Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did industrialization change how goods were produced?

What combination of factors were necessary in order for industrialization to take place?

What “fueled” (both literally and metaphorically) the Ind. Rev.?

How did factories change the nature of labor itself?

Industrialization led to new inventions and the development of factories. Before the Industrial Revolution the textile industry (which was the first industry to really industrialize) was a handmade industry. Machines to increase productivity like the spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom were created to make hand production easier. The IR caused water-powered factories to spin the spinning wheels and increase production. Around the 1800’s the Steam Engine was created which did not need water to power the machines and caused production to increase even more. The steam powered factories led to new power sources such as electricity and natural gases to be used during the second IR.

The 2 nd Agricultural Revolution led to the IR. In Britain, the government enacted the Enclosure Acts that took the small, separated pieces of land from the peasants and made large, fertile lots to sell. Also, new machines and crops had been introduced into society. The potato was introduced as a result of the Columbian Exchange and tools like the seed drill, horse drawn plow, and new irrigation led to increased agricultural production. More food produced by less people allowed some farmers to move into cities to find work in factories. Britain also had the natural resources like coal to fuel the revolution and remained mostly unharmed from the Napoleonic Wars. Also, increased technological knowledge and willingness to invent new things, money to invest in building factories and geographic locations providing access to ports, resources, and rivers.

Originally water powered factories fueled the IR. However, over time factories switched to using coal, which greatly increased production. Also, the decrease in the need of as many farmers pushed workers into the cities in search of jobs. These workers began filling positions in factories and fueled the need for further industrialization. The increased knowledge in science and population also fueled the IR.

Factories began to utilize the steam engine and fossil fuels to produce more goods faster. All of the new machines could better utilize the workers and make them work faster and harder because many of the machines were very heavy. Factories began to focus labor in a single location, which led to the specialization of labor, or division of labor.

Spinning Jenny, water wheel, spinning mule, power loom

water power steam power

Watt Steam Engine (1800)

Agricultural Revolution

Enclosure Acts new machines and

crops- potato and seed drill

specialization of work

Literal water power coal

Metaphorically population growth Agricultural Rev. increased science

knowledge

steam engine fossil fuels internal

combustion engine factory system specialization of

labor

IR began in

Where did factories (and the IR start) and where/how did the factory system spread in this time period?

What was the Second Industrial Revolution? How did it affect the role of science in larger society?

The IR started in Britain in the 1750’s (anchor date) . They were able to develop in Britain as a result of the wealth of coal found there and they remained unharmed by the Napoleonic Wars because it is located on an island. The factory system spread to Continental Europe after 1815 (anchor date) when the Napoleonic wars ended . The factory system spread to Belgium in 1830 because it is right across from Britain. It also spread to France, Germany, Japan and the US. They spread to the US when Samuel Slater illegally snuck British blueprints of machinery over to the US. In Japan, the Meiji Restoration period in 1867 led to state sponsored industrialization and introduction of factories. In Germany industrialization began in Prussia in the 1870’s and the factories spread elsewhere after the unification of Germany. The factory system did not spread to France until after the fall of the old regime.

The 2 nd IR was the production and development of the chemical, steel, and electricity industries. This led to many new scientific developments later in history such as the atomic bomb being able to be produced.

Britain due to an abundance of coal and safety from the Napoleonic Wars

Spread to continental Europe (1815). US and Japan followed later

2nd IR Steel Chemicals Electricity

How did the Ind Rev influence world trade overall?

What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas?

As industrial production rose what happened to handicraft industries such as the cotton textile industry in India?

What “new” markets did

The IR increased word trade. This is because countries needed more raw materials in order to produce the goods and new markets to sell these goods in. Industrialized countries, such as Britain, used raw materials from countries like India, and used Indian cotton to produce their goods and then sold British cotton in Indian markets.

Raw materials that were in high demand to import into industrialized societies included cash crops like sugar, cotton, rubber, copper and other materials that were key to producing goods such as textiles, wiring, machinery and other goods.

