Spawar on Twenty Year History in LENR Research

8/3/2019 Spawar on Twenty Year History in LENR Research

1/67

SSC Pacific on Point and at the Center of C4ISR

Twenty Year History in

LENR Research UsingPd/D Co-deposition

Stan Szpak

Pam Mosier-BossFrank Gordon

SPAWAR Systems Center,Pacific

Lawrence ForsleyJWK International

Melvin Miles

May, 2009

Mitchell SwartzJET Energy Inc.

Dixie State College


2/67

Attributes of SSC Pacific LENR Research

Followed the Scientific Process Carefully design and conduct experiments Repeat/Validate the results Publish the results in peer-reviewed journals Design new experiments based on the results

Hiding in plain sight 23 peer-reviewed technical publications Two articles in New Scientist plus NPR feature Numerous web based articles Discovery Science Channel Brink

Response from the Scientific Community Bob Park, U of MD this is science. Johan Frenje, MIT (Hot Fusion) the data and their analysis

seem to suggest that energetic neutrons have been produced. Robert Duncan, Vice Chancellor of Research, U of MO, and

60 Minutes expert, this is not pariah science.

SSC Pacificon Point and at the Center of C4ISR

(Surviving 20 years in this controversial field)


3/67

March 23, 1989 Pons and Fleischmann announce

that electrochemical cells areproducing more heat than can beaccounted for by chemical meansand speculated that nuclearreactions must be occurring.

Physics community notes:

the experiments arent repeatable

there arent any refereed papers

the experiments havent been

replicated

If its nuclear, where are theneutrons?

Thousands of scientistsworldwide attemptedexperimentsmost failed


4/67

Why the Controversy?

Reaction Energy/atom Nuclear Fission 200,000,000 eV1 (200 MeV2)

Nuclear Fusion 20,000,000 eV ( 20 MeV)

Chemical < 5 eV

Nuclear reactions are millions of timesmoreenergetic than chemical reactions!

1,2

Energies can be expressed in units of eV, electronVolts, or MeV, Millions of electron Volts.

Triggering nuclear events with electrochemicalenergies not consistent with theory!


5/67

Why Many Laboratories Failed to

Reproduce the Fleischmann-Pons Effect

Pd Rod

F/P Approach

D2 is loaded into thePd electrode over a

several day period

(-)(+)

D2O

Improper cell configuration Cathode was not fully

immersed in the heavy water

Asymmetrical arrangement of

anode and cathode Unknown history of the

palladium cathodes used inthe experiments

Lack of recognition that anincubation time of weekswas necessary to producethe effect


6/67

Another Way to Conduct theExperiment: Pd/D Co-deposition

As current is applied, Pd is depositedon the cathode. Electrochemical

reactions occurring at the cathode:Pd2+ + 2 e Pd0D2O + e

D0 + ODThe result is metallic Pd is deposited

in the presence of evolving D2

(+) (-)

Pd

D2O2

PdCl2 and LiClin a deuteratedwater solution


7/67

Advantages of Pd/D Co-Deposition

Short loading timesmeasurable effects withinminutes, no incubation time J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol.337, pp. 147-163 (1992)

J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol.379, pp. 121-127 (1994)

J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 380, pp. 1-6 (1995)

Extremely high repeatability Maximizes experimental controls

Experimental flexibility Multiple electrode surfaces possible

Multiple electrode geometries possible

Multiple cell configurations possible

Extremely high surface area

Defects are built into the lattice


8/67SSC Pacificon Point and at the Center of C4ISR

Temperature vs Time ProfileJ. Electroanal. Chem., Vol.302, pp. 255-260 (1991)

time (min)

temperatu

re(C)

cathode

T = 3.2C

T = 2.4C

solution

0 20 40 60

39

37

35

33

31

29

27

25

Exp 1

Exp 2

The Electrode is warmer than the Solution!

