UEG - Discourse 5

8/8/2019 UEG - Discourse 5

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:aldLuexa lol 'raqlaSol palulI alP

'saSueqJ )rdol aql ^1. -lpaqsrlqelsa sr )rdol aql ^1ilpasnJo1 are asrnoJsrp aql ;o slred snorrel ^\.lpalJauuoJ aJ saJualuas un{lr1\{ sasnei) .41. _lpalJauuoJ aJe sa)ualuas ,\1.. -lpalJauuo) aJ seapr .\t- _lsasnelJ pue saJualuas ssorJe parJJe) sr aJuaraJaJ,\1 ,slred 1ua.ra;;rp .lrorl aas ueJ azrl. 'asrno)srp le 3u1>ioo1 -'a8en8uel Jo s)unr{J papua+xa aroru le s)iool asrnorjqll.t,t pauJaJuor dylensn are ar',r 'reruurer8 SurssnrsrpanaI aJualuos lo asnplf 1e aBenBuel

asrnorslc :9 NOII)IIS


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UNIT 5.1-PRONOUNS I seem to have a good memory for names nomatter how long ago I heard them but facesare a different matter.What sort of community do you live in? Is itlarge or small, in town or country, affluentor hard-up?

Pronouns are used in place of nouns.Look at these examples:I seem to have a good memory for names no matter how long ago I heard them but facesare a different matter.Here them replaces names to avoid repetition of the noun names.What sort of community do vou live in? Is it large or small, in town or country, affluent orhard-up?Here it replaces community.Pronouns can also replace noun phrases. For example:Considering the problems the regional Water Authorities have to cope with, they do aremarkable job of providing us with a liquid which is generally safe and palatable.Here they replaces the regional Water Authorities.But pronouns can also refer directly to the outside world or sifuation.Look at these eramples:We all recognise the benefits of a healthier diet.We are becoming more conscious of the principle that 'we are what we eat,.I seem to have a good memory for names no matter how long ago I heard them but facesare a different matter.What sort of community do you live in? Is it large or small, in town or country, affluent orhard-up?These pronouns, I/ you/ we, are not substituting for a noun or noun phrase in the text. Thevrefer directly to people outside the text itself.Finally, pronouns can refer to a whole clause, sentence or idea.Look at these examples:Many people think that if a cat wags its tail it is angry but this is only partly true.Here, this refers to the whole sentence about what people think tail,wagging means.When atoms bind together to form molecules, thev usually share their electrons equally.This is called a covalent bond.Here, this refers to the process of binding together to form molecules.1. Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns have a different form when they are subject, object or possessiveforms.Look at the followins chart:

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L7,:alduxa roc 'unouord Iprnld E qll^{ sunouord asar{} -l,tolloJ ol 'r{srlSug IEruroJuI uala 'Aruapual Sursea;rur ue sr arar{} 1nq reln8urs .,{11err1euluer8 are - fpoqou 'auo ou',{poqauos 'auoaruos 'fpoq,{rana 'auo.{raaa ',,{poqfue 'auo.,(ue - sunouord elrurJapul aLIJ

{poq- ql!.r,r spunodLuo) aql upr{l ual1oarou pasn ale auoaluos pue auo.{up 'auodraaa 'qsr13u1 uef,rraruv pup qsrlrrg qlog uIpoqou'auo ou /:s.'\\olloJ sp 'spro.,lr o.4{l sp auo Lllr.l,r pasn ro Apoq- qllm paurqulo) aq up) oN3urqlr(raaa'.,(poq,{ra,ra'auo,{rarraSurqlauos',{poqauos'auoaruos8urq1{ue'fpoq{ue'auo,{uu:s^{olloI se '8urql-ro ,{poq- 'auo- r{}r.M paurqr'uo) aq uef, - .{rena pue ,(uu 'aruos - sunouord allurJapur aL{Isunouord alrurJapuJ '

'rapnrlur aLIl lp JJeslr papnq 3op aq1sileq all]]l olur dn 3ur11or a.q sallasuaql lralord sapadr11r61',Iasreq unq aqs:aldtuexa roC 'sallesruaql 'sellasrno.{ 'sanlasrno - sunouord lrafqo 1ern1d qll^\ pasnsI salles- r.uroy lernlcl aql 'Jlaqr 'Jlasraq /Jlasurrq 'Jlasrno{ ';1as.{tu - sunouord lta{qorelnguls t{llM pasn sI JIas- ru;o1 reln8urs aql l)atqns aq} ol )if,eq Jalal sunouord alrxagausunouord a^rxalJau 'z

p aroJaq aLUo) r.l)rr.l,4,t- rraql 'rno 'sll '(9 llun aas) sraulruralep lP4uar orP unou'raq 's1q 'rnod 'lur - sunouord allssassod aql'arnlnJ aql ol )ool sn lal ^ oN suorlde:radrno pa8ueq: a,req srea.{ -ua1 lsed aql Jo sluana aql AtoLI uaas .{pearle a^eq aM:alduexa rog .,(es ot spq ll letlm pue lxal aL{l o} luarulnuruo) s,lalrrmaLIl aJpqs ol Japear aql Surlr^ur are oLIM ro lxal aq] uI luarualloluI Jo asuas e rapearaql anr8 ol lupll or{lra sraqlo pue slaslpalpP 'sJa}Illlvr )IruapPJP lq pasn uauo sI Ino/sn/aM

'sJauroJ 01 sraIar uaql 'arall'ruaql punore de,,us lou 'srauro) punore IlPs ll,no.'{ rP) sIL{l ul'uoqEInJJrJ peurqruoJ Jno loJ spuels srno 'araH'000'Z8' sI srno '000'g9g'Z sr uollelnJrl) paulquro) s,radedszr,au 1eq1:sdlLlluaxa asaql ln 10o7

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Unit 5.1 PronounsI certainly wouldn't advise anyone to leave their house empty for long periods. It ismuch safer to rent the house.This avoids the awkwardness of using his or her or his/her:I certainly wouldn't advise anyone to leave his or her house empty for long periods.One wav of avoiding the problem is to put the subject into the plural, as follows:I certainly wouldn't advise people to leave their houses empty for long periods.4. Determiners and pronounsMany words, such as the following, can function either as determiners (see Units 3.5,3.7-3.9) or pronouns.

all what more eitherleast each no fewerless this these enoughmany one most littlemuch whose few neithersome both any severalwhich that thoseWe distinguish between the two forms by checking whether the word is followed by anoun or not. Determiners are always followed by a noun; pronouns stand alone as theyrefer to the whole noun phrase in these cases.

Look at these examples:Determiners PronounsMany people in Britain have become But most continue to eat meat.vegetarlan.Which sports do you watch on Which do you actually go to rvatch intelevision? person?In the first example, most is a pronoun which stands for most people; in the secondexample, which stands for which sports.5. Demonstrative pronounsThe demonstrative pronouns - this, these, that, those - can be preceded by pre-determiners such as all, both, half. For example:All these are to be moved over thereI'll take both those.But the construction with of is much more frequently used. For example:All of these are to be moved over there.

I'll take both of those.WARNING BOXWhen all, both, half are followedFor examole: by of and a noun, vou must use the article the.All of the booksBoth of the boysHalf of the pagesWhen the quantifiers, some/ any/ many/ few, etc. are used with of and a noun, youmust also use the article the. For examole:Some of the peopleMany of the studentsMost of the books

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',uorsoloxa uorleJrlqnd/aql palleJ aq plnoqs 1r ler{l pres alpr{ aruos 1nq .uorsoidxa uorleruroJur, aql pallpJ uauosl slql 'lr Jo sa)Jnos Jo ssaJxa ue uala pue uorleruJoJur Jo ssaJxa ue alprl .,r,rou aM uosradpalernpa urapou ar{l sa)eJ ualqo-rd ,,r,rJu p }ng ',11 uodn uorlprruorur purJ ueJ a,r,r araqM.Mou)i a.tr Jo 'sallasrno 1rafqns e ,laoul aM spur)i o.Ml to sr a8pal,nou;, :alorm 'Lrnluarqluaalq8ra aqt u1 a8an8ual 4s43u1 a4q Jo rttauo4;rg y palrdtuor or{.l,r 'uosuqo{ lanueg rq (q'*ar{}lea lq8ru ]eqt srolepard uror; ,{errae '1ros paurrp-ilam ur spaas aql paddo.rp pue lrnrJaql ualea peq slueqdala aql's8urddorp ,slueqdala aql ur lrplur spaas Jo suazop punoJosle daql pue .,{lprder ryeq s,nor8 {rpq aqt teqt puno1 slsrSolooz lng lI III) dlluaredde pueaarl ar{} ruor, Ireq aql drrls ,,{la1a1druor 'strnrJ aq} lea daql 'slueqdala Jo poo, alrrno^e,e sI aarl atttat aldtuconps aq+ 'erqtnez ur .,{a11en ervr8uenl ar{l uI 'r,uaq1 Sursrlrgraypue spaas Surrallers , q spuepoo.4L ol op daql a8eruep aql ro; dn a1er.u slueqdalE r:

'nort nJ ualJum uaaq sa4 a:.pt{ a41 atnldat sunouotd ary pW ldatuot ayi n'sasnap n sasnt4d unou'sunou a41 pua sunou.r.)Lll Lltlm molaq ttaL!) a4t u! ult udLll sunouotd a41 11a Jo $rl a )\aw pub s1xa1 gurmo11o| a4t pt.auo {sPI,I)I7 sxsvr - sunouord I.9 llun


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Unit 5.1 Pronouns - TasksTask twoRend the following texts and fill tn the missirtg vt6v1l5 tltilft suitable protloutls.(a) Herons are under threat in Creece and to raise public awareness of . . . . . . the HellenicOrnithological Society has been carrying out a scientific study to monitor the birds andguard their nexts.(b) The populations of . . . . . . of the most poorly nourished nations are growing at neariy fourpercentayear.Atthatrate,......willdoublewithin20years.......ishappeningdespite the best efforts of family planning agencies.

in both adults and children chronic malnutrition is made worse bv a 'hungrv period'during the annual rains. . . . . . . happens when the previous vear's crops start to run outbefore the next year's harvest.(c) Talking in one's sleep is ..... of the most common phenomena and...... that is oimore concern to the obsen'er than to the sleeper. Laboratory observation suggests that......iswidespreadandmostpeoplearelikelvtodo......Sometimes......wakeup

aware that...... have been talking. Often ...... do not.(d) Anyone can set...... up in business as an estate agent -...... don't need anyqualifications. So how do .. .. . . go about finding . . . .. can trust? Last year areport showed that half of ...... don't think ......'re getting good value for ourmoneyfrom......Task threeThe following passages ltaae been ittritten without anrl pronoufis or determnters. Reatl them, thetidecide which nouns shttttld be reTtlaced by lrronouns ttnd deterntiners and rewrite tlte pnssages.(a) Just when people were learning to live with the idea of 'safe sun' as far as people's skin isconcerned, along came the scientists and doctors to tell people that people's hair is sun-sensitive too. Sand, salt and chlorine can strip hair of the hair's oils, leaving the hairrough and the ends split. Most in danger is a person's parting. A person's parting rssubject to the same carcinogenic ultra-violet ravs that a person's skin is.(b) Adam White is a photographer. Yesterday Adarn White flel,r' to the United States tophotograph the President. Adam White's assignments take Adam White all over thewor1d.

Adam White owns a large house in Sussex where Adam White lives with Adam White'swife Jane and Adam and Jane White's two children, Margaret and Peter. Adam, Jane,Margaret and Peter White have three cats, two dogs, a horse and fifteen ducks. Adam,fane, Margaret and Peter White have lived in the house for five years, ever since Adamand iane White sold Adam and Jane lVhite's house in London and moved south.

2,10


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+l 'ase) srr{} ul ,,(1rroq1ne ar{} arueu o1 Sur,teq raleads al{l tnoqlrM 'luaualels e o3 firroqlnepual ruro] aarssed aql pue.Tl_I"msiSatr:a{l'pasn sr a^rssd Ipuosradrur ue uar{M'euallpq sllrl lqHll lalor^ Erlln lEql u^rou)I sr lI',{e;rap qtool 1ua,ra;d o1 padlaq tqgrluns teq} s0E6I aqt uT pareôJsrp ss^ lI:saldutuxa asa4l la loo-Ia^rssed Ieuosradtul'aw04s u st qol st4 lsol a4 l01tJrt1td a st alal os aLuD) aLl ]DqI:aldtuexa ro1 '1r areidar plno,^ asnpl) unou aLIl leql ,r(1arypn f:a,r 1nq ,alqrssodsr lr ' Jla 'arueqs e s;r 'd1d p s;r se sase.rqd r{Jns raue asnell unou e saledorlue lI uar{M'qo[ slq lsol aq (leql) aweqs e s,11. .elPI os arue) aq (leql) .{1rd e s;1:saldwaxa asaql 1D 40ojesnelJ unou e SurledDquy

'aurl aHl parelda.r seq 1r'araq 'leql .,{es aldoad atuos lng JaLIlea.4{ aq} lnoqe 3ur11e1 ur spr{ ll auo aql ol alor relrrurse s,{e1d 1r'suorssardxa qJns u1 i{pearle IJoIJ/o ual s;J se suorssardxa qf,ns aêq oslp aMst /iap rt1aao1 y*'st Sutway*:des louuer ar14 'pareldar aq louueJ pue Surueaw ou spr{ lr /araH'.{ep ,,{1a.r.o1 e s,11'Sururer s;y'saldwuxa asa4l la 4oo'IrarllPeM eql lnoq 3uq1e1 .I

'aJuaraJar due 1noq1r.rt uorlrsod 1rafqns aqlaraql '1q8r1uns o1 arnsodxa pareldar spq lr /araH'suorlf,aJurraqlo lualard o1 suaas oslp lI 'Irelle lreaq e Jo >lsrr aql saspar)ap 1q311uns o1 arnsodxl:alduexa 3ur.uo11o1 aLIl ur sp '1r areldar pue ase.rqd unouJo unou raL{lo aluos o} )iJeq ratar IIrn ll ler{} tJadxa a.r.r 'unouord e sr Jr asnp)ag 'unouord e sr 11

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'^Pp ^laôl P s;I'Sururer s;1'1ead ru,luooq-;1o8 aql ueqM aSpnf o1 alqrssodrur s,11'alrqroloru e Surprr unJ s;I',{erap q1oo1 luarrardo1 padlaq lq81luns 1eq1 pareô)srp sum lI

CIUOMNOIIfNCIOUINI SVJ/Z'9IINN


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Unit 5.2 If as introduction wordis possible to replace it with the noun clause which foilows the verb. For example:That sunlight helped to prevent tooth decay was discovered in the 1930s.This is unusual, however. Also, by using the it form at the beginning, we balance thesentence. In English, the longer phrases should come towards the end of the sentence (seeunit 5.9).It is possible to put the passive phrase in the middle of the information. For example:A dose of sunlight, it is claimed, can lower high blood pressure.Sunlight, it was discovered in the 1930s, helped to prevent tooth decay.This creates a dramatic effect where'by the listener has to wait for the completeinformation. The speaker/writer has announced the theme or topic, but then interruptsthe information.Phrases such as it is_ _said, it is claimed, etc. have the effect of the speakers,/writersdistancing themsJveslrom the infoimatlon. The speakers/writers are saying that theyare not certain about the information themselves, but rather it is something they haveheard.With it is said the transformation rules are different when it is referrins to an event whichis past or present. For example:It is said the book was written in only two weeks.This example can be re-arranged as follows:The book is said to have been written in two weeks.In this way the subject of the noun clause becomes the subject of said and the verb in thenoun clause changes to the infinitive form.When the reference is to a fufure event, however, this transformation does not occur. Forexample:

It is said that the railway line to Settle will be sold.It is not possible to say:"That the railutatl line to Settle zoill be sold is said.

4. Anticipating a non-finite subjectLook at tltese exantples:Ifls fun riding a motor-bike.It costs f2.50 a week to run a motor-bike.Ifls impossible to judge when the golf-boom will peak.I(s odd to think that so much fun can be had in such a small town.When it anticipates a non-finite subject (see Unit 1.3), the non-finite phrase can replace itas foilows;Riding a motor-bike is fun.To run a motor-bike costs [2.50 a week.To judge when the goif-boom will peak is impossible.To think that so much fun can be had in such a small town is odd.As with the'lending authority' statements in 3, the use of it is the one generally preferreias this places the longer phrases towards the end of the sentence. But the choice vou mak=will depend on how you want to focus the information (see Unit 5.9).

