Title I Obligations (1156 - 1304)

8/12/2019 Title I Obligations (1156 - 1304)

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BOOK IV

OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS

Title. I. - OBLIGATIONS

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1156. An obli !tion i" ! #$ri%i&!l ne&e""it' to i(e) to %o or notto %o.

Art. 115*. Obli !tion" !ri"e +ro,

1/ L!0

2/ Contr!&t"

3/ 4$!"i-&ontr!&t"

/ A&t" or o,i""ion" $ni"7e% b' l!0 !n%

5/ 4$!"i-%eli&t". 189:!/

Art. 1159. Obli !tion" %eri(e% +ro, l!0 !re not re"$,e%. Onl't7o"e e; re""l' %eter,ine% in t7i" Co%e or in " e&i!l l!0" !re

%e,!n%!ble) !n% "7!ll be re $l!te% b' t7e re&e t" o+ t7e l!0 07i&7e"t!bli"7e" t7e, !n% !" to 07!t 7!" not been +ore"een) b' t7ero(i"ion" o+ t7i" BooVII) o+ t7i" BooVIII o+ t7i" Boo


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Art. 1162. Obli !tion" %eri(e% +ro, =$!"i-%eli&t" "7!ll be o(erne%b' t7e ro(i"ion" o+ C7! ter 2) Title >VII o+ t7i" Boo


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Art. 116:. T7o"e obli e% to %eli(er or to %o "o,et7in in&$r in %el!'+ro, t7e ti,e t7e obli ee #$%i&i!ll' or e;tr!#$%i&i!ll' %e,!n%" +ro,t7e, t7e +$l+ill,ent o+ t7eir obli !tion.

Ho0e(er) t7e %e,!n% b' t7e &re%itor "7!ll not be ne&e""!r' in or%er

t7!t %el!' ,!' e;i"t

1/ 7en t7e obli !tion or t7e l!0 e; re""l' "o %e&l!re or

2/ 7en +ro, t7e n!t$re !n% t7e &ir&$,"t!n&e" o+ t7eobli !tion it ! e!r" t7!t t7e %e"i n!tion o+ t7e ti,e 07en t7et7in i" to be %eli(ere% or t7e "er(i&e i" to be ren%ere% 0!" !&ontrollin ,oti(e +or t7e e"t!bli"7,ent o+ t7e &ontr!&t or

3/ 7en %e,!n% 0o$l% be $"ele"") !" 07en t7e obli or 7!"ren%ere% it be'on% 7i" o0er to er+or,.

In re&i ro&!l obli !tion") neit7er !rt' in&$r" in %el!' i+ t7e ot7er%oe" not &o, l' or i" not re!%' to &o, l' in ! ro er ,!nner 0it707!t i" in&$,bent $ on 7i,. @ro, t7e ,o,ent one o+ t7e !rtie"+$l+ill" 7i" obli !tion) %el!' b' t7e ot7er be in". 1188!/

Art. 11*8. T7o"e 07o in t7e er+or,!n&e o+ t7eir obli !tion" !re$ilt' o+ +r!$%) ne li en&e) or %el!') !n% t7o"e 07o in !n' ,!nner

&ontr!(ene t7e tenor t7ereo+) !re li!ble +or %!,! e". 1181/

Art. 11*1. Re" on"ibilit' !ri"in +ro, +r!$% i" %e,!n%!ble in !llobli !tion". An' 0!i(er o+ !n !&tion +or +$t$re +r!$% i" (oi%. 1182!/

Art. 11*2. Re" on"ibilit' !ri"in +ro, ne li en&e in t7e er+or,!n&eo+ e(er'


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Art. 11* . E;&e t in &!"e" e; re""l' " e&i+ie% b' t7e l!0) or 07en iti" ot7er0i"e %e&l!re% b' "ti $l!tion) or 07en t7e n!t$re o+ t7eobli !tion re=$ire" t7e !""$, tion o+ ri"


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Art. 1191. In &on%ition!l obli !tion") t7e !&=$i"ition o+ ri 7t") !"0ell !" t7e e;tin $i"7,ent or lo"" o+ t7o"e !lre!%' !&=$ire%) "7!ll%e en% $ on t7e 7! enin o+ t7e e(ent 07i&7 &on"tit$te" t7e&on%ition. 111 /

Art. 1192. 7en t7e +$l+ill,ent o+ t7e &on%ition %e en%" $ on t7e"ole 0ill o+ t7e %ebtor) t7e &on%ition!l obli !tion "7!ll be (oi%. I+ it%e en%" $ on &7!n&e or $ on t7e 0ill o+ ! t7ir% er"on) t7eobli !tion "7!ll t!