28

30

32

tempe

rature(C)

-10 0 10 20time (sec)

current off

thermocouples

solution electrode


9/67

Excess Enthalpy GenerationThermochimica Acta, Vol. 410, pp. 101-107 (2004)

Isoperibolic DewarCalorimetry Cell

Pd-D co-deposition reproducibly yieldsexcess power comparable to conventional

bulk Pd cathodes

100 800

Co-Deposition ExperimentsF/P Cells

February 17-26, 1998Excess Power

Time / 10-3 s

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00

ExcessPower(W)


10/67

Positive Feedback In Co-Deposition Excess Power

Positive feedback effect

305

303

301

299

297

295

Temperat

ure/K

450 468 486 504Time / 10-3 s

5

4

3

2

Potential/V

0.14W

0.05W

Expected behavior whenthe rate of excess enthalpy

generation remains constant

Temperat

ure/K

312

308

304

300

0.27W

540 558 576 594

5

4

3

2

1

0

Potential/V

Time / 10-3 s


11/67

Formation of Hot Spots

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

18.4 18.8 19.2 19.6 20

Time (hr)

Tem

perature(C) Electrode

Solution

The electrode is the heatsource, not Joule heating!

Infrared

Camera

Il Nuovo Cimento, Vol 112A, pp. 577-585 (1999)


12/67

Calculations by Dave Nagel, NRL (retired), GWU

Release of 1 MeV in a cube of Pd 100 nm on a side gives a temperature (T) rise of

T = 380 K using 3 k T/2 as the increase in vibrational energy, orT = 55 K using the specific heat for Pd = 26 J/K mole.Conclusion

Hot spots must be due to nuclear-level energy releases.

Measurements of Hot Spots on Cathodes


13/67Isolated event Expanded series of events

Piezoelectric Response: Evidence of Mini-Explosions and Heat Generation

Piezoelectric crystalresponds to bothpressure andtemperature

R


14/67

Photographic Film

Emission of Low Intensity RadiationPhysics Letters A, Vol. 210, pp. 382-390 (1996)

X-rays with a broadenergy distribution are

emitted (with theoccasional emergence ofrecognizable peaks (20keV due to Pd K and 8-12keV due to either Ni or Pt) Emission of radiation is

sporadic and of limiteddurationHPGe gamma ray detector

Si(Li) X-ray detector


15/67

Emission of Low Intensity Radiation

Ge raydetector

Si(Li)X-ray detector

RE

+ -

Cathode: Pd foil Electrolyte: 0.3 MLi2SO4 ,100 ppmBeSO4 in D2O

0 13 26 39

-1.0 -2.0

-1.5 -2.5 -1.0 -3.0

time/day

applied V

8.25

8.15

8.05

7.95

cou

ntrate/s

countrate/s

0.024

0.022

0.021

0.019

0.017

(7- 40 keV)

(40 - 3000 keV)

ray

- ray


16/67

Tritium ProductionFusion Technology, Vol. 33, pp.38-51 (1998)

Timedependence of tritium content of an open cell

operating galvanostatically with intermittentsampling:

11

)0(

)()0(1

)()1()0(

)()0()0()(

SS

m

tirm

irS

q

m

tirmftf

Where:f = tritium mass fraction

m = mass of the electrolyte phaser(i) = iMw / 2F= denotes the rate of change

associated with the cell current i

q = rate at which tritium is added/removedfrom the solution phase

S = isotopic separation factor =

LD

T

GD

T

CC

CC


17/67

Summary of Tritium Results

Three gave arate of tritiumproductionranging between

3000-7000 atomssec-1 for a 24 hrperiod

Two experimentsshowed complete

mass balance


18/67

Au

cathode

Pt

anode

2500 GaussNdFeB magnet

galvanostat/potentiostat

-

+

Pt

Au

Cu

regulated highvoltage source

External Electric and/or Magnetic FieldsEnhance LENR Effects


19/67

E-Field Morphology ChangesReshaping of the Spherical Globules

absence of field:cauliflower-like

morphology

long wires

craters

folded thin films

J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 580, pp. 284-290 (2005

formation of fractals


20/67

Sonofusion of Thin Pd FoilsRoger Stringham

This kind of damage to metals is consistent withdamage seen in materials such as Californiumwhich undergo spontaneous nuclear fission.

