The Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limb 1. 2 PELVIC GIRDLE 3 Pelvic Girdle – consists of two hip bones that...
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The Pelvic Girdle & Lower Limb 1. 2 PELVIC GIRDLE 3 Pelvic Girdle – consists of two hip bones that articulate with each other anteriorly at the symphysis
PELVIC GIRDLE 3 Pelvic Girdle consists of two hip bones that
articulate with each other anteriorly at the symphysis pubis and
posteriorly with the sacrum. The pelvic girdle, sacrum and coccyx
form the bowl-shaped pelvis. Functions of pelvis: a) Supports the
trunk of the body b) Provides attachments for the lower limbs c)
Protects the organs in the pelvic portion of the abdominopelvic
cavity (bladder, internal reproductive organs, distal end of the
large intestine)
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6 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required
for reproduction or display. 1. Hip bones (os coxae; coxal bones;
pelvic bones; innominate bones) - Each hip bone is made up of three
bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis. These 3 bones are fused in the
region of the acetabulum, (the cuplike depression that articulates
with the head of the femur), and form the hip bone. a. Ilium: 1.
The largest and most superior portion of the hip bone 2. joins the
sacrum at the sacroiliac joint 3. Anterior superior iliac spine can
be felt lateral to the inguinal area; important surgical
landmark
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7 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required
for reproduction or display. b. Ischium : 1. Lowest part of the hip
bone 2. Ischial tuberosity bears weight when sitting 3. Ischial
spine Distance between the ischial spines is the shortest diameter
of the pelvic outlet. c. Pubis : 1. Anterior portion of hip bone
2.The large opening, the obturator foramen, lies within each pubis.
(The largest foramen in the body.) 3.Pubic bones are fused
anteriorly at the symphysis pubis
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9 2. Differences between male and female pelves: a. Female: 1)
iliac bones more flared 2) pubic arch is broader 3)distance between
ischial spines and between ischial tuberosities is greater 4)
sacral curvature is shorter and flatter All of these result in a
wider pelvic cavity (pelvic canal) in the female. Why are there
these differences?
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10 b. Differences reflect the function of the female pelvis as
a birth canal. Also, the bones are lighter in the female.
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Male & Female Pelvis A) Female pelvis Usually wider in all
diameters and roomier than that of the male B) Male pelvis 11
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Greater & Lesser Pelves Pelvic brim line drawn from the
sacral promontory downward to the superior margin of the symphysis;
margin that separates the upper, greater pelvis from the lower,
lesser pelvis: a) Greater pelvis helps support the abdominal organs
b) Lesser pelvis - surrounds a short, canal-like cavity that has an
upper inlet (pelvic inlet) and lower outlet, (pelvic outlet). An
infant passes through this cavity, (birth canal), during
childbirth. 12
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Articulations of the hip bones: Auricular surface sacrum
Acetabulum head of the femur. (Ligament of the head of the femur
inserts in the acetabulum) Pubic bones fused at the symphysis pubis
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Features of the Hip Bone AcetabulumIschium Ischial tuberosity
IliumIschial spine Iliac crest Iliac fossa Sacroiliac jointPubis
Anterior superior iliac spineSymphysis pubis Posterior superior
iliac spinePubic arch Greater sciatic notchObturator foramen Lesser
sciatic notch 14
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15 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display. Lower Limb - Leg The bones of
the leg provide the framework for the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
Bones are a femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and
phalanges. 1. Femur (thigh bone) a. Extends from the hip to the
knee b. Longest bone in the body. c. Fovea capitis pit on the head
of the femur where a ligament attaches and inserts in the
acetabulum, helping anchor the head of the femur Articulations:
Head - acetabulum of the hip bone Medial & lateral condyles
condyles of the tibia Patellar surface patella
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Femur Proximal featuresDistal features Head - Lateral
epicondyle Fovea capitis - Medial epicondyle Neck - Lateral condyle
Greater trochanter - Medial condyle Lesser trochanter - Patellar
surface - Intercondylar fossa Diaphysis Gluteal tuberosity Linea
aspera 16
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2. Patella (knee cap): a. Sesamoid bone in patellar tendon,
(from the quadriceps femoris group of muscles) that passes
anteriorly over the knee. b. Functions in lever actions associated
with lower limb movements. 18
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19 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display. 3. Tibia (shin bone) a.
Larger, medial bone of lower leg. b. Tibial tuberosity - point of
attachment for the patellar ligament (continuation of the patellar
tendon) Articulations: Medial & lateral condyles condyles of
the femur Distal end Talus of the ankle; protrudes medially
Features: - Medial condyle -Anterior crest - Lateral condyle -
Medial malleolus - Tibial tuberosity- Intercondylar eminence
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20. 4. Fibula a. Slender bone lying lateral to the tibia b.
Does not bear body weight; stabilizes the ankle joint; site for
many muscle attachments Articulations: Head Tibia, just below
lateral condyle *does not enter knee joint Lateral malleolus ankle;
protrudes laterally Features: - Head -Lateral malleolus
23 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display. 1. ANKLE Tarsus Called the
tarsus made of 7 tarsal bones Talus Calcaneus Navicular Medial
cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Mnemonic
for remembering the tarsal bones: The Circus Needs More Interesting
Little Clowns
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Talus articulates with tibia & fibula, forming the ankle
joint. Calcaneus (heel bone) Largest tarsal bone. Helps support
body weight. Calcaneal tuberosity attachment site for the Calcaneal
tendon = Achilles tendon (tendon of gastrocnemius, or calf muscle)
and other muscles that move the foot. 24
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2. INSTEP Composed of 5 metatarsal bones, numbered 1-5
(beginning medially) 1. articulate with the tarsus 2. Heads on
distal end form the ball of the foot 3. Tarsals & metatarsals
bound by ligaments, forming the arches of the foot, which provide a
stable, springy base for the body 3. TOES Composed of 14 phalanges
Proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx Big toe = Hallux;
lacks middle phalanx 25