Alex Wukovits

Unit One Outline NotesF. The Classical Civilizations: India and China (300 B.C.E. to 550 C.E.)

i) Information from review book(1) India: The Mauryan Empire (321 to 180 B.C.E.)

(a) Founded by Chandragupta Maurya through the unification of smaller Aryan kingdoms, his grandson Ashoka Maurya vastly grows the empire

(b) Spread from the Indus River Valley east to the Ganges River Valley and south through the Deccan Plateau

(c) Power and wealth stemmed from trade with Mesopotamia and Rome (e.g.- silk, cotton, elephants)

(d) Rock and Pillar Edicts: posted around the empire, they reminded Mauryans to live generous and morally right lives

(2) India: The Gupta Empire (320 to 550 C.E.)(a) Chandra Gupta the Great (and later Chandra Gupta II) finds the Gupta

Empire as a revival of the Mauryan Empire(b) Enjoyed relative peace and advances in science and art:

(i) Gupta mathematics develops the concepts of pi and zero (0)(ii) A decimal system was formed using 0-9 (originally dubbed Hindi

numerals, Europeans named them Arabic numerals)(c) Hinduism becomes main religion

(i) More rigid social structure(ii) Less rights for women (cannot own property or participate in

certain religious rituals)(iii) Young arranged marriages due to property and inheritance

(3) China: The Qin Dynasty (221 to 209 B.C.E.)(a) First Emperor Qin Shi Huang (or Qin Shihuango) groups back

together parts of the Zhou Dynasty(b) Connected fortification walls in the north of China that eventually

form the Great Wall of China(c) Dominant belief system was Legalism (political philosophy)(d) Patriarchal society (male-dominant) (e) Revolts begin shortly after the First Emperor’s death as peasants

opposed his harsh and oppressive ways, ruining the empire only a year after the Qin’s death

(4) China: The Han Dynasty (200 B.C.E. to 460s C.E.)(a) The Xiongnu (nomadic group of northern Asia) descended upon

China and across to Eastern Europe(b) Trade (and Buddhism) flourished along the Silk Road to the

Mediterranean(c) Inventions

(i) Paper, sundials (very accurate), calendars(ii) Navigational aids, such as the rudder and compass(iii) Metallurgy (i.e.- Iron)

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(d) Developed a civil service exam as the Han wanted highly skilled/educated and good communicators in government; mostly wealthy could prepare for the days long test(i) This allowed for a relatively stable government which would in

turn last for centuriesii) Information from textbook

(1) India: The Mauryan Empire (321 to 180 B.C.E.)(a) The Mauryan Empire filled the void left by the Kingdom of Magadha(b) Chandragupta developed a sophisticated government that oversaw

taxation, trade, foreign relations, war, and maintaining order(c) After a bloody war in taking over the region of Kalinga (east India on

the Bay of Bengal), emperor Ashoka converts to Buddhism(i) Ashoka preached nonviolence and his practice of Buddhism

diffused to other areas (i.e.- along the silk road)(d) Ashoka had irrigation systems formed and highways/roads

constructed, which helped to stabilize the government and economy by providing communication and transportation

(e) Ashoka dies in 232 B.C.E. and the empire begins to collapse due to financial and economic difficulties, disappearing by 185 B.C.E

(2) India: The Gupta Empire (320 to 550 C.E.)(a) The empire was smaller that he Mauryan Empire (not as much in the

Deccan Plateau) and allowed for more self control by the states (b) Enjoyed relative peace and advances in science and art:

(i) Physicians develop technique of plastic surgery(ii) Astronomers note earth is a sphere on an axis, 365.35 day year

(c) White Hun invasions from the north are prevented at great cost until the empire is weakened financially; loosely bound together by name and regional rule for a century, the empire vanishes by mid-sixth century C.E.

