Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment

Answer Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did science affect humans’ conception of the natural world in the 20th century? What new technologies and discoveries affected this conception?

What new technologies in communication and transportation, and how did they impact conceptions about size and distance?

What new scientific paradigms changed the way people understood the natural world and humans themselves?

How did scientificdiscoveries affect humans’ability to feed themselves?

Science affected humans’ conception of the natural world in the 20th century because of new discoveries such as the big bang theory, quantum mechanics, Einstein’s relativity theory, and psychology. For example, religion was the reason that most people thought the world was created, but when Einstein discovered the big bang theory, it contradicted what the people’s religion said. This is when some had new conceptions on the topic of the world.

The development of new technology and advancements in the science world spread rapidly throughout the world to make communication faster and more efficient. The problem of geographical distance was eliminated due to new and more advanced types of transportation and communication. Some of these modes of transportation were cars and airplanes. Some modes of new communication were the invention of the telephone, radio, email, and television.

The new scientific paradigms that changed the way that people understood the world consisted of the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, the big bang theory, and psychology. The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 1900s. There are two types of relativity in this theory, special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity says that everyone has there own time, for instance, the faster that one person moves physically, the slower that person will age. General relativity, however, is the theory of space and time. Quantum mechanics, also studied by Albert Einstein, had to do with ultraviolet radiation, the discovery of protons, and the difference between particles and waves. The big bang theory was science’s best way of telling how the universe was created, by literally a big “bang,” or explosion. This theory was also Einstein’s. Psychology is the study of behavior and the mind. All of these ideas and theories changed the way people saw the world.

New scientific discoveries, such as genetically modified crops, hybrid crops, and the green revolution, allowed people to have different ways and perhaps more efficient ways to feed themselves. Genetically modified crops are crops that have had their DNA modified using genetic engineering techniques in order to create a new trait that is beneficial and to make that develop in all of the offspring of that crop. Hybrid crops are created by cross-pollinating two different crops to create a new one. Finally, the Green Revolution was a mix of research, new developments, and new technology transfer initiatives in order to increase the agricultural production worldwide. These were three ways in which science helped feed masses of people.

provide some examples of your own here with attention to cot

Einstein’s theory of relativity

Quantum mechanics the Big Bang theory psychology

genetically modified crops

hybrid crops Green Revolution

polio vaccine & Jonas

How did medical innovationsaffect humans’ survivalrates?

What new energytechnologies affected the 20th century?

Medical innovations, such as the polio vaccine and Jonas Salk, antibiotics like penicillin, and the artificial heart all helped to increase human survival rates. The polio vaccine. Created by Jonas Salk, is a shot of liquid given to a patient that has or could be exposed to polio in order to prevent or kill of the disease. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming, killed deadly bacteria before it killed the human. Finally, the artificial heart was a machine that took place of the heart and lungs for a short period of time if a heart was not stable enough at times. However this machine could not permanently replace the heart and lungs. These three medical advancements increased the survival rate of the human species.

The new energy technologies that affected the 20th century were oil, nuclear, and renewable energies. Petroleum and whale oil were both used in early historic Russia and most of the world economy. Nuclear power generates heat, which makes it a more sustainable energy source. Renewable energies are energies made from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, and waves. This type of energy is used for electric generation, air water heating and cooling, transportation, and rural energy sources.

Salk antibiotics-penicillin artificial heart

oil (early) nuclear “green” energies,

renewables

How did humans’ relationship to the environment change in the 20th century? What negative consequences in the 20th century accompanied the benefits of industrialization?

The humans’ relationship to the environment greatly in the 20th century because everyone was racing after and competing for the world’s resources. People traveled long ways to get these resources and many fights were caused as well. Population explosion lead to limited resources. Since there was a population increase and everyone was competing for the Earth’s finite resources, the resources became limited. This was a negative consequence in the 20th century due to industrialization. Next, Global warming and climate change is when the temperature of the Earth is gradually increasing over the years due to the greenhouse effect which is the increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. Desertification is when previously fertile land is formed into desert land normally because of deforestation or droughts, the lack of water. Deforestation is when a mass of trees are cut down in order to free land for other uses like to build factories, or to plant crops on. All of these negative consequences in the 20th century are all accompanied by the benefits of industrialization.

population explosion and limited resources

greenhouse gases and global warming

desertification deforestation

What caused some of the major demographic changes of the 20th century? A general answer here.

Some of the major demographic changes in the 20th century were caused do to migrations. When groups of people travel to a foreign land, they risk being exposed to the foreign diseases. If one group of people goes to another area in which they have no immunities to the foreign diseases, then they are more likely to get the disease. The Green revolution also increased the population greatly. The 20th century saw populations of the countries of India and China explode. The negative demographic changes included the world wars, in which more than one hundred million people died. Also the holocaust, in which over 10 million lives were lost.