As industrial production utilizing machinery increased, industrial powers such as Britain, were stomping out many handicraft industries in their colonies or forcing them to help aid in industrial production. Industrial products made from machines took less time to manufacture and were equal or higher quality to the handmade products of Indian textile makers. This led the British industrial goods flooding Indian markets and destroying the handicraft industries located in India. Also, the British forced Indians to provide them with raw materials and over time forced them to produce goods in British factories located in India.

A key reason of imperialism was the need and want of industrialized powers such as

-increased world trade- imports and exports

At first a continuation of mercantilism

Cash crops such as cotton, rubber, palm oil as well as guano, wheat, and meat

colonization flooding markets raw materials

Opium Wars Colonies

industrialized states look for/create for their exports?

How did industrialization lead to the development of extensive mining centers?

Britain to have new markets to sell their goods in. These “new markets” consisted of their colonies in India, Latin America, and Asia. Industrial powers practically forced these regions to sell their goods resulting in destruction of native industries, such as the textile industry in India, or conflict between the regions, such as China and Britain. Britain wanted to export their goods into China, but China felt Britain had nothing useful to offer them (a holdover belief from the Tang/Song era when China was ahead of Britain technologically). However Britain discovered that trading Opium to Chinese people would encourage them to import British goods to sell and eventually many government officials and other workers had gotten addicted to opium, resulting in the Opium Wars, when China tried to prevent British trade of opium into China.

The IR led to the need for precious metals such as copper that could be mined in colonies. These metals were used for goods like copper wiring and were in high demand. Also, the desire for large amounts of wealth of silver and gold by every country caused major motivation for industrial powers to set up mines in Africa and America to gain this material wealth. This led to diamond and gold mines in Africa (the Boers had discovered diamonds and gold in the Orange State drawing British attention and then attracting other European powers to Africa) and mines in Mexico for the metals wanted for industrial production.

Destruction of industry in colonies

Cecil Rhodes and South African diamond mines as well as gold mines

Copper mines in Mexico

How did the Ind Rev affect the scale of businesses and overall economic productivity?

How did intellectuals explain & industrialists legitimize the economic changes of the Ind Rev

How did financial instruments expand to facilitate investments?

The IR led to global corporations. At the beginning of the IR, banking and credit facilities and stock companies developed. The HSBC allowed the British to be economically involved in China. The Industrial Revolution also led to more trade and communication worldwide, allowing more global connections. This led to the development of multinational companies that could be centered in one country but utilize the labor and resources of another country.

Adam Smith explains the ideal of capitalism that developed from the Industrial Revolution. He thought the government needed to step back from industrialization and let the natural forces, or “invisible hand” lead. John Stuart Mill elaborated on Smith’s teachings. He believed that people should be free to make their own choices and that people needed freedoms like these to develop as a person.

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, corporations, stock markets, insurance, and gold increased. The global world was becoming more tied together and these financial instruments aided and encouraged foreign involvement and activity.

Multinationals United Fruit

Company HSBC-Hong Kong

& Shanghai Banking Corp.

Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations and laissez faire capitalism

John Stuart Mill and classical liberalism (freedoms)

Corporations (limited liability)

Stock markets Insurance Gold standard

What were the most important developments in transportation

The railroads, canals, and telegraphs were examples of the major breakthroughs and developments made in communication and transportation. Railroads and canals made it

RRs Telegraph then

during the Ind Rev? easier to import and export goods and telegraphs increased communication between countries and countries and their citizens overseas.

later telephone TWO major canals

What were the responses to the problems of industrialization? What alternative visions of society developed?

How did capitalist societies reform themselves?

The IR led to the belief by socialists that capitalism was bad. They felt that the economy should involve more cooperation and less competition. Karl Marx was a key figure in this movement and he wrote the book The Communist Manifesto outlining his ideas on economic cooperation with government involvement. Anarchism was a very radical response to the IR. Anarchists believed that everything about Western society needed to be destroyed and that society should be completely rebuilt on new beliefs.