(3) China: The Qin Dynasty (221 to 209 B.C.E.)(a) Qin Shi Huang strived for a surviving dynasty:

(i) Drafted 100,000s of laborers to construct fortification walls (predecessor to The Great Wall)

(ii) Destroyed possible revolt points for civilians, disarmed the military (he refused to tolerate dissent)

(iii) Built 4,000+ miles of road for transport and communication(iv)Burned books and killed scholars for being critical of him(v) Centralized measurement, monetary, laws, and writing systems

(b) Qin Shi Huang dies in 210 B.C.E. and is buried in the lavish “Tomb of the First Emperor” with thousands of terra cotta people to protect him

(c) Religion was based around shadows (yin) and spirits (yen)(i) sacrifices were given(ii) belief in a parallel world/universe where the dead would go

existed(4) China: The Han Dynasty (200 B.C.E. to 460s C.E.)

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(a) Liu Bang quickly reunified China after the Qin Dynasty by 206 B.C.E.

(b) Emperor Han Wudi ruled 141 to 87 B.C.E.(i) Iron industry controlled by government (broadened use of metals)(ii) Levied taxes on agriculture/trade/craft industries to build roads

from trade and communication(iii) Established imperial monopolies on iron and salt(iv)Imperial expansion to North Vietnam and Korea(v) Established an imperial university

(c) Religion(i) Buddhism introduced widely around 65 C.E.(ii) People also made sacrifices in the forms of animals and food(iii) The concept of the natural dualities of the yin and yang is

followed (for example femininity and masculinity, dark and light) (d) Silk and paper were amongst the largest industries during the Han

Dynasty(e) Emperor Wang Mang (around 10 C.E.) attempts a socialist reform

that ultimately fails as he is overthrown (f) Patriarchal families (male lead) (g) Distinction between rich and poor grows (notable in clothes, food,

housing)(h) Internal weakness and rivaling factions lead to the demise of the

empire, several large kingdoms form for the next centuries

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Jacob MacDavid

H. Late Classical Period

From Review Book:

– Han China, Gupta Empire in India, Western part of the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean, and Maya all collapsed

– no one knows how Maya fell, but they most likely exhausted their resources and left their cities. It also may have been diseases, drought, or unrest.

– Wang Mang reigned (9-23 CE) in China after using Mandate of Heaven to oust the Han dynasty and create the Xin dynasty. Attempts at reform of land ownership and currency wounded local economy. War on the borders causes conscription and taxes. Famines and floods along the Yellow River fueled peasant uprisings. The Xin dynasty ended in 23 CE. The Han dynasty came back a few years later, but couldn't fix China, and the country collapses and was divided in 220 CE.

– Huns (not Attila, White Huns) invaded the Gupta Empire in India for the first half of the fifth century, until the empire, though not the culture, fell.

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– Western Rome collapsed because it was over-sized, had poor leaders, and had internal and external pressure.

– 285 CE, Diocletion divides Rome with co-emperors

– 306 CE, Constantine reunites Rome, it was re-divided when he died

– Attila and his huns attacked Germanic people, who in turn attacked the Empire. Visigoths (Germans who had adopted Roman Law and Christianity) sacked Rome in 410 CE, and the Western half fell in 476 CE. The East became the Byzantine Empire.

– new trade routes (Silk Roads) brought the world closer

From textbook:

– like the Han and Roman empires, the Gupta dynasty came under sever pressure

– by the mid-sixth century, the Gupta state collapsed, and effective political authority quickly devolved to invaders, local allies of the Guptas, and independent regional power brokers

– from the end of the Gupta dynasty until the sixteenth century, when a Turkish people known as the Mughals extended their authority and their empire to most of the subcontinent, India remained a politically divided land

– in the first half of the seventh century, King Harsha unified Northern India, he provided free health care, was a tolerant Buddhist, and was well respected in and outside of his empire, which extended to several Himalayan states. However, local leaders had established themselves too securely for him to conquer Southern India before he was assassinated, leaving no heir to the throne, and an end to his empire.

