The Non-profit Sector by Lester Salamon

The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project

GLOBALGLOBALCIVIL SOCIETY: CIVIL SOCIETY:

An OverviewAn OverviewLester M. SalamonLester M. Salamon

DenmarkDenmarkSeptember 14, 2006September 14, 2006


Government Sector

For-Profit Sector

Civil Society Sector

The Global The Global

Associational RevolutionAssociational Revolution


NGOs

Museums

Hospitals

Universities

Environmental Groups Clinics

Human Rights Groups

Professional Organizations

Sports Clubs

Day Care Centers

Foundations

Social Services


Global Associational Revolution Why?

z Crisis of the market and state

z Communications Revolution

z Social Entrepreneurs

z Outside Support


Treatment of Nonprofit Institutions in the SNA

Sectors of the SNA System

HHouseholds

GGovernment Units

C1Corporations C2

N4N3N2N1Nonprofit Instistutions N5

NPISH Sector

S.15

Households

Sector

S.14

General Government

SectorS.13

NonfinancialCorporations

Sector S.11

Type of Institutional Unit Financial

Corporations SectorS.12


CC

NN

PP


5 Objectives

D

E

E

P

IN

escribe

xplain

valuate

ublicize

digenize


Approach:omparative C

C

C

C

C

C


Project Countries

Venezuela

Colombia

Brazil

Chile

Mexico

Argentina

Slovakia

Hungary

RomaniaPoland

Japan

United States

Australia

Israel

Ireland

TheNetherlands

Austria

Spain

Germany

FinlandBelgium

France

Norway

Italy

United Kingdom

Russia

New Zealand

Canada

Denmark

Egypt

Kenya

Tanzania

UgandaSouth Africa

India

Pakistan

The Philippines

Korea

Thailand

Portugal

Morocco

Ghana

Peru

Lebanon

Switzerland

Sweden Czech RepublicDenmark


Approach :omparative C

C

C

C

C

C

ollaborative


Collaborative Argentina - Mario Roitter Australia - Mark Lyons Austria Ulrike Schneider Belgium - Jacques Defourny &

Sybille Mertens Brazil - Leilah Landim & Neide

Beres Canada Michael Hall Chile Ignacio Irarrazaval Colombia - Rodrigo Villar Czech Republic - Martin Potucek

& Pavol Fric Denmark Ole Gregersen &

Thomas Boje Egypt Amani Kandil Finland Susan Sundback

France - Edith Archambault Germany - Annette Zimmer &

Eckhard Priller Hungary - Istvn Sebestny &

Renata Nagy India Rajesh Tandon & S.S.

Srivastava Ireland - Freda Donoghue Israel - Benjamin Gidron Italy Gian Paolo Barbetta Japan - Naoto Yamauchi Kenya Karuti Kanyinga Korea, Republic of - Tae-Kyu Park Lebanon Hashem el-Husseini Mexico - Gustavo Verduzco &

CEMEFI


Collaborative Russia Oleg Kazakov Slovakia - Helena Wolekov South Africa - Mark Swilling Spain - Jose Ignacio Ruiz

Olabuenaga Sweden - Tommy Lundstrom &

Filip Wijkstrom Switzerland Bernd Helmig Tanzania - Laurean Ndumbaro

& Amos Mhina Thailand Amara Pongsapich Uganda John-Jean Barya United Kingdom Les Hems &

Karl Wilding United States - Lester Salamon

& Wojtek Sokolowski Venezuela Rosa Amelia

Gonzalez

Morocco - Salama Saidi The Netherlands - Paul Dekker

& Bob Kuhry New Zealand Diana Suggate Norway - Hakon Lorentzen &

Karl Henrik Sivesind Pakistan Muhammad Asif Iqbal Peru - Felipe Portocarrero &

Cynthia Sanborn The Philippines - Ledivina

Cario Poland - Ewa Les & Slawomir

Nalecz Portugal Raquel Campos

Franco Romania - Carmen Epure


CNP FundersFundacion FES (Colombia)Fundacion Minera Escondido (Chile)Gerbert Ruf Stiftung (Switzerland)Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Portugal)Humboldt Foundation/Transcoop (Germany)Imagine CanadaIndustry Commission (Australia)Institute for Human Sciences (Austria)Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (Chile)Inter-American Development BankInter-American FoundationJuliana Welzijn Fonds (Netherlands)Kahanoff Foundation (Canada)W.K. Kellogg Foundation (U.S.)Krber Foundation (Germany)Luso-American Development Foundation

