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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Composed of 126 bones– Limbs (appendages)– Pectoral girdle– Pelvic girdle
Figure 5.8a(a) Anterior view
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Fibula
Tibia
Patella
Femur
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Carpals
UlnaRadius
Vertebra
Humerus
Rib
Sternum
Scapula
Clavicle
Facial bones
Cranium
Skull
Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)
Vertebralcolumn
Sacrum
Figure 5.8b(b) Posterior view
Fibula
Tibia
Femur
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Carpals
RadiusUlna
Vertebra
Humerus
Rib
Scapula
Clavicle
Cranium
Bones ofpectoralgirdle
Upperlimb
Bones ofpelvicgirdle
Lowerlimb
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Composed of two bones– Clavicle—collarbone• Articulates with the sternum medially and with the
scapula laterally– Scapula—shoulder blade• Articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular
joint• Articulates with the arm bone at the glenoid cavity
• These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Figure 5.23a
Acromio- clavicularjoint
Scapula
(a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral) girdle showing the relationship to bones of the thorax and sternum
Clavicle
Figure 5.23b
PosteriorSternal (medial) end
Acromial (lateral) end
Superior view
Acromial end
Anterior
Anterior
Sternal end
Posterior
Inferior view
(b) Right clavicle, superior and inferior views
Figure 5.23c
Suprascapular notch
Superior angle
Spine
Medial border
Lateral border
Glenoid cavity at lateral angle
(c) Right scapula, posterior aspect
Coracoid process
Acromion
Figure 5.23d
Acromion
Coracoidprocess
Glenoidcavity
Lateral(axillary)border
(d) Right scapula, anterior aspect
Medial(vertebral)border
Inferior angle
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Superior angle
Bones of the Upper Limbs
• Humerus– Forms the arm– Single bone– Proximal end articulation• Head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
– Distal end articulation• Trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of the
forearm
Figure 5.24a
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Intertubercular sulcus
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea(a)
Capitulum
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Deltoid tuberosity
Figure 5.24b
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Radial groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea(b)
Olecranon fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Surgical neck
Bones of the Upper Limbs
• The forearm has two bones– Ulna—medial bone in anatomical position• Proximal end articulation
– Coronoid process and olecranon articulate with the humerus
– Radius—lateral bone in anatomical position• Proximal end articulation
– Head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
Figure 5.24c
Head
Neck
Radial tuberosity
Radius
Radial styloid process
Distal radioulnar joint
Ulnar styloid process
(c)
Inter- osseous membrane
Ulna
Proximal radioulnar joint
Coronoid process
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Bones of the Upper Limbs
• Hand– Carpals—wrist • Eight bones arranged in two rows of four bones in each
hand– Metacarpals—palm• Five per hand
– Phalanges—fingers and thumb• Fourteen phalanges in each hand• In each finger, there are three bones• In the thumb, there are only two bones
Figure 5.25
Phalanges (fingers)
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Metacarpals (palm)
Carpals (wrist)
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
UlnaRadius
Capitate
Scaphoid
Trapezoid
Trapezium
1
2345
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones• Composed of three pairs of fused bones– Ilium– Ischium– Pubis
• Pelvic girdle = 2 coxal bones, sacrum• Bony pelvis = 2 coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• It protects several organs– Reproductive organs– Urinary bladder– Part of the large intestine
Figure 5.26a
Coxal bone (or hip bone)
llium
Pubis
Ischium
(a)
Pubic arch
Coccyx
Sacrum
lliac crest
Sacroiliac joint
Pelvic brim
Ischial spine
Acetabulum
Pubic symphysis
Figure 5.26b
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial body
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Ischium
Ischial ramus
(b)
AlaIIium
IIiac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Body of pubis
Pubis
Inferior pubic ramus
Obturator foramen
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
• The female inlet is larger and more circular• The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and
the bones are lighter and thinner• The female ilia flare more laterally• The female sacrum is shorter and less curved• The female ischial spines are shorter and
farther apart; thus the outlet is larger• The female pubic arch is more rounded
because the angle of the pubic arch is greater
Figure 5.26c
False pelvis
Inlet of true pelvis
Pelvic brim
Pubic arch (less than 90°)
False pelvis
Inlet of true pelvis
Pelvic brim
Pubic arch (more than 90°)
(c)
Bones of the Lower Limbs
• Femur—thigh bone– The heaviest, strongest bone in the body– Proximal end articulation• Head articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal (hip)
bone
– Distal end articulation• Lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia in
the lower leg
Figure 5.27a
Neck
Inter- trochanteric line
Lateral condyle
Patellar surface
(a)
Lesser trochanter
Head
Figure 5.27b
Head
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Greater trochanterInter- trochanteric crest
Intercondylar fossa
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
(b)
Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The lower leg has two bones– Tibia—Shinbone; larger and medially oriented• Proximal end articulation
– Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the femur to form the knee joint
– Fibula—Thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia• Has no role in forming the knee joint
Figure 5.27c
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral condyleHead
Proximal tibiofibular joint
Fibula
Distal tibiofibular joint
Lateral malleolus
(c)
Medial malleolus
Tibia
Anterior border
Interosseous membrane
Tibial tuberosity
Medial condyle
Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The foot– Tarsals—seven bones• Two largest tarsals
– Calcaneus (heel bone)– Talus
– Metatarsals—five bones form the sole of the foot
– Phalanges—fourteen bones form the toes
Figure 5.28
Tarsals:
Medial cuneiform
Intermediatecuneiform
Navicular
Talus
Calcaneus
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Tarsals:
Metatarsals
Proximal
MiddleDistal
Phalanges:
Arches of the Foot
• Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches– Two longitudinal– One transverse
Figure 5.29
Medial longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Lateral longitudinal arch