Capitalist societies enacted many reforms to aid in the IR. Labor and social laws were created, providing guidelines for the amount of hours each laborer could work, and banning children from working long hours in factories or mines. This also led to the development of public education because children were no longer spending all day working. The labor union movement also grew in strength. Factory workers wanted to be able to have the power to join together to fight their employer for things they wanted like the family wage and better working conditions. The IR contributed to the beginning of the suffrage movement. Women began pushing for more rights, such as Emmaline Pankhurst, but were not given the right to vote in Britain until around the 1920’s.

Socialism Marx—

Communist Manifesto

Anarchism

Labor/social laws Labor unions Expansion of

suffrage in Britain-Emmaline Pankhurst

State pensions and public health in Germany

Public education What governments promoted

their own state sponsored programs of industrialization? Assess the success of each.

Who in Qing China and the Ottoman Empire resisted any changes?

Many governments attempted to sponsor the industrialization of their country. Japan’s state sponsored industrialization was called the Meiji Restoration (1868) . This led to government subsidies on things like textiles and regulations. The government also hired Western advisors and teachers to teach the best aspects of industrialization to the Japanese so they could adopt it. It was successful in Japan. Russia also had state sponsored industrialization. In Egypt, Muhammad Ali attempted to modernize the state. He implemented many economic reforms such as ordering an increase in cotton and hemp, to build a textile industry and advancing some irrigation technology. His reforms were very limited and his successors messed up his plans resulting in limited success. China also attempted a state sponsored industrialization. This was called the self-strengthening movement and it was aimed at countering the challenge from western civilizations. Older government members did not want to the western culture and lose their Chinese culture so their development was limited until the Communist party took over and helped the country industrialize.

Within the Ottoman empire the Janissaries opposed modernization. This was because the Janissaries who controlled the firearms like cannons felt that if the empire industrialized then they would lose their powerful standing on the social system and influence on the government. Within the Qing empire traditionalists like the dowager empress Xi Zhu were against modernization because they did not want to lose Chinese culture.

Meiji Japan Czarist Russia—

Sergei Witte & the Trans-Siberian RR

China’s Self-Strengthening Movement

Muhammad Ali’s attempts to create a cotton textile ind in Egypt

Janissaries Xi Zhu the

dowager empress

How did the Ind Rev affect social and demographic

Demographically, the Ind. Rev. led to an increasing population because the medical technology was better leading to fewer deaths. Also, the IR led to many new migrations.

Increasing population

characteristics?

What new socio-economic classes developed or grew in size and power?

How did the Ind Rev affect family relationships?

Gender roles?

Demographic patterns?

Patterns of settlement/urbanization within

People moved from the countryside to cities in search of work because fewer farmers were needed resulting in many unemployed people trying to find work in factories.Socially, the Ind. Rev. changed many things. A new social class, the Middle Class, developed. Also, smaller, more egalitarian families developed. People had more comfortable lives and many could afford more things such as summer trips to the coast. Gender roles also changed. Women were used as labor early in the IR because it was cheap, but when the Parliament passed reforms banning children from working in factories, women were relegated back to the home and many young and single women got “white color jobs”.

The Middle class (urban working class) grew in size and power. This was a result of the large amount of labor needed in factories that provided more people with jobs. Originally they had little power due to poor conditions but over time they pushed for reforms and continued to push Parliament for more rights, gaining more power.

Families became smaller and revolved more around immediate family instead of many generations and levels of cousins, aunts, uncles, etc. Family size decreased because people had fewer kids. This occurred for multiple reasons. One is because more children began to survive and families did not need to have ten kids in hopes that three might survive. Also, in city life children were more of an economic burden than an economic benefit. In the countryside they could be used in the fields but Parliament passed reforms banning them from working in factories.

Gender roles became more egalitarian. Before the IR everyone worked on the farms. Then, women were beginning to be used as workers in the first factories and with the introduction of the Watt Steam Engine, women, men, and children worked in factories until Parliament passed reforms banning children from the long and rough labor in the factories. This forced women to have to stay home and take care of the kids until public education was introduced and some women were able to work white-collar jobs but women were not given the right to vote until a few decades into the 1900s.

The IR led to large migrations into the city because people needed work. Also, people began to live longer as a result of better medical technology.

The IR led to increasing urbanization. This led to overcrowding in cities in often very unsanitary conditions. However, urbanization also formed new communities of people

New migrations Middle Class

developed Smaller families

Urban working class

Bourgeoisie

Nuclear v. extended family?

Family size?- smaller

More egalitarian Factory workers

were men and women

Women did not receive the right to vote until the 1900s.

Increased population in cities

Longer lives

Overcrowding New communities

industrialized states? How was this sometimes a problem?

living and working together within the city.

Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism and Nation-States Formation

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

What are the similarities and differences between colonialism (from the last period) and imperialism (in this one)?

Which area(s) of the world became imperial powers, and why did they imperialize while other areas did not?

Where did already existing colonial interests becomepart of imperial holdings?

How did the governments change in these areas?

What states established new imperial holdings and where? You need to have an overall idea of who had empires where in this period.

Colonialism was driven by three main forces; Glory, God, and Gold. Imperialism was driven by the Industrial Revolution and the need for new markets and raw materials and nationalism. During colonialism, most expansion was in the Americas and Western Hemisphere as a result of the slave trade and plantations producing goods like sugar for the Europeans. Imperialism was mainly expansion into Africa and Asia (Eastern Hemisphere). Both colonialism and imperialism were justified by the idea of superiority of Europeans over the rest of the world. Europeans claimed that they should dominate the world because they are strong and the strong should conquer the weak. (This was called Social Darwinism during imperialism but the ideology of racial and ethnic superiority was prevalent during colonialism). Europeans were unable to imperialize Africa during the earlier rounds of colony building because of diseases and the lack of technology to exert dominance over the Africans.

Western industrial powers such as the British, Dutch, and French became imperial powers. This is because these countries had fully industrialized and had the resources to fund expeditions and power to conquer the territories. These countries were driven to imperialize by nationalistic forces. Other countries did not imperialize because they were not as industrialized and could not compete.

The British had imperial control in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and then established an official British imperial government in these areas. The Dutch had colonies in Java and Batavia and also established an official government here.

The Dutch had direct control over their colonies. The British maintained both direct control and indirect rule (princely states) over their colonies.

Britain, France, Russia, Dutch, and German states expanded their imperial holdings. The British expanded into Africa as well as India and Burma. Burma was used as a protectorate state to protect India’s resources. The Dutch expanded into Java, Batavia and other areas in the East Indies. Every European power expanded into Africa to establish imperial holdings and build their empires up.

Glory, god and Gold

IR Expansion into the

Americas (Col.) Expansion into

Africa and Asia (Imper.)

Social Darwinism

Western imperial powers

Nationalism and IR

Calcutta, Bombay, Madras (Br.)

Java, Batavia (Dutch)

Direct rule Indirect rule –

princely states

Batavia—Java— Calcutta, Bombay,

Madras British, French,

German, Russian, Dutch

Which former colonial powers saw their influence decline in this period?

What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires?

Where were the major settler colonies?

Where did industrialized states establish economic imperialism?

How did US interest in Japan ultimately lead to the development of Japan as an industrial, imperial power?

How did anti-imperialism lead to the shrinking of Ottoman territories, and what did nationalism have to do with the process?

The Spanish and Portuguese power declined within Latin America.

Industrialized states used diplomacy and warfare to establish imperial holdings to increase their empires. Diplomacy was gaining land through a treaty and often meant the country being colonized signed a treaty saying what the Europeans often promised the country being conquered they would do, but many things but were never fulfilled. Warfare was when industrial powers just went in to an area and took over the government and killed many of the people.

A settler colony is one where the Europeans moved onto the native land willingly and the native population declined while the immigrant population increased.The major settler colonies were located in Southern Africa (dominated by the British), India, Australia and New Zealand (also British) and Algeria (French). Other settler colonies include territories in Africa such as Kenya, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe.