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– Maya went from 300- 1100 CE

– Wang Mang was originally a regent in the Han Dynasty, but, because he was considered by many to be more competent than the leaders, he took over the empire. His huge reforms (such as attempting to re-distribute the land) make him known by historians as the “socialist emperor”

– from 235 to 284 CE, there were twenty-six recognized “barracks” emperors in Rome. They were mostly generals who seized power and often died violently from the people the suppressed

– epidemics spread throughout the empire

Anthony Armitage

Neolithic Era/ Agricultural Revolution

Review

8000- 3000 BC

Nomads begin to settle – WHY??

Agriculture beganDomestication of animals – EXAMPLES???Increased food supply allowed specialization of skills EXAMPLES???

Specialization led to development of early civilization

Small towns started – I – D??? government???Beginning of primitive culture

Primitive stone tools made into farming implements

Pottery, basketry, wheels, and sails develop - II B/C????

Beginning of metal useMetal weaponryBronze becomes common metal

Latter half of Neolithic era known as bronze age.

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Text

Peoples of southwest Asia farm wheat and barley; raise goats, pigs, cattle, sheep

Yangtze River people raise rice 6000 BC

Meso-America develops agriculture independently

early agriculture use slash and burn techniqueforests were cut and burned to clear land and make fertile soil

first town Jericho

specializationmost are farmers or herdsmensome still hunt and gathermetal workers, potters, and textile makers

Çatal Hüyük, Anatolia 7250-5400 BCpottery, basketry, textile, metal tools, wood carving, carpet, beads, jewellery

5000 BC copper commonly used in moulds to make wide array of tools

6000BC textiles common development

Ashley Alessandra AP World

The Classical Civilizations: The Mediterranean- Rome509 BC-476CE

Review Book-Representative Republic with a senate and assemblyTwelve Tables (innocent until proven guilty)Pater familias eldest male runs the family, women are treated as inferiorsSlaves make up 1/3 of Rome’s population. Most slaves are taken from conquered lands.Carthage is Rome’s first enemy. 1st Punic War (264-241BC)-Rome gains control of Sicily. 2nd Punic War (218-201BC)- Carthage launches a surprise attack on the Romans from the north, much of Rome is destroyed. 3rd Punic War (149-146BC) Rome invades Carthage and burns it to the ground. Rome is now free to expand.Rome becomes unsettled: too many slaves, small farmers move to cities, no jobs there.Senate weakens- power transferred to first triumvirate, containing Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. Caesar soon takes control and is declared emperor for life.

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When Caesar dies, the second triumvirate takes power. This time Octavius takes control. (Augustus Caesar)The republic is now over, Rome is now an empire.Pax Romana- 200 years, growth of arts and science (Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Virgil’s Aeneid, the Parthenon and Colosseum are built)Christianity emerges, but Rome sees the religion as a threat. Christians are persecuted. But in 313CE, Constantine issues the Edict of Milan and the persecution stops. In 391 CE, Christianity becomes the official religion of Rome.

Textbook-The Etruscans dominated Italy from the 8th to the 5th century, but their society began to decline.Rome was influenced by these early people but in 509, the nobility disposed of the last Etruscan king and established an aristocratic republic.Patricians (landowners) and Plebians (freemen) –Patricians grant Plebians tribunes, these represent the plebian’s interests in government. However, Patricians continue to dominate Rome.In 87 BC, General Marius, who recruited a personal army of landless rural and urban residents, marched on Rome and placed the city under military occupation. When he dies, Lucius Cornelius Sulla takes his place and he seizes Rome. He labels people as enemies of the state and kills them in a Reign of Terror, nearly 10,000 people die. Caesar escapes the Reign of Terror because he wasn’t seen as a huge threat. He increases his power in government over the years. When he won a post in the republican government, conservatives urged him to step down. So in 49 BC, he turns his army on Rome and three years later names himself dictator. He places military and political functions under his control. Caesar is killed in a failed attempt to restore the republic.Augustus takes control and reigns for nearly 45 unopposed years. He rules a monarchy disguised as a republic. Rome continues expanding and by Augustus’ reign, imperial holdings included much of Southeastern Europe, most of North Africa, and territories in Anatolia and Southwest Asia. Roman engineers use concrete. Aqueducts are created. Rome builds an extensive road system to connect its empire, totaling more than 50,000 miles altogether. The Mediterranean became a Roman lake. Rome becomes a wealthy city fueled by urban development. Temples, stadiums, fountains, and amphitheaters are created. Trade provides Rome with money to build these structures. New classes of merchants, landowners, and constructionists emerge. However, poverty remains high and the unemployed riot to seek improved conditions. The government tries to appease them by offering “bread and circuses.”In 73 BC, the slave, Spartacus, escapes and assembles an army of 70000 slaves. Rome dispatches troops to put down the revolt.Sometimes, slaves may be released at age 30, but until then they were under the control of their masters.Religions provide a purpose for people and hope for afterlife. Roman roads serve for missionaries looking for converts. Mithraism- a cult dedicated to the Persian diety Mithras, who is associated with sun and light. Men only religion.Cult of Isis-men and women, Egyptian goddess who nurtures and helps worshippers deal with stress. Jews- strictly monotheistic. They will not worship the emperor as a god. Some Jews look for a leader who will help them worship without interference.

