Transformations in Europe,

1500-1750

Culture and Ideas

Religion Reformation

1500 Catholic Church prosperity

Indulgences at St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome,

by authorization of Pope Leo X

German monk Martin Luther

95 Theses

John Calvin

Simplicity in life and worship

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Alternate reasons to join the Protestant

cause:

Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent

Society of Jesus or Jesuits

The Protestant Reformation led to

“religious wars” in Europe until 1648.

Traditional Thinking and Witch-

Hunts

European concepts based on Judeo-

Christian beliefs, superstition, and belief in

super natural causes.

Witch-hunts 16th and 17th century

100,000

The Scientific Revolution

European idea of natural world:

4 light elements

Copernicus

Earth-centered model

• Christian opposition

• Spread in books

Galileo

Newton

The Early Enlightenment

Advances in scientific thought inspired

European governments to question:

Influenced by

• Chinese philosophers

War v. education

• Reformation

“no opinion is worth burning your neighbor for”

Opposition by absolutist rulers and clergymen

Printing press

Social and Economic Life

The Bourgeoisie

Substantial urban growth between 1500-

1700.

Bourgeoisie thrived in manufacturing,

finance, trade (grain)

Amsterdam

Monarch

Joint-stock companies and stock

exchanges

Government played a key role in the

improvement of ______.

What was the key role of the Anglo-Dutch

wars?

From bourgeois to nobility

Marriage

purchase

Peasant and Laborers

Serfdom declined in Western Europe, but gained

prominence in ______.

What contributed to the boost in European economy?

The condition of the average person in Western Europe

declined. What kept peasants from starving?

High consumption of wood

High prices led to use of _____.

Some efforts were made to conserve forests

to provide wood for naval vessels.

Deforestation

• Severe effects on poor

Urban poor

• “deserving poor” v. “unworthy poor”

Women and the Family

Women’s status and work were closely tied to

their husbands’ and families’.

Common people and bourgeois in early modern

Europe married relatively late. Why?

Result:

Education

Promoted by

bourgeois parents

No women

Political Innovations

State Development

Wearing Two Crowns

In 1519, Charles V inherited the Spanish and

the Austrian Hapsburgs.

Constant warfare

• Protestant

• Ottoman Empire

Unable to unify

Lutheran German princes

German Wars of Religion

Empire Divided

• Spain=

• Holly Roman Empire

Religious Policies Rulers of Spain and France successfully

defended state-sponsored Catholicism

against ______.

Henry VIII and the church ( )

Church of England/Anglican Church

Calvinist resistance

Monarchies in England and France

England

Parliament v King

• Oliver Cromwell of Puritan Republic order

Stuart line restored

• King James II driven from throne- Glorious

Revolution 1688

William and Mary

Bill of Rights

France

Bourbon kings were able to establish an

absolutionist government.

Minister of finance Colbert

Louis XIV’

• Versailles

Warfare and Diplomacy What led to military revolution?

Grew in size, maintained standard armies;

except England

Management of armies

Command structures

Signal techniques

Marching drills

Navy technology

Cannons

English Royal Navy defeat Spain’s Catholic Armada 1588. Result?

France=

England=

War of the Spanish Succession

England, Austria, Prussia v. France

Balance of Power:

Paying the Piper

War Costs

Alliances with commercial elites

Spanish

Netherlands

V. Spain

Commercial interests (Holland), craftsmen,

manufacturing enterprises (Amsterdam)

England

V. Dutch

Improved financial position

French

Protective tariffs

Could not: