social

Science for the urban area as well as rurul area. Based on the latest socio-

economic survey 2005/2009 carried out by CIDCO, the socio-economic

profile of urban area and rurul area falling in study area of the airport are as

follows:

4.16.1 Socio-demographic profile for urban area.

Religion

Hindu – 90%

Muslim – 4%

Christian – 2%

Neo Budhist – 1%

Others – 3%

Castes

General Caste – 70%

OBC – 17%

ST – 2%

Neo Budhist – 2%

Others – 2%

Mother tongue

Marathi – 62%

Hindi – 13%

South Indian – 9%



North Indian – 7%

Gujarathi – 4%

English- 1%

Eastern Indian – 2%

The average family size is 3.8.

Population Male -54%, Female 46%.

Sex ratio of the population is 851.

The effective literacy rate is 98% (Male 99%, Female 96%).

Housing Status

Average built-up area - 45 Sq.m.

Ownership household – 74%.

Rental accommodation – 22%.

Employer’s accommodation – 4%.

Economic backgrounds

Occupation- Professional 40%, Business or Industry owners 18%,

skilled workers 21%, unskilled workers 9% & Clerks & typist 12%.

Working population - total 32%, Males-89%, Female-11%.

Income – Average monthly income is Rs.12,700/-.



Household assets.

TV – 96%

Gas – 85%

Refrigerator – 74%

Cable connection –80%

Telephone – 58%

Mobile phone – 90%

Washing machine – 40%

Computer – 13%

Airconditoner – 35%

Ownership of vehicles

Car - 10%

Two Wheeler – 29%

Three Wheelers – 20.3%

Jeep Truks – 2%

Cycle – 15%

Infrastructure facilities - 82% of the population are satisfied with

the physical and social infrastructure available in the urban area.

4.16.2 Socio-economic profile of rurul area

Barring a few (2%) all the PAPs are Hindus and 90% of them ‘Agri’

belong to the other Backward Castes (OBC). Only 6.4% are

Scheduled Tribes and 2.5% are from General Castes. The

Scheduled Castes (0.7%) and the Neo-Buddhist (0.8%). Agris and

Kolis (the fishermen) forms majority of the PAPs.



Mother tongue – Marathi 97%, Hindi 1% Other 2%.

The average family size is 5.74.

Population Male -52%, Female 48%.

Sex ratio of the population is 924.

The effective literacy rate is 86% (Male 94%, Female 78%).

Housing Status

Only 20% PAPs live in newly constructed houses mostly within the

original gaothan and the rest live in the ancestral houses with or

without renovation.

Less than 50% PAPs live in pucca houses. 47% live in semi-pucca

houses and 9% live in kuchha houses.

More than 90% houses have separate kitchen in the house.

30% houses have separate toilet. The others depend on common

toilet provided by CIDCO.

50% households have drinking water facility on an individual basis.

The other important drinking water source is public taps. A small

section depends on wells and ponds.

Economic backgrounds

Occupation- Fishermen 2%, Farmers 5%, Broker/Real Esate

Agent/Businessmen 18%, Supervisor/skilled workers 13%, unskilled

workers 21% & others 41%.

Working population - total 37%, majority Males , Female- 19%.

Income – Average monthly income is Rs.5499/=. About 13.9% families

are below rural poverty line and 29.6% below rural & urban poverty line.

More than 40% families earn less than Rs.3500/per month, 20% earn



between Rs.3500 – 5000/per month only 25% families have their

monthly income above Rs.5000/per month.

Household assets.

- TV – 96%

- Gas – 70%

- Refrigerator – 71%

- Cable connection – 56%

- Telephone – 21%

- Mobile phone – 90%

- Washing machine – 24%

- Computer – 8.4%

Ownership of vehicles – A good majority (44.6%) of PAPs have two

wheelers like motorcycle/scooter/moped. Nearly 15% have

autorickshaws. About 10% have car/jeep & about 3% have

truck/tractor/tempo. 2.3% have boat.

Infrastructure facilities – All the villages, falling within the NMIA

project area, have asphalted approach road. The roads/pathways

within the villages are WBM standard/concrete. Water and electricity

is available in all villages. All 10 settlements have primary school and

2 settlements have secondary school also. Religious places are

exisiting in all villages. Community centre constructed with grant by

CIDCO are existing in 4 villages. There are primary health centres in

2 settlements.