Disease contributed. What were some diseases associated with poverty that continued to threaten human survival? Where were these a major problem in the20th?

What new, emergentepidemic diseasesthreatened humans?

What diseases associatedwith more sedentarylifestyles and longer life expectancies became a new problem?

How did technology regarding birth control and family planning impact global demographic patterns?

How did new military technology affect wartime casualties?

A few diseases associated with poverty are malaria, TB, and cholera. Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease of humans and animals caused by parasitic protozoans. Malaria is common in Africa, but has been in every continent except for Antarctica because the climate is not ideal for mosquitos. TB is short for Tuberculosis. TB is an infectious disease caused by bacteria entering the lungs. TB is spread through the air if someone coughs or spits. TB was a major problem in Bangladesh and other parts of India. Finally, cholera is an infection in the small infection caused by bacteria. It is spread by drinking bad water with poor filtration. Cholera was a major problem in Africa and Asia.

New emergent epidemic diseases that threatened humans consisted of the 1918 flu pandemic, the Ebola virus, and HIV and AIDS. The 1918 flu pandemic killed more people than world war one. The Ebola virus causes a guaranteed 50% death rate in the human population, and finally, HIV and AIDS is a deadly and permanent disease cased by unprotected and unclean sex. HIV and AIDS have killed more than 1.2 million people worldwide. All of these new diseases that emerged were a threat to the human population.

Diseases that were associated with more sedentary lifestyles and longer life expectancies and became an issue were diabetes, heart disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body has trouble with producing enough insulin, which leads to a too high amount of glucose in the bloodstream. Heart disease involves the heart and blood vessels. When a person has heart disease there chance of having a heart attack or stroke goes up because blood clots can form causing a block in the blood stream, which leads to un stable heart palpitations. After this, the heart may loose its beat and go crazy, leading to a heart attack. Alzheimer’s is a disease in the brain which starts out slowly, and then speeds up as time progresses. The brain disease causes short-term and long-term memory loss.

Kids started to become not revenue, but a cost. Parents had more kids to help on farms and to take care of them when they got old, but they also had to keep in mind the cost that the kids brought on such as college tuition. The birth control pill gave women control over their families. The pill would most of the time prevent pregnancy. This globally affected demographic patterns in that the population went down because there were less unexpected or unplanned pregnancies.

New military technology such as machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and nuclear

Malaria TB Cholera

1918 influenza pandemic

Ebola virus HIV/AIDS

Diabetes heart disease Alzheimer’s

“the pill

machine guns tanks airplanes nuclear weapons—the

atom bomb

How did new tactics affectwartime casualties?

weapons increased the amount of living soldiers after battle. Machine guns had more bullets in them than just an ordinary gun, and they where portable and easy to be held. Tanks gave soldiers safety in war zones, and still let them keep an eye on the enemy. Airplanes gave soldiers a new angle to attack from. The airplane could shoot bullets, release men from the sky to attack, and give soldiers a place to drop bombs from. The first atomic bombs dropped were called little boy and fat man, and were dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, and Nagasaki, Japan, in response to the attack a Pearl Harbor.

New tactics affected wartime casualties in that they decreased the death rate of the soldiers. Trench warfare was when the soldier built below ground trenches to live in, in order to hide and be safe from the opposing enemy. This was also a hiding spot to cover ones self while shooting. This increased the life expectancy of soldiers because the trench protected the soldier from being shot. Firebombing was a bombing technique designed to strictly bomb a select space in numerous places. This increased accuracy and more damage for the opposing army. The Nanjing massacre was the second mass murder and rape by Japanese troops against the dwellers of Nanjing. The bombing at Dresden was a British and American bombing in order to get Germany to surrender in world war two. The atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki as a response by the United States of the Japanese’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.

trench warfare firebombing Hiroshima, Dresden,

Nanjing

Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences

Answer Concepts & Relevant Examples in underline

“Facts”

How did the overall global political order shift as the century progressed? What did NOT change?

Older, land-based empires such as the Ottoman,Russian, and Qing empires collapsed. What external

and internal factors contributed

to each?

Power at the beginning of the twentieth century shifted. European powers dominated political order at the beginning of the twentieth century also including the United States, Russia, and Japan. However, there were challenges over the centuries wanting to redistribute power to make stronger empires. A few changes occurred to cause this shift in power such as empires declined, colonies became independent, movements and revolts happened, and wars and battles changed imperial power as well. However, a few powerful countries still have a lot of power, and are still strong today. Those strong countries did not change.

The older land-based empires collapsed including the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires due to internal and external factors like economic hardship, political and social discontent, technological stagnation, and military defeat. In the Qing dynasty there were food shortages and corruption in the government. Empress Cixi led China further from modernization, which made china vulnerable to be a victim of economic imperialism. Ataturk was revolutionist that rejected the political system and wanted reforms done. In 1917, two socialists, Lenin and Trotsky also posed a threat toward the political system in Russia, leaving their country vulnerable to attack and basically letting the empire fall and diminish. The Ottoman empire

Mustapha Kemal/Ataturk Lenin and Trotsky Dowager empress Cixi

Colonies gainedindependencewhere/when?

Some colonies gained independence throughnegotiation.

Other colonies achieved independence via armed struggle.

reached its heights in the 1500s and saw decline leading up to world war one. There were too many leaders trying to take power which lead to the decline of these empires as well. Tax money was also being abused and artisans were not being used. Russia’s government was falling leading up to the world wars. There were tons of food shortages on top of being industrially behind.

Colonies that gained there independence in the twentieth century were the colonies in the Americas and Africa like Chile, Ghana, and Algeria. Also, colonies in India, Asia, and Vietnam also gained their independence in the twentieth century.

Some colonies gained their independence through negotiation such as the Partition of India in 1947 and the Gold Coast. The Partition of India in 1947 was basically a non-violent and non-cooperation movement including rebellions and a salt march. All of these things were against the British government and led by Gandhi. The INC and Muslim league also fought for independence from British control. The Gold Coast is what gained Africa’s independence Africa gained independence by negotiating with the British during an assembly.

Other countries got their independence by an armed struggle such as Algeria and Vietnam from France and Angola from the Portuguese empire. An Algeria nationalist group known as the FLN fought a bloody war against the French settlers in order to achieve their independence. The FLN used guerilla warfare which is terrorism to one side, but seen as freedom fighters against the French power. Ho Chi Minh made the viet minh, named after himself and Vietnam, to fight against Japanese and French invasions. Vietnam gained independence after world war two ended. After the Vietnamese fought the Japanese, the fought the French. The French would not give up Indochina, so in order to give Indochina independence, the Vietnamese had to fight against them. Finally, the Vietnamese won a battle against the French at the battle filed known as Dien Bien Phu. Here, the Vietnamese and French negotiated for peace, and this negotiation was signed at the Geneva conference, and its outcome was the Vietnam division.

Partition of India 1947 Gold Coast

Algeria and the FLN Vietnam and Ho Chi

MinhDien Bien Phu

What new anti-imperial movements challenged the status quo during the age of imperial rule and contributed to the end of empires and the restructuring of states?

Nationalist leaders and their movements

The new anti-imperialism movements consisted of those lead by Mohandas K. Gandhi, Ho Chi Minh, and Kwame Nkrumah. These movements were mostly non-violent and non-cooperation movements. These movements challenged the status quo during the age of imperial rule and contributed to the end of empires and the restructuring of states. A few movements were the Salt march and the strike to get rid of taxes; both led by Mohandas K. Gandhi. Nationalists groups increased also to unify people and to challenge imperial rule as well.

Mohandas K. Gandhi led the Salt march, a march to the sea to make salt to get rid of the salt tax. He was also all about non-violence resistance. He would never hurt

Mohandas K. Gandhi and non-violence

Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged both imperial rule inherited colonial boundaries

Some transnational movements sought to unitepeople across national boundaries

Movements to redistributeland and resourcesdeveloped in Latin America, Africa, and Asia sometimes

anyone even if he was getting hurt. He fully transformed into an Indian by dressing in their clothes and studying in their region. This led to dividing India into India and Pakistan. Ho Chi Minh created a communist republic in order to help the Vietnamese fight for independence from French rule. He was able to do this through nationalist movements, military help, and actions completed. Ho Chi Minh was the opposite of Gandhi’s non-violence theme. Ho Chi Minh believed in Guerilla warfare as a hands-on way to gain Vietnam’s independence. Many lives were taken, but overall Vietnam got their independence. Kwame Nkrumah led Ghana to independence from the British by creating a Conventions’ People Party, which drew in more supporters around the region to join the cause. Nkrumah was more like Gandhi in this civil disobedience and non-violence in order to drive the British out of Ghana.

Regional and ethnic movements, some led by MuhammadAli Jinnah and the Muslim league in British India, include the Quebecois separatist movement, and the Biafra secessionist movement. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan as well as a lawyer and politician. Jinnah was also the leader of the All-Indian Muslim League, which was a political party in British India that strived for the establishment of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. This successfully led to the 1947 Partition of India, allowed by the British eventually. India was then split into a Hindu-Muslim based India, and a Muslim based Pakistan. The Quebecois separatist movement was a political and ideology movement that wanted independence for Quebec in Canada. This movement was similar to the Muslim league because they both wanted an individual state for their provinces. The Biafra secessionist movement was striving to secure the resurgence of Biafra in Nigeria. This movement was overall a fail.

Transnational movements that sought to unite people across national boundaries included Communism, Pan-Arabism, and Pan-Africanism. The ultimate goal of Communism was to establish the communist society in which all people would be equal with no aspects of favoritism. It strived to unite members of the working class from all nations in order to do this. Pan-Arabism was the idea of creating the unification of the countries in North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, or the Arab world. This created nationalism in Arab countries and the craving to become free from the Ottomans and European powers. Pan-Africanism was the ideology of uniting all African countries. The ideology was based of the thought of that if the African countries were united, the economic, political, and social progress would increase.