Such volcano like eruptions have beencharacterized as resulting from large numbers ofspontaneous fissions resulting in "spikedamage.

Features suggestive of solidification of moltenmetal. Energy needed to melt metal is of a

nuclear origin. Should be reflected by chemicalanalysis of these features

formed in an appliedelectric field

E-Field: Micro-Volcano-Like Features


21/67

Chemical Composition of the Insideand Outside Rims of a Crater

10

100

1000

10000

0 1 2 3 4 5

energy (keV)

O

Mg

Al

PdPd

0 1 2 3 4 5

energy (keV)

10

100

1000

10000 O

Mg

Al

PdPd


22/67

Chemical Composition of a Detached Thin Film(Blister) Formed in an Applied Electric Field

blister

Analysis of the blister shows the presence of Ca, Al, Si, Mg, Zn, Au, O, andCl.

Au, O, and Cl are present in cell components and cannot be attributed

to nuclear events.

Distribution of Ca, Al, Si, Mg, and Zn is not uniform suggesting that their

presence is not the result of contamination.

Ca, Al, Mg, and Si cannot be electrochemically plated from aqueoussolutions

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

energy (keV)

Zn

Zn

Ca

Pd

Cl

Au

Si

Al

Mg

Zn

Pd

O

Naturwissenshaften, Vol. 92, pp. 394-397 (2005)


23/67

Chemical Composition of StructuresFormed in an Applied Magnetic Field

Fe

pt 11

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

energy (keV)

Fe

Fe NiNi

Al

Pd

Cr

Cr

pt 10

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

energy (keV)

Fe

Fe

Fe NiNi

Al

Pd

Cr

Cr

Ob i f U d El


24/67

Observations of Unexpected ElementsLabs Reporting Transmutation Results(Compilation by Miley, Univ of Illinois)

SPAWAR Systems Center, Pacific Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Si, Cr, Ni

Number of Labsreporting: :

11 Fe

8 Cu

7 Ca, Cr, Zn

6 Ni, K

5 Ag, Cl, Ti4 Mg, Mn, Co, Pb

3 Al, Li, Ba, Os, C, Si


25/67

Particle Detection Using CR-39

CR-39, polyallyldiglycolcarbonate polymer, is widelyused as a solid state nucleartrack detector

When traversing a plastic

material, charged particlescreate along their ionizationtrack a region that is moresensitive to chemical etchingthan the rest of the bulk

After treatment with anetching agent, tracks remainas holes or pits and their sizeand shape can be measured.

Alpha track cross-sections afteretching on a CR-39 detector.T. Yoshioka, T. Tsuruta, H. Iwano,T. Danhara, Nucl. Instru. and Meth.Phys. Res. A, Vol. 555, p. 386 (2005)

Weaknesses and Strengths of SSNTDs


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Weaknesses and Strengths of SSNTDsS.A. Durrani, Rad. Meas., Vol. 43, p. S26 (2008)

Small geometry

Trails of damage are nm/m indiameter and length

Long history and selectivity oftrack recording

(SSNTDs can retain a record of

nuclear activity for billions ofyears)

Existence of thresholds forregistration

SSNTDs can register particlesonly if their charge and LET

value are above a threshold Ruggedness and simplicity

Inexpensive

Integrating capability

Can respond to both charged

particles and neutrons

Lack of real-time capability

Poor charge and energydiscrimination

Track size/shape depends uponthe charge and mass of theparticles as well as the angle ofincidence. There is significant

overlap in the size distributions oftracks due to p, d, T, 3He, and 4He

Variability in SSNTDs

Environmental conditions andmanufacturing procedures resultsin problems of precision andreproducibility

Lack of theoretical understanding

No theoretical work explains howcertain properties of materialscan predicate or ascertain a

viable ability for trackformation/retention

Strengths Weaknesses


27/67

Summary of CR-39 Work Done by Others

R.A. Oriani and J.C. Fisher, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 41, p.