The villages are encircled by nodal development and the PAPs are

deriving benefits of educational, instituitional and health facilities

available in surrounding developed nodes.



4.17 Land Use Pattern

4.17.1 Study Area

The study area covering a radious of 10 kms. from airport reference point has

been considered for the land cover analysis on latest satalite imagery for the

land use. The latest satalite imagery of 2009 from Google is used for the

analysis. The raw image was geo reference in WGS 84 co-ordinate with

UTM datum and brought to Autocad format. The raw image is shown in

Fig.4.53.

The total study area works out to 31429 Ha. falling under three Taluka, i.e.

Uran & Panvel of Dist. Raigad and Thane Dist. The above area goes beyond

the jurisdiction of Navi Mumabi, however, falls in the urbanizable area of

Mumbai Metropolitcan Region. The various possible land use is examined on

the plan and categories as Urban, Hills, Creeks & Rivers, Mud flats,

Mangroves, Quarries and urbanisable area (rural) and industrial area. The

land cover analysis is shown on Fig. 4.54.



Fig 4.53 Landcover Of Study Area 2009 – on Imagery



Fig 4.54. Landcover Of Study Area 2009



The land cover analysis reveals that the existing urban area is to the extent of

20.64% and the area yet to be urbanized is about 36%. The Hills cover is

about 19.82% and creeks and rivers are 11.53%. The Table 4.117 gives the

land use area and percentage for various categories of land use.

Table 4.117 Land Cover Analysis Of Study Area 2009

Type of Land Total Area (Hectare) %

Agricultural Land 197.79 0.63%

Hill 6230 19.82%

Mangrove 864 2.75%

Urbanizable (Rural) Area 12247 35.79%

Quarry 625 1.99%

Creek/River 3625 11.53%

Urban 6488 20.64%

Mud flats 1202 3.82%

Industrial 950 3.02%

Total 31428.56 100.00%



4.17.2 Project Area

A land cover analysis was also carried out for the airport zone covering an

area of 1615 Ha. consisting of onside airport admeasurig 1200 Ha. for

aeronautical use and remaining offside airport for nonaeronautical use. Fig. 4.55 shows the result of land cover analysis in terms of Important land uses

are such as Built up , hills, Creeks & Rivers, Mud flats, Mangroves, Quarries

and Open (urbanizable) area.

The land cover analysis reveals that the area which is yet to be urbanizable

(open) is 38.47% followed by Mud flats 26.77%. The mangrove area is about

9.29%. An area under creek is about 8.83%. The Table 4.118 gives the land

use, area and its percentage for the various categories land use.

Table 4.118 Land Cover Analysis Of Airport Zone 2009

Type of Land Total Area (Hectare) %

Agriculture 104.92 6.50%

Mangrove 150 9.29%

Open (urbanizable) area 621.21 38.47%

Built up 51.506 3.19%

Quarry 66.37 4.11%

Creek/River 142.61 8.83%

Hill 46 2.85%

Mud flats 432.38 26.77%

Total 1615 100.00%



Fig 4.55. Land Cover Analysis Of Project Area 2009



4.18 Places of Ecological, Historical & Cultural Importance: The study area around proposed airport falling between the 10 kms. and 20

kms. known as fringe area described in Chapter-1 is studied to understand

the places of historic importance, aesthetic, cultural including sensitive area

and the same is narrated below:

4.18.1 The Elephanta Caves

The Elephanta Caves (180 56’ 20” N; 720 55’ 50” E), taluka Uran, district

Raigad is about 13.5 km form proposed project site and falls outside of core

area. It is located on island hills about 11 km North-East of the Apollo

Bandar, Mumbai and 7 km from the shore of the mainland, approximately

covering an area of 7 km in circumference. The island is named after a

colossal elephant found in the island, which is popularly known as

‘Gharapuri’. At present, the statue of elephant is housed at Jijamata Garden

in Mumbai. In ancient period, the place is variously identified as Puri which is

mentioned in the Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II. It seems, different

dynasties held their sway over this island, namely, the Konkan-Mauryas,

Trikutakas, Chalukyas of Badami, Silaharas, Rashtrakutas, Kalyani

Chalukyas, Yadavas of Deogiri, Muslim rulers of Ahmedabad and then by the

Portuguese. The Marathas also had this island under their control and from

them it passed into the control of the British.

There are seven cave excavations in the Elephanta group and these are

datable from circa 6th – 7th centuries A.D. Among the cave excavations, the

Cave 1 is the most impressive which represents the evolved Brahmanical

rock-cut architecture. The cave is also famous for the exquisite and vibrant

sculptures. On plan it almost resembles the Dumar Lena (Cave 29) of

Ellora. The cave has a main entrance on the North with two other openings

on the East and west respectively and a central hall with six rows of pillared

columns, six in each row except on the western corner, where a shrine of

lingam is provided.



On plan, there are three large square recesses divided off by pilasters each

of them bearing a gigantic image of a dvarapala. The panel on the East has

a figure of ardhanarisvara, a form of Siva with the combined energies of

male and female; and on the west figures of Siva and Parvati playing

chausar is carved. The central recess holds the most famous and

remarkable sculpture of this period known as the Mahesa-murti. It is a

colossal bust of the three forms of Siva, the aghora, turbulent and fearsome;

tatpurusha, benign and meditative and vamadeva, mild pleasing and

lovable. The other notable panels in the main cave are Andhakasuravada

murti; cosmic dance of Nataraja; Kalyanasundara murti; Gangadhara murti;

Ravana shaking Kailasa and Siva as Lakulisa. A panel depicting

Saptamatrikas near the Eastern opening is also remarkable.

The above site falls in the landing and take off funnel of Navi Mumbai

Interntional Airport. As the location from the airport site is about 13.5 kms.

where the position of aircraft during take off/landing/missed

approach/circling, will be more than 700 mts.

4.18.2 Karnala Bird Sanctuary

The sanctuary (18o 53' N and 70o 07' E) is situated along the Mumbai-Goa-

Konkan National Highway No.17 and 12.5 km from Panvel i.e. proposed

project site and falls outside of core area . Karnala Bird Sanctuary is located

in Panvel Taluka of Raigad District. The sanctuary is quite small with an

area of 4.27 Sq.kms. The sanctuary is very rich in avifauna and harbours

147 species of resident and 37 species of migratory birds who visit the

sanctuary during winters. Two rare birds i.e. Ashy Minimet and Spotted

heart woodpeckers have been sighted here.



Vegetation typifies moist deciduous forest and is characterised by species

such as Koshimb, mango, nana, kulu, kalam, asana, umbar and teak in the top

canopy. The ecological conditions of the tract favour a large variety of bird

population. The forests are also ideal as a harbourage to wild animals. A

casual walk through the forests is an unfailing source of joy, with the list of

bird-song ringing in the air. The sanctuary abounds in bird life and during the

migrating season from October to April as many as 140 species of birds have

been recorded. Karnala has two distinct seasons from the point of view of the

bird-watcher. At the onset of rains, one can see the paradise flycatcher with its

fairy-like white streamers, the shama or the magpie robin and the malabar

whistling thrush which are some of the most melodious avian songsters.

A variety of other birds is also seen nesting in the forest. The racket-tailed

drongo also nests here. Its skill in the air and felicity to mimic the call of other

birds make it a great favourite amongst the bird-watchers. The golden backed

woodpecker and the heart-spotted woodpecker are rather uncommon. In

winter, the migrants take over and the pattern of bird life changes. The

migrants include a variety of birds such as the blackbird, the blue-headed rock-

thrush, the bluethroat, the red brEasted flycatcher, the ashy minivet, the black

headed cuckoo-shrike and a host of others. Though Karnala is principally a

bird sanctuary, many other interesting forms wildlife like wild boar, the four-

horned antelope, the muntjak and the common langur also occur here.

The above site falls on South of airport area away from landing and take off

funnel of Navi Mumbai Interntional Airport. As the location from the airport

site is about 12.5 kms. where the position of aircraft during missed approach

and circling, will be more than 750 mts.



4.18.3 Matheran Eco-sensitive Zone

The Matheran Eco-sensitive Zone covers an area of 251.56 sq. kms. With a

buffer zone of 200 mts. of Matheran Municipal Council and its environs.

The boundary of eco-sensitive zone is located at about 11 km East of

proposed project site and falls outside of core area. Geographically

Matheran plateau lies between 18° 55’N Latitude and 73° 51’E Longitude

and it is to the west of main range of Western Ghats. Bio-geographically, the

region is important on account of being an outlier of the main Western Ghats

mountain chain and in effect sheltering a pocket of evergreen forest.

Surrounded by hill and dale topography Matheran presents a dynamic

landscape. The deep ravines around it are covered by dense forests and the

top of hill is a large plateau. Its general height above M.S.L. is 759m and the

highest point on it is at 803.45m. The laterite, which forms the upper strata

of the plateau, appears as a purplish red rock variegated with different

colours. Fragmented laterite cap is found in addition to the thick laterite clay

deposits. The major threat today Matheran is facing are the landslides due

to heavy rainfall and the weathered rock pattern itself. It is very rich on

accounts of biodiversity as it supports evergreen forest of Memecylon-

Syzigium-Actinodaphne type (Puri et al., 1983). Various tree species

commonly seen on the plateau are Olea dioica, Mangifera indica, Eugenia

jambolana, Ficus glomerata, Heterophragma roxburghii, Bridelia retusa and

Memecylon umbellatum. Predominant tree species on the slopes are

Terminalia tomentosa, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Adina cordifolia, Garuga

pinnata, Dillenia pentagyna, Pongamia glabra, Schleichera trijuga and

Bombax malabarica. It is also a home to endangered endemic mammal

species such as Ratufa indica elphinstonii (Giant squirrel).

The above site falls in the fringe of landing and take off funnel of Navi

Mumbai Interntional Airport. As the location from the airport site is about 11

kms. where the position of aircraft during take off/landing/missed

approach/circling, will be more than 500 mts.



4.19 Costal Regulation Zone

As described above, the training of Gadhi river and diversion of Ulwe river is

essential for making available land for airport zone admeasuring 1615 Ha.

The training of Gadhi and diversion of Ulwe rivers results in re-alignment of

CRZ belt along the above two rivers, warranting minor changes in approved

coastal zone management plan of Navi Mumbai.

The Coastal Zone Management Plan of Navi Mumbai was accorded

approval by MoEF vide letter No.-J-17011/8/95/1A-III dtd.27.09.1996. One

of the condition of above approval was the delination of high tide and low

tide line by Chief Hydrographer, Govt. of India, and, thereafter, the revised

CZMP Plan to be submitted to the Committee constituted under the Chief

Secretary, Govt. of Maharasthra for its approval. The high tide line of Navi

Mumbai was delinated by the Chief Hydrographer, Govt. of India, and

revised CZMP Plan was submitted to the above Committee who in turns

approve the same and submitted to MoEF vide letter

No.CZ/TPV/4396/12/CR-263/96/UD-11 dtd. 25th November, 1998. The

MoEF vide letter No.-J-17011/8/95/1A-III dtd.1st January, 2009

authenticated the CZMP Plan of Navi Mumbai.

The minor changes in approved CZMP Plan of Navi Mumbai is worked out

keeping the required distance in accordance with the provision of CRZ

Notification, 1991 on either side of trained/diverted portion of Gadhi and

Ulwe rivers. The following plans giving the above details are prepared and

described below:

Fig.4.56 and Fig.4.57 are the copy of approved Navi Mumbai Coastal Zone

Management Plan vide above letters pertaining to the airport zone under

consideration. The above plans shows the high tide line and low tide line

delineated by the Chief Hydrographer, Govt. of India as well as the

approved CRZ-II belt along the shore of Panvel & Taloja creeks.



Fig: 4.56 Approved Map Of Navi Mumbai Costal Zone Management Plan-1



Fig: 4.57 Approved Map Of Navi Mumbai Costal Zone Management Plan-2



Fig.4.58 is the combined part plan of approved CZMP Plan of Navi Mumbai prepared using the above two plans and showing the area of airport zone under consideration.