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Jesus- Taught devotion to God and love for humans. His teaching of “the Kingdom of God” scared the Roman government. He is crucified in 30CE. However, the religion spreads and people devote themselves to God. Paul of Tarsus- Spread Christianity and attracted the urban masses. http://rome.mrdonn.org/geography.html

Review Book:Pastoral societies gave women few rightsGupta Dynasty eliminates women’s rights to property and study religionRoman society women had rights to property, but still inferior to menWomen lost power as people settled down, power within the household was still heldBuddhism and Christianity consider women equals, but in Hinduism and Confucianism their rights are more restrictedWomen in higher casts still had powerChinese foot binding young marriage age in Asia, Muslim face hiding

Europe Islam India ChinaPatriarchal, property belongs to husband

Equal but separate Strict patriarchal cast system

Strict Confucianism social structure

Could receive inherited land

Received half of inheritance of male children

Child marriages Owned businesses

Women worked in textiles

Literate society Family textile labor Widows cared for by sons

Limited education Public veiling Widows practiced sati! That’s killing yourself by burning crazy

Silk weaving as job

Veiling of upper class Veiling and seclusion Literate society but education limited to men only

Women could have court cases, put

Foot binding

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couldn’t participate in descisions

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnmOqpoDFEw (foot binding video)

Textbook:Patriarchal societies: allowed men to sell wives into slavery to satisfy their debtsIf women committed adultery they would be drownedWomen sometimes advised their kings and governmentsThey could obtain formal education and powerWomen could be entrepreneurs Code of Hammurabi was very harsh on womenEgypt & Nubia: Women have considerably more power than in MesopotamiaWomen play very big role in royal familiesWomen allowed to be educatedSoutheast Asia: Some Women played prominent roles in public lifeLater, they became to live in the shadow of men

V. Technology and innovations Hominids traveled up to 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) to obtain particular stones they needed to

make tools such as choppers, scrapers, and other implements for food preparation Homo erectus fashioned hand axes which provided protection from predators, Learned to start and tend fire Had the ability to organize their activities and communicate plans for obtaining and distributing

food Homo Sapiens made warm clothes from animal skins and built effective shelters against the cold Homo Sapiens made knives, spears and bows and arrows 12,000 years ago began to rely on cultivated crops Hunters wore disguises such as animal skins Developed longhouses which accommodated several hundred people Domesticated animals Specialization of labor 6000 B.C.E. started extracting copper Developed textiles to make clothes Larger populations began to develop the city Babylon Empire developed defensive walls Alloyed copper and tin to make bronze to make swords, spears, axes, shields, and armor 1000 B.C.E. started using iron 3500 B.C.E. the first to use the wheel 3500 B.C.E. Sumerians developed watercraft Early farm tools: ploughs, hoes, rakes and the wheel Dikes and canals to capture flood water and able plumbing and sewage system Pyramids, ziggurats, walls, temples, aqueducts, coliseums, theaters, stadiums, and roads Luxuries like silk, cotton, wool, gems, jewelry, olive oil and spices Mayan 356 day calendar