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in+erre% t7!t t7e intention o+ t7e er"on &on"tit$tin t7e "!,e 0!"%i++erent.

In obli !tion" to %o !n% not to %o) t7e &o$rt" "7!ll %eter,ine) ine!&7 &!"e) t7e retro!&ti(e e++e&t o+ t7e &on%ition t7!t 7!" been

&o, lie% 0it7. 1128/

Art. 1199. T7e &re%itor ,!') be+ore t7e +$l+ill,ent o+ t7e &on%ition)brin t7e ! ro ri!te !&tion" +or t7e re"er(!tion o+ 7i" ri 7t.

T7e %ebtor ,!' re&o(er 07!t %$rin t7e "!,e ti,e 7e 7!" !i% b',i"t!


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In &!"e o+ t7e lo"") %eterior!tion or i, ro(e,ent o+ t7e t7in ) t7ero(i"ion" 07i&7) 0it7 re" e&t to t7e %ebtor) !re l!i% %o0n in t7ere&e%in !rti&le "7!ll be ! lie% to t7e !rt' 07o i" bo$n% to

ret$rn.

A" +or t7e obli !tion" to %o !n% not to %o) t7e ro(i"ion" o+ t7e"e&on% !r! r! 7 o+ Arti&le 119* "7!ll be ob"er(e% !" re !r%" t7ee++e&t o+ t7e e;tin $i"7,ent o+ t7e obli !tion. 1123/

Art. 11:1. T7e o0er to re"&in% obli !tion" i" i, lie% in re&i ro&!lone") in &!"e one o+ t7e obli or" "7o$l% not &o, l' 0it7 07!t i"in&$,bent $ on 7i,.

T7e in#$re% !rt' ,!' &7oo"e bet0een t7e +$l+ill,ent !n% t7ere"&i""ion o+ t7e obli !tion) 0it7 t7e !',ent o+ %!,! e" in eit7er&!"e. He ,!' !l"o "ee< re"&i""ion) e(en !+ter 7e 7!" &7o"en+$l+ill,ent) i+ t7e l!tter "7o$l% be&o,e i, o""ible.

T7e &o$rt "7!ll %e&ree t7e re"&i""ion &l!i,e%) $nle"" t7ere be #$"t&!$"e !$t7ori in t7e +i;in o+ ! erio%.

T7i" i" $n%er"too% to be 0it7o$t re#$%i&e to t7e ri 7t" o+ t7ir%er"on" 07o 7!(e !&=$ire% t7e t7in ) in !&&or%!n&e 0it7 Arti&le"

1395 !n% 1399 !n% t7e ort ! e L!0. 112 /

Art. 11:2. In &!"e bot7 !rtie" 7!(e &o,,itte% ! bre!&7 o+ t7e

obli !tion) t7e li!bilit' o+ t7e +ir"t in+r!&tor "7!ll be e=$it!bl'te, ere% b' t7e &o$rt". I+ it &!nnot be %eter,ine% 07i&7 o+ t7e!rtie" +ir"t (iol!te% t7e &ontr!&t) t7e "!,e "7!ll be %ee,e%

e;tin $i"7e%) !n% e!&7 "7!ll be!r 7i" o0n %!,! e".

SECTION 2. - Obli !tion" 0it7 ! Perio% Art. 11:3. Obli !tion" +or 07o"e +$l+ill,ent ! %!' &ert!in 7!" been+i;e%) "7!ll be %e,!n%!ble onl' 07en t7!t %!' &o,e".

Obli !tion" 0it7 ! re"ol$tor' erio% t!


