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THERAPIESPertemuan 23
Matakuliah : L0014 / PSIKOLOGI UMUMTahun : 2007
Psychotherapy
• Specialized process where trained professional uses psychological methods
• Differing forms of psychotherapy have differing methods– Psychoanalytic: focuses on gaining insight– Humanistic: focuses on gaining insight– Social learning or behavior therapy: uses forms of
teaching
Therapies
Psychotherapy (2)
• Relationship involves power of therapist, emotional patient divulging personal data
• Ethical Standards– Goals of treatment understood/agreed to by client; in
best interest of client and society
– Careful consideration given to alternatives
– Therapist treats only within limits of expertise
Therapies
Psychotherapy (3)
• Ethical Standards
– Effectiveness of treatment must be evaluated
– Rules and laws of confidentiality followed
– No abuse of therapist-client relationship
– Therapist must treat all humans with dignity; respecting all genders, races, sexual orientation, and other sociocultural factors
Therapies
Therapies (1) • Psychoanalysis – founded by Freud
– Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts– Imbalance in id, ego, and superego– Conscious insight can resolve conflicts– Special therapy techniques may be used
• Free association• Dream interpretation• Interpretation of resistance (from vague forms to
specific resistance)
Therapies
Therapies (2) • Psychoanalysis
– Transference – therapist-client relationship takes form of client’s relationships with own parents and other authority figures
– Catharsis – emotional experience or temporary relief from discomfort (some insight gained)
– Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression• Emerged from psychoanalytic tradition• Identifies sources of depression and goals for therapy
process; very successful outcomes
Therapies
Therapies (3) • Humanistic psychology – Carl Rogers
– People not born with unconscious mind– Client-centered therapy or person-centered
• Emphasis on client’s ability to help self – feels emotionally safe enough to explore own hidden emotions
• Therapist creates unconditional atmosphere (warmth, genuine positive regard, empathy)
– Reflection – therapist makes statements to clarify client’s feelings and emotions
Therapies
Therapies (4)• Gestalt therapy – founded by F. Perls
– Humanistic psychotherapy approach
– Meanings of sensations organized into whole perceptions
– Goal: create therapeutic experience helping client achieve greater self-awareness
– Emotional atmosphere: therapists often deal in confrontive, challenging manner necessary to loosen denied feelings
Therapies
Therapies (5)
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Abnormal behavior learned from inappropriate
experiences through
• Classical conditioning• Operant conditioning• Modeling
– Learning is central goal of therapy; therapist is teacher and client learns adaptive behaviors
– Cognitions less important
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)
– Fear reduction methods using • Graded exposure - series of increasingly fearful situations
experienced for gradual mastery
• Use of modern technology - computer-generated virtual reality
• Treats obsessive-compulsive disorders when used with other methods
– Social skills training
• Shaping and positive reinforcement used in role playing
• Teach use of adaptive skills enough to handle real-life situations
• Focus on social skill problem of unassertiveness
Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)– Cognitive restructuring
• Assumes faulty cognitions – maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and thinking
• Effective for treating anxiety, depression
• Cannot modify clients’ existing behaviors because of inaccurate ways of thinking about themselves
• Patterns of cognition contributing to emotional distress
Therapies
– Selective abstraction
– Overgeneralization– Arbitrary
interference
–Magnification and minimization
–Personalization–Absolutistic thinking
Group and Family Therapy (1)• Group therapy
– Carried out with groups of 4 to 8 clients; sees experience more effective than individual therapy techniques
• Receives encouragement from others• Sees problem experienced by others• Learn from others’ advice• Learn new ways to interact with others • Format of group therapy varies widely
Therapies
Group and Family Therapy (2)
• Family therapy – Group composed of family members– Therapist trained in psychoanalytic, humanistic, and
behavioral approaches– Beliefs
• Family issues at root of problem• Dynamics of family system need analysis – function of each
need to be understood
– Therapists’ goals to resolve problems by improving functioning of family system
• Give family members insights and correct family dysfunctions
• Increase warmth and intimacy in family• Improve family member communication• Help members establish reasonable set of rules for family
regulation
Therapies
Human Diversity
• Ethnic, gender, and sexual issues in mental health
– U.S. has one of most advanced mental health system in world – does not cover all citizens
• Hispanics - less outpatient care than whites
• African Americans – more likely than whites to be committed to psychiatric hospitals (often involuntarily)
– U.S. mental health system
• Fewer women receive mental health services than men
• Gender of therapist does not appear to influence outcomes
– Feminist psychotherapy – radical approach
• Women treated as second-class citizens and Barbie dolls
Therapies
Human Diversity• Goals of Feminist Psychotherapy
– Advocates equal relationship in therapy– Encourage women to see how society limited them
to dependent roles– Encourage women to become aware of their anger;
find constructive ways of expressing– Have women define selves as independent– Women encouraged to consider own needs– Women should develop nontraditional skills
Therapies
• Drug therapy – Widely used to treat abnormal behavior– Commonly used psychiatric drugs
– Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)– Transcranial stimulation
• Magnetic field used on frontal cortex
Therapies
• Effexor• Paxil • Prozac
• Zorloft • Xanax• Geodon
• Haldol• Navane• Risperdal
• Zyprexa• Depakote• Epilim
Medical Therapies
• Psychosurgery
– Trephining
– Prefrontal labotomy
– Modern names for labotomy surgeries conducted today
• Capuslotomy
• Cingulotomy
Therapies
Trephining operations were
apparently performed in
the Middle Ages to treat
abnormal behavior