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Maya and Gupta concept of zero

C. The Big, Early Civilizations: Rivers Deliver

Review Book:

Civilizations formed near rivers – steady water supply, silt for farming, edible/useful plants and animals, transportationCivilizations typically made up of loosely connected city-statesMesopotamia – 5000-1000 B.C.E.Tigris and Euphrates Rivers form the Fertile Crescent; built canals and dikes to deal with regular floodingSumercuneiform – wrote laws, treaties, social/religious customswheel12 month calendarMath – geometryPolytheistic – ziggurat templesAkkad – overtook Sumer, made first known code of lawsBabylonKing Hammurabi, Code of Hammurabi – first modern legal code, distinguished between major and minor offenses, sense of justice and fairness; “an eye for an eye” – (mostly) equal punishment for the crime committed (did not apply as strictly for the wealthy)Hittites – overtook Babylon, used iron weapons (superior to bronze), military superpowerAssyrians – capital at Nineveh, empire across Fertile Crescent, large armyMedes and Chaldeans – defeated AssyriansKing Nebuchadnezzar – rebuilt Babylon, extended empire – became the Persian Empire – spread through Egypt, east Mediterranean, Turkey, Greece, AfghanistanGreat Royal Road – Persian Gulf to Aegean SeaPersian EmpireLydians – coined money instead of barter systemPhoenicians – simple alphabet adopted by Greeks

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Hebrews – Judaism, Israel, enslaved by NebuchadnezzarAncient EgyptNile RiverThree Kingdoms: Old, Middle, NewHieroglyphics, pyramidsPolytheistic, material belongings went with you in death, mummificationQueen Hatshepsut – expanded trade; major female rulerMiddle Kingdom women could buy/sell/inherit/will property and dissolve marriages but still subservient to men; priestesses commonSocial structure: pharaohs; priests; nobles; merchants, artisans, physicians; peasants; slavesIndus River ValleyCould be reached through Khyber Pass through Hindu Kush MountainsHarappa, Mohenjo-Daro – major citiesKnown for trading clothDestroyed by arrival of AryansFrom Caucasus Mountains; had horses and advanced weaponsPolytheistic, reincarnation, Vedas and Upanishads – formed HinduismCaste system – Brahmans (priests); warriors; merchants and landowners; peasantsRigid system, no movementEarly ChinaShang Dynasty in Yellow/Hwang Ho River ValleyLimited contact, isolated, led to ethnocentrismBronze workers, horse-drawn chariots, spoked wheel, pottery and silk, decimal system, accurate calendarPatriarchal structureZhou Dynasty – longest dynastyMandate of Heaven – rulers had God-given right to ruleFeudal system – king ruled over nobles who ruled small regionsWest AfricaBantuNiger and Benue River ValleysMigrated for 2,000 years from 1500 B.C.E. to the south and east; nomadic farmers; moved due to climate changesJenne-Jeno – first city in sub-Saharan Africa

Textbook:

MesopotamiaBronze metallurgy (created/worked with it), Iron Metallurgy, shipbuilding, patriarchal society, wealthy temple communities; women were subordinate but could be priestesses or hold smaller jobs such as tavern keepers, bakers, shopkeepers, scribes, etc.Twelve-month, sixty-minute, sixty-second time-keeping systemSumer: 6000/5000. – 2350 B.C.E.First cities, center of military and politics, marketplaces, cultural centersGovernment oversaw agriculture, extensive irrigation systemsSeparate kings for each city-state

