EXPERT TOPIC 1304- CATFISH

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July | August 2013EXPERT TOPIC - CATFISH

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EXPERTTPIC

Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth lookat a particular species and how its feed is managed.

CATFISH

EXPERT TOPICCHANNEL


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Early history ofthe U.S. farm-raised catfish

industry- 1914-1973by Jim Steeby, PhD, associate professoremeritus, Mississippi State University, USA

A

s earlyas 1914 a researcher by

the name ofAF Shira spawned

adult channel catfish by placing

theminasmallpondattheU.S.

Bureau Fisheries Station in Fairport, Iowa.The fish were provided with cheese and

minnows as forage during the experiment.

By 1916, Shira had placed nail kegs in

the ponds with the brood fish to provide

themwithseminaturalspawningcavities.Of

course inthewild, mostcatfishspecies lay

theireggmassinhollowlogsortunnelsleft

by muskrats and beavers that are flooded.

Catfisheggsandfrywerefoundinthenailkegs confirmingtheir useby thebrooders.

He also noted that catfish would readily

consumeavarietyoffeedstuffs.Severalstate

and federal fish hatcheries worked with

spawningandgrowingcatfishoverthenext

tenyears.

Catfish in KansasBy1929abiologistnamedAlvinClappat

theKansasStateHatcheryatPrattKansaswith

hisfacilitymanager,SethWay,completedthemodern catfish hatchery system we know

today. As demonstrated by Dose in 1925

at thissame facility, theyplaced sexed adult

catfish inponds with nail kegs for spawning.

They removed the egg masses from the

kegstoanindoorhatcherywithtroughsand

flowing water. The egg masses were placed

in wire mesh baskets suspended in troughs

for hatching and provided rotating paddlesfirstpoweredby waterand laterby electric

motors.

By1930,thepropagationcatfishwaseasily

accomplishedandcrudefeedshadbeensuc-

cessfullyusedtoprovidethemwithnutrition.

In1946,thefirst commercial catfish farm of

recordwasstartedinKingman,KansasbyWE

BusHartley.ItshouldbenotedthatKingman

is not far from the Kansas Fish Hatchery in

Prattwereagreatdealoftheearlyworkwas

completed. Indeed, Seth Way near the end

ofhiscareerretiredfromthePrattHatcheryandpartneredwithHartley.Thephotoshows

Hartley and Waystanding near theirponds

inKingman,Kansas.Hartleysawtheincreas-

ing demand for catfish tostockintoprivate

pondsashobbyfishingwasontherise.While

Hartley grew minnows as well as bass and

bluegill, bythe early1950scatfish was over

halfhisannualproduction.Workingwithlocal

Billy McKinney

40 | InernAIonA AquAFeed | July-August 2013

EXPERTTPIC


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feed mills he created one

ofthe earlydry feed pellet

dietsforcatfish.Someofthe

early work on catfish diets

was carried out in Kansas

byDrOttoWTiemeierat

KansasStateUniversity.

In 1974 Hartley was

selected as Catfish Farmer

of the Year at the annual

convent ion in Memphis ,

Tennessee. By this time he

had been fish farming for

30years and hadover100

pondsand290acresunder

water. He hatched, grew

andprocessedhisownfish.

He served on the board

of directors for the Catfish

FarmersofAmericafromits

founding. Indeed, Kingman

was noted as the catfish

capital of Kansas by thosearound the area. Central

Kansas,fromPratttoKingman,couldbecon-

sidered the cradle of the farm-raisedcatfish

industry.

Developments in ArkansasThe nursery of the farm-raised catfish

industrywas Arkansas.Hereminnow farm-

inghadbeeninlargepracticesincethelate

1930sandearly1940s.Growingbaitfishand

bassandbluegillgavethesefarmersahand

and it could be said a wadder-up on the

transport, handling and husbandry of fish.

Among those starting early and standing

outwas Eagar Farmerof Dumus,Arkansas.

Buffalo fish( Ictiobus sp.)was anearlymeat

fishgrown byArkansasfish farmers.It was

hardyandhadareadymarketthatcontinues

untiltoday.

Ascatfishbecamemorepopularandprof-

itabletheswitchfrombuffalofishwasrapid.In

1973,whenhewasselectedascatfishfarmer

oftheyear attheannualCatfishFarmers of

America Convention in New Orleans, LA,

EagarFarmerhadover1,000acresofcatfish

Tom Reed, F B. Janous and Leroy Reed

July-August 2013 | InernAIonA AquAFeed | 41

EXPERTTPIC

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production.Hewasalsooneofthefounders

ofacatfishprocessingcooperativeinDumas

and a long time boardmember for Catfish

FarmersofAmerica.

Arkansas fish farmers relied heavily on

theU.S.FishandWildlifeServiceFishStation

at Stuttgart, Arkansas directed by Kermit

Sneed,andtheMarineFisheriesServiceGear

TechnologyStationatKelso,Arkansasdirect-

edbyDonaldGreenland,fornewinformation

and technical advice. Early Stuttgart staff

includedafullrangeofexperts:MayoMartin

(extension),WaltHastings(nutrition),Dewey

Tackett (chemist), and Fred Meyer (disease

diagnostics).

AlabamaInthe1960sasArkansaswasswitching

to catf ish, Alabama began to playa role in

the early phases of university research and

processing.AtAuburn,DrHomerSwingle

had been construct ing farm ponds and

investigat-

in g their

use begin-ning in

1940. His

earlywork

with the

science

of rec-

reational

pond

management left Auburn in place to train

a growing number of students and easily

move to catfish and many other species.

Hebegannutritionworkoncatfishasearly

as 1950. The Federal hatchery in Marion,

AlabamabeganunderthedirectionofJack

Snow (anAuburn graduate) in 1950, and

wasagreatsourceofhelptofishfarmers.

Early commercial pioneers in Alabama

beginningfromaround1960includeRichard

True,CheckStephensandJoeGlover.They

used the information published by Kermit

Sneed and Howard Clemens to artificially

induce spawning of channel catfish using

hormonesonacommercialbasis.Theyinsti-

tutedthe firstrecorded useofacommercial

skinningmachinetoremovetheskinofcatfish.Previouslyitwasdonebyhandwithgripping

pliers.

Trueand Glovermoved toMississippiin

the early 1970s as the industry was rapidly

shiftingtothedelta.Theybothworkedmany

years in large scale commercial processing.

They were also instrumental in starting the

Catfish MarketingAssociation in 1972. This

earlypromotionof the industrypaid for by

processors, appeared at food shows and

national restaurant associationmeetings and

was likely critical to the industry growth

that would follow in the 1970s and 1980s.

ThoseremaininginAlabamafarmingformany

yearswereWilliamEasterling,DanButterfield,

DavidPearce,andThadSpree.

The catfish industry comesof age in MississippiThe catfish industry grew up and came

of age inMississippi.With its warm climate

and vast land acres of heavy clay soil and

abundant ground water it was the fertile

placewhereresourceswerenearlyunlimited.

Herelargefarmswithlandformingequipment

couldquicklyconstructpondsandhavewells

installed.

BillyMcKinney and hispartner, Raymond

Brownwerethefirstfarmersofrecord(1965)

toconstructa pondto producea largecrop

of catfish, 10,000 pounds, that when har-

vestedhadtobetransportedsome600miles

to central Kansas to be processed and sold.Inthenextyearhewouldpartnerwithother

farmers, including Tom Reed, Leroy Reed,

andBFJanous,JohnPeaster,TRColeman,

MelvinandWFAndersonamongothersto

formalocalprocessingplantinMorganCity,

42 | InernAIonA AquAFeed | July-August 2013

EXPERTTPIC


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MS.Theyopenedacatfishrestaurantnearby

shortlyafterin1967.

In the mid 1960sBobbyThompsonand

WF SkinnerAnderson teamedup togrow

hatch and grow fingerlings for the rapid-

ly expanding industry. By 1970 the catfish

industry was well established in Mississippi,

ArkansasandAlabama.

In 1974, dissatisfiedwith the quality and

priceofcommercialcatfishfeedseveralgrow-

ers,includingTomReedIII,organisedagrow-

er-owned feedmillnearBelzoni,Mississippi.

This producers feed mill would serve the

industry as a major source of feed for the

next20years.

The expanding industry in Mississippi

began to exper ience f ish heal th and

water quality problems on a large scale.

With advice and input from county agent

Tommy Taylor and growers, Mississippi

StateUniversityinitiateddiseasediagnostic,

extension and research services to catfish

farmers under Leader Dr Tom Wellbornfrom1971-1987.

Spreading throughout the USABetween1960and1970,theU.S. farm-

raisedcatfishindustrywentfrom600 acres

to 40,000 acres . In 1970 Catfi sh farms

were found in Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri,

Arkansas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,

GeorgiaandKansas.Thestagewasnowset

forgrowthandgrowingpainsforthenext30

yearstocome.By1999,theindustryhadexpandedto

over four times the wateracres in 1970

withMississippialonehavingover100,000

wateracresofponds.Thousandsofpeople

wouldbeinvolvedwithfeedmanufacture,

feeding, harvesting, processing, research

and extension phases of the expanding

industry.

Expansion of the U .S . Farm-Ra ised

Catfishindustryforthenext30yearsand

thedecline from2002 to present day aretwo more stories for another time . Here

we celebrate those early pioneers that

worked with many unknowns and set

the course for most of us that fol lowed.

I t should be noted here that the State

Fish Hatchery at Pratt , Kansas is sti ll in

operationandtheHartleyFishHatcheryat

KingmanisstilloperatedbyBusHartleys

sons,BillandJerry.

The Pratt museum

July-August 2013 | InernAIonA AquAFeed | 43

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EXPERT TOPIC channel catfish

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