6180 (2002) CR-39 detectors placed above and below Pd sheet cathodes Track density of electrolysis experiments (150-3760 tracks cm-2 )

greater than controls (59-541 tracks cm-2 )

A.G. Lipson, et al., Fus. Technol., vol. 38, p. 238 (2000)

Electrochemically load Au/Pd/PdO heterostructures with D. Onceloaded put cathode in contact with CR-39 and cycle T

Tracks consistent with 2.5-3.0 MeV p+ and 0.5-1.5 MeV t + detected

A.G. Lipson et al., ICCF10 (2003) In-situ experiments. 50 m thick Pd foil in contact with CR-39

Tracks concentrated in areas where the cathode was in contactwith the detector.

A.G. Lipson et al., ICCF9 (2002) Conduct in situ experiments placing Cu and Al spacers between

CR-39 detector and 50 m thick Pd foil

Pd cathodes emit 11-16 MeV and 1.7 MeV p + during electrolysis


28/67

Experimental Configuration

Ni

cathode

Pt

anode

CR-39

chip

NdFeBmagnet

(2500 Gauss)

CR-39 in close proximity to thecathode because high energyparticles do not travel far Cathode substrates used: Ni

screen; Ag, Au, Pt wires

LET Curves in Water

AlphaHelium-3

Triton

Proton


29/67

CR-39: Evidence of X-Ray Emission

Ni screen in the absence of a fieldCR-39 Chip exposed to X-rays

from XRD

Use of CR-39 for -ray dosimetry has beendocumented in:1. A.F. Saad, S.T. Atwa. R. Yokota, M. Fujii,Radiation Measurements, Vol. 40, 780 (2005)2. S.E. San, J. Radiol. Prot., Vol. 25, 93 (2005)3. A.H. Ranjibar, S.A. Durrani, K. Randle,

Radiation Measurements, Vol. 28, 831 (1997)

20X

20X


30/67

Ni/Pd/D Evidence of Particle Emissionin a Magnetic Field

20x


31/67

Ag wire/Pd/D in Magnetic Field

500x

500x

500x

20x

Is a Feature Due to Background or to a


32/67

Is a Feature Due to Background or to aParticle?

1000x 1000x

Features due to background are small, bright, shallow, and irregular in shape.The nuclear tracks are dark when focused on the surface. Focusing deeper

inside the pits shows bright points of light.

S f C t l E i t


33/67

Summary of Control Experiments

Pits are not due to radioactive contamination of the cell

components Pits are not due to impingement of D2 gas on the

surface of the CR-39

Pits are not due to chemical reaction with

electrochemically generated D2,O2, or Cl2

LiCl is not required to generate pits

D2O yields higher density of pits than H2O

Pd/D co-dep gave higher density of pits than Pd wire

Mylar spacer experiments indicate that the majority ofthe particles have energies 1 MeV

These conclusions are supported by computer modelingof the tracks using the TRACK_ETCH code developed by

Nikezic and Yu

EPJAP Vol. 40, p 293 (2007); Vol. 44, p. 291 (2008)


34/67

CR-39 Outside the Cell

Raw image Computer processed Computer identified

600 m

Nuclear particle tracks scanned and counted by computer

Tracks not caused by chemical or mechanical damage!

(+)

CR-39

6 micron

Mylar window

(-)

PdCl2

No contact between CR-39 and cellelectrolyte. Nuclear particle tracks scanned andcounted by computer 6 m thick Mylar cuts off < 0.45 MeVp+, < 0.55 MeV t+, < 1.40 MeV 3He, and 40 MeV >10 MeV p+? Neutrons?