Economic imperialism is when a country dominates the economy of another and tries to expand their influence within the country. This has occurred a lot throughout history. For example, the Opium War with China was caused by Britain exporting large amounts of opium to China and many British citizens moved to China and had extraterritorial rights. This means they lived in China but were only accountable to British law; not Chinese. This allowed Britain to expand their influence in China. Another example is Latin America. Latin America grew heavily dependent on British and US support and investment of technology.

The United States wanted to trade with Japan. Japan, however, was not very open to this idea until Matthew Perry arrived one day with guns pointed at Japanese ports and “requested to trade”. US interest in Japan ultimately led to the Meiji Restoration. The Meiji Restoration was the state sponsored industrialization of Japan. By causing Japan to industrialize and develop relationships with other regions around the world, the Japanese grew as an imperial power.

The Ottomans remained traditionalistic which caused them to fall behind the rest of the world. This led to subject peoples wanting independence from the Ottomans, so that they wouldn’t be brought down with the Ottomans. The Serbian revolts in the Balkans were caused by encouragement from Russia to demand self-governance in the Balkans. The ethnic groups within the empire united together under their common heritage to fight for the right to rule themselves. In Algeria, the Muslim population grew unhappy with French rule and led to their demand for independence. In Egypt, Muhammad Ali was sent to push

Spanish and Portuguese

Diplomacy Warfare

Southern Africa India New Zealand and

Australia Algeria

Opium Wars with China

Latin America and US/British involvement

US wanted to trade

Meiji Restoration

Greek revolt and the Balkans

Muhammad Ali and Egypt

French interests in Algeria

Later British interest in Egypt

What new states developed on the edges of large empires?

out the French forces and ended up claiming control of Egypt and enacting reforms to make it like a European country because the Ottoman empire was in decline. The British later had interests in Egypt and declared it a protectorate state and replaced the ruling khedive with a British ruler.

The Cherokee nation developed within the United States and so did Hawaii. The Zulus were located South Africa (trace back to the Great Shaka in the 1820’s). Siam is modernday Thailand and developed along the edges of the existing Chinese and British empires.

Cherokee nation Siam Zulu kingdom Hawaii

How did imperialists attempt to justify imperialism?

Imperialism was justified by the idea of Social Darwinism. This was the belief that stronger people should conquer the weak. Since the Europeans were much stronger than the areas they conquered, they felt it was right and beneficial for them to take control of these areas. It was also justified by the idea that the Europeans were colonizing these areas because they cared about the colonies and wanted the best for them. Another idea was that most countries felt that if they weren’t the ones colonizing the areas then another country would do it.

Social Darwinism Competition “We care about the

colonies”

How did the development and spread of nationalism as an ideology create new communal identities?

New national communities were created off the idea of devotion to one’s country. In Germany, Otto van Bismark was motivated by German nationalism to lead Prussia to dominate and unite all of Germany into one. Filipino nationalism began when the Creoles, tired of being regarded as inferior to the Peninsularses, began to think of themselves as “Filipino” and not Spaniards. Creoles introduced their own reforms and began to spread their idea of nationalism.

Unification movements in Italy and Germany

Filipino nationalism

Liberian nationalism

Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

What role did the Enlightenment play in making political rebellions possible?

How did Enlightenment thinkers affect understandings of the relationship between the natural world and humans?

How did the Enlightenment thinkers re-evaluate the role of

The Enlightenment led to political rebellion from openly questioning existing authority, religions, and human relationships. Teachings from men like John Locke, Montesquieu, and Diderot created new ideas about society, government, and the social contract also leading to rebellions.

Enlightenment thinkers, philosophers, and scientists encouraged observation and inference constantly in life in order to understand the world around you. They wanted to study and observe the natural world and then use reasoning to determine the natural laws that governed the world. They began quantifying the world in a few simple laws, such as IsaacNewton and his laws of physics.

Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes- **especially Voltaire**) criticized religion in daily

Openly questioning what is already in place

Locke, Montesquieu, Diderot

Observe and Inference

Newton tophilosophes

religion in public life?

What new political ideas, such as the individual, natural rights, and the social contract, did the Enlightenment thinkers develop?

What social norms did Enlightenment thinkers challenge? What were the effects of their questioning?

What revolutionary documents were inspired by Enlightenment ideas? How?

life. They encouraged more reasoning and thinking instead of revelations and religious practices.

Three key Enlightenment thinkers (philosophes) were Voltaire, John Locke, Montesquieu, Diderot and Rousseau. Voltaire was very against the focus on religion in daily life and was a huge supporter of “natural rights”, which were things such as the freedom and speech, freedom of press, and other basic rights that these thinkers felt should be guaranteed to every person. Montesquieu wrote a lot about the government. He believed that the government should be divided into three branches of law and that each branch should be able to check and balance the power of another branch. John Locke wrote about man in their natural state. He claimed every person is born with a “blank mind” (tabula rassa). He explained that a person becomes a “good” person or a “bad” person based on the environment they are in that affects their blank slate. He also believed that the social contract existed between the people and the government said that people had give up some of their rights to the government in return for protection but that every human is guaranteed natural rights. This differed greatly from the previous idea of social contract written by Thomas Hobbes where the people give up all their rights to the government. John Locke also wrote that if the government was ruling poorly or infringing on peoples’ rights then they should overthrow them and establish a new government. Rousseau wrote about the government and the people. He said that the government should consist of the “general will” or should consist of the majority of the population in order for it to be successful in governing. While he did not straight out suggest democracy this was a very radical idea at the time.

The Enlightenment thinkers all claimed that every human being had “natural rights”. This included both slaves and women, two groups who had never before really had many rights if at all any rights. This led to William Wilberforce fighting to abolish the slave trade in Britain in the 1800’s (it was abolished in **1807**) and women fighting for rights such as the right to vote. Both movements were influenced by the Enlightenment but neither were successful originally. Over time however, the slave trade was abolished in Britain and their colonies, and women were given the right to vote in Britain in the early 1900’s.

The Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, and Simon Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter were influenced by the Enlightenment ideals and thinkers. These document discuss the ideas of the “natural rights” of man, the idea of the government guaranteeing these rights to everyone, every man being equal, and the right of the people to change or abolish the government if necessary.

Voltaire

Voltaire Locke’s Treatises

on Government Rousseau’s The

Social Contract Montesquieu’s

ideas about government

William Wilberforce 1807

Abolition movements

Female suffrage—Mary Wollstonecraft

Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of the Rights of Man, Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter

What is the basis of national The ideas of nationalism and one community developed from the sharing of languages, Unity

identity and nationalism? How did governments use these new ideas on their people?

culture, territory, and social beliefs and customs. These things led to the common feeling and ideology of being “one” or “together”. These feelings led to the development of borders and states, and national governments used it to unite their country’s population as a whole.

Common beliefs and practices –language, religion, territory, etc.

How did increasing discontent with imperial rule propel reformist and revolutionary movements?

Sometimes subject peoples challenged centralized imperial authorities.

Sometimes colonial subjects led a series of rebellions which facilitated the emergence of independent states

In the case of Haiti, slave resistance led to the creation of an independent state

Sometimes subjects rebelled to try to change the system of government at home.

Discontent with the imperial rule led to the population challenging the central government. There were four main challenges (rebellions)- The Haitian Revolution, the American Revolution, the Latin American Revolution, and the French Revolution.

Many subject peoples were unhappy with their rulers and attempted to rebel. The Mughals were already weakening in power and the one of the groups they governed, the Hindu Marathas, who were normally in the Kshatriya class rose up against the declining Mughals and worked to gain a lot of land and challenge the central authority.

In both Latin America and North America colonial subjects led rebellions against their colonial controllers, the Spanish and British respectively, leading to the emergence of newly independent states and both rebellions were influenced by the Enlightenment. In Latin America, the Creoles (**Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin** ) led the rebellion against the Spanish government. They were tired of the mercantilistic ideals of Spain leading society with the mindset that colonies only existed to enrich the mother country. Also, they wanted social change leading to the Creoles being the top of the social order not the Peninsulares. The result of this rebellion was the independence from Spain and establishment of independent states in Latin America. In North America the colonists were angry with Britain for not allowing them a voice in the government. This led to the Revolutionary War, which then led to the establishment of the United States of America.