Land redistribution movements in Latin America, Africa, and Asia advocated Socialism and communism because socialism and communism brought equality among all members in societies at any level. This is why land was redistributed, to the poor as well. By redistributing land to all levels in society, a social gap was

(satyagraha) Ho Chi Minh Kwame Nkrumah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League in British India

The Quebecois separatist movement

The Biafra secessionist movement

Pan-Arabism Pan-Africanism communism

advocating socialism and communism…why?

closed, which brings in ideas of socialism and communism.

Along with political changes, what demographic and social changes occurred?

What were some major population resettlementsrelated to the redrawing of old colonial boundaries?

What are some examples offormer colonial peoplesmigrating to former imperial metropoles? Why did this occur?

How did the proliferation of conflicts lead to ethnicviolence such as attempts at genocide?

Some demographical and social changes that occurred consisted of redrawing old colonial boundaries, which led to population resettlements, the India/Pakistan partition, Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine, and the division of the Middle East into Mandates. Also, migrations maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole.Some major population resettlements related to the redrawing of old colonial boundaries were the India and Pakistan partition, the Zionist Jewish settlement of Israeli and Palestine, and the division of the Middle East into Mandates. The India and Pakistan partition led to the creation of sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan which eventually separated into Pakistan and Bangladesh, and the Union od India, which later became the Republic of India. The Israeli and Palestine question was when boundaries were put in Palestine so that the land was split between the Jews and Palestinians. However, they wanted to keep Palestine as one for religious and ethnic reasons. Even today, the Israelis and Palestinians still fight over their holy land for dominance. The division of the Middle East into mandates meant the legal status for some territories transferred the control of one country to another country. This occurred after World War one. This meant, territories controlled by the Ottoman empire were forced to have administrative rule over them until they were able to stand-alone.

Some examples of former colonial peoples that migrated to former imperial metropoles were the South Asians to Britain, the Algerians to France, and the Filipinos to the US. All of these groups of people migrated in order to start a new and improved life far away from their original homeland. The South Asians migrated to Britain because they could find new work within the labor force that was needed. The Algerians migrated to France to, like the South Asians, find better work. They got jobs in big working industries of France. The Filipinos migrated to the US because they could, again, start a new life by joining the labor force and working in fields, farms, and industries.

The Armenian genocide was when the Ottoman Empire wanted to remove all of the Armenians from their empire. The Armenians lived in the northwest part of Turkey, where they practiced their religion of Christianity. Differentiating that, the Ottomans were Sunni Muslim. The Armenian genocide began in 1915, when the Ottomans began to kill up to one point two million and relocated many more Armenians. All of this occurred during world war one. The Holocaust occurred during world war two, and was when the German Nazi’s began to mass kill the Jews of Germany. Like the Armenian genocide, the holocaust relocated and killed a mass population of Jews.

India/Pakistan partition Israeli/Palestinian

question Division of the Middle

East into mandates

South Asians to Britain Algerians to France Filipinos to the US

Armenia The Holocaust Cambodia Rwanda

How did the proliferation ofconflicts lead to displacement of peoples?

Not only Jews were killed. Gypsies, disabled people, bisexuals, gays, and anyone who stood out were also killed in this Germany genocide. The Cambodia genocide targeted educated people, doctors, lawyers, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists. The people who did this where in a guerilla organization called the Khmer Rouge, and managed to kill more than one point seven million people. The genocide in Rwanda was done by the main ethnic group of Rwanda called the Hutus. The Hutus did a mass killing of the Tutis ethnic group, the minority ethnic group in Rwanda. 800,000 people where killed in this genocide.

The proliferation of conflicts led to the displacement of peoples because the Jews in the holocaust, the Armenians in the Ottoman empire, the educated people in Cambodia, and the Tutis in Rwanda were all either killed or relocated to out of where their original location was. Some people stood their ground and got killed. Other people decided to get out the peaceful way and leave their homes and relocated. This is why mass people where relocated during and after the genocides. Then, the refugee population including the Palestinians and the Darfurians were relocated as well. The Palestinians were Arab refugees that moved to Israel due to Israeli victories during the Arab/Israeli war during 1948 to 1967. Israeli got back many territories; therefore mass displacement of Israelis occurred. The Darfurians fled their homes due to the threat of violence caused by the Sudanic government.

Palestinians Darfurians

How were WWI and WWII the first “total wars”? What are the defining characteristics of total war?

How did states mobilize all their peoples in order to wage war?

World wars one and two were the first total wars. Total war means that the nation’s full financial resources are used as well as every weapon available to the military and that the citizens were involved. The governments used ideologies like fascism, nationalism, and communism to mobilize all of their nations resources. The government also used strategies such as political speeches, art, and media. The citizens helped out by sending food, providing healthcare, and most importantly, taking over the soldiers jobs why they where off at war and working in factories. Women worked in factories to make bullets, guns, and other ammunition to send to the soldiers off at war. This is also the marking cause of the first peak to women equality.

The nation’s government used ideologies like fascism, nationalism, and communism to mobilize all of their resources. The Gurkha soldiers in India and the ANZACS from Australia and New Zealand went into the British army because of the call of imperial loyalty. Conscription is drafting any person into the military to gain more soldiers to fight for their country. Increasing numbers was a good thing for war.

Gurkhas from India ANZACS conscription

What were the causes of global conflict in the 20th c.? i.e. WWI and WWII

The causes of World War one and World War two were both cause by imperialist expansion by the European powers and Japan, competition for resources, power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany, Ethnic conflicts, nationalist and imperialistic ideologies, and the economic crisis endangered by the Great Depression. Imperialism affected empire building which caused tensions between

How did the balance of

global power shift in the middle of the 20th century after the end of WWII

What new alliances and new types of conflicts did the Cold War era produce?

How did the Cold War end?

powers. Nationalistic ideologies also caused rivalries. However, the immediate cause of World War one was the assassination of the archduke of Austria-Hungary.

Before world war two, no countries near the power of the major European powers. Do to failing empires and economic issues resulting from world war two, the balance of global power shifted to two major superpowers, the US and the USSR. The cold war was caused by the competing ideas of the political systems of capitalism and communism. The US gained allies in Western Europe and the Middle East, while the USSR gained allies in Asia and Eastern Europe. This ultimately led to the Cold War.

The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO, CENTO, the SEATO, and the Warsaw Pact. The cold war also produced new types of conflict like the Proxy wars. The Proxy Wars occurred because the US and the USSR didn’t want to fight each other face to face, nor on their own grounds, so the battles were fought among their allies of different grounds. This was the case because no one wanted a nuclear war breaking out between the two major super powers and destroying the world. The Warsaw Pact was formed as a response to the creation of NATO, which was created as a result of a military alliance between mutual defenses formed by the Western block. NATO was created to defend the US from USSR and other opponent’s attacks. CENTO was an alliance between Middle Eastern countries made because of the threat of the USSR that they would expand into oil-producing countries in the Middle East. SEATO was an alliance between South East Asian countries made in order to stop the spread of communism.

The end of the Cold War was ultimately due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, or the USSR side. Countries of the Soviet Union started removing communism from their governments and the USSR instituted more lenient laws towards the West. The fall of the Berlin wall is the actual action that marked the end of the Cold War.

Superpowers Capitalist/communist

ideological struggle

NATO, CENTO, SEATO Warsaw Pact proxy wars

Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals, groups, even states opposed this trend:

Who were some of the ‘individuals & groups who challenged war

Some promoted the practiceof non-violence as a way to

Pablo Picasso and his work Guemica is a painting that depicts a lot of commotion. There appears to be faces screaming, people turned all around at different angles, and other objects that don’t seem in a normal state. Also, the picture is in different

Pablo Picasso & his work Guernica

the anti-nuclear movement during the Cold War

Thich Quang Duc & self-immolation

Gandhi and satyagraha Martin Luther King, Jr.

bring about political change.

Some groups and individualsopposed the existing economic, political, and,social orders and insteadpromoted alternatives to theexisting order.

How did militaries and militarized states often respond to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that often further intensified conflicts?

shades of gray with no color, depicting gloom. The anti-nuclear movement during the Cold War was a way of fighting against weapons and war in the US. This anti-nuclear protesting in the US put down the nuclear war. Thich Quang Duc was a Vietnamese monk that did self-immolation, which is burning himself in order to protest against the racial inequality of the people of the state.

Gandhi’s satyagraha policy and Martin Luther King, Jr. promoted non-violence in order to bring about political change. Gandhi’ Satyahraha policy was his overall method of non-violence action. The literal translation of the word is “Truth-force.” He led the Salt march to get rid of the salt tax, he dressed like a regular Indian dweller to become one and to put him in societies shoes, and he fasted when people would do something violent as further non-violence action. Martin Luther King Jr. led marches in the streets and speeches in order to demonstrate non-violence action. He encouraged people to protest and get put in jail. His logic was that if the jails fill up, they will have to release some people. This turns into a cycle until the government just cant take it anymore. Martin’s “I have a dream” speech was also a step forward in racial equality, what Martin and many others were fighting non-violently for.