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'pa8upqJ aq plno.rvl ruals{s xel aql ler{l uorlJala aql lp . . . . . (>f)',{-rnluac qluaalq8ra ar{l ur pearq Jo lpol e Ials ol " " (0'Surure; " (ri)'alel os aureJ ssaJJns srr{ Jo s,^ au aql lr{l (3)'aprn8 rado.rd e lnoqlrr'r qurrlJ ol " " (r)'azr.rd aql la8 plnorls oq^r aprrap ol '' ' '' (a)'^ orrourol ,iuuns aq ol " . . . (p)'1q8ru aq1 ul palp per{ ralsrurlll JarqJ aql leq} ''' (r)'uaruo.u Sunod Suoue uoururoJ .{.ra,r.uou sr 3ur>1otus leql ' (q)'arnlral aql pualle 1,uprp nod (e)a)ueJJo lelrder p sem lr 'llnrIJJIp s,11 ,8uro8 s,11's,l! 'paurrpl) s,lr /snoraSuep s;r 'umoul spm lr 'aureqs e s,11 'paureal se,vr 11 'fird u s;r

:sasat4d rt,to1tnpot1ur ?utmo11ol ary lo auo Swppa fiq molaq sa)ualuas a41 aqaldwo3o1t^l {sEIraq Suraq ,{yanol s,l1 (>i)'oB o1 aurl s,1y (t)'uorlpurroJul SurSeurep paureluoJ rulrJ aql leql salJrrJ luaurura,ro8 ur umou1 splv\ lI (r{)'rauurp loJ arurl ur a^rrre no,{ leql pa1sa83ns sl 1I (3)'sla^erl aqs uaq.M ralelvr u,!ro raL{ salel sde.trle qlaqpzrlg uaan$ }eql prps sr lJ 0)'ssel) lsrrJ 3ur11aae;1 aJuaraJJrp ro lol p saleur 11 (a)'fuenue{ ur s,rlous ualyo 11 (p)'.,{gea aar.rre o1 sfed 11 (c)rlep d-rrdxa aql raquraruar o1 luelrodurl s,+I (q)'rurq aas ],uprp arrl. llrd e s,11 (e)

'saJualuasSuntoyol a47 lo qtaa lo yad nqjouo utotl asanqd unou a Suutatsuttq rtr1 11 acaldat 'ayltssod ata4p1auo {sPIsxsvl - pro/t{ uorlrnpo4ur sP Lt 2.9 +Iun


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UNIT 5.3SO, NEITHEIVNOR The committee disagrees, and has said so ina report.Americans are too fat. So says one whoadmits to being overweight.The members complained of theinefficiency; so did the official report.

So can be usecl with a verb to reolace a clause.Look at this examlrle:The committee disagrees. It has said so in a report.In the second sentence, it and so are replacing information from the first sentence. It is apronoun and is replacing the noun committee (see Unit 5.1); so is replacing a whole clause.Without so, the sentence would be rewritten as follows:The committee disagrees. It has said that it disagrees in a report.Nozu look at this exontple:Americans are too fat. So says one rvho admits to being overweight.Here, so has replaced the clause Americans are too fat.In the last example, so has been placed at the beginning of the clause. This has the effect ofkeeping the focus on the original clause.In the last example there is also inversion, so that the subject comes after the verb. It is notnecessary. It is possible to say So he says, but So one who is overweight says is unlikely forreasons of style. The inversion form is unlikely to occur with other verbs, though it is possiblewith think. l{ere it is also stylistically better. It would be possible to say the following:Americans are too fat. One who admits being overweight says so.There is, however, an imbalance, where the longer part of the sentence comes at thebeginning (see Units 5.2, 5.9).In addition to say, there are many other verbs that can be followed by so. For example:He hopes sothinks sosuPPoses sodoes so.The negative is usually not. For example:

He hopes notdoes notsays not.

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'uausa)ods Jraql plp raqllau/roN 'uorsnap ,(ue arunouup +,uplp sralsrulur o,lt] aql:aldtuexa roC 'Jou ro rar{lrau q}l,t\ pauroJ sr a,rrle8au aq1'IErauaD-djElarJas aql seq os 'EAauaD ur pa^lrre aAeLI sralsrurl4l uSrarog aq1:aldurexa rol lJefqns + qra^ .{rey11xneaql .{q pa.MolloJ uaql sl pue aJualuas aql Jo Suruufaq aql }e sauror s.{e.{1e os 'asPr srql ul'AJUarJrJJaUr

aq+ Jo paurelduor osle lrodar 1enr11o aq1 ',{ruarJrJJaur aql Jo pauleldtuoc sraqr.uau ar{f:s^^ollo] sP 'osleqo Surueatu aql spr{ puE /a}pJrpard aql {1uo lnq asnelJ aloq.e\ aql arelda.r }ou saop os 'araH'1roda.r Ier)rJJo ar{l plp oS dluarJrJ]aul aql ;o paureldurol sraqtuaru aLiI

:aldwaxa sn1 la 4oo'I'aserqd e ro asnelJ e ;o lred areldar ol pasn osle sr oS'lq8ramJano sr oq.^ auo s.{es 'os loN:alduexa roJ asnelr aql Jo Suruur8aq aqlte 'os lou Surllnd ,,{q parurol sr aaqeBau aql 'asnelr aql Jo Suruur8aq aql 1e pareld sr os uaqM

'os {urql l/useop aq:|na

rou/raqlrau'osEllunXOS DNINUVM


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Unit 5.3 So, neither/nor - TASKS -EtiflTask oneln the following dialogue two people are discussing a new plan concerning members ot' the staft' ot'their institute usho spend working time on oaerseas aisits. Complete the dialogue, filling in themissing words zuith the correct form of the u:ords in brackets to make a clause with so or not. Thefirst two haae been written for you.Example:(") [ thirK g-o-'&) I Cenl!- lhirrk ee-,Tim: Will you reach an agreement on the plan to curtail overseas visits?Art: I (a) (think). We've almost finished discussions now.Tim: What about an agreement on research projects?Ari; No, I (b) (think). In fact, I (c) (hope) because I don't think the agreement as it standsgives us a very good bargain.Tim: We could renegotiate it iater.Art: I (d) (suppose).Tim: The head of the unit (e) (say) iast week. He said he would reopen discussionsimmediately any agreement was signedArt: \f he (f) (do), that would make any agreement rather silly, don't you think?Tim: I (g) (suppose). But it would get us over the position we are in now where we needsomewhere to start further discussions. In a way it would take us a step forward.Art: | (h) (hope). But we mustn't make ourselves look silly. It will seem to everyone thateither we don't know our own minds, or that we're trying to trick them.Tim: I (j) (think). People will realise that it's only a stage in the negotiations. I don't thinkthey'll see us as two criminals.Art: I (k) (hope). But your credibility is weak at the moment.Tim: Do you really (l) (think)?Arf: Don't you see anything you don't want to?Tim: I (m) (suppose). That's how I survive.Task twoRead the following information about the people and then complete the sentences about them below,using so, neither/nor. Some examples haae been written t'or you.Examoles:Sara was born in March.5o was Marc.Miles is going to the USA next year.9_o_ ere Hglgf gC Darid,Rowan didn't go to university.Nor did Marc and Sara,246


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a\l Jo suosuadwo) a4aw puu 'pl]om aLll punota Jo'om1 4sul Lu pLtl4lityunot umo .Lnort w taqln 'sa1tr xts lo 4rttttaarql {sEI

'ssaulsnq u/\to slt{ aêq o} s1ue,,lt' ptneq (1)'reaA lxau VSn aql o1 o3 1,uo,n ereg (f)'sruual s.,{e1d rre61 (q)'raqolJo ur parrrur 1oB prneq (3)'JalIJ.lv\ e aq Ot Sluelvt uPl\ôll G)'s0l6l aq] ur parrreur 1aB 1,uprp uemoy (a)':alq8nep auo ,,{1uo sPrl ualaH (p)ileqlool o)rl l,usaop ereg (r)'9t rarye loor{rs le degs 1,uprp rre61 (q)'{}rsra,rrun ;e srrs,,(qd pea.r pr,req (e)JalrJM e aq ol :sluuMrea.,{ lxau vsfl ur )lJoM :sualclaJuep 'JISnru 'eruaurJ :suv

