The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 17 Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved

The Earth and Its Peoples

3rd edition

Chapter 17

Transformations in Europe,

1500-1750

Cover Slide

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Armada Portrait of ElizabethThis anonymous painting of the sixteenth century, dubbed The Armada Portrait, depicts the serene and resolute Elizabeth l flanked by "before" and "after" glimpses of the Spanish fleet. Her hand rests on the globe in a gesture of dominion that also memorializes the circumnavigation of the globe by her famous captain, Sir Francis Drake, some years before. (By kind permission of Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of Bedford Estate)

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth


Augsburg ConfessionIn this woodcut of the Augsburg Confession being read to Charles V, the artist has included text and images of the Lutheran teachings on the sacraments and the nature of salvation in the background. In contrast are the images on the left of a papal ceremony and court hierarchy in which, the artist implies, Christ is not present. (Kunstsammlung Veste Coburg)

Augsburg Confession


Battle of MohacsThe Suleymanname (Book of Suleiman), a biography, contains these wonderful illustrations of the battle that took place in Hungary on August 29, 1526. In the right panel, Suleiman, in a white turban, sits on a black horse surrounded by his personal guard while janissaries fire cannon at the enemy. In the left panel, the Europeans are in disarray in contrast to the Turks' discipline and order. Suleiman inflicted a crushing defeat and absorbed Hungary into the Ottoman Empire. (Topkapi Palace Museum)

Battle of Mohacs


Copernican systemThis illustration of the Copernican System from the published text of Copernicus's treatise On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) shows the earth and the planets revolving around the sun. Copernicus challenged traditional astronomy and its earth-centered universe. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

Copernican system


Council of TrentThis sixteenth-century painting by the School of Titian depicts a well-attended meeting of the Council of Trent. Since the early sessions were sparsely attended, this meeting seems to be a later session. Few bishops from northern Europe, however, ever attended. The Swiss guards (forefront) of the Vatican were founded by Pope Julius II in 1505 to defend the papacy. (Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY)

Council of Trent


Folly of IndulgencesIn this woodcut by Matthias Gerung (Spottblatt auf die katholische Geistlichkeit) the sale of indulgences is viciously satirized. With one claw in the holy water symbolizing the rite of purification, and the other claw resting on the coins paid for indulgences, the church, in the form of a rapacious eagle with its right hand stretched out for offerings, writes out an indulgence with excrement--which represents its worth. Fools, in a false security, sit in the animal's gaping mouth, representing hell. (Kunstsammlungen der Veste Coburg)

Folly of Indulgences


Galileo's moon paintingsWhen Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published the results of his telescopic observations of the moon, he added these paintings to illustrate the marvels he'd seen. (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence/Art Resource, NY)

Galileo's moon paintings


Hendrick Sorgh, Vegetable MarketThe wealth and well being of the industrious, capitalistic Dutch shine forth in this winsome painting by Hendrick Sorgh (Dutch, 1609/11-1670). The market woman's baskets are filled with delicious fresh produce that ordinary citizens can afford--eloquent testimony to the responsive, enterprising character of Dutch agriculture. (Historisch Museum, Rotterdam)

Hendrick Sorgh, Vegetable Market


Holbein, Henry VIIIThis portrait of Henry VIII, painted by Hans Holbein the Younger in 1540, is the best known of all of Henry's portraits. Although the king is painted half-length, Holbein has successfully captured Henry's regal bearing, finely detailed dress, the impact of his 6′2″ frame, and his imperturbable, aloof expression. (Scala/Art Resource, NY)

Holbein, Henry VIII


John CalvinJohn Calvin's theology was in most respects similar to Luther's. Both reformers gave primary importance to the authority of the Bible and to the idea of predestination. This portrait of John Calvin is attributed to the German artist Hans Holbein the Younger (ca. 1497-1543). It was painted around 1538, when the 29-year-old reformer was at the beginning of his career at Geneva, where he stayed to participate in the reform of the city, and then remained for the rest of his life. (H. Henry Meeter Center for Calvin Studies, Calvin College and Calvin Theological Seminary)

