Unit 1

Section (a) Substances(i) Elements1. Everything in the world is made from about …………………………… elements2. All of the elements are listed in the ............................................ ............................................ . Each element has its own symbol and its own atomic number.

Element Symbol Atomic numbersodiumoxygen Ag Cu

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3. At room temperature most of the elements are solids. There are two liquid elements ………………………. and ………………………………………. . Some elements such as hydrogen …………………………………. and ……………………... are gases.

4. Elements can also be classified as metals or ………..-……………………………… There are more ……………………… elements than ………….-………………………………

5. Some elements such as copper. ……………………… and …………………………… have been known for a very long time. The most recently discovered elements have been …………………………. by scientists.

6. Elements in the same vertical column in the Periodic Table have ……………………………….. chemical properties.

(ii) Compounds and mixtures1. Compounds are made when ................... or more elements join together. Compounds with names ending in –ide usually only contain only .......................... elements. Compounds with names ending in –ite or –ate also contain the element ...................................... .

2. When two, or more substances come together without reacting a .................................... is formed.

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3. Air is a mixture of the gases ......................................... and .....................................................

4. The test for oxygen is that it .............................................................................................................. This test does not work in air as there is not enough ....................................... in air for a positive result.

(iii) Solutions1. When a solid (e.g. salt) is dissolved in a liquid (e.g water) a ................................. of salt and water is formed. The liquid (water) is called the .................................. and the solid (salt) is called the .................................... . A solid that dissolves in water is said to be ......................... A solid that does not dissolve in water is said to be ....................................... A solution becomes ....................................... when no more solid can be dissolved. The concentration of a solution is a measure of how much solute is dissolved in the solvent. If the amount of solute dissolved is large it is a ....................................... solution. Small amounts of solute dissolved form . ...................................... solutions.

2. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in some drinks to make them ………………………………….. The test for carbon dioxide is that it turns ………………… ………………………………… milky (or chalky).

3. ………………………………….. is dissolved in drinking water to kill bacteria. Sodium fluoride is dissolved in drinking water to help prevent ………………………………. decay.

4. Lead compounds in drinking water are ………………………………………. to health.

(iv) Hazards

1. Regulations on the use of chemicals exist for the ……………………………… of everyone who uses the chemicals at work.

2. The following hazard symbols are used to label hazardous chemicals. Complete the diagrams using the hazard phrases shown below

corrosive flammable toxic harmful

2Corrosive

Flammable

…………………………… ………………………….. ………………………….. ……………………………….

3. Road tankers have …………………………… warning signs on them to show the danger in the event of an ………………………………………………. In which the chemicals are spilled onto the road.

Section (b) - Chemical Reactions

(i) Identification of a chemical reaction1. In a chemical reaction a ....................... substance is formed. A chemical reaction can be identified by

a ............................................ change a ............................................ being formed (effervescence) a ............................................ being formed (precipitate) an ............................................ change (e.g. heat and .............................)

2. Examples of everyday chemical reactions include(a) Striking a ………………………………(b) Burning ………………………………….(c) Glue ………………………………………

(ii) Speed of reactions.1. The speed of a reaction can be speeded up using four methods

using a .............................................. increasing the ......................................... increasing the .......................................... of a solution increasing the ........................................ area of a solid by

using .................................. particles.

2. A ................................... speeds up a reaction but is not used up in the reaction.Catalyst Used in making

AmmoniaPlatinum

Most cars now have catalytic ...................................... to turn ...................................... exhaust gases into less harmful gases.

3. Enzymes are catalysts which speed up reactions in ……………………………….. things.

(iv) Word Equations

1. A word equation describes what happens in a chemical reaction e.g. Magnesium and chlorine are the ............................................. Magnesium chloride is the ........................................

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The “+” means ............................................................................. The arrow means .........................................................................Section (c) - Bonding

(i) Molecules and ions1. Every element is made up of very small particles called ……………………………… Atoms of different elements are ………………………………………..

2. Some substances are made up of molecules. Molecules consist of ………………….. or more atoms held together by strong bonds. The bonds between molecules are ………………………………… The weak bonds between molecules are easily broken and so compounds made up of molecules have ……………………… melting and boiling points.

eg

3. Substances made up of molecules do …………….. conduct electricity.

4. Some substances are made up of charged ions. Ions can be ……………………………………. (+) charged or ………………………………………………. (-) charged. Ionic compounds are made up of oppositely ……………………………… ions.

eg sodium chloride

The bonds between oppositely charged ions are strong. Ionic compounds have …………………….. melting and boiling points.

5. Ionic compounds conduct ……………………………………. when the ionic compound is molten or …………………………. in water. Ionic compounds do not conduct when solid.

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HH

H

H

strong bond inside the moleculeweak bond between molecules

(ii) Formulae1. The formula of a compound can be written from a diagram of the compound. e.g

Formula = ………………………….. ……………………. ………………………….

2. Sometimes we can work out the formula of a compound from its name. The name of the compound contains a prefix which tells us how many atoms of each element are present.

e.g. carbon monoxide CO sulphur trioxide ......................carbon tetrachloride ...................... nitrogen dioxide ......................

Section (d) - Acids and Alkalis

(i) The pH scale1. The pH of pure water and other neutral solutions is ......................... The pH scale measures how ……………….. or alkali. a solution is. The pH scale goes from below …….... to above …………… Solutions with a pH value of ................ than 7 are acidic. Solutions with a pH value of ............... than 7 are alkaline.

2. Universal ………………………………, pH paper and a …………… meter can be used to find the pH of a solution.

3. The lower the pH value of a solution the more ……………………………….. the solution. The higher the pH of a solution the more ……………………………………. the solution. Diluting and acid or alkali by adding …………………………….. to it reduces the acidity or alkalinity of the solution.

(ii) Common acids and alkalis1. Some commonly laboratory acids are hydrochloric acid, ……………………………………. acid and …………………………….acid

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2. Some commonly used laboratory …………………………….. are sodium hydroxide, lime water and ammonia solution.3. Some common household acids include …………………………………………, ………………………………………., soda water and Coke.

4. Some common household alkalis include ………………………………soda, ……………………….. cleaner, dishwater powder and bleach.

(iii) Neutralisation.1. A neutralisation reaction occurs when an ..........................solution and an ...................................... solution cancel each other out. When an acid solution reacts with an alkali solution a ........................ and water are formed.

2. Neutralisation moves the pH of an acid ……………… towards 7. Neutralisation moves the pH of an alkali ……………….. towards 7.

3. Hydrochloric acid forms salts called ........................................ . …………………………………………………….. acid forms salts called sulphates Nitric acid forms salts called ......................................... For example (i) Sodium hydroxide + nitric acid ……………………………... ……………………………… + water (ii) Potassium hydroxide + ………………………………… acid potassium sulphate + water

4. Metal carbonates neutralise acids producing water, ……………………………. ………………………….. gas and a salt. For example:- Copper carbonate + hydrochloric acid copper …………..………………… + carbon dioxide + water

5. Complete the table below which shows some everyday substances that can be used as neutralisers.

Substance What it is used to neutraliseMilk of magnesia Acid indigestion

Calcium carbonate (chalk)Lime

(iv) Acid Rain.1. Carbon burns in air (oxygen) to form ………………………………………………. ………………………………………….. gas

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2. Sulphur burns in air (oxygen) to form ………………………………………………. ………………………………………….. gas

3. When air (a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen) is sparked the nitrogen and oxygen react to form the gas ……………………………………….. ………………………………………………4. Carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide all dissolve in water to form an …………………………………………. solution (pH less than 7). When these gases dissolve in rain water the form ……………………….. rain.

5. ……………………………. rain damages buildings made from carbonate rock. Acid rain also damages structures such as bridges made from ……………………………….. Acid rains kills …………………….. and …………………

Unit 2Section (a) Metals(i) Uses of metals

1. Some very unreactive metals such as .................................... and ................................... can be found as the pure metal in the Earth’s crust. Most metals are found combined with other ………………………………………..

2. Some metals including iron can be extracted from their ores by mixing the ore with ........................................... and then strongly heating the mixture.

3. Some metals including aluminium are obtained from their ores using ……………………………………………..

4. Metal elements and graphite a form of the element ………………………………. are conductors of ………………………………………….. . Non-metals elements are not ………………………………………… of electricity.

5. Match the properties of metals shown below to their use. Link the property to the use using a straight line.

Property of metal Use of metalGood conductor of heat Electrical wiringGood conductor of electricity Girders for making buildingsHigh density Car bodiesHigh strength Making pots and pansMalleable (easily shaped) Divers weights and shoes

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6. An ………………………………… is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal with non-metals. Examples of ………………………………. include brass, stainless ……………………………….. and solder. Brass is harder and stronger than copper and zinc which are used to make brass. Stainless steel does not ………………………………………. unlike ordinary steel which ………………………….. quite quickly. Solder has lower ………………………………….. point than lead or tin.(ii) Reactions of metals

1. Metals react with oxygen to form metal ........................................... The more reactive the metal, the more energy is ................................. ....................... in the reaction. Very reactive metals such as the ................................ metals in group ......... are stored under oil to stop them reacting with oxygen in air.

2. Some very reactive metals react with water. These are the .............................. metals in group ........ of the periodic table. When an alkali metal reacts with water ………………………………………….. gas is given off. The test for hydrogen gas is that it burns with a ………………………

3. The MAZIT metals are the metals Magnesium, ........................................., ............................, ......................... and ......................... . The MAZIT metals react with acid solutions to form a salt and ................................…....... gas.

4. Some very unreactive metals such as copper, ……………………………. and ……………………….. do not react with acid solutions.

(iii) Corrosion.

1. Corrosion is a ........................... reaction that occurs on the ............................. of a metal changing it from an element into a compound. Corrosion of iron is also known as ........................................... . Both ................................ and .................................... (from air) are needed for rusting. The rusting of iron reduces the ………………………………………… of the structure made from the iron.

2. Rust indicator shows how much ……………………………….. has occurred. When iron rusts the rust

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indicator turns ………………………………. The more …………………………… colour that appears the more rusting has taken place.

3. Acid rain and ……………………………. dissolved in water speeds up rusting.

4. A surface barrier which stops ............. and .................. getting to the surface will prevent iron rusting. Paint, ..........................., ............................. and ................................. can all be used to cover the iron with a protective outer coating. In electroplating, ........................................ is used to cover the surface of iron with a layer of another metal e.g. in nickel plating the iron is covered with a protective layer of .................................................. Galvanising involves covering iron with a protective layer of ............................................... In tin-plating, ................. containers are given a thin layer of tin to protect the iron underneath from rusting.

5. Iron does not rust if it is attached to a more reactive metals such as ………………………….. or ……………………………………………………………….

(iv) Batteries.

1. In a battery, electricity is produced by a ..................................... reaction.. When the chemicals in the battery are ................................. ...................... the battery may have to be replaced by a new one. Some types of battery such as lead/acid battery can be ..................................................

2. Electricity can be produced when two ...................................... metals are placed in a solution containing ions to make a cell. The bigger the gap between two metals in the activity series (page ………. of data booklet) the ....................................... the voltage of the cell. The purpose of the ionic solution is to ……………………………………. the circuit.

Section (b) Personal needs.(i) Keeping clean.

1. When cleaning hair, ……………………….. and ……………………………………… the biggest problem is oil and grease.

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Oil and grease are ……………………………………………. in water.

2. Cleaning chemicals are needed to break the oil and grease into tiny ……………………………………… which can then mix with water. The cleaning chemicals are soluble in both ………………………….. and the oil and grease.

3. Examples of cleaning chemicals are soap, ……………………………………………., ………………………………………………….. and washing up liquids.

4. In hard water ………………………… produces a scum. Detergents do not produce a ………………………. in hard water.

5. In dry cleaning special solvents rather than ………………………………… are used to dissolve oil and grease.

(ii) Clothing.

1. Clothing fabrics are made from long, thin strands called ……………………………………..2. Natural fibres comes from plants and animals. Cotton comes from a ……………………………. Silk and wool come from …………………………………………….3. Synthetic (……………- ………………………..) fibres are made by the chemical industry. Examples of …………………………………………… fibres include nylon and polyesters.4. Many of our clothes contain a mixture of natural and synthetic fibres eg a shirt may be made of a mixture of polyester and cotton. The polyester makes the shirt …………………… wearing. The cotton absorbs sweat and helps to keep you cool on a ……………….. summers day.

5. ……………………….. are coloured chemicals used to give clothes bight colours.

6. Fibres can be treated to improve the properties of the fibre. For example:

a) ……………………………………………………. fibres will not catch fire as easily as an untreated fibre.

b) ……………………………………………………….. fibres do not absorb water as quickly as an untreated fibre.

c) Stain-proofed fibres will not …………………………….. as easily as an untreated fibre.

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Section (c) Fuels.(i) Fire.

1. A ............................... is a chemical which gives out energy when it burns. Burning is also called ............................................ . When a fuel burns it combines with ........................................ from the air.2. A fire needs

A fuel Oxygen (usually from the ………………………) A ……………………. enough temperature to start the fire and keep it going. Taking away any one of these will ……………….. …………………… the fire.