A few groups and individuals’ opposed the existing economic, political, and social orders, so they promoted alternatives. These groups, individuals, and movements consisted of Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, the non-aligned movement, the Bandung conference, the anti-apartheid movement, participants in the 1968 global uprisings, and Tiananmen square. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1942) was the mastermind behind the Bolshevik’s coming to power in Russia in 1917, and was the first leader of the USSR. Mao Zedong was the first chairman of the central committee of the communist party, and was a communist leader in China. Both Lenin and Mao did not like the current social structure, especially in the working class, and sought to change it. They introduced socialism, hoping to fix this issue. The non-aligned movement was basically created so that if during the cold war, one did not want to take a side, he or she did not have to, and could stay neutral and out of violence. It was an alternative to the leading Cold War blocs. The Bandung conference of 1955 was the first Afro-Asian conference that discussed the role of the third world in the Cold War, economical development, and decolonization. The Anti-apartheid movement was in south Africa and was a movement against South Africa’s system of apartheid, and supporting the blacks of South Africa. The movement sought to reach racial equality. Participants in the global uprisings of 1968 consisted of rebellions against military and bureaucratic elites. The rebels responded with political repression, which is the persecution of a group for political reasons. At

Communist leaders such as Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong

The Non-Aligned Movement—an alternative to the leading Cold War political blocs. The Bandung Conference 1955

The Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa

Participants in the global uprisings of 1968

Tiananmen Square protestors promoting democracy in China

The promotion of military dictatorships in places such as Spain (Franco), Chile (Pinochet), and Uganda (Idi Amin)

What were some of the movements that used violence against civilians in order to attempt to achieve political goals?

What were some of the ways that all these global conflicts influenced popular culture?

Tiananmen square, protestors promoted democracy in China. However, on June 3rd of 1989, there was a massacre. Military troops came in a shot up many civilians who were protesting as a response to their protesting.

Promotion of dictatorship in Spain, Chile and Uganda increased conflict. In François Spain, or nationalist Spain, Francisco Franco won the Spanish civil was and his goal was to transform Spain into a totalitarian state. However, the promotion of dictatorship caused the Spanish Civil War, which is a further conflict. In Chile, Augosto Pinochet set up a regime where he was the dictator. He outlawed some political parties and suspended the constitution. Anyone who tried to conquer him was killed or fought, which is further a conflict. In Uganda, Idi Amin, the president of Uganda, ranked himself as the major general in the Ugandan Army. He persecuted people of different ethnicities, caused corruption, and abused human right, which further created conflict. The US promotion of a new world order after cold war was a response to the Cold War of the ideology of making the entire world a totalitarian society. This could potentially strengthen the military and government. However, this created more conflict because people have disagreements on this ideology. The build-up of the military-industrial complex and arms trading increased the relationship between the military, government, and arms trading and made them all better. These three things all got put in a cycle in which each thing was helping the others.

Movements that used violence against civilians in order to achieve political goals were the IRA, the ETA, and al-Queda. The IRA in Northern Ireland stands for the Irish Republican Army. This is a group that thought Ireland should be independent and not under British control. The IRA was willing to use guerilla warfare against the civilians in order to stand up for what they think. The ETA and Basque separatism in Spain had the main goal of gaining independence in Basques. They kidnapped, fought, killed, and raped many civilians in order to support their beliefs. Finally, al-Queda was an Islamist group who sought to destroy non-religious, Western style modernity. They plotted the 9/11 attacks on the US twin towers, are active in suicide bombings, and target local civilians to get their point across.

These global conflicts that influenced popular culture consist of the Dada movement in art in the years after World War one, which was an art movement that supported thoughts on anti-war and anti-bourgeois. James Bond movies focus on concepts like world domination and global threats to the world, as the previous world wars had depicted. Social Realism is a style of art that focuses on the greatness of communism. Most of the colors used would be red since red is, in fact, the color of communism. The style included an optimistic, Soviet Union feel. Video Games were greatly influenced by war. There are many video games still out today on shelves that are about war, battlefields, or fighting in general. The televised graphics are

The US promotion of a New World Order after the Cold War

The build-up of the “military-industrial complex” and arms trading

IRA in Northern Ireland ETA and Basque

separatism in Spain al-Queda

Dada movement in art in the years after WWI

James Bond Social Realism (?) Video games

depicted to be as real as possible, so there are guns, cannons, opponents, blood, and other warlike things.

Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

Answer Concepts and Relevant Factual Examples in underline

“Facts”

The 20th century saw a great deal of warfare and economic collapse. In response to these problems new ideas about governments and how they relate to the economy developed.

In Communist states, how did governments seek to control their nationaleconomies?

How did the role played bythe government in nationaleconomies change even in the US and Europe (and why did the role of thegovernment increase)?

After WWII, in newlyindependent states, how didgovernments take a strongrole in guiding economic lifeto promote development?

In communist states, governments controlled their national economies by using methods like the five-year plan, collectivization, and the Great leap forward. Under the USSR, The Five-Year Plans were set up to modernize the Soviet Union’s economy. Collectivization was when the government took over anything personal such as farms, businesses, etc., and made then into state-owned enterprises. The Great Leap Forward in China was a campaign led by Mao Zedong. Its main focus was to turn the country from an agrarian economy into a socialist society. This was able to occur with the help from collectivization and industrialization.

