The Union in Peril

Slavery divides the nation. North and South

enter a long and destructive civil war that ends

slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full

civil rights, but new laws discriminate against

them.

NEXT

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

The Divisive Politics of Slavery

The Civil War Begins

The North Takes Charge

Reconstruction and Its Effects

NEXT

The Union in Peril

Section 1

The Divisive Politics of Slavery Disagreements over slavery heighten regional

tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.

NEXT

Differences Between North and South

Controversy over Slavery Worsens • Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved

labor

• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery

• South tries to spread slavery in West

• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to

stop its spread

The Divisive Politics of Slavery 1

SECTION

NEXT

Statehood for California • California applies for statehood as free state in

1849; angers South

Slavery in the Territories

1

SECTION

NEXT

The Compromise of 1850 • Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico

Territory

• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal

from Union

• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides

• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave

law enacted

• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue

in NM, Utah

Protest, Resistance, and Violence

Fugitive Slave Act

• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and

imprisoned

• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety

in Canada

1

SECTION

NEXT

Continued . . .

The Underground Railroad

• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—

escape routes from South

• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free

African Americans

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

increases protests

continued Protest, Resistance, and Violence

Tension in Kansas and Nebraska • Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line,

closed to slavery

• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular

sovereignty on slavery

1

SECTION

NEXT

“Bleeding Kansas” • Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to

vote in Kansas

• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over

slavery in Kansas

Violence in the Senate • Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles

out Andrew Butler

• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults

Sumner on Senate floor

Slavery Divides Whigs • Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852

• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in

territories

• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over

slavery

1

SECTION

NEXT

New Political Parties Emerge

The Free-Soilers’ Voice • Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of

white workers

The New Republican Party • Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in

territories

• Democrat James Buchanan elected president

(1856); secession averted

The Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner,

claims freedom

• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal

rights, not a citizen

• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed

extension of slavery

Conflicts Lead to Secession

1

SECTION

NEXT

Continued . . .

Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen

Douglas and Abraham Lincoln

• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state

is free or slave

• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants

constitutional amendment

Harper’s Ferry • John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave

uprising (1859)

• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed

continued Conflicts Lead to Secession

1

SECTION

NEXT

Southern Secession • 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form

Confederacy in 1861

• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president

of Confederacy

Lincoln Is Elected President • 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern

electoral votes

Section 2

The Civil War Begins Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede

from the Union, war begins between the North

and South.

NEXT

Union and Confederate Forces Clash

Southern States Take Sides • 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln

calls for volunteers

• 4 more slave states join Confederacy

• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain

in Union

The Civil War Begins 2

SECTION

NEXT

Continued . . .

Strengths and Strategies • Northern strengths: more people, factories, food

production

• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals,

motivated soldiers

• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two,

capture Richmond

Bull Run • Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;

Confederate victory

• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for

firm stand in battle

continued Union and Confederate Forces Clash

2

SECTION

NEXT

Continued . . .

Union Armies in the West • Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts,

wins at Shiloh

• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the

Confederacy’s busiest port

The War for the Capitals • Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate

Army in 1862:

- drives General George McClellan from Richmond

- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle

• McClellan removed from command, lets battered

Confederates withdraw

continued Union and Confederate Forces Clash

2

SECTION

NEXT

The Politics of War

Britain Remains Neutral • Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern

goods

2

SECTION

NEXT

Proclaiming Emancipation • Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to

free Confederate slaves

• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no

longer possible

Both Sides Face Political Dissent • Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to

suppress disloyalty, dissent

War Leads to Social Upheaval • Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on

both sides

• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist;

leads to draft riots

Life During Wartime

2

SECTION

NEXT

Continued . . .

African Americans Fight for Freedom • African Americans are 1% of North’s population,

10% of army

• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites

for most of war

Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides • Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet,

poor medical care

• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of

malnutrition, disease

NEXT

continued Life During Wartime

Women Work to Improve Conditions • Thousands of women serve as nurses for

both sides

• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds

American Red Cross

2

SECTION

The War Affects Regional Economies • Confederacy faces food shortage, increased

prices, inflation

• Union army’s need for supplies supports

Northern industry

• North’s standard of living declines

• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of

income) to pay for war

NEXT

Section 3

The North Takes Charge After four years of bloody fighting, the Union

wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.

NEXT

The Tide Turns

Southern Victories • December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863,

Chancellorsville

The North Takes Charge 3

SECTION

Continued . . .

The Battle of Gettysburg • North wins decisive three-day battle of

Gettysburg, July 1863

• Total casualties were more than 30%;

South demoralized

The Gettysburg Address • Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address

at cemetery dedication

• Speech helps country realize it is a

unified nation

NEXT

continued The Tide Turns

Grant Wins at Vicksburg • May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after

unsuccessful attacks

3

SECTION

NEXT

3

SECTION

Confederates Seek Peace • Confederacy no longer able to attack; works

toward armistice

• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call

for peace

The Confederacy Wears Down

Continued . . .

Total War • Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union

Armies (1864)

• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as

Western commander

• Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s

will to fight

• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while

Sherman raids Georgia

NEXT

3

SECTION

continued The Confederacy Wears Down

Sherman’s March • Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction

through Georgia

The Surrender at Appomatox • April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox

Court House

• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance

collapses

The Election of 1864 • Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s

victories

NEXT

3

SECTION

Human Cost of the War • Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000

Confederate soldiers die

The War Changes the Nation

Political and Economic Changes • Civil War increases power, authority of federal

government

• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands

destroyed

A Revolution in Warfare • Developments in military technology make fighting

more deadly

• Ironclad ships change naval warfare

NEXT

3

SECTION

The War Changes Lives

The Thirteenth Amendment • Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states

Lincoln Is Assassinated • April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater

• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped

by Union cavalry, shot

• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s

funeral train

NEXT

Section 4

Reconstruction and Its Effects After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a

period known as Reconstruction, during which

attempts are made to readmit the South to

the Union.

NEXT

The Politics of Reconstruction

Building a New South • Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services,

medical care, education

• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South

into Union (1865–1877)

Reconstruction and Its Effects 4

SECTION

Continued . . .

Lincoln’s Plan • State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear

allegiance to Union

• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:

- want to destroy political power of former

slaveholders

- want full citizenship and suffrage for African

Americans

NEXT

4

SECTION

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own

plan

• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners

• Congress rejects new Southern governments,

congressmen

continued The Politics of Reconstruction

Continued . . .

Congressional Reconstruction • Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s

Bureau Act (1866)

• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to

African Americans

• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into

districts

NEXT

4

SECTION

Johnson Impeached • House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction;

Senate does not convict

continued The Politics of Reconstruction

U. S. Grant Elected • Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10

African-American votes

• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of

African Americans

NEXT

4

SECTION

Reconstructing Society

Conditions in the Postwar South • By 1870, all former Confederate states have

rejoined Union

• Republican governments begin public works

programs, social services

Continued . . .

Politics in the Postwar South • Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans,

want to improve position

• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to

the South after the war

• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal

rights for blacks

NEXT

4

SECTION

continued Reconstructing Society

Former Slaves Improve Their Lives • Freedmen found own churches; ministers become

community leaders

• Republican governments, church groups found

schools, universities

• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming • Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another,

keep only part of crops

• Tenant farmers rent land from owner

African Americans in Reconstruction • Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first

black senator

NEXT

4

SECTION

The Collapse of Reconstruction

The Collapse of Reconstruction

• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:

- destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress

African Americans

- to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men,

women, children

• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal

power in South

• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s

Bureau expires

Continued . . .

Support for Reconstruction Fades • Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s

attention

• Supreme Court rules against Radical

Republican changes

NEXT

4

SECTION

continued The Collapse of Reconstruction

Democrats “Redeem” the South • Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal

ends Reconstruction

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