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Gilgamesh – famous king of the city-sate of Uruk who freed it from outsider ruler; considered to be a partial godAkkadians: 2334 – 2150 B.C.E.Ruled by Sargon, took over SumerBabylonian Empire: ended 1595 B.C.E.Centralized bureaucracy and regular taxation; had permanent military postings to control outlying areas Assyrian Empire: 1300 – 612 B.C.E.Huge libraries, preserved Mesopotamian literature including Epic of GilgameshNew Babylonian/Chaldean Empire: 600 – 550 B.C.E.Enormous palaces, 1,179 temples, hanging gardens of BabylonIsraelSettled in Palestine by pastoral Hebrew nomads post-Egyptian Exodus (Jews led by Moses left Egyptian slavery)King David, King Solomon, capital of JerusalemPhoeniciansMaritime trade and communication in the Mediterranean22-letter all-consonant alphabetNubia – formed small kingdoms and city-states along the Nile along with Egypt and relied on it for agriculture; frequent violence with Egypt in attempts to stay independent but also frequent tradeKingdom of Kush – evidence of numerous female rulersPolytheists – had their own gods but took heavily from Egyptian beliefsEgypt: 3100 – 600 B.C.E.Unified under King MenesEventually taken over by Kushites, who were then driven out by AssyriansPolytheists who worshipped a pantheon led by a sun god; briefly monotheistic worshipping of a different sun godBantuNomadic pastoralists; believed in one divine force as well as ancestor and local spirits that were prayed to for good fortune

Mesopotamia video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wksHEDgBRnM

III. Technology and Innovations through 600 C.E.

Review Book

Nomads- development of spoken language, ability to start and tend fire, simple stone tools

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Pastoral societies- domesticated animals (cattle, sheep, pigs, goats), cultivation of plants

Agrarian society- irrigation, stone buildings, granite formed into hoes and plows, pottery, weaving

(baskets, nets)

Wheel- carts make it easier to move goods/materials,

Metal use- copper + tin= bronze, much stronger than copper (Bronze Age)

Sumerians- Cuneiform, development of 12 month calendar and month system with a base of 60

1500 B.C.E. - Hittites dominated because of their ability to forge iron weapons

1600-1100 B.C.E. - Shang China- chariots, spoked wheel, devised decimal system

320-550 C.E. – Gupta (India) mathematicians develop pi and concept of zero

Textbook

5 million years ago- archeologists unearth stone tools of human ancestors in Tanzania, Kenya, and

Ethiopia

One million years ago- cleavers and hand axes, the ability to start and tend fires

200,000 years ago- sharp knives, spears, bows and arrows

110,000 years ago- deep water fishing “invented”

100,000 years ago- Sewing needles, barbed harpoons

50,000 years ago- Ornamental beads, necklaces, jewelry (Cultural significance)

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5000B.C.E. - Metallurgy (copper)

4000B.C.E. - Bronze metallurgy

3500B.C.E. - Wheel

2300B.C.E. - substantial ships provide ability to larger loads further distances, improving trade and

transportation

1500B.C.E. - Hittites find a more effective way to make iron weapons/tools by heating and then

hammering them into shape

Kristen Petrushesky

G. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean

Ancient Greece (Review Book)-located on a peninsula between the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas-natural harbors and mild weather, mountainous land-powerful military and government-polis: Greek city-stateAthens: politics, commerce, cultureSparta: agriculture, military-Every polis separated into three groups:

Citizens: Adult MalesFree People: no political rightsNon-Citizens: slaves

-Gradually grew into a democracy-Polytheistic Society-Persian Wars (499-449 BC): Greeks v. Persia, Greeks maintain control of Aegean, enter the Golden Age of Pericles (480-404)-Pericles established a democracy and rebuilt Athens (Parthenon was built during this age)-Socrates, Plato, Aristotle emerge during this period-Archimedes and Pythagoras make important advances in math-Columned architecture-Dramas and tragedies (Homer)-Athens forms an alliance known as the Delian League, Sparta forms the Peloponnesian League

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-Trade dispute led to the Peloponnesian War (431-404), Athens is weakened, allowing the Macedonians to conquer-Alexander the Great (son of Phillip II, king of Macedon) spread Greek culture and built an empire:

Antigonid (Greece and Macedon)Ptolemaic (Egypt)Seleucid (Bactria, Anatolia)

-Hellenism (Greek culture) spread through the world-Ptolemaic empire became most powerful, Alexandria as the cultural center-When Alexander died, so did his empire. The Romans invade.

Textbook Information-Sparta: Relied on military in all aspects of life. Society was sorted on military talent. Sought to maintain public order by keeping a military- Athens: Forged a strong state based on democracy. Aristocrats eventually gained too much power and there was class unrestSolon: Formed a compromise between classes. Aristocrats got to keep their land, but he cancelled all debts. Opened councils of Athens to anyone who could afford it regardless of lineage. Commoners could eventually participate.Pericles (461-429 BC): most popular Athenian leaderGreeks were a prominent trading forcePersians attacked Greece as punishment for interfering in Persian affairs (Persian War). Persians suffered heavy losses.Atherns led the formation of the Delian League in order to keep out of Persian affairs. Peloponnesian War- devastating conflict over alliances, Athens is crushed by SpartaMacedonians conquered Greece because the poleis couldn’t agree to form one allianceAlexander of Macedon (the Great) was a brilliant strategist who eventually conquered Persia and built an empire.Antigonid Empire: smallest of the Hellenistic Empires, tensions existed, but powerful tradePtolemic Empire: wealthiest empire, industry, strong economy. Alexandria was its’ capital, boasting enormous wealth and a state of the arty librarySeleucid Empire: urban society that served as a model for others, most Greek influenceBactria: established itself as a Greek kingdom, diffusing culture from Persia and AsiaTrade: due to harbors and easy access ports, Greek trade flourished. Olive oil and wine were popular exports.Panhellenic Festivals: Greeks gathered to celebrate their culture. Competitions in athletics (Olympics) and music were held.Highly patriarchal societySappho produced nine volumes of poetry, had a reputation for literary talentSlavery was commonGreek scientists relied on observation and reason (Democritus, Hippocrates)Philosophers posed questions rather than state facts (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)Cult of Dionysus: popular religious group. Festivals spawned the birth of Greek drama.

Tobias KitzwegerAP World, p. 3

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Unit 1 OutlineNomads follow the FoodReview Book InformationSocial

Small clans which stick together migrate and hunt all in small groups who travelled from point to point. Political

No cities, no state and no permanent settlement, leaded by a chef.Religious

Polytheistic, Animiatic. Intellectual No major intellectual development, always on the move hence the lack of intellectual life. However music was originating at this time and cave painting also have been found from this period.Technological‘Stone Age’ because of the fact that all tools at the time were made by and from Stone. Also discovery of fire really shaped the people and lifestyles ex. Cooked food etc.Economic

Focused on sustainability and feeding ones family, no major economic activity.Textbook InformationSocial Stone Tools, strong emphasis on clan and familyMan the hunter and Women tended more at the residential jobsPolitical

No real political society, more of chiefdom

ReligiousAnimistic Society

IntellectualStone Painting indicate to us the complexity of early humans

TechnologicalStone tools, no wheel yet

EconomicLittle trading done or practiced mostly for rare supplies between traveling groups, most of the food source was ether hunted or gathered

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Bogdan Shutka

AP World: Unit 1 Outline

September 16, 2012

Early Mesoamerican Cultures

GENERAL INFORMATION

The Olmec Culture

The Olmecs were the first Classical Culture in Mesoamerica, with influence of their culture seen

radiating through many other proceeding cultures. They developed their civilization on the

eastern Coast of Mexico stretching through Guatemala. Their culture is brightly showcased

through their masonry and stone work. Their culture lasted from 1500 b.c. through 500 b.c.

a. Social

o Practiced Ritual Sacrifice

o Played a ball game similar that of the Mayas

b. Political

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o Lasted as a state from 1500 b.c. until 500 b.c.

c. Religious

o Polytheistic

o Ritual bloodletting

d. Intellectual

o First civilization in western hemisphere with written language

o One of the first civilizations with the concept of zero

o Colossal Heads

e. Technological

o Complex Masonry

f. Economic

o Agricultural society similar that of other early river civilizations

The Mixtec Culture

The word Mixtec means the people of the cloud in the indigenous language of the people. The

Mixtecs are one of the smaller and less unknown civilizations of the Mesoamerican region. They

are particularly known of from their archeological sites settled around the areas of the current

Mexican state of Oaxaca in the more mountainous regions. The descendents of the Mixtecs have

resettled in other parts of Mexico as well as the United States.