John Calvin


Lady Mary Wortley MontaguAs an aristocrat, a woman, and the wife of the British ambassador to Istanbul, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu had access to people and places (such as the imperial seraglio, or harem) that were off-limits to ordinary tourists. Her many letters to relatives and friends in England provide a wealth of information about upper-class Ottoman society. While in Turkey, she had her son inoculated against smallpox and, after her return to England, tried to educate the English public about the benefit of protection against this terrible disease. This was eighty years before the English physician Edward Jenner tried the procedure using cowpox in England. (Boston Athenaeum)

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu


Luther and Wittenberg ReformersThe massive figure of John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, who protected and supported Luther, dominates this group portrait of Martin Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers by Lucas Cranach the Younger. Luther is on the far left; his associate Philipp Melanchthon is in the front row on the right. Luther's face shows a quiet determination. (The Toledo Museum of Art; Gift of Edward Drummond Libbey)

Luther and Wittenberg Reformers


Ottoman coffeehouseThis sixteenth-century miniature depicts many activities typical of Ottoman coffeehouses: patrons enter (upper left); some sit, drinking coffee in small porcelain cups (center); the manager makes fresh coffee (right). In the center, men sit on a low sofa, reading and talking. At bottom appear activities considered disreputable: musicians playing instruments, others playing games such as backgammon, a board game where moves are determined by rolls of dice. (Reproduced by kind permission of the Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin)

Ottoman coffeehouse


Ottoman glassmakers on paradeCelebrations of the circumcisions of the sultan's sons featured parades organized by the craft guilds of Istanbul. This illustration, from the Surnama (Book of the Circumcision Festival) of Murad III (ca. 1582), shows a float from the parade of the Ottoman guild of potters. It features glassmaking, a common craft in Islamic realms. The most elaborate glasswork included oil lamps for mosques and colored glass for the small stained-glass windows below mosque domes. (Topkapi Palace Museum)

Ottoman glassmakers on parade


Ottoman helmetThis mid-sixteenth-century Ottoman helmet resembles a turban: conical shaped with sides tapering toward the apex, with ear and neck guards. Made of steel, the gold-inlaid and jeweled helmet was probably made for Suleiman the Magnificent. (Topkapi Palace Museum)

Ottoman helmet


Pamphlet witch trialPrinted pamphlets, such as this sixteenth-century example describing the execution of three women in Essex, England, spread the news of local "outbreaks" of witchcraft. One of the women, Joan Prentis, is also depicted surrounded by her animal familiars. The ferret in Joan's lap, the pamphlet relates, was the Devil himself in animal form. (Lambeth Palace Library)

Pamphlet witch trial


Philip IIAlonso Sanchez Coello (1531-1588, Spanish court painter) portrays Philip II in an unflattering way. He tried to combine truth with a show of respect, showing the king dressed in the austere black that was in fashion at the Spanish court, his hand fingering a rosary, and wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece, an order of knighthood, around his neck. The son of Emperor Charles V, Philip came to the throne at the age of 29, with control over all Spanish colonial territories, the Netherlands, and a large area of Southern Italy. He was also a force to be reckoned with in England. (Museo del Prado, Madrid)

Philip II


Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the Hunters

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the HuntersPieter Bruegel the Elder (1525/30-1569), the only genius among the sixteenth-century Netherlandish painters, explored landscape and peasant life. We see one of the sweeping landscapes done in his mature style in The Return of the Hunters (1565), one of a set depicting the months. This January scene shows many everyday activities. At left, men return from trapping hares, and the women under the sign singe the bristles off a slaughtered pig. On the frozen ponds people skate and play hockey and curling. An old woman carries a load of faggots across the bridge. (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna/The Bridgeman Art Library International)


Pope approves Jesuit constitutionsJuan de Valdes Leal (Spanish; active mainly in Seville and Cordoba) was famous for grimly moralizing subjects. He also created moving religious paintings and fine portraits. This portrait of Ignatius Loyola is a reasonable likeness and that of Pope Paul III an idealization; in 1540 he was a very old man. When the Jesuit constitutions were read to him, the pope supposedly murmured, "There is the finger of God." (Institut Amatller d’Art Hispanic)

Pope approves Jesuit constitutions


Rembrandt, The NightwatchThe high point of Rembrandt's portrait-painting career in Amsterdam came in 1642 when he painted the group portrait The Company of Captain Franz Banning Cocq (who had commissioned this painting), also known as The Night Watch. Due to the excessive layers of grit and varnish that accumulated on the painting over the years, the scene was generally thought to have occurred at night. However, a post-World War II restoration revealed that Rembrandt (1606-1669) used a full palette of rich, golden colors. (Rijksmuseum)

Rembrandt, The Nightwatch


Suleimaniye mosqueDesigned and built (1548-1557) by Pasha Sinan (1491-1588), a Greek-born devshirme recruit who became the greatest architect in Ottoman history, the Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul asserts the dynasty's power, religious orthodoxy, and the sultan's position as "God's shadow on earth." Suleiman, who financed it, is buried here. (Robert Frerck/Woodfin Camp & Associates)

Suleimaniye mosque


The True Church and the False ChurchThis woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) was designed to make clear the distinction between the evangelical church and the papacy. On one side Christ and his sacrifice are clearly at the center; on the other side the pope and innumerable church officials are caught in the flames of Hell. (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden)

The True Church and the False Church


Vermeer, Art of PaintingIn a typically Dutch interior--black and white marble floor, brass chandelier, map of Holland on the wall--an artist paints an allegory of Clio, the Muse of History (often shown holding a book and a trumpet). The Muses, nine goddesses of Greek mythology, were thought to inspire the arts. Considered the second-greatest Dutch painter (after Rembrandt), Jan Vermeer (1632-1675) was a master of scenes of everyday life, but he probably meant his work to be understood on more than one level. (Kunsthistorisches Museum/Art Resource, NY)

Vermeer, Art of Painting


Map: 17th Century Dutch Commerce

17th Century Dutch CommerceDutch wealth rested on commerce, and commerce depended on the huge Dutch merchant marine, manned by perhaps forty-eight thousand sailors. The fleet carried goods from all parts of the globe to the port of Amsterdam. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Acquisitions of Louis XIV, 1668-1713

The Acquisitions of Louis XIV, 1668-1713The desire for glory and the weakness of his German neighbors encouraged Louis's expansionist policy, but he paid a high price for his acquisitions. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Europe in 1648

Europe in 1648Which country emerged from the Thirty Years' War as the strongest European power? What dynastic house was that country's major rival in the early modern period? (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: Europe in 1715

Europe in 1715The series of treaties commonly called the Peace of Utrecht (April 1713 - November 1715) ended the War of the Spanish Succession and redrew the map of Europe. A French Bourbon king succeeded to the Spanish throne on the understanding that the French not attempt to unite the French and Spanish crowns. France surrendered to Austria the Spanish Netherlands (later Belgium), then in French hands, and France recognized the Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia. Spain ceded Gibraltar to Great Britain, for which it has been a strategic naval station ever since. Spain also granted to Britain the asiento, the contract for supplying African slaves to America. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Global Empire of Charles V

The Global Empire of Charles VCharles V exercised theoretical jurisdiction over more European territory than anyone since Charlemagne. He also claimed authority over large parts of North and South America. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748

The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748Austria expanded to the southwest into Hungary and Transylvania at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. It was unable to hold the rich German province of Silesia, however, which was conquered by Brandenburg-Prussia. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Netherlands, 1559-1609

The Netherlands, 1559-1609Some provinces were overwhelmingly agricultural, some involved in manufacturing, others heavily commercial. Each of the seventeen was tied to the Spanish crown in a different way. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


Map: The Protestant and the Catholic Reformations

The Protestant and the Catholic ReformationsThe Reformations shattered the religious unity of Western Christendom. What common cultural traits predominated in regions where a particular branch of the Christian faith was maintained or took root? (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)


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The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 17 Transformations in Europe, 1500-1750 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved