Travel Demand Management: An Introduction

CIVITAS Open AcademyCIVITAS Open AcademyLjubljanaLjubljana15 April 201015 April 2010

Eric N. SchrefflerEric N. SchrefflerTransport ConsultantTransport ConsultantSan Diego, California, USASan Diego, California, USA

CIVITAS Open AcademyCIVITAS Open AcademyLjubljanaLjubljana15 April 201015 April 2010

Eric N. SchrefflerEric N. SchrefflerTransport ConsultantTransport ConsultantSan Diego, California, USASan Diego, California, USA

Travel Demand Management:

An Introduction

Two ApproachesTwo ApproachesTwo ApproachesTwo Approaches

Supply-oriented: predict need, supply infrastructure to meet travel demand

Demand-oriented: influence the need to, timing of, and location of travel to reduce overall demand and make existing supply more efficient

Supply-oriented: predict need, supply infrastructure to meet travel demand

Demand-oriented: influence the need to, timing of, and location of travel to reduce overall demand and make existing supply more efficient

TDM Basics - Ljubljana Workshop

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

What is TDM?

Why and how can we manage demand?

TDM and infrastructure

TDM cost effectiveness

Final thoughts

Source of more information

What is TDM?

Why and how can we manage demand?

TDM and infrastructure

TDM cost effectiveness

Final thoughts

Source of more information


V/C Ratio – Volume/CapacityV/C Ratio – Volume/CapacityV/C Ratio – Volume/CapacityV/C Ratio – Volume/Capacity

Predict and ProvidePredict and Provide

V – predict demand

---

C – provide capacity

Assumes volume constant and adjusts capacity

V – predict demand

---

C – provide capacity

Assumes volume constant and adjusts capacity

Demand ManagementDemand Management

V – manage demand

---

C – maximize efficiency

Assumes capacity constant and adjusts demand

V – manage demand

---

C – maximize efficiency

Assumes capacity constant and adjusts demand


DEFINITION: What is DEFINITION: What is Travel Demand Management?Travel Demand Management?DEFINITION: What is DEFINITION: What is Travel Demand Management?Travel Demand Management?

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration defines TDM:

Managing travel demand is about providing travelers, regardless of whether they drive alone, with travel choices, such as work location, route, time of travel and mode. In the broadest sense, “demand management is defined as providing travelers with effective choices to improve travel reliability.”

Federal Highway Administration, 2006

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration defines TDM:

Managing travel demand is about providing travelers, regardless of whether they drive alone, with travel choices, such as work location, route, time of travel and mode. In the broadest sense, “demand management is defined as providing travelers with effective choices to improve travel reliability.”

Federal Highway Administration, 2006 TDM Basics - Ljubljana Workshop

TRAVEL DEMAND vs. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT


Other Definitions of TDMOther Definitions of TDMOther Definitions of TDMOther Definitions of TDM

“balancing travel needs with the capacity of available facilities to efficiently handle this demand”

or “application of strategies & policies to reduce automobile travel demand, or to redistribute this demand in space or in time””[

“balancing travel needs with the capacity of available facilities to efficiently handle this demand”

or “application of strategies & policies to reduce automobile travel demand, or to redistribute this demand in space or in time””[


DEFINITION: TDMDEFINITION: TDMCity PerspectiveCity PerspectiveDEFINITION: TDMDEFINITION: TDMCity PerspectiveCity Perspective

Any strategy, program, or combination of strategies and programs designed to change travel habits. Specifically, TDM projects attempt to reduce single occupant vehicle trips. (Greenfield, Massachusetts)

The general term for strategies that result in more efficient use of transportation resources. (Burlington, Vermont)

Any strategy, program, or combination of strategies and programs designed to change travel habits. Specifically, TDM projects attempt to reduce single occupant vehicle trips. (Greenfield, Massachusetts)

The general term for strategies that result in more efficient use of transportation resources. (Burlington, Vermont)


TDM vs. Mobility ManagementTDM vs. Mobility ManagementTDM vs. Mobility ManagementTDM vs. Mobility Management

Transportation Demand Management (TDM) tends to include a broad set of strategies that includes road pricing, facilities to encourage mode shift, and incentives to use them

Mobility Management (MM) may be seen as a subset of TDM which includes measures such as information, marketing, partnerships, communications, and promotion of sustainable modes. “MM is soft measures to influence travel before it starts.”

Transportation Demand Management (TDM) tends to include a broad set of strategies that includes road pricing, facilities to encourage mode shift, and incentives to use them

Mobility Management (MM) may be seen as a subset of TDM which includes measures such as information, marketing, partnerships, communications, and promotion of sustainable modes. “MM is soft measures to influence travel before it starts.”


Sustainable Urban TransportSustainable Urban TransportSustainable Urban TransportSustainable Urban Transport

The European Union (Council of Ministers of Transport) defines a sustainable transportation system as one that…

allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies and society to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and promotes equity within and between successive generations.

The European Union (Council of Ministers of Transport) defines a sustainable transportation system as one that…

allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies and society to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and promotes equity within and between successive generations.


Why Manage Demand?Why Manage Demand?Why Manage Demand?Why Manage Demand?

Cannot build our way out of congestion

Negative impacts of car of environment

It is much cheaper than new infrastructure

It makes better use of existing system

Makes road investment last longer

People appreciate having choices

People want a sustainable future

Cannot build our way out of congestion

Negative impacts of car of environment

It is much cheaper than new infrastructure

It makes better use of existing system

Makes road investment last longer

People appreciate having choices

People want a sustainable future


Categories of TDM StrategiesCategories of TDM StrategiesCategories of TDM StrategiesCategories of TDM Strategies

Enhanced travel options

New Public/Private Partnerships

Financial Incentives and disincentives

Real-time Traveler Information

Access and parking management

Enhanced travel options

New Public/Private Partnerships

Financial Incentives and disincentives

Real-time Traveler Information

Access and parking management


TDM Strategies: A SampleTDM Strategies: A SampleTDM Strategies: A SampleTDM Strategies: A Sample

Travel plans at worksites and schools

Personalized travel planning and advice

Carpool ride matching services

Promotion of public transport services

Offer of incentives to use sustainable modes

Priority treatment of high-occupancy vehicles

Managing parking and parking pricing

Travel plans at worksites and schools

Personalized travel planning and advice

Carpool ride matching services

Promotion of public transport services

Offer of incentives to use sustainable modes

Priority treatment of high-occupancy vehicles

Managing parking and parking pricing


TDM ApplicationsTDM ApplicationsTDM ApplicationsTDM Applications

Schools & Universities

Special Events

Recreation & Tourism Destinations

Transportation Corridor Planning & Construction Mitigation

Employer-Based Commute Programs

Airports

Incidents & Emergencies

Freight Transportation

Schools & Universities

Special Events

Recreation & Tourism Destinations

Transportation Corridor Planning & Construction Mitigation

Employer-Based Commute Programs

Airports

Incidents & Emergencies

Freight Transportation


Integration with InfrastructureIntegration with InfrastructureIntegration with InfrastructureIntegration with Infrastructure

TDM can influence demand before decision made to use car on highway

Mode choice is only one response, time and route choice can influence efficiency of congested roads

Preference can be given to high occupancy vehicles

TDM strategies can be tested during construction activities

TDM can influence demand before decision made to use car on highway

Mode choice is only one response, time and route choice can influence efficiency of congested roads

Preference can be given to high occupancy vehicles

TDM strategies can be tested during construction activities


IntegrationIntegrationIntegrationIntegration

TDM can be seen as part of daily management and operation of road system

Traffic management centers can influence choices

Incentives and disincentives can be offered to provide time advantages to higher occupant modes

Focus is on traveler rather than on vehicle

TDM can be seen as part of daily management and operation of road system

Traffic management centers can influence choices

Incentives and disincentives can be offered to provide time advantages to higher occupant modes

Focus is on traveler rather than on vehicle


Benefits of TDMBenefits of TDMBenefits of TDMBenefits of TDM

TDM makes road system more efficient

TDM is good for business

TDM is a low-cost solution

Effective TDM addresses many urban goals:

• Congestion relief

• Mobility enhancement

• Air quality abatement

• Energy conservation

TDM makes road system more efficient

TDM is good for business

TDM is a low-cost solution

Effective TDM addresses many urban goals:

• Congestion relief

• Mobility enhancement

• Air quality abatement

• Energy conservation


Comparative Cost EffectivenessComparative Cost EffectivenessComparative Cost EffectivenessComparative Cost Effectiveness

Los Angeles County

Performance Monitoring Study

Carpool program removed car from the roads for about $1 per day

New tram line costs about $2.50 per day for each new rider (and not all from cars)

Los Angeles County

Performance Monitoring Study

Carpool program removed car from the roads for about $1 per day

New tram line costs about $2.50 per day for each new rider (and not all from cars)


TDM Strategies and EmissionsTDM Strategies and EmissionsTDM Strategies and EmissionsTDM Strategies and Emissions

Comparative Cost Effectiveness

(cost per pound of emissions reduced)

Regional rideshare programs .............................................$3.70/lb.

Charges and fees ................................................................$5.15/lb.

Vanpool programs..............................................................$5.25/lb.

Miscellaneous TDM........................................................... $6.25/lb.

Conventional fuel bus replacement....................................$8.05/lb. Alternative fuel vehicles ....................................................$8.09/lb. Traffic signalization ........................................................ $10.05/lb. Employer trip reduction ...................................................

$11.35/lb. Conventional transit service upgrades ............................. $12.30/lb. Park-and-ride lots (rideshare and transit)......................... $21.50/lb. Modal subsidies and vouchers .........................................

$23.30/lb. New transit capital systems/vehicles ............................... $33.20/lb. Bicycle and pedestrian programs .....................................

$42.05/lb. Shuttles and feeder buses ………….......................................

$43.75/lb. Freeway/incident management ........................................ $51.20/lb. Alternative fuel buses ...................................................... $63.20/lb.

Comparative Cost Effectiveness

(cost per pound of emissions reduced)

Regional rideshare programs .............................................$3.70/lb.

Charges and fees ................................................................$5.15/lb.

Vanpool programs..............................................................$5.25/lb.

Miscellaneous TDM........................................................... $6.25/lb.

Conventional fuel bus replacement....................................$8.05/lb. Alternative fuel vehicles ....................................................$8.09/lb. Traffic signalization ........................................................ $10.05/lb. Employer trip reduction ...................................................

$11.35/lb. Conventional transit service upgrades ............................. $12.30/lb. Park-and-ride lots (rideshare and transit)......................... $21.50/lb. Modal subsidies and vouchers .........................................

$23.30/lb. New transit capital systems/vehicles ............................... $33.20/lb. Bicycle and pedestrian programs .....................................

$42.05/lb. Shuttles and feeder buses ………….......................................

$43.75/lb. Freeway/incident management ........................................ $51.20/lb. Alternative fuel buses ...................................................... $63.20/lb.


Final ThoughtsFinal ThoughtsFinal ThoughtsFinal Thoughts

TDM is not a cure-all; one tool in toolbox

TDM involves packages of strategies designed to influence travel and travelers

Individual strategies have finite impacts

TDM most effective when integrated

TDM is widely acknowledged as low-cost when compared to supply-side solutions

TDM is becoming more of a philosophy than a set of strategies

TDM is not a cure-all; one tool in toolbox

TDM involves packages of strategies designed to influence travel and travelers

Individual strategies have finite impacts

TDM most effective when integrated

TDM is widely acknowledged as low-cost when compared to supply-side solutions

TDM is becoming more of a philosophy than a set of strategies


WWW.VTPI.ORG/TDMWWW.VTPI.ORG/TDMWWW.VTPI.ORG/TDMWWW.VTPI.ORG/TDM

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

U.S. Perspective on European TDM

http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/traveldemand/index.cfm

www.eltis.org

TDM Encyclopedia

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

U.S. Perspective on European TDM

http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/traveldemand/index.cfm

www.eltis.org

TDM Encyclopedia


Documents

Travel Demand Management: An Introduction