41/67

Comparison with NeutronsAg/Pd, backside238PuO fission neutron source

Tracks are primarily circular in shape Some tracks are circular with small tails. These are due to recoilprotons that have exited the CR-39 at an oblique angleSmall latent tracks are observed

N t I t ti ith CR 39


42/67

Neutron Interactions with CR-39

CR-39 that has been exposed to 0.114 MeV,0.25 MeV, 0.565 MeV, 1.2 MeV, 8 MeV, and

14.8 MeV monoenergetic neutrons

Phillips et al, Radiat. Prot. Dosim Vol. 120,pp. 457-460 (2006).

major axis (um)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

tracks/ne

utron(x10-5)

0.1

1

10

Recoil proton

Recoil carbon & oxygen3 particle rxns

n

recoilion

n

n

p

heavier ion

n

n

heavier

ion

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

after etching

before etching

FRONT

SIDE

BACKSIDE

Comparison With Our Data


43/67

Comparison With Our Data

major axis (microns)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

log

(counts)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

50m

Recoil proton

Recoil C & O

ShatterC

2.45 MeV neutrons14.8 MeV neutronsPd/D co-deposition

D + D T (1.01 MeV) + p (3.02 MeV)D + D n (2.45 MeV) + 3He (0.82 MeV)

D + T (1.01 MeV) (6.7-1.4 MeV) + n(11.9-17.2 MeV)

Data are consistent with DD and DTfusion reactions:

After etching for 60 hr (53 metched away on both sides)


44/67

In cooperation with the US Navy SPAWAR-PACIFIC under CRADA

Proton calibration with Van DeGraaf accelerator (left) -etching conditions 6N-NaOH, t = 70C, for 7 hr. Track diameter vs. etching time (removed CR-39depth h = 9.246 m) for protons for protons of normal incidence in the

energy range of 1.0-2.5 MeV (Right)

Proton calibration curves for Landuer CR-39

detectors: Etch time t=7 hr

y = 7,101x-0,3207

R2 = 0,9996

4

4,4

4,8

5,2

5,6

6

6,4

6,8

7,2

7,6

8

8,4

8,8

9,2

9,6

10

0 ,3 0, 6 0 , 9 1 , 2 1 ,5 1 , 8 2 ,1 2, 4 2 , 7 3 3, 3 3 , 6 3 , 9 4 ,2 4 , 5 4 ,8 5, 1 5 , 4 5 , 7

Ep, MeV

Trackdiameter,mcm

Landauer CR-39

5 10 15 20 25 30

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Trackdiam

eter,[m]

Etch time, [hr]

1.0 MeV

1.5 MeV

2.0 MeV

2.5 MeV

SSNTD Proton Calibration

1


45/67


Protons recoil spectra for CR-39 detectors obtained during electrolysis run (detector

#7) and during exposure with Cf-252 neutron source. Etch time is t = 14 hr. Thereconstruction of the spectra was deduced from the track density vs. track diameterhistograms, taking into account two functions: (a) track diameter vs. proton energiesat t = 14 hr and (b) the critical angleqc vs. proton energy

1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Num

berofcounts,

[arb.unit]

Proton recoil energy, [MeV]

#7 CR-39, S=2.0 cm2, etch t=14 hr

Cf-252 , S=0.03 cm2, etch t=14 hr

Neutron Proton recoil spectra1

Spectra indicates nearly monochromatic 2.5 MeV neutrons.1Lipson, et al., Anomalous Metals, Catania, Italy (2007)

Triple Tracks: Evidence of


46/67

Triple Tracks: Evidence ofEnergetic Neutrons

Joe K. Plfalvi, Yu. Akatov , J. Szab, B. Duds, L. Saj-Bohus,and I. Erdgh, Ninth WRMISS workshop

CR-39 contains 12C as the main constituent (32% by weight). Carbon breaks up into three -particles through the reaction 12C(n; n)3 4He. The residuals of the reaction can be viewed in the detector as a three-prong star. 9.6 MeV neutrons are needed to cause the 12C(n,n)3 carbon break upreaction.