3. Using a fire blanket or sand to put out a fire works by keeping ………………………………….. away from the fire. Using water to put out a fire works by lowering the …………………………………………………… of the fire. A carbon dioxide fire extinguisher works by keeping ……………………….. gas away from the fire. A foam fire extinguisher works by lowering the …………………………………..……….. of the fire.

4. ………………………………………………… must not be used with oil, petrol and electrical fires. (ii) Finite resources

1. The fossil fuels are ........................................, ........................................ ,natural gas and peat.

2. Score out the incorrect words.Coal was formed when plants/sea organisms died and were buried underground.After thousands/millions of years heat and pressure changed the material into a finite/renewable resource.

Oil and natural gas formed when plants/sea organisms died and were buried underground.

After thousands/millions of years heat and pressure changed the material into a finite/renewable resource.

3. Fossil fuels are mixtures of compounds called .............................................. . Hydrocarbons contain only the elements ........................................ and ........................................ . Hydrocarbons burn in a plentiful supply of air to form ……………………………………….. …………………………………..

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and water.

(iii) Renewable resources

1. Methane, ethanol and hydrogen are renewable sources of energy – this means that they can be …………………………………………………………………

2. Methane is found in biogas which can be formed when waste …………………………… material is allowed to decompose.

3. …………………………………………… can be made from sugar cane. ………………………………….. can be mixed with petrol for use as a fuel in ………………………….

4. Hydrogen can be obtained by passing ………………………………………… through water. Hydrogen is a possible fuel for the future.

(iv) Important processes

1. Crude oil is separated into fractions in an oil refinery. The fractions have molecules which contain different numbers of carbon atoms.

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Fraction Number of carbonUse of

name atoms per moleculefraction

refinery gas 1-4 bottled gas

gasoline 5-12 .............................

kerosene 9-16 ............................

diesel 13-25 .............................

fuel oil 25-70 .............................

residue more than 70 ...........................

Of these fractions the ....................................... fraction is the most flammable.The ........................................ fraction is the most viscous (thick and sticky).The greater the number of carbon atoms in the molecule the .................................... the boiling point of the fraction.

2. Fractional distillation of crude oil produces more of the ……………………….-chain hydrocarbons than there is a demand for. Cracking is an industrial process used to break down …………………………..-chain hydrocarbons into the smaller molecules for which there is a bigger demand.

3. Carbon (soot) and the very poisonous gas, .................................. ........................................... are produced when hydrocarbons burn in a low supply of ………………………………………

4. ................................... and .................................... from the air react inside a car engine to form oxides of nitrogen which are poisonous gases.

5. The burning of some fuels containing sulphur releases .................................. ................................... a poisonous gas, into the atmosphere.

6. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide are acidic gases and when they dissolve in rain water they form ………………………….. …………………………………

7. A ……………………………………… converter fitted to a cars exhaust changes the harmful gasses into less ……………………………. gases.

Section (d) Plastics.(i) Uses of plastics.

1. Most plastics are made from chemicals obtained from ................ ........................

2. Examples of plastics include polythene, poly.........................., perspex, P..V.C., .......................... Bakelite, Kevlar, Formica and silicones.

3. The use of a plastic is related to its properties. Complete the following table

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Plastic Use PropertiesPolythene Polythene carrier bags Strong and lightweightPolystyrene …………………………………….. LightweightPerspex Safety screens………………………………………………PVC Insulation round wires………………………………………………Nylon Climbing rope……………………………………………..Kevlar ………………………………………….. Very strong and lightFormica Kitchen worktops……………………………………………..Silicones …………………………………………….. Waterproof

(ii) Advantages and disadvantages of plastics.

1. PVC drainpipes have replaced older steel ones because the PVC is …………………………………… and it does not ………………………..

2. Nylon climbing ropes have replaced older hemp ones as the nylon is ……………………………., …………………………. And it does not rot.

3. The use of plastics also has some disadvantages. they are non ......................................................... This means that they are not broken

down by bacteria and weather. As they do not rot away they are a ……………………………… problem.

when they burn plastics produce ......................................... gases including carbon monoxide.

(iii) Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics

1. Some plastics soften on heating and can be reshaped. These plastics are said to be .............………………...................... Some plastics do not soften on heating – they are called .......................…………..................... plastics.

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Thermosetting plastics are used to make electrical plugs and sockets as they are good ………………………………….………………….. of heat and electricity.

2. Plastics are made up of polymers. Polymers are very ………………………………… molecules made by joining together many small molecules called …………………………………… . The process of joining together man monomer molecules to make a polymer is called ………………………………………………………….. Many polymers have the prefix ‘poly’ in their name.

Monomer PolymerEthene Poly(ethene) or polytheneStyrene

Unit 3Section (a) Photosynthesis and Respiration(i) Photosynthesis

1. Photosynthesis is the process by which ........................................... make glucose from ............................. ...................................... and ....................................... The process uses ........................... energy from the Sun. The light energy for the reaction is absorbed by the chemical called ……………………………….. found in green leaves. During photosynthesis the plants release the gas ............................................ into the atmosphere.

(ii) Respiration.

1. Respiration is the process by which animals and plants obtain ............................. by breaking down glucose. The glucose burns in oxygen giving out energy and the waste products ...................................... ............................... and ................................. The respiration reaction is the exact ....................................... of the photosynthesis reaction.

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2. Between them the photosynthesis and respiration reactions maintain the balance of the gases .................................... ............................... and ..................................... in the atmosphere.

3. Animals use the energy they get from respiration for keeping ……………………….………… and for …………………..………………………… about.

(iii) The Greenhouse Effect

1. Carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere produces the ……………………………………….. effect.

2. Clearing of rain forests means that there are fewer green plants to absorb ……………………………….. ………………………………………… from the atmosphere. The increased burning of ………………………… fuels has increased the amount of ………………………………….. ………………………………………. emitted

into the atmosphere.

3. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is leading to global temperatures ………………………………… This is called global …………………………………………….

Section (b) The effects of chemicals on the growth of plants.(i) Using chemicals to save plants

1. The yield of healthy crops can be reduced by crops being ………………………………… by pests such as insects and slugs. plants becoming diseased by bacteria and …………………….. weeds compete with crops for essential ………………………………. from the soil.

2. Pesticides are used to kill …………………………………….., fungicides are used to control diseases and herbicides are used to kill ………………………………..

3. Pesticides are toxic and so have to be used with ………………………… . Natural predators can often be used in place of ……………………………………. To control pests.

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(ii) Fertilisers.

1. The increasing world ....….....…...................... has led to the need for more efficient ................ production. Growing plants require three essential elements to ensure healthy plant growth. The three essential elements are ...………………………..... , ....................….............. and .......................................... . Peas, ................................... and ............................. plants have root nodules which can convert ……………………………………. gas in the air into nitrate fertiliser in the soil. Growing these plants can ……………………………………… the fertility of the soil. 2. Fertilisers must be water ......……………................ so that the plants can absorb the fertiliser through its roots. If there is very heavy rainfall soon after a fertiliser is added to a field, much of the fertiliser can be washed out of the soil and into nearby .................................. , and lochs. High levels of nitrate in the water can leave the water …………………………………………….

3. In areas of natural vegetation such as rainforests the ………………………….. of plant and animal remains returns essential …………………………………… to the soil. The harvesting of crops prevents the return of these essential …………………………….. to the soil. By adding fertilisers to the soil these essential elements can be returned to the soil. As well as using synthetic ……………………………………………….. farmers can use ………………………….. fertilisers such a compost and manure4. The main types of …………………………………………… fertilisers are nitrate, ammonium, potassium and phosphate compounds.

Section (c) Food and diet(i) Elements in the body

1. A ………………………………………….. diet provides the body with all essential elements and

compounds.

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2. The main elements of the human body are carbon, hydrogen, ……………………………….. and ……………………………. These essential elements are provided by foods containing the three main food groups carbohydrates, ……………………………….. and ……………………………………………….

3. More than 60% of the body weigh is ………………………………………

4. Minerals provide the body with small amounts of ………………………………. for teeth and bones, ……………….. for the blood as well as other trace elements. Some trace elements if taken in too large quantities are ………………………….

(ii) Different Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates are an important class of …………………………… Carbohydrates provide the body with………………………………..

2. Carbohydrates contain the elements ................................., .............................................. and ..........….............. Carbohydrates are divided into sugars and starches. Examples of sugars include glucose, fructose ........................................... and .................................................

3. Benedict’s solution is used as the test for most sugars. When heated with Benedict’s solution glucose, fructose and maltose change the colour of the Benedict’s solution from blue to ..................................- .................. Sucrose (table sugar) is a exception and does not react with ......…...………………..................... solution.

4. Iodine solution is used as the test for ........................................ . When added to ........................................ iodine solution changes colour from red/brown to ..........................................................

5. Starch is not sweet and does not readily ………………………………….. in water. ……………………………………….. are sweet and are very soluble in water.