The Haitian Revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment ideals. The slave population revolted against their owners because they wanted to be considered “equal” and be given their “natural rights”. This revolt was led by Toussaint L’Overture. After fighting their owners in an extremely bloody revolution the Haitians established an independent society where the social structure completely switched- the slaves became the dominant class. This revolt also led to the creation of Maroon societies which are independent settlements formed by African refugees.

Many of the subjects in European countries (particularly France) were unhappy with the Old Regime government system that existed. They felt that it was unfair and oppressive politically, socially, and economically. The Enlightenment ideas and influence from other revolutions (American and English) and the bankruptcy of France led to the emergence of a fight for a new government.

Haitian Rev. French Rev. LA Rev. Amer. Rev

The Marathas and the Mughals

American Latin American

Toussaint Maroons

French and many other European peoples

Sometimes questions about political authority and movements of anti-colonialism led to uprisings.

Sometimes rebellions were influenced by religious ideas

Sometimes problems withunrest and rebellion led toreform movements…somemore successful thanothers!

Some subjects were questioning the authority of the groups governing them. In 1850** the British empire was controlling India. For military power they had established Sepoys. These were retired British military commanders who were very well paid and sent to India to control the Indian army, who’s ranks were filled by Sikhs, Ghurkas, etc. They separated the different ethnic groups in the ranks to prevent them from revolting against the British. The British provided the soldiers with gun cartridges, which were coated in animal fat. People began to claim that the British were doing this on purpose (it violated religious beliefs of the Indians) and they Sepoys revolted against the British. In China, the Boxer Rebellion (**1898**) was the Chinese revolting against their Western overlords.

The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in Africa was an example of using religion to fuel rebellions and resist the imperial powers. A teenage Xhosa girl went to get water one day and claimed the ancestors told her that killing all of their cattle and destroying all of their crops would cause the spirits to help them defeat the British. After the chief ordered everybody to do this they British were not actually driven out successfully. The Ghost Dance was practiced by Native Americans in the hope that it would bring peace and unity, and reunite the living and dead. It was an attempt to take back their land from the white settlers. The Taiping rebellion was led by Hong Xiquan. He claimed he was the brother of Jesus and led a rebellion to promote social and religious equality in China.

The Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms were very Western influenced. These reforms led to establishing state run postal services, telegraphs, and RR. These reforms were also political and they improved the position of the minorities. However, little changed for women. China’s Self Strengthening movement was aimed at countering challenges from the West and the older members of the government did not want to give into the Westerners and lose Chinese culture. Another example was during the IR when the laborers were angry and fighting for better working conditions. Eventually the unrest from the workers led to the government enacting reforms for better conditions.

Sepoy Mutiny Boxer Rebellion

Taiping rebellion Ghost Dance Xhosa cattle

killing?

Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms

China’s Self-strengthening movement

All over western Europe in the 2nd half of the 19th c.

The Enlightenment also contributed to other new

Political ideas—liberalism

Social ideas—the emergence of feminism

The Enlightenment led to the development of liberalism, socialism, and communism because people were unhappy with their governments. Liberalism developed as a result of the Enlightenment that everyone should be free and equal. Socialism encouraged government involvement in the political life and economy and cooperation instead of competition in the economy. Communism encouraged complete government control of the economy and included Marxist policies.

During the Enlightenment, Mary Wollstonecraft began the fight for women’s rights. Wollstonecraft stated that women have innate thinking and reason and since these were key points of the Enlightenment then they should have equal rights to men in politics and the economy. She claimed that if women were treated as fairly as men they would be more

Communism Liberalism Socialism

Mary Wollstonecraft

Emmaline Pankhurst

obedient daughters and affectionate sisters and wives. Following the Enlightenment, the Declaration of the Rights of Man was published as the basic rights of all men. Olympe de Gouge published the Declaration of the Rights of Women stating that women should havethe same rights and be equal to men. The National Assembly ignored her demands. Emmaline Pankhurst was another feminist who worked towards women’s suffrage. At Seneca Falls in **1848** she and other women fought for women’s suffrage and increased education. She attempted to protest for these rights peacefully but sometimes things turned violent. She did not successfully gain voting rights for women in this period but after WW1 voting rights were given to women.