Triple Tracks Observed in Pd/D


47/67

Triple Tracks Observed in Pd/DCo-deposition

2

50m

25m

Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 96, p. 135 (2009)

Calculation of the Energy of the


48/67

Calculation of the Energy of theNeutron that Created the Triple Track

Energy (MeV)

0.00 0.70 1.40 2.10 2.80 3.50

range(um

)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0LET Curve for Alphas in CR-39

13.4m

2 =3.99 m

1 = 2.87 m

3 =5.58 m En = Eth + E1 + E2 + E3

En = (9.6 + 0.59 + 0.91+ 1.23) MeV

En = 12.33 MeV

Neutron Yield does not Correlate with Heat


49/67


Neutron Yield does not Correlate with Heat

ach ejecta vaporizes a Pd volume of 1.47x10-10 cm31.47x10-10 cm3 x 12.02 g/cm3 = 1.8 x10-9 gm of Pd

1.8 x10-9 gm/105.6 gm/mole = 1.6 x10-7 moles of Pd

ach ejecta vaporizes a Pd mass of 1.8x10-9 gm or 1.6x10-7molGiven 3.57x105 J/mol x 1.6x10-7 moles = 5.8 x 10-2 Joules/ejecta to vaporize the palladium

t takes 5.8x10-2joules to vaporize this amount of palladiumIf the heat is generated primarily by conventional DD/DT

fusion reactions, with a 50% branching ratio, then:

The combined average energy of both the primary and secondary DD/DT reactions is about

20 MeV or 3.2 x 10-12 J/reaction with 2/3, or 2 x 10-12 J, in charged particles/reaction

Nearly one third of the energy leaves with 2.45 MeV or 14.1 MeV neutrons.

Given 5.8 x 10-2 J/ejecta /2 x 10-12 J/reaction = 3x1010 reactions/ejecta

Then there are about 3x1010 nuclear fusion reactions per ejecta site.

Ejecta VolumeV=1/3r2h

=1.47x10

5

m3V=1.47x10-10 cm3

r= 25m

h= 25m

D=50 m

Useful Constants:

Pd solid density 12.02 g/cc

Pd melting point 1554.9 C

Pd Boiling point 3140 C

Pd heat of vaporization = 357 kJ/mol

= 3.57x105 J/mol

1015m3/cm3

1 MeV = 1.6 x 10-13

Joules

Possible Nuclear Pathways


50/67


Possible Nuclear Pathways

(1) 2D1 +3T1

4He2 ( 3.5 MeV ) + n0 ( 14.1 MeV )

(2i) 2D1 + 2D1 3T1 ( 1.01 MeV ) + p+ ( 3.02 MeV ) 50%(2ii) 3He2 ( 0.82 MeV ) + n0 ( 2.45 MeV ) 50%(3) 2D1 +

3He2 4He2 ( 3.6 MeV ) + p+ ( 14.7 MeV )

(4) 2D1 +2D1

4He2 + (24 MeV ) 10-6 difficult to observe(5)

2

D1 +2

D1 4

He2 (24 MeV ) 100%only heat and He-4Reaction 5 is the Thermal Channel of cold fusion. All energy is

absorbed in the lattice in a Mssbauer-like lattice-recoil with asuppressed

Tertiary nuclear reaction pathways are possible given energeticcharged particles and neutrons. These include various captureand fissionreactions. They should leave measurable nuclear ash.

OOP Manifolds are Universal


51/67


Optimal Operating Manifolds from several independent investigators.

The vertical axis represents the observed outputs, and is linear.

Curves (manifolds) connect the data points of each group.

JET Energy Inc.



52/67

OOP manifolds have been discovered to describe a large group of LANRsystems.

OOP Manifolds appear to show the way to relatively reproducibleproducts (Excess heat, helium, tritium).

OOP Manifolds have similar qualitative shapes along the input poweraxis, and reflect the apparent biphasic production curves for theproducts (e.g. heat and helium-4 for Pd loaded with D) as a function of

input electrical power.

Observed to characterize output:for heavy water helium production, excess heat production from Pd/D2Ofor high impedance [Pd/D2O/Pt, Pd/D2O/Au] Phusor LANR devicesfor Ni/H2OxD2O1-x/Pt and Ni/H2OxD2O1-x/Au] Phusor LANR devices

for codeposition systems and codeposition Phusor LANR devicesfor classical "FPE systemsfor tritium generated from codeposition and "FPE" heavy water systemsfor excess heat and helium production in palladium-black systemsfor excess heat in light water nickel systems.


JET Energy Inc.

Pd/D C d iti R li ti


53/67

Pd/D Co-deposition Replications

Heat and Radiation Dr. Melvin Miles, Navy Laboratory in China Lake

Tritium Dr. John Bockris, Texas A&M

Energetic Particles Dr. Fran Tanzella, SRI

Dr. Winthrop Williams, UC Berkeley

Dr. Ludwik Kowalski, Montclair State University

2006, 2007, and 2008 Undergraduate ChemicalEngineering Senior Project Groups at UCSD


54/67

Peer Reviewed Publications

21 peer reviewed Journal articles and 2 bookchapters have been published or are going to print: American Chemical Society Low Energy Nuclear

Reactions Source Books Vol. 1 and Vol. 2

Journal of Electroanalytic Chemistry

Naturwissenschaften (Germany) Einstein published here.

European Physical Journal of Applied Physics Nobel Prize winners, 2007, for Chemistry and Physics published

here.

Thermochimica Acta Journal of Fusion Technology

Il Nuovo Cimento (Italy)

Physics Letters A

Recent Media Coverage


55/67

Distribution F:Further dissemination only asdirected by SSC PAC55 SSC Pacificon Point and at the Center of C4ISR

Recent Media Coveragefollowing ACS Presentation

KSL-TV, CH-5 (NBC, Salt LakeCity) Top Yahoo News story for

several days Listed on Drudge Report

Houston Chronicle San Diego Union Tribune The Economist New Scientist online

Fox News online Over 100 worldwide news websites

Discovery Science ChannelBRINK

The Economist

Mar 22-24, 2009 in Salt Lake City
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/ECAT-Exact-HR--PET-Scanner.jpg


56/67


Discovery Science Channel; BrinkMarch 27, 2009

Remediation of Nuclear Waste


57/67


Remediation of Nuclear Waste

As of 2007, the United States

had accumulated more than50,000 metric tons of spentnuclear fuel from nuclearreactors It will take 10,000 years of

radioactive decay beforethis spent nuclear fuel will

no longer pose a threat topublic health and safety

Solution: a LENR-basedhybrid fusion/fission reactor LENR generated neutrons

are used to fission 238U andthe actinides present in the

nuclear waste This eliminates the nuclearwaste while providing muchneeded energy

No greenhouse gasesproduced Fusion Fission


A Green Power Source
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Transuranic_waste_casks.jpg


58/67


A Green Power Source

Eliminates the requirement to purchase

foreign oil

Eliminates energy as a source of conflict

Provides power for desalinization plants

to create fresh water

Would result in a massive increase ofjobs as the country retools to takeadvantage of the new energy source

Designs of small power plants wouldreduce the vulnerability of the electricalgrid


Summary of Experimental Results
http://www.pinktentacle.com/2007/06/chernobyl-household-nuclear-generator/


59/67


Evidence of Heat Generation: Calorimetry of electrodes prepared using Pd/D co-deposition

indicates that enthalpy production is higher than that obtainedusing massive electrodes

IR imaging indicates that the heat source is the cathode and notjoule heating. Heat generation is not continuous but occurs indiscrete spots on the electrode.