(iii) Reactions of Carbohydrates1. Sugars are small ………………………………………….. molecules. Starch is a very large carbohydrate molecule

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called a polymer. The …………………………….. polymer is made by joining together many glucose molecules. Plants convert glucose into starch in order to store ………………………………………

2. Respiration is the process by which animals and plants obtain ............................. by breaking down carbohydrates.

3 . During ....................................... large starch molecules are broken down to form glucose. The small glucose molecules can pass through the walls of the.............. intestine into the bloodstream where it is carried to body cells where respiration occurs. In the body it is the enzyme, ................................, found it saliva and .................................................... acid in the stomach that brings about the breakdown of starch into glucose.

4. Enzymes work best at body temperature (........oC) and are destroyed by ...................... temperatures.

(iv) Fats and Oils1. Fats and oils are an important class of food obtained from both plants

and .........................................

2. Fats and oils are a .................... concentrated source of energy than carbohydrates.

3. Fats and oils can be detected by rubbing them on a filter paper. If fat or oil is present they will leave a ................................ spot.

4. Saturated fats are believed to increase the cholesterol level in the ................................ High cholesterol levels in the ............................ may increase the chances of a ............................. attack . Polyunsaturates are believed to be ............................. harmful than saturated fats. Medical opinion is that we should reduce our consumption of ...................... in the diet and replace saturated fats with .....................................................................

(v) Proteins.1. Proteins are an important class of food obtained from both plants

and .........................................

2. Proteins are required by the body for ........................ and tissue ...................................

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3. Proteins contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and ......................................4. Proteins can be detected by heating the protein with soda lime and testing the gas given off with moist ................ paper. The moist pH paper will turn .....................5. Proteins are polymers made by combining together many ...............................- acid molecules.

6. During digestion proteins in meat and vegetables are broken down into ........................- acids. The ........................- acid molecules are then transported through the bloodstream to all parts of the body where they are used to make body ............................................. such as hair, skin etc.

7. A vegetarian diet must include a wide variety of different ........................................ in order to supply all the essential ...............................-acids needed to make body proteins.

(vi) Fibre, vitamins and food additives1. Fibre in the diet keeps the ........... working well and avoids constipation.

2. Fibre absorbs ............................. and swells up. This provides bulk for the muscles round the ............. to push on as food passes through the gut.

3. Vitamins are carbon compounds which are needed to maintain .................. health. Lack of certain vitamins can cause ........................................

4. Food additives are added to foods to provide .................................... and minerals. preserve food so that it will .................. longer without going bad. alter the appearance of food using food .........................................

5. Food additives can only be used after they have been ................................. and found to be safe.Section (d) Drugs(i) Alcohol.

1. A drug is a chemical which .......................... the way in which the body works. Drugs can ......................... health by the way in which they can change the way the body works.

2. Alcohol is a drug which if taken in excess can damage the .............................

and .............................

3. Complete the table below which shows the number of units of alcohol in different drinks.

Drink Number of units of alcoholBottle of alcopop 2

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Pint of beerSingle glass of spiritsSingle glass of wine

4. The body breaks down alcohol at a rate of ..................... unit per hour.5. Carbohydrates in fruits and vegetables can be turned into alcohol (ethanol)l by a process called .......................................... The carbohydrate in grapes is used to make ......................... . Whisky is made from carbohydrate in grain. Cider uses carbohydrate in ................................... The breakdown of glucose to alcohol (ethanol) by fermentation is catalysed by the enzyme , .............................., present in yeast.

6. High concentrations of alcohol stop enzymes working and so fermentation can only produce alcoholic drinks with about 12% ethanol. To obtain alcoholic drinks (spirits) with an higher ethanol concentration (40%) the alcohol and water are separated by ................................. ....................................... The ethanol and water are able to be separated in this way as they have different ....................................... points.

7. In fermentation the gas ............................ ................................... is also produced.

(ii) Other Drugs.

1. Some drugs are legal and others are illegal. Put the drugs below into the correct columns in the table.

medicines nicotine LSD caffeine ecstacy cannabis

alcohol

Legal drugs Illegal drugs

2. Being unable to manage without a drug is called ..............................................

3. Another alcohol called methanol is very toxic. Methylated spirits contains methanol and has a ........................... coloured dye and a bad tasting substance added to it to stop people

drinking it.

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4. Medicines contain drugs which help the body to .......................... correctly when a person is ill. Anti-biotics are medicines which kill ........................................ in the body.

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