The Peopling of the WorldChapter 1Pre-history- 2500 B.C.

Objectives WHI.2•Demonstrate knowledge of early development of

mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by:▫Explaining the impact of geographic environment

on hunter-gather societies▫Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies▫Describing technological and social advancements

that gave rise to stable communities▫Explaining how archeological discoveries are

changing present-day knowledge of early peoples

How do we know about the development of Humans?

• Fossils▫ Natural▫ Hair, bones

• Artifacts▫ Man-made▫ Tools, clothing, jewelry

• Archaeologists▫ Use radio carbon dating

• Stonehenge▫ Example of archeological

site▫ Begun during Neolithic Era

and completed during Bronze Age

Human Origins in Africa

• Pre-history▫ Before the invention of writing

• Clues▫ Artifacts: remains such as tools, jewelry, and other

human made objects (archeologists)▫ Can use artifacts to re-create early life

(anthropologists)▫ Human fossils (paleontologists)

• Footprints▫ 1970s Mary Leakey found prehistoric footprints in

East Africa▫ Resembled modern human footprints▫ belonged to australopitecines (hominids= walked

upright)▫ Evidence that humans walked upright 3.6 million

years ago

australopithecines

• More Discoveries▫ Donald Johnson found a

complete hominid skeleton in Ethiopia in 1974 Named Lucy after Beatles

song 3.5 million years old Oldest skeleton to date 43 inches high

• Hominids on the move▫ Walking upright allowed

Hominids to move easier▫ Developed opposable thumbs

• Homo Habilis▫ Appeared in East Africa▫ 2.5 million years ago▫ Skeleton discovered by

Mary Leakey 1960 at Olduvai Gorge

▫ “man of skill”▫ Tools of lava rocks found▫ Possible first hunter

• Homo Erectus▫ Appeared in East Africa▫ 1.6 million years ago▫ “upright man”▫ More intelligent▫ Developed technology

Tools and skills to meet needs

▫ Skillful hunters▫ First to migrate on large

scale Settled in India, China,

SE Asia, and Europe▫ First to use fire

Controlled fire▫ Developed beginnings of

spoken language

Dawn of Modern Humans• Development of Homo Erectus into

Homo Sapiens• “wise men”

▫ Larger brains• Neanderthal’s

▫ Europe/SW Asia▫ Powerfully built, well-developed

muscles, thick bones, slanted brows▫ Lived 200,000 – 30,000 years ago▫ “cave-man” – large/bulky bodies▫ Developed religious beliefs and rituals

(funeral)▫ Resourceful- made temporary shelters▫ Vanished 30,000 years ago – no reason

why• Cro-Magnon’s

▫ Emerged 40,000 years ago▫ Identical to Modern Humans▫ Planned their hunts▫ Survival easier= population grew

quickly▫ Advanced skill in spoken language

New Evidence

•1994▫2.33 million year old jaw▫Found tools▫Suggests toolmakers emerged earlier than

thought

•1996▫Neanderthal bone flute found▫43,000 years old▫New concept of music

Humans Try to Control Nature

•Achievements in Technology and Art▫Focus shifts from survival to more advanced

culture▫People of Stone Age were nomadic

Hunter-gathers Increased food supply by inventing tools (Cro-

Magnons)▫Technological revolution

Use of stone, bone, and wood for different tools Expanded to knives, fish hooks, and harpoons Cro-Magnons used needles to sew animal hides

Paleolithic Art• Paleolithic people wore

jewelry made of seashells, lion teeth, and bear claws

• Carved small realistic sculptures of animals

• Cave paintings depicting wild animals▫ Religious beliefs/magical power▫ Communication▫ Made from: egg whites, fat,

plant juice, and blood▫ Also used charcoal

Paleolithic Culture• Language

▫ Formation of social groups Necessary for individuals to

express concerns and feelings

▫ Requires an ability to understand ideas

▫ Use of symbols and words▫ Hard to determine extent of

language, no written language

• Burial of the Dead▫ Comes with belief about

dead▫ Burial of human

jaws/skulls practiced early on

▫ Unclear whether trying to protect dead or protect living from spirits of the dead

▫ All groups had special significance for skull

▫ Towards end of Paleolithic period, groups bury dead with jewelry Appearance of graves Holes in the back of the

head

Neolithic Revolution• 10,000 years ago seeds

scattered, crops grew = Neolithic revolution

• Causes▫ Climate change?▫ warm temperatures = longer

growing seasons▫ More food = more people▫ Steady source of food

• Early Methods▫ Slash-and-burn farming

Cut trees/grasses and burn Ash fertilizes the soil Plant for a couple years Move to replenish soil

• Domestication of Animals▫ Taming of animals▫ Slow evolution▫ Constant source of food

• Revolution in Jarmo▫ Foot of Zagros Mountains in

Iraq▫ Practiced agriculture 9,000 yrs

ago

Villages Growand Prosper

• Agriculture developed independently throughout the world

• Africa▫ Nile River Valley▫ Wheat, barley

• China▫ 8,000 yrs ago▫ Yellow River (Huang He)▫ millet

• Mexico/ Central America▫ Corns, bean squash

• Peru▫ Central Andes▫ Tomatoes, potatoes

• Catal Huyuk▫ South-central Turkey▫ Example of early

agricultural life▫ Surplus of food= more

time▫ Skilled workers/ trade

Objectives

•Describe key scientific findings about human origins

•List human achievements during the Stone Age

•Describe the emergence of modern humans

•Describe technological and artistic achievements of the Paleolithic Age

•Define and describe the Neolithic Revolution

•Give examples of the growth of farming

Gobekli Tepe

Objectives WHI.2 Revisited•Demonstrate knowledge of early development of

mankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution by:▫Explaining the impact of geographic environment

on hunter-gather societies▫Listing characteristics of hunter-gather societies▫Describing technological and social advancements

that gave rise to stable communities▫Explaining how archeological discoveries are

changing present-day knowledge of early peoples