Evidence of the occurrence of mini-explosions

Low Energy Radiation Emission: Cathodically polarized Pd/D system emits X-rays with a broad

energy distribution (Bremsstrauhlung) with the occassional

emergence of recognizable peaks (20 keV due to Pd K and 8-12keV due to either Ni or Pt)

Emission of radiation is sporadic and of limited duration

Increase in radiation observed with the addition of Be2+ andthiourea, additives known to increase the rate and degree of

deuterium uptake



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Tritium Production:

The evidence of tritium production is based on thedifference between the computed and observedconcentration of tritium.

Tritium generation is sporadic and burst-like.

During bursts, the rate of tritium production rangedbetween 3000-7000 atoms sec-1.

Results of External E/B Fields:

Changes in morphologyof the Pd deposit areobserved that are suggestive of solidification ofmolten metal

New elements are observed that are associated withthese features



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Results Using CR-39 Detector Particles are emitted in a Pd/D co-deposition reaction

Particles are not due to radioactive contamination or to chemicalreactions

The backside of the CR-39 detector shows that neutrons areemitted during Pd/D co-deposition

Additional etching shows the presence of latent tracks due to knock-ons

Double and triple tracks are observed that suggest shattering ofcarbon atoms

The CR-39 detector results are consistent with the followingfusion reactions:

Primary DD fusion reactions:

D + D T (1.01 MeV) + p (3.02 MeV)D + D n (2.45 MeV) + 3He (0.82 MeV)

Secondary DT fusion reactions:

D + T (1.01 MeV) (6.7-1.4 MeV) + n (11.9-17.2 MeV)

D + 3He (0.82 MeV) (6.6-1.7 MeV) + p (12.6-17.5 MeV)

March 1989 Today


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Distribution F:Further dissemination only as

directed by SSC PAC62 SSC Pacificon Point and at the Center of C4ISRSSC Pacificon Point and at the Center of C4ISR

March, 1989 Today

Current Status: Current Status:

the experiments are repeatable

Current Status:


there are many refereed papers

Current Status:



multiple experimental replicationshave been performed

Current Status:




multiple nuclear products, includingneutrons have been detected

Current Status:





Work to update theory underway

Current Status:





Work to update theory underway

Groups of scientists worldwidehave successfully performedexperiments

Pons and Fleischmann announce

that electrochemical cells areproducing more heat than can beaccounted for by chemical meansand speculated that nuclearreactions must be occurring.

Physics community notes:

the experiments arent repeatable there arent any refereed papers

the experiments havent beenreplicated

If its nuclear, where are theneutrons?

It doesnt match theory Thousands of scientists

worldwide attemptedexperimentsmost failed

Conclusions


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Conclusions Nuclear events including production of high

energy neutrons can be triggered byelectrochemical means

Potential applications include:

Power source

Nuclear waste remediation

New safe hybrid nuclear reactor designs that dont

produce nuclear waste or greenhouse gasses

Production of radioactive isotopes for medical andindustrial applications

More research is needed to understand thephenomena

New theories are evolving based onexperimental results

Next Steps


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Distribution F:Further dissemination only as

directed by SSC PAC64 SSC Pacificon Point and at the Center of C4ISR

Next Steps

Conduct experiments to optimize andincrease the neutron flux over long periodsof time Increasing the neutron flux over long periods of

time will make this practical for hazardous wasteremediation and energy production

Continue basic research into the underlyingphysics Explore mechanisms that control reaction paths


A Debt Owed


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A Debt Owed

Many thanks to Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, who,twenty years ago, had the audacity to openly challenge all thatis known about nuclear physics.

As Martin noted in October, 2007, he and Stan Pons used oneof many methods (electrolytic bulk palladium loading) and

observed but one of many products (heat). They thought co-deposition would be too hard to do

Stan Szpak invented co-deposition because he didnt have thepatience to wait for palladium to loadnor did anyone else!

To all who have continued to investigate this field of research.

To the SPAWAR management who allowed us to work andpublish in this controversial field.

Robert Duncan for reviewing the data for himself and reportingwhat he found.

Martin Fleischmann May 12 2009


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Martin Fleischmann,May 12, 2009


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Documents

Spawar on Twenty Year History in LENR Research