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ssaursnq u^{o srr{ uels ol :sluaMread lxau VSn ol oB 11r.u :suolclarleaql ar{l o} 03 l,usaoP aqJnru lou :sltvIleqloo, loulnq 13urr.ur.ur/v\s dsa 'gods lsoru :yodslolld :ryoMsJrsdqd pear - ,{lrsra,rrun :pawJnp11.rr8 1'sioq Z - t :udtplnl)

8l-0L-9L :pautalN6l-9-zl :utogPIÔ

plroM aql punor Ires olVSn ul rPad txau puads o1qJnuJ louSurqurlcpue Surunur.us dsa 'uods IIelsrleurnoIslsfqd pPaJ - dlrs;arrrun1:rB1's,{oq7-g8l-0r -9I6r-9-62

:sluaM:suulcl:suv:7todg:410M:palD)np7:uatpltq):pautaw:uroguaIaHralIJA p aq ol :sluaM doqs u.uo slt{ u^{o olreal lxau aruerl ur asnoq e ,{nq o1 :sull(I VSn ul rea{ lxau palrle\u 1aB i1v"rPU]AUIJol sao8 ]nq arlear{l a{rl l,usaopSurqurp sa>1r1 .{1uo

aJr.Masnoq9l lltun Iootilslrr81's.,ioqy-g09-t-Ir8t-9-t

raq)eal e aq olrea,{ lxau a)uerC o1 o3 1II.uarleaql aql salrl[eq+ooJlou lnq lsruual 'dsa '1rods lsourLrelanas8I lllun loor.irssyrr8 79L-8-T,9--6

s{sel - rou/raq}Iau 'os 'E llun

:suv:1todg:4toM

:palD)np1:uatpltll):pautaw:utoBUP1|{OU

:sluaM:stlold:sltv:qtodg:4)oM

:p410)np7:uatpu4):pautaw:utog

EJeS


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UNIT 5.4CO-ORDINATINGCONIUNCTIONS In the USA, the number of psychiatrists hasincreased ninefold since 1948 and the ranksof clinical psychologists have expandedfifteen times.The official language is Arabic, but thereare also other officially recognisedlanguages.

Co-ordinating coniunctions link^two clauses of equal importance. The most commonly usedco-ordinating conjunctions are,and-and but./There are others, such as yet, either. , . or/neither . . nor, notonly. . . butalso.l. AndAnd is a neutral link between two clauses. It can link facts, such as statistics; and it canlink events in a narrative.Look at these exntrples:In the USA, the number of psychiatrists has increased ninefold since 1948 and theranks of clinical psychoiogists have expanded fifteen times.When and is used to link clauses that state facts, the order of the clauses will depend onhow the speaker wishes to focus the message (see Unit 5.9). We could say:In the USA, the ranks of clinical psvchologists have expanded fifteen times since 1948and the number of psychiatrists has increased ninefold.This would not change the meaning; it would give a different focus to the message.Look at this exarnple:He went into the theatre and bought a ticket.Here, the order of the clauses indicates the order in which the events occurred. If wechange them around, the events occur in a different order. For example:He bought a ticket and went into the theatre.

2. ButThe use of but signals that the second clause says something unexpected or somethingwhich is in opposition or in contrast to the first clause. For example:In Iraq, the official language is Arabic, but there are also other officially recognisedlanguages.Here, the second clause seems to contradict the first one.As with and, when we are dealing with facts like the above, the order of the clauses willdepend on the focus the speaker wishes to put on the statement (see Unit 5.9). Thus, wecould say:There are other officially recognised languages in lraq, but the official language isArabic.This would not alter the meaning of the statement; there would only be a shift in focusAnd and butCompare these e rantples:In the USA, the number of psychiatrists has increased ninefold since 1948 and the

ranks of clinical psvchologists have expanded fifteen times.2-18


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6VZ

'(anoqe p aas) uorlrunluo) aqlJo lred r{Jpa raUE a)ua}uas aq1;o slred aures aql aq lsnru araql 'ro ' ' ' reqlra qll^r sV

'qra^urpru ar{l aJo1aq .{lalerparurur ro lnq ra11e .{lalerparuurr aq ueJ oslp 1o uorlrsod aq1

XOS DNINUVMrurr{ qlrlv\ sralrenb pareqs osIE pq aq lnq '3rag qllzvr par{JrElu srrog peq dluo 1o51-. :aldurpxa roC pue Jo asn rrleqdua ue ol Jelrurrs sr osIE lnq' ' 'f1uo 1o1qoslP lnq ' ' ' {1uo 1o51 'g

iaajjor ro eal a>lrl no^ plnoMgrodar aql yo sardor aarql lnq auo 1sn[ lou palupm aH'8rag qly"r s.rapenb pareqs pue por{Jrpur ppr{ slrog:aldruexa roC 'suralr Is)IxeI aleulpJo-oJ osle ro 'lnq 'puv

'Jou' ' 'raqlrau sr urJoJ anqe8au aq1to ad,tlpa.rordde .* ,.t;:f;;i;:::J::t;,",tiJi"Z:'lkY',:;I::ur:#':,;,1:1.'lrurlxa aruoJaq llrlv' tt to alpqr\ anlq a,q1 8u4unq n47ra dols suorlpu IIV*:l)erJo)ur arP saJualuas Surzvrollo; aql 'uorl)un(uor q:ea ,l,,rolloJ lsnru a)ualuasaql yo ged arues aql 'ro ' ' raqlla asn a.4 uaqm 'suorlcun(uoJ alqnop ral{lo r{lr.M sV

XOS DNINUVM' '3nq Surdaals laaqs e ql1z"r 3uo1e 3eq Surdaals u.ttop e (q) ro ad,i1 pa.,rorddeaqt ;o 8eq Surdaals laaqs p (e) raqlra asn lsnw (yg1 qsrllors aq] Jo) raquraru r{reE'lrurlxa aluo)aq Ilr.l.t lr ro aleL{^{ anlq aql Sultunq do+s suorlBu Iie rarllrg:aldruexa roC alrleuJallp ue ro aJIogJ e saleJlpur Jo ' ' ' raqll1ro' ' ratIlIE ',

'oraq smau poo8 aruos sr arar{}'saurlpeaq Jr}erupJp a{pru uauo sralsesrp q3noql ua,rg:(9.9 4un aas) q8noqluala uorlJunfuor aleurproqns aq] Sursn .{q aldtuexa aq} aserqdar o1 alqrssod aq plno.4{ lI'araq s.r.rau poo8 auros sr araql 1er( isaurlpeaq )Ileuerp a{eru uauo sra}ssrcl:alclruexa ioJ uorlrsocloo lJajrpueql uolssaJuoJ Jo auo arour sr 'ralamoq 'lJatJo aql 'paluasa;d auo IsJIJ ar{l ol lse4uoJur ro uoqrsoddo ur eapr ue Sunnporlur sr lr leql ul 'lnq o] uorlualul reprurs e sleu8rs 1a1q8noql uala /le1 '

'slsrr1erqr.,(sd roJ saurl autu dluo o1 pasoddose slsrSoloqrdsd lerrurp roJ sarurl uaaurJ - asparf,ur ar{} ur aJuaJaJJIp aql ol uorlualle.\^prp a.^^ 'lnq asn a^{ uaqM s}JeJ aql Jo luarua}els lE4nau e salef,rpul puE Jo asn aql'sawrl uaaurl papuedxa arreq slsr3o1oqr,{sd lerrurlJ Jo s)iueraql lnq gt6l arurs plolauru pasearrur spr{ s}srrlprqr,,{sd ;o raqurnu aql 'VSn aW uIsuorlrun[uor Surleurpro-of t g llun


16/34

Unit 5.1 Co-ordinating conjunctionsWhen we begin with not only, the order of the clause after not only is like that in thequestion form. For example:Not only were the police late, but (also) they did not bring a search warrant.This also applies to clauses beginning with neither and nor. For example:The police were late; nor did they bring a search warrant.There are several other words after which the same pattern is followeci. Usually thesewords have a negative aspect. These are some of them:hardly, rarely/ seldom, only, never, not.

Hardly had he arrived when the announcement was made.Seldom have I seen a better performance.Only now has she agreed to take part.Never have I been so humiliated.Not even for a million dollars would I take part in a marathon.

