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IMINT & GEOINT

Imagery Intelligence

&

Geospatial Intelligence

Ms. Heidi BuckSPAWAR Systems Center, San DiegoIntelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Department Phone: 619-553-6626 NIPR: heidi.buck@navy.mil

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What is GEOINT?

GEOINT stands for GEOspatial INTelligence, which is an intelligence discipline comprising the exploitation and analysis of information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth.

GEOINT data is any data that has a geospatial component:

• Infrastructure• roads• power grids• water

• Gunshot triangulation/geolocation• Crime reports• GPS or AIS (maritime) data• Cell phone tracking locations• Imagery/Video

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What is IMINT?

IMINT, short for IMagery INTelligence, is an intelligence gathering discipline which collects information via satellite and aerial photography.

Original Electronic Light Table (ELT)

Modern Day ELT

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IMINT Collection Cycle

Task – Request that the satellite, air platform (manned/UAV), ground system collect data at a given time, at a given location, and given certain parameters.

Acquire – Data has to be transmitted wirelessly, via network, or by hand to the end user.

Process – Prepare the imagery for viewing; or exploit the imagery automatically to produce another product for viewing (map, annotated image).

Disseminate – Publish data to a website, send to news services, first responders, or public officials.

T.P.E.D. Cycle: Task, Process, Exploit, Disseminate

But for your purposes T.A.P.D.:

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Commercial Imagery Satellites

FormoSat-2 Spot Image 2m B&W

QuickbirdDigitalGlobe61cm B&W

WorldView-1DigitalGlobe50cm B&W

Ikonos GeoEye 1m B&W

Tradeoff Between Swath Width and Resolution“Soda Straw” Effect

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Quickbird Imagery Overview

Quickbird

Panchromatic (Single Band) Black and White

VERY High Resolution (Half Meter)

Good for visual representation

Multispectral Color High

Resolution (Several Meters)

Good for scientific analysis

Panchromatic Multispectral

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Quickbird Multispectral Tutorial

Quickbird Multispectral “Cube”

Red (R)

Green (G)

Blue (B)

Near Infrared (NIR)

Four Images

Used for Scientific Analysis

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IMINT & GEOINT

For the Maritime Domain

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“The heart of the Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) program is accurate information, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance of all vessels, cargo, and people extending well beyond our traditional maritime boundaries.”

National Plan to Achieve Maritime Domain Awareness for The National Strategy for Maritime Security

October 2005

IMINT for Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)Port/Coastal Security

President BushJanuary 20, 2003

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SSC San Diego Automated Ship Detection Algorithms

Solution: The SSC San Diego Ship Detection Algorithms

quickly and accurately locates ships in EO/IR satellite commercial imagery.

Problem: Searching for a particular ship in satellite imagery is a difficult

and time consuming task for the image analyst.

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Output Type #1 – Shapefile Overlay

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Output Type #1 – Shapefile Overlay

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Output Type #1 – Shapefile Overlay

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Output Type #1 – Shapefile Overlay

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Output Type #1 – Shapefile Overlay

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Output Type #2 - HTML “Tip Sheet”

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Output Type #2 - HTML “Tip Sheet”

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Output Type #3 - KML Google Earth Output

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Output Type #3 - KML Google Earth Output

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Output Type #3 - KML Google Earth Output

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Output Type #3 - KML Google Earth Output

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Output Type #3 - KML Google Earth Output

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Non Overhead ImageryMaritime Domain

Before Video Enhancement – Foggy Port After Video Enhancement – Foggy Port

Automated Ship Detection

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GEOINT for MDA(a.k.a. Data Fusion)

Video Data

Overhead Imagery

Other Data Sources

AIS Information

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IMINT & GEOINT

During the San Diego Wildfires

2007

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What You Saw in the News

Small Map, Big Dots

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What You Saw in the News

Small Map, Hand Drawn Areas

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What You Saw in the News

What Does This Satellite Imagery Tell Us? NASA MODIS Imagery -- ~1km resolution

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What You Saw in the News

What’s the problem with all

these maps?

Poor Resolution!! Old Data!!

Where’s my house??

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What You Should Have Seen

What do we need for emergency response during fire, floods, or

other disasters?High Resolution Imagery with Disaster Areas

Mapped to Google Earth

SPAWAR Fire Map Created with Quickbird Multispectral Imagery and Overlaid on Google Earth

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Why are High Resolution Maps Important?GEOINT: Situational Awareness

Schools

Houses

Major Road

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How Did We Make Those Maps?

Quickbird Multispectral Image

Red (R)

Green (G)

Blue (B)

Near Infrared (NIR)

Four Images

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How Did We Make Those Maps?

Quickbird (R,G,B) Image of San Diego Fire Area

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How Did We Make Those Maps?

Quickbird Image Footprint

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How Did We Make Those Maps?

R, G, B Bands of Imagery NIR Band of Imagery

Here’s the fire…

Using Image Processing Algorithms…

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How Can We Do This in the Future?

• Timely imagery collection (either satellite or from an air-breather)

• Computer image processing algorithms that can build a map 10-100x faster than a human can

• Fast and easy dissemination of map-product (several KB map overlay) to the news, public, and first responders

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Non Overhead ImageryFire Detection and Monitoring

What Was Seen With the Naked Eye During the San Diego Fires

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Non Overhead ImageryFire Detection and Monitoring

What Was Seen Using Infrared Cameras and Some Image

Processing

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Summary of GEOINT

• GEOINT is a relevant to law enforcement and first responders

• Assists with first responders doing their job, and provides public with information

• Various types of data sources can be used in GEOINT• Overhead Satellite/UAV Imagery

• Non Overhead Video/Still Imagery

• AIS/GPS Data

• Other data sources

• Often times requires some data processing before being displayed

• Provides situational awareness

• Is understood by the general public (think Google Earth)

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Questions?