Mussolini’s Corporate state, also known as fascist corporatism, involved the management of sectors of the economy by government and state-run organizations. The gist of his idea was to increase the amount of government involvement there was in personally-ran businesses. Roosevelt established The New Deal. The new deal increased the government’s involvement in the US. This was also need greatly during The Great Depression. This was when the stock market crashed in the 1930s, and the US and Europe, who were affected the most, fell into an economic pit of disaster. The Keynesian economics are the theories that economic output is directly influenced with the demand. The belief resulted in a mixed economy where the government is still present.

In Egypt, Gamal Nasser established a republic. He helped Egypt’s economy by participating in modernization reforms. He nationalized the Suez canal, because it was no longer being controlled by the British, and he also attempted to nationalized the Suez canal with Egypt, and the rest of the Arab world. The encouragement of export-oriented economies in East Asia had the main focus to speed up industrialization by exporting goods. This created huge economic success and growth in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

Five-Year Plans collectivization The Great Leap Forward

Mussolini’s Corporate State

The New Deal, the Great Depression and Keynesian economics

Nasser and Egypt The encouragement of

export oriented economies in East Asia

Toward the end of the 20th century, how and why did governments encourage free market economics and promote economic liberalization?

At the end of the twentieth century, governments encouraged free market economies and promoted economic liberalization. The US under Ronald Reagan made huge progress. His goals were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax, reduce the government regulation, and tighten the money supply to prevent and reduce inflation in the US. Margaret Thatcher was the prime minister in Britain. She introduced political and economic initiatives that should reverse unemployment in Britain. This was her main focus in the Winter of Discontent in Britain. Her motives also involved Privatization, which is the transfer of ownership from the government to a privately owned company. In China, Deng Xiaoping took power after Mao’s death. Deng was willing to implement some capitalist ideas to improve the economy, implemented SEZ’s where capitalism was allowed, implemented his plan to modernized Chine. This plan was what Deng established, also known as the four modernizations, which were goals to strengthen fields of agriculture, industry, military, and science and technology in China. In Chile, Pinochet tried to make Chile a nation of proletarians and not proprietors. He also established free market reforms in order to try and stop the decline of the economy.

US and Ronald Reagan Britain and Margaret

Thatcherprivatization

China under Deng XiaopingThe Four Modernizations

Chile under Pinochet

In the 20th century, what new international organizations formed to maintain world peace and facilitate international cooperation?

What new economic institutions sought to spread principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world?

What humanitarian organizations developed to respond to a variety of crises throughout the world?

The League of Nations was an organization that strived to get and maintain global peace. They wanted to stop wars and prevent them as well. The league of nations was soon replaced by the United Nations. It was replaced because it had failed to prevent another world war, world war two. The united nation had the same motives as the league of nations but had more movements to try to become free from error, and they also gave financial aid to those countries in need after the war. The international criminal court was established in order to punish any individual or group that commits genocide, has fights, causes wars, or is involved with planning battle. This was aimed to threaten people to not be violent anymore.

The International Monetary Fund was basically set in action to prevent a second great depression. It acted as a safety cushion for the economy. They also loan money when it is needed in the economy. The World Bank, organized by the United Nations, was created in order to loan money to big projects and programs. This is where the money comes from when a bridge needs to be built, or a road needs to be paved. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was made in order to lift barriers off of international trade, and end up encouraging international trade, ultimately.

The Red Cross helped people who were hurt during battle, or recently disturbed by a natural disaster. They also do blood drives to help people in need for a blood type. The UNICEF helps children get to live longer. This may be by giving them proper health care like shots or immunizations when they are sick, or just getting them food or clean water. Amnesty International is an organization that fights against the abusing of human rights. They encourage people to write letters to the government

The League of Nations The United Nations The International

Criminal Court

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

World Bank World Trade

Organization (WTO)

The Red Cross UNICEF Amnesty International Doctors Without Borders World Heath

Organization (WHO)

How did regional trading blocs promote the movement of capital (investment $) and ?goods across borders?

How did multinational corporations begin to challenge state authority and autonomy?

What new movements protested the inequality of the consequences of global integration

in order to prevent this abusive of human rights. Doctors without borders is an organization were doctors will go anywhere around the world in order to save the lives of the ones in need. The World Health Organization has helped eradicate many diseases all over the world like small pox in the 1970s. They also seek to provide the best health care that they can from all over the world.

The European Union is a union of European states that remain peaceful with each other. It was established during world war two. Their policy is that there is free movement of people, without a passport needed, goods, services, and capital. NAFTA stands for the north American free trade agreement. It’s an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the US in order to freely trade with one another peacefully. ASEAN stands for the association of Southeast Asian Nations. The nation was made to have a connected community to freely communicate and trade with. They also provide economic stability. Mercosur’s main goal is to promote free trade and the movement of people, goods, and new currencies.