250


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r9z

r.udr gII ueql ralseJ oB 1ou plnoqs slsrpdrlsPJ oot oB 1ou plnoqs slsrlcdr

raguol lepad plnoqs slsrpdrralse1 lepad plnoqs s1sr1c.{rrud-r gg1 sr 8ur11epad rot aler lsaq aqlearql dnor3alll slr{ 11e .{ueduor;ood e roJ {ro.M ol peq a^eq plnom aqrurrJ poo1 wazot! u^{o sn{ dn 1as uapdsv ulqoyu/v\o srq ;o ,{auou alllll PPq aqpunJ luaulsalur lpJol p r.uorJ dlaq papaau aqsu.ralqo.rd MoU-r{spJ paleJ uoos eq

o1l,ll dnorDuoddns lualuu;aao8 paau daqlsaJrJJo Surllasunoo 0gI arp araq]saser SurllasunoJ .^vr.au 000/ lZ alpweq daqlpuelSug ur sassaursnq ller'us JoJ saJlual eJrNas ualala aJe alar{lauo dnorS

'rutol uorlsanbary liqpamollot an suotqcun[uot tpt4m Ta8nl 1,uoq'frptassacauun waql Jaadat ol iou ]aprc w spnm1no Sutaaal rc sunouotd LIilm sunou Sunaldat sa tpns rttussacau sa?ua7t liua atlaytT 'mopq saJualuasto sdno8 a47 Jo qtaa ur uat nofr sa sa)ualuas luaw su awqwn suoucun[uot Su4aurpto-oc Sutsy'1auo {sPI.f, s)svl - suorlrunfuor Supeurpro-o] v. g llun


18/34

UNIT 5.5CONNECTERS 1: contrast,result, differenceConnecters link together two sentences of equal importance. As rvith co-ordinating con-junctions and clauses (see Unit 5.4), the order of the two sentences cannot be chansed withouraltering the meaning.A co-ordinating conjunction must always come at the beginning of its clause, but the positionof connecters is variable. if you put the connecter at the beginning or end of the clause, it isthe connecter itseli which is highlighted. For example:It was only a short article. However, Janet felt entitled to call herself a writer from the day

it was accepted by a magazine.It was only a short article. Janet felt entitled to call herself a writeraccepted by a magazine, however.When the connecter comes at other points in the sentence, it is the r.t'ordis stressed. For example:It was only a short article. Janet, however, felt entitled to call herself a writer from the davit was accepted by a ma6;azine.It was only a short article. Janet felt entitled, however, to call herself a writer from the dayit was accepted bv the magazine.This is made made clearer in spoken language, where there would usually be a pausesurrounding the connecter.As in the case of conjunctions and clauses, the different relationships between sentences aremade clear by the selection of a connecter, regardless of position in the sentence. In this unit.we look at three relationships: contrast, result and difference.l. Suggesting a contrast

Look at this exLttnple:The behaviour of apes and monkevs is very illuminating. . . . However, some recentbooks have over-emphasised the similarities between man and monkevs.However is tlre connecter which shows the link between the two sentences. You can seethis clearly in the following chart:The behaviour of apesand monkevs is veryillrrminrlincr

The behaviour of apes and monkeys is veryilluminating. . . However some recentbooks have over-emphasised thesimilarities between man and monkeys.

from the day it wasthat precedes it that

some recent books haveover-emphasised the similaritiesbetween man and monkevs.However

The first sentence is very positive. The second sentence expresses a negative view. Thereis always this kind of opposition with this type of connecter. Another connecter whichexpresses a similar relationship is nevertheless.

252


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t9z

'(8'9ltunaas) seaJaqfr sr drr{suorlelar relrrurs sassardxa qrrr{.lr uollJun{uor Suqeurproqns aqJ

'asnel) ro aJualuas sir ;o tuluuaq aql reau Jo ]e saruoJ ,{11ensn pueq Jaqlo aql uO'slsrEolorJos snourpJo.Ml asaq] uaaMlaq aJuaJaJJIp lueuodur ue o] uorlualle Surmerp sr ralrr.^.l aql aJJH'urlell sr 'pueq raLllo aql uo 'otared 'raqdosolqd qruaJC e sr

ruraq)rnq asne)aq .,{lqrssod s1 sli{I 'qreordde luaraJJrp p a)ie} olared pue ruraq)irnqaldwnxa stll1 1a 4oo-Ipusq-ffn-_oaql uo Sursn ,{q aruara;;1p al{t asrspqduaueJ aM 'eapr Sursoddo .ro SurlserluoJ p ssardxa uJ aal .l,toq aôqp I ur uaas aêq aMa)uaraJJrp Sursrsuqdurg'

'snql'os',{lluanbasuor:drqsuorlelar arups aql ssardxa q)lqm sJalJeuuoJ rar{lo aJ 3ur-uo1o1 aq1

'aJualuas plrof,as aLIJ ut eapraL{} Jo esnEJ aql sr af,ua}uas lsrrJ aql Jo papr ar{l 'dla^rleurallv 'aJualuas }srrJ aql uI palelssr leq.M Jo llnser e sr arualuas puoras aql ul passardxa eapr aql leql sMoqs aroJaraqJ'slsrluar)s paraprsuoJ aq ol palue,Maarql IIe 'aroJereql 'dpn1s 1o p1ar1 ^,{ue ur luelrodur se.+r lsrlualf,s e paraprsuof,aq o1 'dSolorros Jo .{pnls aql dn pauado aarql asar{} r-raqzr.t d;nluar r,{luaa}L{3ra aq} uI:aldwaxa sry4 ]a 40o'Illnsau -z

'lef pue lnq suorlJun{uot Sugeurpro-or aqt olsasnplJ uaa,lrlaq diqsuorlelar rpJr.urs e ssardxa ssalaqgalau pup raêmoq sJalJauuo) ar{I'll palll aldoad .,{uetu os asnp)aq ure8e 1r r{lleM Ileqs I 'ssalaquaâN'uorsrlalal uo umor{s sen lr aurrl lsrrt aqt ailJ)aJae 8u:.3ut5 aryJ aIII l,up}p I:aldwuxa sryl 1a 4ooj

Isralf,auuo)99llun


20/34

Unit 5.5 Connecters L - TASKS -EtteTask oneRead the following text and place the connecters in bold type in the appropriate column in the tablebelow.On the one hand, Suleiman the Magnificent (1495(?)-1566) was a statesman, warrior,administrator and law giver. On the other hand, he was also a poet and patron of the arts.His fleets dominated the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa and ravaged the coasts ofItaly and Spain. Consequently, his armies were the terror and admiration of the West. Vasrwealth flowed from his victories, and this was increased by trade in spices, coffee and rawsilk, as well as precious gems, rock-crystal and porcelain. The arts, however, flourished andSuleiman's architects transformed the face of the great cities of his empire. Thus Istanbul, asseat of his court, exercised a powerful attraction to craftsmen from Europe, Iran and theOttoman Empire. They produced works of art - textiles, carpets, illuminaied manuscripts,goldsmith's work, arms and armour - which were the envy of Europe.His family life was not free from trouble, however. His younger son Mehmed, whom he madehis heir, died early. Consequently, a struggle grew up among his younger sons. Mustafa, theeldest, considered himself to be the heir. Suleiman's wife Hurren opposed Mustafa andsupported the other sons. A civil war threatened. It would be wrong to blame Hurren for allthe troubles. On the other hand, she did present Mustafa as a traitor. He was, therefore.summoned to his father's presence. Suleiman did not discuss the troubies with him, howeverWhile Mustafa was with his father, he was seized and executed.

Making concessions/contrasting ideas

Showing results/consequences Emphasising difference

Task twoRead the t'ollowing passage and use connecters to t'ill in the missing words.This is a time when the Earth's woodlands are disappearing at an alarming rate. One of theworld's poorest, most densely populated countries has, (a) pioneered the firstsuccessful replanting of a tropical forest. There was, (b) often the possibility of failure.Large areas were laid waste during the war years. (c) there were large areas otgrassland, which easily caught fire in the intense heat in the dry season. (d) . . . . . ., man\.young saplings were burnt in these fires. So, the scientists made a forest cover of strongexotic trees. When these trees were tall enough, they planted the weaker young saplings. Ithas taken the Vietnamese more than a decade to bring back only a small numbeiof rp".i", ortrees (e) the recovering patch of the Ma Da woods stands out as a fragment of green.Task three(al Think of (or imagine) a famous person in history and then make notes about his/her life.(b) write a short passage connecting the notes together, after the style ot' Task one.254


21/34

c_gz'SPJOM Jeqlo ur aselL{daql asn ol sr srr{l Surop are nod 1eq} 3ur11eu3rs Jo {P.M rar{louv uorlsanb srq paserqdar seqpue lnoqe 3ur>11e1 se.lr ar{ leq.^ poolsrapun seli rapeal arll arns 8ur1eu arar{ sr Jalrr.^r aql

2,{lrleuosrad ,o uorlrun; e ,,(lrrelndod sr ',{Elrt reqlouE 11 1nd o1:alduexa rol ral)auuol e Sursn ,{q slql leu8rs uer aM ruroJ raqloupur lnq 'pres aler{ a.ry\ 1eq,u leadar a.tr 'poolsrapun uaaq aneq a.r,t aJns a)eru ol 'sarurlaruosdrlrelf, '

'qder8ered ro aJualuas aq] Jo Suluufaq aq1 le auror sralrauuor asaql'lalretu aql uo a8uer arrrd slr ur JeJ rallaq ou s,aJar{l'dn tuns oa:aldr.uexa Jo{ 'uorsnlJuoJ ul ro dn runs ol se L{Jnssaserqd qlrM uorsnlJuo) e ol auroJ Jo prps a^pq a.tt lr{.l,r ;o f.reruurns e alpru ol lnoqearp a,{r leql leu8rs a.tr 'lnoqp alrJ.ry\ Jo ,{es o1 1ue.rvr a.,ur lpr{rrt Jo pua aql ol auroJ a.4{ uaqMzfteunung 'Z

'asnplJ Jo aJualuas aql ,o Suruufaq a,{l le atuoJ fllensn sra}JauuoJ asaql 'saspJqloq ul '{11se1 ro ,(11eug se r{Jns sJalJauuoJ asn an /lsrl aql Jo pua aql ol auroJ alt uar{M''''lPql lauv''''uaql'' "rIlIArupls oI Sursn ,{q passardxa aq osle uer Eur.rapro ue qrns 's)iooq arou 1q3noq aqse asnoq srq ur aperu araa,r sa8ueqJ ar{} qlrq./vr ur rapro aql lno 3ur11as sr Jalrr.ry\ aq} 'araH'pre,{)lJeq aql aq o} pasn IPLI1\,\ olur f11eul1 pue :lI ol lxau auoaql olul peards .{aq1 uaql lasnoq aql ,o luotJ ar{l lp ruoor p ur araM siooq aq} ',lsrl{:aldurexa rog " "{l1eurg " "uaql " "lsrlC asn a.tr 'aseJ sIL{l u1 'peuaddyq s8urqlq)rr{,lr ul rapro ar{l .ry\oqs ol sr raqloue 'rapro ur s8ulql 3ur11nd ;o ,{e.,tr. auo sI lsrl e 3ur1e141'uSrsap snqe11,,{s ro3 srspq raqloup apr,ro.rd' slll)s rnoJ lpuolltperl aql'i11eu11:aloruPxa Jog,{11se1 ro ,(11eur1 sp r{rns sralJauuo) asn elr '}srl aql ,o pua rql ol auor a.lt uaq6'r1s'''' {;puorag "'' f1;sr1gasn a^{ 1r aruelrodurl Jo srural ur sr rapro aqJ 'prlr{l Jo puoJas aql ueql luelrodtut arolusr ^\arl lsrrJ aLIl lpql sl uorlsaSSns aq] 'ra^a/v{ot{ 'uaUO aruel;odtut Jrar{} Jo JapJo uI loupue pamarl aq ueJ Surqleuos rlJrr{.t/r ur s,{e.rl guaray;rp ar{l }p 3ur1oo1 sI araq rallr/vr aqI' ' ' InJasn aq IIIrvr ll 'prIrII ' ' ' 'uorl)e paar8e ue

Jo srspq aql aq u) lr 'puoJas ' ' ' 'aurnsal e apt.ro.rd o1 snqelr{s aql asn deu a,u '1srrg:sasnqe11.{s Surrreq ro, suosear aql - seapl s1s11 aldruexa 8urrnrol1o1 aq1rapro 'I'uoqeruJoJur P4xa aJnporlurol pue 'papr ro luaualpls snor^,rard p sarJIrEIJ 1eq1 uopuadar p aJnporlur o1 ',{reururnse leu8rs ol 'aJualuas e ur rapro relnllred e ur sluala pue sapr lsrl ol pasn aq up) srelJauuoJ

'uoqJp srq roJ suoseal raqlo dn aleruo1 ,{1a111 sl alorureqlrnJ pup 'uorlElrloruanq srq Jo arEMsun sr uPlu aq1 ,r1rea13' ' ''InJasn

aq IIIrrl lI 'prlql ' ' ' 'uortre paar8u ueJo srspq aql aq usJ 1r 'puoJas ' ' ' 'grunsare apl.rord o1 snqellr(s aql asn u(eur aru'lsrrg

uoIlPruroJurP4xa'drrelt'druururns'raplo :z sualf,llNNof,9'9 IINN


22/34

Unit 5.6 Connecters 2We also use to put it another way and in other words to rephrase what another person hassaid, especially when that person has been very hesitant about expressing an idea whichis unpleasant. For example:A; I'm sorry, but, you see, . . . it's not me, but it's difficult with you here. . . .B: In other words, you want me to leave:

4. Extra informationLook at this erample:Clearly the man is unaware of his true motivation, and furthermore he is likelv tomake up reasons for his action.With this type of connecter, the second clause adds to the information we have in thefirst. Other connecters expressing the same relationship are also, in addition, besides,moreover.The co-ordinating coniunctions rvhich express similar relationships are and and notonly...butalso.

256


23/34

tgz\q) ut sasuotl)ttllsLtt aql alumat Lta4J'aaoqa (e) ut sli ruop aq oJ 4nm awos,toJ stt)tJ)fi)lsut aLuos lno lasaarql {sPI

ol qsrrod Ierau . rdde dlleurg '.{11n1arer eare aql q}oours ""u, oo ".ltq:,,""T ll:*"#roJ lleM 'raded sse13 aurJ aroru auros paau 1yr.u no^,{ osly 'd;essarau aq IIr,M suorlerrlddele.raâs 'arourarllrnC 'qsrlod i{ruarC luaredsue;1 dldde o1 paau uar{l IIIM no^ .radedsse13 aur; r{lrm qnr uaql flalaldluor lrpru aql .{emp adens ol aJruI dreqs e alpl lsrrC'aaoqa (e) Ltt asoql a4r1 sutlrqtntqsut tolstl D str ' atnlru.trtJ uo s\tuLu r,lctots lo pu laS ol oro\ noh sllrl q)rym '::aq ?utmo11oJ a41 aytLna2l (q1

'qloolus lr qnr /]as seq rallrt aql ralyy (,r)'ralllJ poo1vr tlll,!\ 3at aq+ pue Irolq pooM aql uaaMlaq lurot aql IIIJ (^l)'aJelcl olur )iJolq poo,/v{ aql MarJS (rrr)'IJolq poom al{t pue 3a1 rreqc aql riloq o}ur saloq .tra;rs 1olrd IIIrC (ll)'3a1 aql ;o adeqs aql llns ol poo^.{ 1o arard e rurrl (r)

('swtal la)tu7Jal a41 ilu mou4 lou op noli lr taqluwl,usaop |D'ol, 01 aaa4 nort Taqm lo uo\dutsap sttonu\uo) u a#,Lm'atow Surppa to dn Sutwwns'Stuapn tol staltauuoc Sutsp sna7) uo s3a1 ua,zaun Suundat n! suor1tn4sut auos an ataH (e)oM+ {sel

'e,le[ 1o lred srq] ur .{eme re; Jalau se,u lSeu l)elg 'suoruap Sursno.re aq lq8ru .taq1 ,rerar{l SulqJnol .{q leql lurql 01 paruaas z(aq1 'rauueu paualq8rry ripq8rls e ur pue n1a,qs .raqlerreJ aL{l L{rnol plno^ uraql Jo o,lrl aLIl 'dddeq aqrnb se.u I arns araM .{aq1 uaq.tr (q) .d"r8ueSuruoraq se.lr I Jr aas ol atu }e dlsnorlner parool .{aql atull aql IIV 'rer aq+ ol rle^{ pue spuequrol plnor* .,{aql " (3) 'puarrJ e ol 8urq1auos .,{es plno.u ar{ " " . . 9) 1a:ue13 palsaralurun'lEnsPr e a,Lr8 plno.vr uosrad aql " " " (a) .{lrapro d:a,r. sE1i{ reJ aq} paqreordde aldoad aqlfe.u' aq1 ]uaruasnurp d1aar1 1o 1o1 e Surlean sem rer par atilli aql 'tl r{Jnol o} fu1 pue reJ aqlpunor rarilPg ol arul] punot tuar{l Jo raqurnu a8rel e '.,{snq .{-ra.l pauraas sra8ellr.t aql q8noqlly

'tJo pa{lp./\^ pue paârlar paruaas ,{aq1 'luauraarSe pappou I'rar{}oJq s,upru aq} }aaru ol uaql L{ll.4^ oB o1 au: luerur l,uprp daql(p) 'a8elpa aqt punor {ool ot aru toJ Surlsaralur aq plno.M 1r 1eq1 palsa33ns olderdao5

'aru aas o] rano auer daql sE passprrpqrua llg e pa1oo1 .{aq1'1no 1oB uetu aql pue aq '" " (r) 'aarl e rapun apeqs aql olur ]r anorp olderdao5 .. . .' (q)'ref, aql Jo lno log I " " ' (e) d.renlsa aql ;o a8pa aql uo sem Je panrrre a.,* a8elpn aq1

'saplsaq 'uoplppp ur 'oslu 'Jaloaloru 'aloruJaq$nJ :arour Surppy'sprom reqlo ur 'feirt raqloue 11 1nd o1 :reap Surqlauos 3ur1e;41'uorsnlJuoJ ur 'dn tuns o1 :dn Suruurng'd11eur; 'lxeu 'uaql 'lsJrJ :(aûprrpu)',{1pug 'prrq1 'puoras 'lsrrJ :(seepl) Surraprg:64 Surmoyol at17 wott stal)auuor Sursn'spto,n Surssrw aql ul Ult ua4l'lxal Suttttollo! ary poa>jauo {sEI

Eilt/- s)svr - z sralrauuof, 9.9 llun


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nit 5.7 Subordinate coniunctions 1- TASKS ETask oneBelou, are seuerql pnrts oi seiltetlces. Connect as manv os vou can by usirg one of the subordinnttcorriunctions from the following list. Some examples haoe heert written for you.Exanples:As air-braffic irr*eases in Sor.rth-EasL Englar'td, a hnjorcatasLroph" s."r.lt. possible rn Britain.Whgn y9l 999 lhlg si9n: gou -ar? -sure of a ffig"dlg wgl:o*,e.Time: when, as, after, since, until, before, as soon as, while.Place: wherc, wherever.Manner: as, as if.air-traific increases in South-East Englandshe looked at her opponent directlybuy nowyou'll find the meal has been preparedbusinessmen throughout Europe are re-examining their positionsthere is a higher growth in industryyou do anything elseshe knew she would winyou like ityou see this signopen this letterprices are stili at last year's levelthere are higher taxes1992 approachesyou are sure of a friendly welcomea major catastrophe seems possible in BritainTask twoRead the t'ollozuing text and fill in the missing utords, using the appropriate conjunctions from the lis'in Task one.David Lewis has just been sacked as the Managing Director of Poseur. It seemed to havehappened very suddenly, (a) .... .. the rest of the board had been holding conspiracrmeetings at midnight. (b) . . . . . . he took over the company in 1980, Lewis has made Poseu:one of the big names in High Street. (c) . . . . . . you go throughout Britain, you will find aPoseur store or one of its subsidiaries such as Curtains. It seemed at one time that (d) . . . .one shop had been opened, negotiations were being finalised to take over another (e) . . .there was a town without a Poseur, Lewis would bring his team to look over the place

260


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'oml 4s0f ur )u0a41 o+.tafwrc'MaLll jnoqb Jtodat a alum puu rtpuatat smau aLfi ut uaaq sa7 ollm uostad a Jo ryy.ttaarql {sPI'araq1 .{ertr srr{ uo aq uoos IIrM sr.,"ra1 pr^ec 'ales .ro1 doqs .Qdua ue s,araql (!)'urrr{ roJ lJeq-}as ,{.re.rodrua1 e ,,{1uo 1p,u }l arns aJ a.la lnq llurr{ ssnu llpqs aM uo ra}pl sJaqto.,{uBtu os tllll\,\ plp ar{ ' ' (q) 'll paruroJsuerl sr^.ral 'srolrpl la)reu-u.4top 'Surlsaralurun up

spm rnasod '3uo1e atuer aq ' ' ' ' ' ' (3) leql 11e pa8ueqr sr.ltal '1und Jrq) roJ ldarxa 'uorlrrllerraql asoi ol paruaas sai{lolr 'd.r1unor aql ol parrlar per{ s096I aql to srnauardarlua Sur8urrr.rsaql raUV 'aurlJap olur auo8 ppl{ ssaursnq uonIsEJ arll 'auaJs aq} uo aure) ar{ ''' ' 0)sISeI - 1 suorlrunluo) aleurproqns l g llufl


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L. ConcessionEven though forms a relationship between clauses similar to that formed by however andnevertheless (see Unit 5.5). We use even though when the main action rs somethingwhich appears unlikely, given the situation in the subordinate clause.Look at this example:He may respond to questions, even though he is still asleep.Here, the writer is talking about what might happen when someone is walking in theirsleep. Other conjrtnctions which can be used to express this idea are though andalthough.WARNING BOX

Even though cannot be shortened to even. It is wrong to say:*He may respond to questions , ei'en he is still asleep.

2. ContrastContrast clauses are similar to concession clauses. They usually point out the differencesbetween two situations. We can use whereas, while or although to introduce them.For example:

UNIT 5.8SUBORDINATECONIUNCTTONS 2:concession, contTast, causeand effect, result, purpose

. . . in Britain, 'svllabus' refers to tl're corrtenttotality of what is to be taught.Hirst refers to the 'programme of activities',

He may respond to questions, even thoughhe is still asleep.. . . in Britain'syllabus'refers to thecontent . . . whereas'curriculum' referstothe totality of what is to be taught.He wants things to be neutral, because hedoes not want people to impose their ideas.

. . . whereas 'curriculum' refers to thewhile Kerr refers to the activities.

3. Cause and effecUreasonCause and effect and reason clauses answer the question WHY? We can use theconjurrctions because, since, as and for to introduce them. For example:FIe wants things to be neutral, because he doesn't want people to impose their ideas.The writers ciid not speak since they scarcely knew each other.ResultResult clauses tell us the result of sornething.Look at this erantple:The director was so moved that he promised his support.l{ere, so and that are separated and surround the r,r.ord that affects the result. This is ofteran adjective or adverb. When it is a noun, we use such a . , . that. For example:

In 1960, President de Caulle of France met Prime Minister Shastri of India. Mr Shastr:was such a small man that President de Gaulle had to bend down to talk to him.

4.

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leql rapro ullPr{l os leql"'q)nslEql ' ' 'osIOJ

SPa)uIsasnPJaq AIIqllrsParar{M

rlSnoqlleqgnoqlqgnoql ua^a

asodrnd llnsau l)aJJa rt) asneJ lsP4uoJ uorssa)uoJAJrutuns 'g

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nit 5.8 Subordinate coniunctions 2 - TASKS _E:tF_Task oneUsing subordinate conjunctions t'rom the following iist, make as many sentences as you cnn bylinking the clauses belou. Some examples have been written for you.Examples:Altlrough 1! 9au be uary havmful, peoptc judge the succcssof a holidag by lhe sun-tn.Whgregg it-9f9. w6 colsldergd Une srgn of peoptc whodia dirbg r p_hy.lcal jobl ? nowad,aJ: goq rtrusL hare a tan.Concession: even though, though, although.Contrast: whereas, while.Cause and effect: because, since, as, for.Result: so. . that,sucha... that.Purpose: so that, in order that.people judge the success of a holiday by the suntansuntan is now considered beautifulthe British insist on going out in the hot sunit can be very harmfulpeople try manv methods to protect themselves from the sunnowadays you must have a tanit can be very painfulit was once considered the sign of people who did dirty, physical jobsBritish people lie out in the mid-day sunthe only real protection is to avoid the sun altogetherpeople get wrinkles in their skin at a young agesome cosmetics are packed in exotic bottlesthere are now many tanning cosmeticsthey may not be good for youwith the sun, the skin driesin the nineteenth century, 'pale and interesting'was fashionableit won't show for twenty yearswith fast planes, it is more dangerous than beforethe skin can react to the sun slowlyTask twoRead the follozaing text and fill in the missirtg words zpith subordinate coniunctions chosen f rom tli,list in Task one.(a)......onlyafewyearsagothetwomajorpowersietheworldwouldn'ttalktoeachothertheirleadersnowseemunabletokeepapart.(b) ......thereisstillalotwhichdividesthen264


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992

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ue8aq s8urlaaur rraql 'aread Burlsel pue lear e Jo af,uptlJ .{ue se.rT ataql llal ^,{poqou " " " (pt8uorls '' ' ' (p) ser'r aread plro.{r ol lpart{l a\il 's8uriaaur rraql aro1ag alels le sr plro^laql ;o .Qa1es aql '' '' ()) tuaqt satrun leql aroul sr araql lelll IaaJ qloq .{aql ',{11ec13o1oapls)sel - 7 suorlrun(uo) aleurproqns I g llun


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UNIT 5.9TOPICALISATIONFor me, a glass of Veuve Cliquot sayssummer. It conjures up visions of . . .cloudless skies and long warm evenings.The Cliquot label even looks summery.

Topicalisation is about how we organise our messages to focus the attention of the listener orreader. In written discourse, this can mean that we change the neutral order of a sentence -subject-verb-object (see Units 1.3 and 1.4). This is also frequently the case with spokendiscourse. With spoken discourse, however, we are aiso able to make use of such features aspitch, movement and stress.Look at these examales from tuto adaertisements.(a) For me, a glass of Veuve Cliquot says summer.

(Adaertisement for Veuae Cliquot wine.)(b) I'm a great believer in instant technology(Adaertisement f or Polaroid cameras.)in both of these advertisements, the advertisers have used a famous personality to advertisethe products. In (a), the actor Paul Eddington, who at the time was the most popular actor inBritain, talks about Veuve Cliquot. In (b) Eddy Shah, who at the time was associated withintroducing modern technology into newspaper production, is talking about Polaroidcameras. In both cases, the advertiser wants the reader to identify with the personality, and soin both cases, the focus is on the person speaking. In (b) this is done through the conventionalsentence structure - subject-verb-object. I is at the beginning and is the topic of the sentence.In (a), hor,l.ever, the speaker has had to reconstruct the sentence, so that reference to himselfcomes at the beginning. The neutral sentence order would have the adverbial phrase at theend of the sentence (see Unit 1.4):A glass of Veuve Cliquot says summer for me.By transferring for me to the beginning of the sentence, the speaker becomes the topic of thesentence and thus its focus.Sentences are divided into two parts: theme and rheme. The theme is at the beginning andtells the listener/reader what the sentence is about; the rheme telis us more about the themeYou can see this in the following chart:

Theme RhemeFor meI a glass of Veuve Cliquot says summer.'m a great believer in instant technologv

In many cases, the theme/topic is also the grammatical subject of the sentence.Nozu look at this adaertisement:In twelve weeks, you could be speaking a neu'language with Linguaphone's help.Here, the reader's attention is drawn to the short time it will take to speak a new language266


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'asrJraxa uorsuaqJJdtuoJ e JoJ laqloaql ol ua^r8 PPLI auo leq] slnopueli aLuos ]noqe Sulllel srarnlJal ,{lrsraarun o1tl} ara.M daql 'lre1ui uopueqe qll:vr s)Ido] paSuetp pup uorlpr.uJolur 1o sarard urplra) lno Ual os pue +noqe s,n,,r lr]eq1vr ^touI paÎoûr aldoad o,\,\l ar{l 'atteztq suraas uor}psJaûoJ srr{1 raprslno aql o1 q8noqlly'ualll )sap .{tu uo a}ou p alpa1 iqo :y.qlunl raue lJoll,o rno] le s,ll igil1a1 sardo: lue ajaql araM jy:alduexa ro{'prnsqp suraas uollesraûo) aql }eql os'raualsrl Ienspr ar{l ol alqelrpêlou sI tl)rt{ivl lnoqe 3ur11e1 a.re ,{aql rrdol aql lnoqe a8pal.MouI e areqs raq}a3ol 3ui11e1 aldoadsawrlauros 'luaâ aql Jo lxeluoJ aql purur ur leaq ol aêq aM raMsue alaldtuor aql lou sl slr{I'allloq aql ol 'aurM 1o sse13 ar{l ol .qllpuosrad ar{luror] paurt{s seq rrdol aql 'pauleluIEtu are (rarutuns pue 1onbr13 a^na^) sauraLl} o^rl aqt alrq.4'qder8ered leur8r.ro aql ul raqlaSol asrnorsrp e yo s1.red aql 8ul)iull 1o .{e-u raq}oue sr trdol'lsol uaaq aêqplno-lr aurm ar{} uo snJoJ aqi 'a1qeldat)p uaaq aêq plno,n,r 1r q8noqlle 'rala.v\or{ ,aseJ srql ul'dn parnfuoc arp s8urua.la urre.lr3uo1 pue sar1s ssalpnolr ' ' 'Jo suoIsIA raururns sdes 1onbr13 alna1;o sse13 p aru roC:aldruexa roC 'raruluns uo pasnJoJ aÊr{ plnoJ 1r ro ,.,{1r1euos.radaql uo pasn)oJ aêq plnol qder8e.red aql Jo lsar aqJ ralrrm aql ol alqeJrpne arrorl) e sr araql

'raqlaSol qder8e.red arll ur saf,ualuas ar{l s{url]eq] slql sr ll auIM aql Jo aruEu aql uo snJoJ ol uasor{) seq ralrr.M aq} 'af,ualuas }srrJ aql rallvfuauluns slool uaâ Iaqel lonbllf, aq1 s8uruarta urre.lr 3uo1 puesar)s ssalpnolJ ' ' ' lo suorsrl dn sarnfuor ]I raruruns s.{es 1onbr13 alna1 yo sse13 p aru roC:juauasqnapa autm a4l rcl 7dafiund apqm alll ja 4oo-l'aroJaq auo3 seq 1eq.u .{q palraJ;e aq III.t,l arror{rsiralrrm -io s,;aleads aql 'a)ualuas qJpa ur tuaJaJJrp aq ,{eur snJoJ aq} q8noqlle pue - ua}lrr.,r,rro ualods - aslnoJsrp Sutnutluor e 1o lred are .{aq1 uorlelosr ur alerado lou op saJua}uas

'puo)as aql uI lJelqns ar{l o} pasteruaaq seq l)erlxa IsJIJ aql ur 1rafqo aJualuas aql ase) slr{l ul 'lJeJlxa puoJas aql ur leuru]rrJaqt ol uortrp arrlod aql LuorJ paryr.ls uaaq seq snroJ aql 'a^lssed aql Jo asn aql dq 'lnq ]uaprrurarrres aql Surssnrsrp r{loq are f,"ql'tZ'Z llufl uI slrodar radBds.r,rau o.\{l ar{l 1e ure8e >1oo.1'alualuas

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uorlesrlelrdoJ 6 E llun


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Unit 5.9 Topicalisation - TASKSTask oneFind fitte adaertisements and discuss how the adaertiser has focused the infornration. What reasonscan uou gioe for the sentence topic that has been chosen?Task two(a) Thinkof aneaentthathasbeeninthenewsrecently.Theeaentcanbeinternational,national(your honte country) or local (the place u,here you liae). Make notes on it,hat you think nre theimportant features of the eaent.(b) Make notes on your owil attitude to the eaent.(c) Write your own report on the et,ent.(dl Underline the t'ocus in each sentence and discuss how qou shilted the topic.(e't Consider how far your report reflects the points you made in (a) and (b).

t-4,EtF_

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UEG - Discourse 5