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I+ t7e $n&ert!int' &on"i"t" in 07et7er t7e %!' 0ill &o,e or not) t7eobli !tion i" &on%ition!l) !n% it "7!ll be re $l!te% b' t7e r$le" o+ t7e

re&e%in Se&tion. 1125!/

Art. 11: . In &!"e o+ lo"") %eterior!tion or i, ro(e,ent o+ t7e t7in

be+ore t7e !rri(!l o+ t7e %!' &ert!in) t7e r$le" in Arti&le 119: "7!llbe ob"er(e%.

Art. 11:5. An't7in !i% or %eli(ere% be+ore t7e !rri(!l o+ t7e erio%)t7e obli or bein $n!0!re o+ t7e erio% or belie(in t7!t t7eobli !tion 7!" be&o,e %$e !n% %e,!n%!ble) ,!' be re&o(ere%) 0it7t7e +r$it" !n% intere"t". 1126!/

Art. 11:6. 7ene(er in !n obli !tion ! erio% i" %e"i n!te%) it i"re"$,e% to 7!(e been e"t!bli"7e% +or t7e bene+it o+ bot7 t7e

&re%itor !n% t7e %ebtor) $nle"" +ro, t7e tenor o+ t7e "!,e or ot7er&ir&$,"t!n&e" it "7o$l% ! e!r t7!t t7e erio% 7!" been e"t!bli"7e%in +!(or o+ one or o+ t7e ot7er. 112*/

Art. 11:*. I+ t7e obli !tion %oe" not +i; ! erio%) b$t +ro, it" n!t$re!n% t7e &ir&$,"t!n&e" it &!n be in+erre% t7!t ! erio% 0!" inten%e%)t7e &o$rt" ,!' +i; t7e %$r!tion t7ereo+.

T7e &o$rt" "7!ll !l"o +i; t7e %$r!tion o+ t7e erio% 07en it %e en%"$ on t7e 0ill o+ t7e %ebtor.

In e(er' &!"e) t7e &o$rt" "7!ll %eter,ine "$&7 erio% !" ,!' $n%ert7e &ir&$,"t!n&e" 7!(e been rob!bl' &onte, l!te% b' t7e !rtie".On&e +i;e% b' t7e &o$rt") t7e erio% &!nnot be &7!n e% b' t7e,.

1129!/

Art. 11:9. T7e %ebtor "7!ll lo"e e(er' ri 7t to ,!


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/ 7en t7e %ebtor (iol!te" !n' $n%ert!


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Art. 1285. 7en t7e &7oi&e 7!" been e; re""l' i(en to t7e &re%itor)t7e obli !tion "7!ll &e!"e to be !ltern!ti(e +ro, t7e %!' 07en t7e"ele&tion 7!" been &o,,$ni&!te% to t7e %ebtor.

?ntil t7en t7e re" on"ibilit' o+ t7e %ebtor "7!ll be o(erne% b' t7e

+ollo0in r$le"

1/ I+ one o+ t7e t7in " i" lo"t t7ro$ 7 ! +ort$ito$" e(ent) 7e"7!ll er+or, t7e obli !tion b' %eli(erin t7!t 07i&7 t7e&re%itor "7o$l% &7oo"e +ro, !,on t7e re,!in%er) or t7!t07i&7 re,!in" i+ onl' one "$b"i"t"

2/ I+ t7e lo"" o+ one o+ t7e t7in " o&&$r" t7ro$ 7 t7e +!$lt o+ t7e %ebtor) t7e &re%itor ,!' &l!i, !n' o+ t7o"e "$b"i"tin ) ort7e ri&e o+ t7!t 07i&7) t7ro$ 7 t7e +!$lt o+ t7e +or,er) 7!"%i"! e!re%) 0it7 ! ri 7t to %!,! e"

3/ I+ !ll t7e t7in " !re lo"t t7ro$ 7 t7e +!$lt o+ t7e %ebtor) t7e&7oi&e b' t7e &re%itor "7!ll +!ll $ on t7e ri&e o+ !n' one o+ t7e,) !l"o 0it7 in%e,nit' +or %!,! e".

T7e "!,e r$le" "7!ll be ! lie% to obli !tion" to %o or not to %o in&!"e one) "o,e or !ll o+ t7e re"t!tion" "7o$l% be&o,e i, o""ible.

1136!/

Art. 1286. 7en onl' one re"t!tion 7!" been ! ree% $ on) b$t t7e

obli or ,!' ren%er !not7er in "$b"tit$tion) t7e obli !tion i" &!lle%+!&$lt!ti(e.

T7e lo"" or %eterior!tion o+ t7e t7in inten%e% !" ! "$b"tit$te)t7ro$ 7 t7e ne li en&e o+ t7e obli or) %oe" not ren%er 7i, li!ble.B$t on&e t7e "$b"tit$tion 7!" been ,!%e) t7e obli or i" li!ble +or t7elo"" o+ t7e "$b"tit$te on !&&o$nt o+ 7i" %el!') ne li en&e or +r!$%.

SECTION . - oint !n% Soli%!r' Obli !tion" Art. 128*. T7e &on&$rren&e o+ t0o or ,ore &re%itor" or o+ t0o or,ore %ebtor" in one !n% t7e "!,e obli !tion %oe" not i, l' t7!te!&7 one o+ t7e +or,er 7!" ! ri 7t to %e,!n%) or t7!t e!&7 one o+ t7e l!tter i" bo$n% to ren%er) entire &o, li!n&e 0it7 t7e re"t!tion.T7ere i" ! "oli%!r' li!bilit' onl' 07en t7e obli !tion e; re""l' "o"t!te") or 07en t7e l!0 or t7e n!t$re o+ t7e obli !tion re=$ire""oli%!rit'. 113*!/


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Art. 1289. I+ +ro, t7e l!0) or t7e n!t$re or t7e 0or%in o+ t7eobli !tion" to 07i&7 t7e re&e%in !rti&le re+er" t7e &ontr!r' %oe"not ! e!r) t7e &re%it or %ebt "7!ll be re"$,e% to be %i(i%e% into !",!n' "7!re" !" t7ere !re &re%itor" or %ebtor") t7e &re%it" or %ebt"bein &on"i%ere% %i"tin&t +ro, one !not7er) "$b#e&t to t7e R$le" o+

Co$rt o(ernin t7e ,$lti li&it' o+ "$it". 1139!/

Art. 128:. I+ t7e %i(i"ion i" i, o""ible) t7e ri 7t o+ t7e &re%itor" ,!'be re#$%i&e% onl' b' t7eir &olle&ti(e !&t") !n% t7e %ebt &!n been+or&e% onl' b' ro&ee%in ! !in"t !ll t7e %ebtor". I+ one o+ t7el!tter "7o$l% be in"ol(ent) t7e ot7er" "7!ll not be li!ble +or 7i" "7!re.

113:/

Art. 1218. T7e in%i(i"ibilit' o+ !n obli !tion %oe" not ne&e""!ril' i(eri"e to "oli%!rit'. Nor %oe" "oli%!rit' o+ it"el+ i, l' in%i(i"ibilit'.

Art. 1211. Soli%!rit' ,!' e;i"t !lt7o$ 7 t7e &re%itor" !n% t7e%ebtor" ,!' not be bo$n% in t7e "!,e ,!nner !n% b' t7e "!,e

erio%" !n% &on%ition". 11 8/

Art. 1212. E!&7 one o+ t7e "oli%!r' &re%itor" ,!' %o 07!te(er ,!'be $"e+$l to t7e ot7er") b$t not !n't7in 07i&7 ,!' be re#$%i&i!l tot7e l!tter. 11 1!/

Art. 1213. A "oli%!r' &re%itor &!nnot !""i n 7i" ri 7t" 0it7o$t t7e&on"ent o+ t7e ot7er".

Art. 121 . T7e %ebtor ,!' !' !n' one o+ t7e "oli%!r' &re%itor" b$ti+ !n' %e,!n%) #$%i&i!l or e;tr!#$%i&i!l) 7!" been ,!%e b' one o+ t7e,) !',ent "7o$l% be ,!%e to 7i,. 11 2!/

Art. 1215. No(!tion) &o, en"!tion) &on+$"ion or re,i""ion o+ t7e%ebt) ,!%e b' !n' o+ t7e "oli%!r' &re%itor" or 0it7 !n' o+ t7e"oli%!r' %ebtor") "7!ll e;tin $i"7 t7e obli !tion) 0it7o$t re#$%i&eto t7e ro(i"ion" o+ Arti&le 121:.

T7e &re%itor 07o ,!' 7!(e e;e&$te% !n' o+ t7e"e !&t") !" 0ell !" 7e07o &olle&t" t7e %ebt) "7!ll be li!ble to t7e ot7er" +or t7e "7!re int7e obli !tion &orre" on%in to t7e,. 11 3/

Art. 1216. T7e &re%itor ,!' ro&ee% ! !in"t !n' one o+ t7e "oli%!r'%ebtor" or "o,e or !ll o+ t7e, "i,$lt!neo$"l'. T7e %e,!n% ,!%e! !in"t one o+ t7e, "7!ll not be !n ob"t!&le to t7o"e 07i&7 ,!'


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t7e &re%itor) t7e ro(i"ion" o+ t7e re&e%in !r! r! 7 "7!ll ! l'.11 *!/

Art. 1222. A "oli%!r' %ebtor ,!') in !&tion" +ile% b' t7e &re%itor)!(!il 7i,"el+ o+ !ll %e+en"e" 07i&7 !re %eri(e% +ro, t7e n!t$re o+ t7e

obli !tion !n% o+ t7o"e 07i&7 !re er"on!l to 7i,) or ert!in to 7i"o0n "7!re. it7 re" e&t to t7o"e 07i&7 er"on!ll' belon to t7eot7er") 7e ,!' !(!il 7i,"el+ t7ereo+ onl' !" re !r%" t7!t !rt o+ t7e%ebt +or 07i&7 t7e l!tter !re re" on"ible. 11 9!/

SECTION 5. - Di(i"ible !n% In%i(i"ible Obli !tion" Art. 1223. T7e %i(i"ibilit' or in%i(i"ibilit' o+ t7e t7in " t7!t !re t7eob#e&t o+ obli !tion" in 07i&7 t7ere i" onl' one %ebtor !n% onl' one&re%itor %oe" not !lter or ,o%i+' t7e ro(i"ion" o+ C7! ter 2 o+ t7i"Title. 11 :/

Art. 122 . A #oint in%i(i"ible obli !tion i(e" ri"e to in%e,nit' +or%!,! e" +ro, t7e ti,e !n'one o+ t7e %ebtor" %oe" not &o, l' 0it77i" $n%ert!


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Art. 1226. In obli !tion" 0it7 ! en!l &l!$"e) t7e en!lt' "7!ll"$b"tit$te t7e in%e,nit' +or %!,! e" !n% t7e !',ent o+ intere"t"in &!"e o+ non&o, li!n&e) i+ t7ere i" no "ti $l!tion to t7e &ontr!r'.Ne(ert7ele"") %!,! e" "7!ll be !i% i+ t7e obli or re+$"e" to !' t7e

en!lt' or i" $ilt' o+ +r!$% in t7e +$l+ill,ent o+ t7e obli !tion.

T7e en!lt' ,!' be en+or&e% onl' 07en it i" %e,!n%!ble in!&&or%!n&e 0it7 t7e ro(i"ion" o+ t7i" Co%e. 1152!/

Art. 122*. T7e %ebtor &!nnot e;e, t 7i,"el+ +ro, t7e er+or,!n&eo+ t7e obli !tion b' !'in t7e en!lt') "!(e in t7e &!"e 07ere t7i"ri 7t 7!" been e; re""l' re"er(e% +or 7i,. Neit7er &!n t7e &re%itor%e,!n% t7e +$l+ill,ent o+ t7e obli !tion !n% t7e "!ti"+!&tion o+ t7e

en!lt' !t t7e "!,e ti,e) $nle"" t7i" ri 7t 7!" been &le!rl' r!nte%7i,. Ho0e(er) i+ !+ter t7e &re%itor 7!" %e&i%e% to re=$ire t7e+$l+ill,ent o+ t7e obli !tion) t7e er+or,!n&e t7ereo+ "7o$l% be&o,ei, o""ible 0it7o$t 7i" +!$lt) t7e en!lt' ,!' be en+or&e%. 1153!/

Art. 1229. Proo+ o+ !&t$!l %!,! e" "$++ere% b' t7e &re%itor i" notne&e""!r' in or%er t7!t t7e en!lt' ,!' be %e,!n%e%.

Art. 122:. T7e #$% e "7!ll e=$it!bl' re%$&e t7e en!lt' 07en t7erin&i !l obli !tion 7!" been !rtl' or irre $l!rl' &o, lie% 0it7 b'

t7e %ebtor. E(en i+ t7ere 7!" been no er+or,!n&e) t7e en!lt' ,!'!l"o be re%$&e% b' t7e &o$rt" i+ it i" ini=$ito$" or $n&on"&ion!ble.

115 !/

Art. 1238. T7e n$llit' o+ t7e en!l &l!$"e %oe" not &!rr' 0it7 it t7!to+ t7e rin&i !l obli !tion.

T7e n$llit' o+ t7e rin&i !l obli !tion &!rrie" 0it7 it t7!t o+ t7e en!l&l!$"e. 1155/

CHAPTER E>TING?ISH ENT O@ OBLIGATIONS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1231. Obli !tion" !re e;tin $i"7e%

1/ B' !',ent or er+or,!n&e

2/ B' t7e lo"" o+ t7e t7in %$e


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3/ B' t7e &on%on!tion or re,i""ion o+ t7e %ebt

/ B' t7e &on+$"ion or ,er er o+ t7e ri 7t" o+ &re%itor !n%%ebtor

5/ B' &o, en"!tion

6/ B' no(!tion.

Ot7er &!$"e" o+ e;tin $i"7,ent o+ obli !tion") "$&7 !" !nn$l,ent)re"&i""ion) +$l+ill,ent o+ ! re"ol$tor' &on%ition) !n% re"&ri tion) !re

o(erne% el"e07ere in t7i" Co%e. 1156!/

SECTION 1. - P!',ent or Per+or,!n&e Art. 1232. P!',ent ,e!n" not onl' t7e %eli(er' o+ ,one' b$t !l"ot7e er+or,!n&e) in !n' ot7er ,!nner) o+ !n obli !tion.

Art. 1233. A %ebt "7!ll not be $n%er"too% to 7!(e been !i% $nle""t7e t7in or "er(i&e in 07i&7 t7e obli !tion &on"i"t" 7!" been&o, letel' %eli(ere% or ren%ere%) !" t7e &!"e ,!' be. 115*/

Art. 123 . I+ t7e obli !tion 7!" been "$b"t!nti!ll' er+or,e% in oo%+!it7) t7e obli or ,!' re&o(er !" t7o$ 7 t7ere 7!% been ! "tri&t !n%&o, lete +$l+ill,ent) le"" %!,! e" "$++ere% b' t7e obli ee.

Art. 1235. 7en t7e obli ee !&&e t" t7e er+or,!n&e)


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Art. 1239. P!',ent ,!%e b' ! t7ir% er"on 07o %oe" not inten% tobe rei,b$r"e% b' t7e %ebtor i" %ee,e% to be ! %on!tion) 07i&7re=$ire" t7e %ebtor " &on"ent. B$t t7e !',ent i" in !n' &!"e (!li%!" to t7e &re%itor 07o 7!" !&&e te% it.

Art. 123:. In obli !tion" to i(e) !',ent ,!%e b' one 07o %oe"not 7!(e t7e +ree %i" o"!l o+ t7e t7in %$e !n% &! !&it' to !lien!te it"7!ll not be (!li%) 0it7o$t re#$%i&e to t7e ro(i"ion" o+ Arti&le 1 2*$n%er t7e Title on F Natural Obligations .F 1168!/

Art. 12 8. P!',ent "7!ll be ,!%e to t7e er"on in 07o"e +!(or t7eobli !tion 7!" been &on"tit$te%) or 7i" "$&&e""or in intere"t) or !n'

er"on !$t7ori e% to re&ei(e it. 1162!/

Art. 12 1. P!',ent to ! er"on 07o i" in&! !&it!te% to !%,ini"ter7i" ro ert' "7!ll be (!li% i+ 7e 7!"


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In obli !tion" to %o or not to %o) !n !&t or +orbe!r!n&e &!nnot be"$b"tit$te% b' !not7er !&t or +orbe!r!n&e ! !in"t t7e obli ee " 0ill.

1166!/

Art. 12 5. D!tion in !',ent) 07ereb' ro ert' i" !lien!te% to t7e

&re%itor in "!ti"+!&tion o+ ! %ebt in ,one') "7!ll be o(erne% b' t7el!0 o+ "!le".

Art. 12 6. 7en t7e obli !tion &on"i"t" in t7e %eli(er' o+ !nin%eter,in!te or eneri& t7in ) 07o"e =$!lit' !n% &ir&$,"t!n&e"7!(e not been "t!te%) t7e &re%itor &!nnot %e,!n% ! t7in o+ "$ erior=$!lit'. Neit7er &!n t7e %ebtor %eli(er ! t7in o+ in+erior =$!lit'. T7e

$r o"e o+ t7e obli !tion !n% ot7er &ir&$,"t!n&e" "7!ll be t!


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t7e ti,e o+ t7e e"t!bli"7,ent o+ t7e obli !tion "7!ll be t7e b!"i" o+ !',ent) $nle"" t7ere i" !n ! ree,ent to t7e &ontr!r'.

Art. 1251. P!',ent "7!ll be ,!%e in t7e l!&e %e"i n!te% in t7eobli !tion.

T7ere bein no e; re"" "ti $l!tion !n% i+ t7e $n%ert!


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I+ t7e %ebt" %$e !re o+ t7e "!,e n!t$re !n% b$r%en) t7e !',ent"7!ll be ! lie% to !ll o+ t7e, ro ortion!tel'. 11* !/

S?BSECTION 2. - P!',ent b' Ce""ion

Art. 1255. T7e %ebtor ,!' &e%e or !""i n 7i" ro ert' to 7i"&re%itor" in !',ent o+ 7i" %ebt". T7i" &e""ion) $nle"" t7ere i""ti $l!tion to t7e &ontr!r') "7!ll onl' rele!"e t7e %ebtor +ro,re" on"ibilit' +or t7e net ro&ee%" o+ t7e t7in !""i ne%. T7e! ree,ent" 07i&7) on t7e e++e&t o+ t7e &e""ion) !re ,!%e bet0eent7e %ebtor !n% 7i" &re%itor" "7!ll be o(erne% b' " e&i!l l!0".

11*5!/

S?BSECTION 3. - Ten%er o+ P!',ent !n% Con"i n!tion Art. 1256. I+ t7e &re%itor to 07o, ten%er o+ !',ent 7!" been ,!%ere+$"e" 0it7o$t #$"t &!$"e to !&&e t it) t7e %ebtor "7!ll be rele!"e%+ro, re" on"ibilit' b' t7e &on"i n!tion o+ t7e t7in or "$, %$e.

Con"i n!tion !lone "7!ll ro%$&e t7e "!,e e++e&t in t7e +ollo0in&!"e"

1/ 7en t7e &re%itor i" !b"ent or $n


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!',ent "7!ll be ro(e%) in ! ro er &!"e) !n% t7e !nno$n&e,ent o+ t7e &on"i n!tion in ot7er &!"e".

T7e &on"i n!tion 7!(in been ,!%e) t7e intere"te% !rtie" "7!ll !l"obe noti+ie% t7ereo+. 11*9/

Art. 125:. T7e e; en"e" o+ &on"i n!tion) 07en ro erl' ,!%e) "7!llbe &7!r e% ! !in"t t7e &re%itor. 11*9/

Art. 1268. On&e t7e &on"i n!tion 7!" been %$l' ,!%e) t7e %ebtor,!' !"< t7e #$% e to or%er t7e &!n&ell!tion o+ t7e obli !tion.

Be+ore t7e &re%itor 7!" !&&e te% t7e &on"i n!tion) or be+ore ! #$%i&i!l %e&l!r!tion t7!t t7e &on"i n!tion 7!" been ro erl' ,!%e)t7e %ebtor ,!' 0it7%r!0 t7e t7in or t7e "$, %e o"ite%) !llo0int7e obli !tion to re,!in in +or&e. 1198/

Art. 1261. I+) t7e &on"i n!tion 7!(in been ,!%e) t7e &re%itor"7o$l% !$t7ori e t7e %ebtor to 0it7%r!0 t7e "!,e) 7e "7!ll lo"ee(er' re+eren&e 07i&7 7e ,!' 7!(e o(er t7e t7in . T7e &o-%ebtor")

$!r!ntor" !n% "$retie" "7!ll be rele!"e%. 1191!/

SECTION 2. - Lo"" o+ t7e T7in D$e Art. 1262. An obli !tion 07i&7 &on"i"t" in t7e %eli(er' o+ !

%eter,in!te t7in "7!ll be e;tin $i"7e% i+ it "7o$l% be lo"t or%e"tro'e% 0it7o$t t7e +!$lt o+ t7e %ebtor) !n% be+ore 7e 7!" in&$rre%in %el!'.

7en b' l!0 or "ti $l!tion) t7e obli or i" li!ble e(en +or +ort$ito$"e(ent") t7e lo"" o+ t7e t7in %oe" not e;tin $i"7 t7e obli !tion) !n%7e "7!ll be re" on"ible +or %!,! e". T7e "!,e r$le ! lie" 07en t7en!t$re o+ t7e obli !tion re=$ire" t7e !""$, tion o+ ri"


21/26

Art. 1265. 7ene(er t7e t7in i" lo"t in t7e o""e""ion o+ t7e %ebtor)it "7!ll be re"$,e% t7!t t7e lo"" 0!" %$e to 7i" +!$lt) $nle"" t7erei" roo+ to t7e &ontr!r') !n% 0it7o$t re#$%i&e to t7e ro(i"ion" o+ !rti&le 1165. T7i" re"$, tion %oe" not ! l' in &!"e o+ e!rt7=$!


22/26

Art. 12*2. 7ene(er t7e ri(!te %o&$,ent in 07i&7 t7e %ebt! e!r" i" +o$n% in t7e o""e""ion o+ t7e %ebtor) it "7!ll be

re"$,e% t7!t t7e &re%itor %eli(ere% it (ol$nt!ril') $nle"" t7e&ontr!r' i" ro(e%. 119:/

Art. 12*3. T7e ren$n&i!tion o+ t7e rin&i !l %ebt "7!ll e;tin $i"7 t7e!&&e""or' obli !tion" b$t t7e 0!i(er o+ t7e l!tter "7!ll le!(e t7e+or,er in +or&e. 11:8/

Art. 12* . It i" re"$,e% t7!t t7e !&&e""or' obli !tion o+ le% e 7!"been re,itte% 07en t7e t7in le% e%) !+ter it" %eli(er' to t7e&re%itor) i" +o$n% in t7e o""e""ion o+ t7e %ebtor) or o+ ! t7ir% er"on07o o0n" t7e t7in . 11:1!/

SECTION . - Con+$"ion or er er o+ Ri 7t" Art. 12*5. T7e obli !tion i" e;tin $i"7e% +ro, t7e ti,e t7e&7!r!&ter" o+ &re%itor !n% %ebtor !re ,er e% in t7e "!,e er"on.

11:2!/

Art. 12*6. er er 07i&7 t!


23/26

2/ T7!t bot7 %ebt" &on"i"t in ! "$, o+ ,one') or i+ t7e t7in "%$e !re &on"$,!ble) t7e' be o+ t7e "!,e


24/26

Art. 1296. Co, en"!tion t!


25/26

&on"ent o+ t7e &re%itor. P!',ent b' t7e ne0 %ebtor i(e" 7i, t7eri 7t" ,entione% in Arti&le" 1236 !n% 123*. 1285!/

Art. 12: . I+ t7e "$b"tit$tion i" 0it7o$t t7e


26/26

2/ 7en ! t7ir% er"on) not intere"te% in t7e obli !tion) !'"0it7 t7e e; re"" or t!&it ! ro(!l o+ t7e %ebtor

3/ 7en) e(en 0it7o$t t7e

Documents

Title I Obligations (1156 - 1304)