Multinational corporations began to challenge state authority and autonomy. The Royal Dutch Shell is multinational oil company and shells oil to its consumer’s world wide. Coca-Cola got all of its money and fame from its tasty worldwide drink known as coke. They also have the world of coke museums, where they sell shirts, drinks, and souvenirs. Sony originated in Japan. They sell electronics anywhere from a cell phone, to a TV, to a keyboard. They make their money worldwide as well from selling their electronics from in Japan to all the was to the US and every other country as well.

Green Peace is an organization all about saving the Earth and making it a better place. They strive to protect forests, clean oceans, and stop global warming. The Green Belt Movement in Kenya is similar. This organization is founded by a group of women who seek to keep the world clean and happy. They’ve helped to plant seeds, plants, and trees in Kenya to keep the World green. Earth Day became a national holiday, so on every year on the day April 22 the Earth is celebrated and people focus on planting trees and plants and cleaning up pollution to keep the Earth clean.

The European Union NAFTA ASEAN Mercosur

Royal Dutch Shell Coca-Cola Sony

Greenpeace Green Belt movement

(Kenya) Earth Day

What are some examples of how the notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world?

The UN Universal Declaration of Rights stands for the general civil and political rights that the average free person has. This document and others like it were inspired by enlightenment thinkers going all the way back to the enlightenment. This emphasizes the natural laws and the laws of the right of man. Women’s Rights were fought for greatly during the twentieth century. The suffragette movement during WW1 was the biggest and most progress that women made to have equal rights.

UN Universal Declaration of Rights

women’s rights the end of the White

Australia Policy

How did increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes lead to the formation of new cultural identities

and exclusionary reactions ?

What new forms of spirituality developed in the later 20 th century ?

How was religion applied to political issues?

They tried to get the press’s attention, but never could until a brave women stepped in front of the kings horse and died for her rights and beliefs. The end of the White Australia Policy was in favor of immigration and non-whites. They fought for the equality based on their race.

In the 1930s, The Negritude Movement in Africa tried to reject French colonial racism. In order to accomplish this, they tried to unify the common black people. The people of the movement thought that assimilating cultures was a good way to resist the French.

Xenophobia is the term to express hate towards foreigners. People that think life this will go to a region that is excluded from foreigners. Race Riots are conflicts between two races or ethnicities. A main example of this would be in the US, whites v. blacks. This also includes race riots like the Atlantic race riot of 1906, in which white mobs killed and injured dozens of black people. These race riots lead to segregation anywhere from busses to water fountains. Citizenship Restrictions are related to xenophobia because it is against foreigners. This may be the reason that a foreigner cannot become a citizen. An example of this would be the immigration act of 1924, in which the US limited the number of immigrants allowed, and banded the immigration of Arabs and Asians.

New Age Religions developed in Western nations during the 1970s. Movement and structure were what these new spiritual forms were all about. They were characterized by a holistic view of the cosmos. It also emphasizes healing and adopting science. Hare Krishna is a religious organization that’s beliefs are based on traditional Hindu scriptures and the Bhagavatam. They also practice meditation and different forms of yoga. Falun Gong is the practice of dharma that combines meditations, qigong exercises with philosophies based on the truthfulness compassion and forbearance, and yoga as well.

Liberation Theology is an interpretation of the Christian faith based on the experience of the poor. The religion reads bible versus from the eyes of the poor and relates it to real life situations going on in the poor society. Fundamentalist movements were defensive, assertive, and exclusive. They posed religious challenges against modernization thinking and secular things. These movements took place in just about every main religion around the world. An example would be Ayatollah Khomeini going back to Islamic tradition from something else and using it to govern his state.

Negritude movement in Africa

xenophobia race riots citizenship restrictions

New Age religions Hare Krishna Falun Gong

Liberation Theology fundamentalist

movements

Olympics World Cup Soccer Cricket

How did the global nature of culture affect sports?

Music and film?

The Olympics is a sports related competition where different countries around the world compete in different events like gymnastics or running. This connects the different countries that may be competing against on another. However, there have been rivalries before like Jesse Owen being black and winning against the whites. Also, other rivalries were caused due to previous battles, wars, or opponents on the opposite side. World Cup Soccer is an international soccer competition against different nations. The world cup has the same competitive problems as the Olympics have had due to prior experiences. Cricket is a different version of baseball and is popular in many nations where baseball is not used as a word frequently.

Reggae originated in the Caribbean along with the famous singer, Bob Marley who is famous for singing his reggae based music. This music traveled all around the world through different cultures to where people in the US can listen to it now. Bollywood is the common tern that Indians use to describe their film industry. This is a perfect example of global integration of film because the US film industry is named Hollywood. It is not a coincidence that the two names sound similar.

Reggae Bollywood