The Union in Peril Chapter 4

The Union in PerilChapter 4

Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.

Summary:

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

The Divisive Politics of Slavery

The Civil War Begins

The North Takes Charge

Reconstruction and Its Effects

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mar_4_1865.svg

2

The Divisive Politics of Slavery (4.1)

North

• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery

• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread

South

• Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor

• South tries to spread slavery in West

Differences Between North and SouthControversy over Slavery Worsens

Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South



Northern States

• Massachusetts was first colony established in the North

• Liberal religious views

• Economy is based on Industry (manufacturing)

Southern States

• Virginia was the first colony established in the South

• Conservative religious views

• Economy is based on agriculture (slavery)

3

Differences Between North and South




Objective: Identify differences between the North & the South 4

Differences Between North and SouthControversy over Slavery Worsens

• The peculiar institution got worse as new states were admitted into the Union

• Pro-Slavery government leaders wanted the new states to be slave states

• Anti-Slavery government leaders wanted the new states to be non-slave states



Slavery in the TerritoriesStatehood for California• California applies for statehood as free state in 1849;

angers South

The Compromise of 1850• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico

Territory• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal

from Union• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave

law enacted• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue

in NM, Utah



Slavery in the Territories


• When states apply for statehood, they have to create a constitution where people decide on the type of government. This is called popular sovereignty

• In the United States of America, what is more important?

– The States? or

– The Nation?


Slavery in the Territories cont.



Slavery in the Territories cont.


Objective: Describe the operation of the Underground Railroad& other forms of protest against slavery

9

Protest, Resistance, and ViolenceFugitive Slave Act• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and

imprisoned• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety

in CanadaThe Underground Railroad• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—

escape routes from South• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free

African Americans

Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

increases protests



10

Protest, Resistance, and Violence



11

Protest, Resistance, and Violence cont.

Tension in Kansas and Nebraska• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’

line, closed to slavery• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular

sovereignty on slavery“Bleeding Kansas”• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border

to vote in Kansas • Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over

slavery in KansasViolence in the Senate• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery,

singles out Andrew Butler• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults

Sumner on Senate floor


Objective: Explain the political conditions that gave rise to theRepublican Party & divided the Whigs

12

New Political Parties EmergeSlavery Divides Whigs• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories• Nativists Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery

The Free-Soilers’ Voice• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white

workers

The New Republican Party• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories• Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856);

secession averted


Objective: Describe the conflicts that led to secession 13

Conflicts Lead to SecessionThe Dred Scott Decision• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen

Douglas and Abraham Lincoln• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state

is free or slave• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants

constitutional amendment


Objective: Describe the conflicts that led to secession 14

Conflicts Lead to Secession cont.

Harper’s Ferry• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave

uprising (1859)• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried,

executed

Southern Secession• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form

Confederacy in 1861• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected

president of Confederacy

Lincoln Is Elected President• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no

southern electoral votes

The Civil War Begins (4.2)

Objective: Analyze the Strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War 15

Union & Confederate Forces Clash

Southern States Take Sides

• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers

• 4 more slave states join Confederacy

• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain in Union

16


Northern Strengths

• More People• Factories• Food Production

Southern Strengths

• Cotton• Outstanding Generals• Motivated Soldiers


Strengths

Union & Confederate Forces Clash

Strategies• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond• Confederacy plan: hold out until the people in the North get tired of fighting




Union & Confederate Forces Clash cont.

Bull Run• Bull Run—first battle, near

Washington; Confederate victory • Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall

Jackson for firm stand in battle

Union Armies in the West• Ulysses S. Grant pushes south;

captures forts, wins at Shiloh• David G. Farragut takes New

Orleans, the Confederacy’s busiest port



Union & Confederate Forces Clash cont.

The War for the Capitals• Robert E. Lee takes

command of Confederate Army in 1862:- drives General George McClellan from Richmond- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle

• McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw


Objective: Identify the key political issues that affected the conduct of the war 19

The Politics of WarBritain Remains Neutral• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern goods

Proclaiming Emancipation• Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible

Both Sides Face Political Dissent• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty, dissent


Objective: Describe aspects of military & civilian life during wartime 20

Life During WartimeWar Leads to Social Upheaval• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on both sides• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots

African Americans Fight for Freedom• African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war

Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet, poor medical care• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of malnutrition, disease


Objective: Describe aspects of military & civilian life during wartime 21

Life During Wartime cont.

Women Work to Improve Conditions• Thousands of women serve as nurses for both sides• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds American

Red Cross

The War Affects Regional Economies• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices,

inflation• Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern

industry• North’s standard of living declines• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of

income) to pay for war

The North Takes Charge (4.3)

Objective: Explain how decisive battles, such as Gettysburg & Vicksburg changed the tide of war

22

The Tide TurnsSouthern Victories• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863, Chancellorsville



23

The Tide Turns cont.

The Battle of Gettysburg• North wins decisive three-day battle of

Gettysburg, July 1863• Total casualties were more than 30%; South

demoralized

The Gettysburg Address• Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at

cemetery dedication• Speech helps country realize it is a unified nation



24

The Tide Turns cont.

Grant Wins at Vicksburg• May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after unsuccessful attacks


Objective: Describe instances of total war waged by Grant & Sherman 25

The Confederacy Wears DownConfederates Seek Peace• Confederacy no longer able to attack; works toward armistice• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call for peace

Total War• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864)• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as Western commander • Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fight• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia



The Confederacy Wears Down cont.

Sherman’s March• Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction through Georgia

The Election of 1864• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s victories



The Confederacy Wears Down cont.

The Surrender at Appomatox

• April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox Court House

• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance collapses


Objective: Explain how the war changed the nation & people’s lives 28

The War Changes the NationHuman Cost of the War• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers die

Political and Economic Changes• Civil War increases power, authority of federal government• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyed



The War Changes the Nation cont.

A Revolution in Warfare• Developments in military technology make fighting more deadly• Ironclad ships change naval warfare



The War Changes LivesThe Thirteenth Amendment• Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all

states

Lincoln Is Assassinated• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s

Theater• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes,

trapped by Union cavalry, shot• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s

funeral train

Reconstruction & Its Effects (4.4)

Objective: Describe various Reconstruction plans & analyze the politicalconsequences of the plans

31

The Politics of ReconstructionBuilding a New South• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)

Lincoln’s Plan• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union • Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:

- want to destroy political power of former slaveholders- want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans



32

The Politics of Reconstruction cont.

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own

plan • Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners• Congress rejects new Southern governments,

congressmen

Congressional Reconstruction• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau

Act (1866)• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to

African Americans• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into

districts



33

The Politics of Reconstruction cont.

Johnson Impeached• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict

U. S. Grant Elected• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans


Objective: Describe how Reconstruction affected life in the South for white Southerners & former slaves

34

Reconstructing Society

Conditions in the Postwar South• By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union• Republican governments begin public works programs, social services

Politics in the Postwar South• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks


Objective: Describe how Reconstruction affected life in the South for white Southerners & former slaves

35

Reconstructing Society cont.

Former Slaves Improve Their Lives• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders• Republican governments, church groups found schools, universities• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops• Tenant farmers rent land from owner

African Americans in Reconstruction• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator


Objective: Explain the reasons for the end of Reconstruction 36

The Collapse of Reconstruction

The Collapse of Reconstruction • Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:

- destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans - to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children

• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s

Bureau expires

Support for Reconstruction Fades• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention• Supreme Court rules against Radical

Republican changes


Objective: Explain the reasons for the end of Reconstruction 37

The Collapse of Reconstruction cont.

Democrats “Redeem” the South• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction

Documents

The Union in Peril Chapter 4