A GROUP OF DUCTS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF FILTERING AIR FROM THE

ENVIRONMENT BEFORE ENTERING THE PULMONARY SYSTEM

The Respiratory System

Respiratory Tracts

Upper Respiratory Tract: nose, pharynx and larynx

Lower Respiratory Tract: trachea, bronchial tree and lungs

Respiratory Mucosa

Specialized membrane that lines the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree

Over 125 mL of mucous produced each dayMucus serves as an air purification

mechanism by trapping inspired irritants such as dust and pollen

Cilia on mucosal cells beat in only 1 direction, moving mucous upward to pharynx for removal.

The Nose

Functions Warms and moistens inhaled air Contains smell sense organs

Structure Nasal septum separates into two cavities Lined with mucus membrane Sinuses drain into nose

A PARTNER, COMPUTER BASED LAB

Warming Function of Nasal Passageways Lab

Pharynx (throat)

Functions Passageway for food and liquids Air distribution

Larynx

Functions: Air distribution Voice production

Structure Thyroid cartilage: makes up Adam's apple Epiglottis: partially covers opening to larynx

Trachea

Structure: Tube approx. 11 cm long Lined with mucous C-shaped rings of cartilage hold the trachea open

Functions: Passageway for air to move to and from the lungs

*Blockage of the trachea results in 4000 deaths per year in the United States

Bronchi, Bronchioles and Alveoli

Function: Bronchi and Bronchioles: air distribution Alveoli: exchange of gases between air and blood

Structure: Trachea branches into the right and left bronchi Each bronchus branches into smaller and smaller tubes

eventually leading to the bronchioles. Bronchioles end in clusters of microscopic alveolar sacs. The walls of the alveolar sacs are made up of alveoli

THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING

Respiration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwYEFu-GKP4&feature=related

Mechanics of Breathing or Pulmonary Ventilation

Inspiration: movement of air into lungs Diaphragm flattens External intercostals contract elevating the ribs and

increasing length of thoracic cavity Increase in volume (size) causes a decrease in pressure

and air enters the lungs.Expiration: movement of air out of lungs

Thorax returns to resting size Elastic recoil of lung tissue aids this process This process can be forceful

Gas Exchange in the Lungs (External Respiration)

Carbamino hemoglobin breaks down into CO2 and hemoglobin

CO2 moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and our of the body

O2 moves from alveolar air into lung capillaries

Hemoglobin combines with O2 producing oxyhemoglobin

http://youtube.com/watch?v=bwXvqSqAgKc

Gas Exchange in Tissues

Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into O2 and hemoglobin

O2 moves our of tissue capillary blood and into tissue cells

CO2 moves from tissue cells into tissue capillary blood

Hemoglobin combines with Co2 forming carbamino hemoglobin

Gas Exchange Diagram

Air Volumes

Tidal Volume: amount normally breathed in or out with each breat

Vital Capacity: largest amount of air that one can breathe out in one expiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume: amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume

Inspiratory Reserve Volume: amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration

Residual Volume: air that remains in te lungs after the most forceful expiration

A CLASS DEMONSTARTION

Lung Volumes and Capacities Lab

Why Do I Yawn?

 When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air.

This causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies.

The brain senses this shortage of oxygen and sends a message that causes you to take a

deep long breath---a YAWN.

Why Do I Sneeze?

Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages.

It is the body's way of removing an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the

nose.

What Causes Hiccups?

Hiccups are the sudden involuntary movements of the diaphragm.

There are many causes of hiccups. The

diaphragm may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance in the

blood could even have brought on the hiccups.

Your Voice

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4768747540890615043&q=the+vocal+cords&total=798&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=1

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8806032677498551906

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7653546673169306790&q=the+vocal+cords&total=798&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0

The Doctors: What Cigarettes Do To Your Body

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwYEFu-GKP4&feature=related