The Toltec Culture

The Toltecs are a Mesoamerican classical civilization of the early period, which existed around

ca. 800-1000 b.c. Most of what is known of the Toltacs comes from Aztec narratives a lot of

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given information can be historically proven and another good amount is more mythological.

The word Toltec in the indigenous language literally translates to “artisan”. Toltecs are deeply

associated with mythology. Toltecs are best known archeologically in their main site in Tula,

Mexico as well as Chitzen Itza.

The Zapotec Culture

The Zapotec State existed from the year c. 6th century b.c. The Zapotec state consisted of 3

different plots of land roughly 80km² in area. Around these 3 “societies” was a plot of land

compared to a “no men’s land”. Their religion was as most other civilizations in the area

polytheistic.

INFORMATION FROM THE TEXTBOOK Olmec Culture:Grown: squash, manioc, beans, chili peppers, avocados and gourds and of course maize and later tomatoesDomesticated Animals included: Turkeys and small dogs, both of which were consumed for foodNo large transportation animals available hence lots of human laborLocated in Modern day Mexico, Honduras and El SalvadorNo large cities, only residential towns of the Royal elite and their workers: priests, artists and craftsmenLarge temples, pyramids for worship were built later in the 1st millenniumThe region which the Olmecs resided has vast amounts of rubber trees, hence the name “Olmec” Olmecs constructed elaborate drainage systems in order to drain constant rain flowMost likely an authoritarian society as seen from major construction sites and the amount of wok needed to work them.Traded with jade and other precious metals from regions far away from their homeland, most of the influence was forced on by military useVery astronomical and later on influenced societies like the Mayas and the Aztecs Earlt Andean SocietiesIndependently-developed societies Trade with Mesoamerica was limited yet important: South went Corn and Squash and North went Gold, Silver and CopperMost agriculture spread first in the hotter regions of the continent by the Pacific Valleys Main crops: beans, peanuts and sweet potatoesCultivated cotton and domesticated Alpacas and Lammas Potatoes were widely harvested

Alex Wukovits

Developed fashioned pottery and textiles as well as distinct building styles of temples and canal systemsChavin Cult, of which very little is known“Mochina Civilization” based on economic zonesDue to lack of writing knowledge of their social and religious life is not very known to usINFORMATION FROM THE REVIEW BOOKOlmec CultureUrban, River Valley CivilizationStrong Agricultural BasisChavin CultureVery strong agricultural societyClose access to water Urban SocietyMuch Seafood consumedMany metal tools used, esspesially gold, silver and copper

Nic Halter D. Early Mesoamerica and Andean South America1. Notes from the Review BookOlmecs lived from 1500-400 B.C.E.Supported by corn,beans and squashPolytheisticCreated system of writing and calendarChavinPolytheistic Surplus of seafoodMostly agricultural Didn’t develop in a river valley

2. Notes from the Textbook MayaThe early heirs of OlmecsSouthern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El SalvadorBuilt terraces to trap silt

Alex Wukovits

Cotton and cocoa were prominent cropsStudied Mathematic and Astronomy Developed concept of Zero, Calendar, and system of writing.Olmecsin an area including modern day Central Mexico and Honduras/ EL SalvadorMajor agriculture crops were corn, beans, squash, manioc, beans, chili peppers, avocados and gourdsDomestic Animals were turkeys and small dogs. Did not have any cattle,sheep,goats, swine or horses/ox/Began creating ceremonial building such as temples, pyramids, and palacesProminent trade in jade and obsidianAndeanCurrent day Peru and BoliviaMined Gold silver and copperCultivated peanuts, beans and sweet potatoesDomesticated Alpacas and Llamas