Fig: 4.58 Navi Mumbai International Airport on Approved CZMP Of Navi Mumbai



Fig. 4.59 is the combined part plan of above superimposing the boundary of airport zone as well as the training of Gadhi and diversion of Ulwe rivers are shown.

Fig.4.59

Navi Mumbai International Airport With The Training Of Gadhi And Diversion Of Ulwe Rivers



Fig. 4.60 shows the existing CRZ belt in faint yellow and proposed CRZ belt in dark yellow indicating the proposed minor changes in the CRZ belt cause due to training and diversion of rivers.

Fig. 4.60

Proposed minor changes in the CZMP Of Navi Mumbai



With the above plans and enabling provision in the amended CRZ

Regulation dtd. 15th May, 2009 the proposal for CRZ clearance was

submitted to Maharashtra Coastal Zone Management Authority in July,

2009. The above proposal was considered in the 54th Meeting of

Maharashtra Coastal Zone Authority held on 16th July, 2009 and

recommended to MoEF with following conditions:

i) CIDCO should carry out comprehensive environmental impact assessment

study of the area as per the ToRs to be approved by MoEF as mentioned in

Environmental Impact Assessment Notification of MoEF dated 14.09.2006

and copy of the same should be submitted to MoEF and MCZMA in print as

well as electronic format.

ii) CIDCO should prepare and submit detailed plan of diversion of two rivers

with the help of experts in the field. It may consult Water Resources

Department for the same. CIDCO should ensure that training, if approved by

MoEF, should be with smooth curves and at no point curve should be of 90º

to maintain the steady flow of water of the river originating from Matheran

hills. Impact assessment of the training on flora, fauna, socio economic

pattern, nearby human habitation and port areas should be a part of EIA

especially flooding in nearby areas.

iii) Details of the source of soil and other material to be used for reclamation of

water body, mangroves and other CRZ areas should be submitted. Authority

also desired that impact of cutting/razing of mountain in the CRZ area

should be studied with respect to coastal protection to the nearby habitats,

change in the tidal wave pattern, loss of habitats to various organisms,

compensatory plantation, rainfall pattern etc.

iv) Proper environmental management plan and disaster management plan

should be prepared and submitted.

v) Submission of working compensatory mangroves afforestation plan,

prepared with the help of experts in the field along with time-bound PERT

chart. Local mangroves species should be conserved and CIDCO should

open dedicated Environment Management Cell with experts from all fields. It

is also required that compensatory plantation should be completed prior to



the commencement of the project and report of the same should be

submitted to MCZMA and MoEF.

vi) Around 700 to 800 families which are living on island are required to be

relocated. CIDCO should ensure their proper rehabilitation and also ensure

that their livelihood should not get affected. Comprehensive plan for the

same shall be submitted.

vii) Authority also noted that their will be change in the approved CZMP of Navi

Mumbai due to proposed activity. CIDCO should submit the details of

impact of change in CZMP on nearby developable area as well as on JNPT

and other installations.

viii) Mangrove cutting in coastal areas of Maharashtra is a prohibited activity and

reclamation of land is not permissible as per CRZ Notification. CIDCO

needs to obtain prior permission of Hon. High Court with respect to its order

given in case of Writ Petition No. 3246/2004 and 87/2006 before

commencement of any work related to airport on ground.

ix) CIDCO should carry out the detailed study on impact of fishing and

livelihood of people depending upon the coastal area under consideration.

CIDCO should also take efforts to maintain the traditional livelihood and

socio-economic status of community supposed to be affected by the project

directly or indirectly.

x) Existing species of mangroves, other flora, fauna and aquatic species with

its environmental and socio-economic value should be properly documented

with the help of expert institute in the field.

xi) Measures for anticipated impacts of climate change and sea level rise on

proposed airport area and nearby area should be studied. Details of soil

characteristics, geology, impact of the proposed activity on transportation

and traffic management in Navi Mumbai area should be submitted.

xii) Total station Map of Airport as well as peripheral area of at lEast 5Km range

showing contours, drainage patterns, habitations, existing land-use, roads

etc. should be submitted to MCZMA and MoEF.

Documents

Volume-III (Description of Environment)