Olympe de Gouge Seneca Falls & US

Key Concept 5.4 Global Migration

Answer Concepts & Relevant Factual Examples in underline “Facts”

How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods? What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migration? A general overview

How did the Industrial Revolution affect migration patterns during this period?

How did it contributepopulation growth?

How did new modes of transportation related to

industrial technologycontribute to new patterns

Migrations were on a much larger scale and over longer distances. Emigrations in this period were mainly from Europe, Africa and Asia. People immigrated to the Americas, Australia/New Zealand, Asia and Africa as well. These migrations were caused by the want for a better life (Europe Americas), the need to find work (indentured servants- Asia Americas), imperialism (Asia/Europe Africa), forced migrations (Africa Americas, Europe Australia), and the declining of empires such as the Mughals in South Asia. The migrations politically presented challenges to governments in fostering national identities and regulating the flow of people. These migrations led to the disproportional gender movement as more men left, the creation of ethnic enclaves, and xenophobic responses.

The IR caused many people to migrate to areas in the Americas to work in factories with the development of new modes transportation like trains and boats, and improved food and medicine production. It also led to the denser populations in the city and more disperse d populations in the country.

The effects of the agricultural revolution caused a large food surplus eliminating a lot of famine. Also, healthcare and sanitation projects in Urban areas decreased the spread of disease and the infant mortality rate. Migrations caused a large increase in population in the countries people were migrating to and then people settled here and developed families

Technology like railroads and steam ships allowed people to migrate longer distances more quickly and more often. Some migrations were only seasonal and this new technology allowed the workers to travel back and forth. Also, many people migrated to work on this new technology. Chinese workers in the US commonly worked on the expansion of the railroad across the continental US.

Emigrations- from Europe, Africa and Asia

Immigrations- to Americas, Australia, Asia, Africa.

Caused by the want for a new life, work, forced migrations, political vacuums,

New transportation, medicine, food

Increased population in places migrating to

Railroads Steamships

Better life

Why did people migrate?

Where are migrations voluntary in this period? Discuss the involuntary ones.

Were all migrations permanent? Discuss examples that were NOT.

How were gender roles affected by migration?

How did migrants preserve and transplant their culture in their new homes

How did receiving societies react to the new presence of foreign migrants?

People migrated because they were forced to or because they wanted to. Many people were hoping for a better life in the New World, while other people needed work. Some people were forced to migrate such as British prisoners taken to penal colonies like Australia, Africans taken to the Americas, and Italians fleeing the potato famine.

Migrations from Europe to the Americas were voluntary and so were indentured servants migrating from places like Asia (semi-voluntary). These people were searching for better jobs and a better life. Forced migrations include the slave trade, from West Africa to the Americas for plantation work, and convicts from Britain to their colonies in Australia and New Zealand.

Many migrations were seasonal and were for working purposes. Some examples include Italians migrating to South America for work, Japanese agricultural migrants in the Pacific area, and Lebanese merchants traveling to the Americas.

Many of the jobs that migrants performed were difficult and physically challenging causing the majority of migrants to be male and women to be left at home.

Migrants developed ethnic enclaves in the countries they migrated to. These were areas that maintained the culture of their homeland and are areas such as Chinatowns, and Little Italy’s.

Many societies did not want the migrants. This was a result of xenophobia (fear of outsiders). The United States established the Chinese Exclusion Acts, which banned Chinese migrations into the US. When they were unable to get into the US many Chinese people attempted to go to Australia. However, Australia established the White Australia Policy, which also banned Chinese migration into the country.

Jobs Forced migrations

Slave trade Indentured

servants Convicts

Japanese agricultural migrants Pacific

Italians S America

Lebanese Americas

Difficult work mainly male migrants

Ethnic enclaves Chinatown Little Italy

Chinese Exclusion Act

White Australia Policy

xenophobia