(Portugal)Ministry of Church & Education (Norway)Ministry of Culture & Sports (Norway)Ministry of Education, Culture & Science

(Netherlands)Ministry of Environment (Norway)Ministry of Family & Children (Norway)Ministry of Family/World Bank (Venezuela)Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway)Ministry of Health, Sports & Welfare (Netherlands)Ministry of Social Affairs (Denmark)Ministry of Social Affairs & Health (Finland)

Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)

C.S. Mott Foundation (U.S.)National Department of Planning

(Colombia)National Research Fund (Hungary)Norwegian Research CouncilOPECOpen Society Foundation (Slovakia)David and Lucile Packard FoundationIlidio Pinho Foundation (Portugal)Productivity Commission (Australia)Research Council of NorwayRockefeller Brothers Fund (U.S.)Joseph Rowntree Foundation (U.K.)Sasakawa Peace Foundation (Japan)SENACServicio de Cooperacion Tecnica (Chile)The Skoll FoundationTelefonica CTC ChileThe Tindall Foundation (New Zealand)UNDP (Chile)U.S. Agency for International

DevelopmentU.S. Information ServiceUniversity of Witwatersrand (South

Africa)Yad Hadaniv Foundation (Israel)

Academy of FinlandAga Khan FoundationArab Gulf FundThe Atlantic PhilanthropiesAustralian Bureau of StatisticsAustralian Research CouncilAustrian Science FoundationCanadian Fund (Slovakia)Charities Aid Foundation (U.K.)Civil Society Development Foundation

(Czech Republic)Civil Society Development Foundation

(Romania)Civil Society Development Foundation

(Slovakia)Colombian Center on PhilanthropyThe Combined Community Trusts (New

Zealand)Department of Social Welfare (South Africa)Deutsche Bank Foundation (Germany)FIN (Netherlands) Fondation de France Fondation Roi Baudouin (Belgium)Ford Foundation Foundation for an Open Society (Hungary)Fundacion Andes (Chile)Fundacion Antonio Restrepo Barco (Colombia)Fundacion Banco Bilbo Vizcaya (Spain)



C

C

C

C

C

ollaborative

onsultative



C

C

C

C

C

ollaborative

onsultative

ommon Definition


Common Definition

z Breadth: To accommodate diversity

z Clarity: To differentiate CSOs from government and business

z Bottom-Up: To root in local realities

z Operational: To facilitate research


Common Features

Organizations

Private

Non-Profit Distributing

Self-Governing

Voluntary


Broad Coverage

1. Culture & Recreation2. Education & Research3. Health

4. Social Services

5. Environment

6. Development and Housing

7. Civic & Advocacy

8. Philanthropy9. International

10. Religion

11. Business & Professional, Unions

12. Not ElsewhereClassified



C

C

C

C

C

ollaborative

onsultative

ommon Definition

onsistent Methodology


Consistent Methodologyz Common Variables

z Existing national data sources

z Targeted organizational surveys

z Special household surveys of giving

and volunteering

z Hypernetwork sampling



C

C

C

C

C

ollaborative

onsultative

ommon Definition

onsistent Methodology

uantitativo


Global Civil Society, Volume Two

Order Information: Kumarian Press, www.kpbooks.com


Finding 1:

A Major Economic Force


The Scale of Nonprofit Activity, 40 Countries

48.4 million full time equivalent jobs

$1.9 trillion in operating expenditures

4.6% of economically active population


If the civil society sector were a country...

Country GDP (trillion $)United States $11.7Japan 4.6Germany 2.7

China 1.7

United Kingdom 2.1

France 1.9

Italy 1.2

Civil Society LandExpenditures (40 Countries)

1.9*

Canada 1.0Spain 1.0Brazil 0.6Russia 0.6

* In 2004 U.S. Dollars Source of GDP Figures: World Bank


Civil Society Organization Workforce in context, 40 countries

110.4

46.5

41.3

6.2

48.4

Manufacturing

construction

transportation

Utilities

Civil Society Orgs.*

Number of employees (millions)* Including volunteers


Employment in Civil Society Organizations vs. Largest firms

Civil Society Organizations

48 million

Largest Private Companies

4 million


Finding 2:

Great Variations in Size Among

Countries and Regions


CSO workforce as a share of the economically active population, by country

2.9 1.7 4.6%40 countries



1.82.3

2.83.2

2.82.9

2.63.8

2.43.5

4.43.8

1.72.7

3.76.6

4.86.3

8.3

8.49.2

2.9

1.61.5

1.11.0

1.51.9

2.21.1

2.82.3

1.92.7

5.14.4

3.71.4

3.63.5

2.1

2.75.1

1.7

3.4%3.8%

4.0%4.2%4.3%

4.8%4.9%4.9%

5.3%5.9%

6.3%6.6%

7.1%7.2%

7.6%8.0%

8.5%9.8%

10.4%10.9%11.1%

14.4%4.6%

8.6 2.3

South AfricaItaly

PortugalJapanSpain

ArgentinaChile

AustriaFinland

GermanyAustraliaDenmarkSwedenNorwayFrance

IsraelUnited Kingdom

United StatesIreland

BelgiumCanada

Netherlands40 countries

Paid staff

Volunteers



0.4%0.8%0.8%0.8%1.0%1.1%

1.4%1.5%1.6%

1.9%2.0%2.1%2.1%2.3%2.4%2.4%2.5%

2.8%4.6%

MexicoRomania

PolandSlovakiaPakistanHungary

IndiaMorocco

BrazilPhilippines

Czech RepublicTanzania

KenyaUganda

ColombiaKorea, Rep. of

PeruEgypt

40 countries

Paid staff

Volunteers


Volunteers as share of CSO workforce

39%38%38%

Developing and transitionalDeveloped

40 countries



37%38%39%40%40%40%41%

43%44%

47%47%

52%53%

54%55%56%

59%63%64%

75%76%

39%38%38%

NetherlandsPeru

KenyaArgentina

ItalyGermanyPakistanDenmark

United KingdomSouth Africa

ChileFrance

MoroccoFinland

RomaniaIndia

UgandaNorway

PhilippinesTanzaniaSweden

Developing andDeveloped

40 countries

Developing



3%12%

18%18%

21%21%22%22%23%

24%25%25%

29%30%31%

33%35%36%

37%39%

38%38%

EgyptBrazilIsrael

HungaryPolandIreland

BelgiumAustria

Korea, Rep. ofColombia

JapanCanada

PortugalSlovakiaAustralia

MexicoSpain

CzechUnited States

DevelopingDeveloped

40 countries


Finding 3:

Not Just Services


Roles and Functions

Service Provision Advocacy Expression Community-Building Value Guardian

Source: Lester M. Salamon, The State of Nonprofit America(Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 2002)


Roles of the Civil Society Sector

Education Health Social Services Development and Housing

Service

Expressivez Culture, Sports and Recreationz Environmental Protectionz Civic and Advocacyz Unions, Professional and Business Associations


Distribution of civil society workforce, by function (34 countries)

Education22%

Social Services20%

Expressive Fields32%

Service Fields63%

Other fi

elds

5%

Culture19%

Professional, Advocacy, andEnvironment

13%

Health13%

Development7%


Finding 4:

Not a Substitute for Government


Source of civil society organization revenue, 38 countries

Philanthropy 12%

Government 35%

Fees 53%


Sources of civil society revenue, by country (fee-dominant)

52% 35% 12%38 countriesFees Government Philanthropy



47%48%49%51%51%52%53%53%55%55%55%57%58%58%60%61%62%63%

70%70%71%73%74%

81%85%

92%52% 35% 12%

Czech RepublicPortugal

SpainIndia

PakistanJapan

DenmarkTanzaniaHungaryUganda

SlovakiaUnited States

FinlandNorwayPoland

ItalySweden

AustraliaPeru


ArgentinaBrazilKenya

MexicoPhilippines

38 countries

Fees Government Philanthropy



47%48%49%51%51%52%53%53%55%55%55%57%58%58%60%61%62%63%

70%70%71%73%74%

81%85%

92%52%

39%40%

32%36%

6%45%

40%27%27%

7%22%

31%36%35%

24%37%

29%31%

18%15%

24%19%

15%5%

9%5%

35%

14%12%

19%13%

43%3%

7%20%

18%38%

23%13%

6%7%

15%3%

9%6%

12%15%

4%7%11%

14%6%

3%12%

Czech RepublicPortugal

SpainIndia

PakistanJapan

DenmarkTanzaniaHungaryUganda

SlovakiaUnited States

FinlandNorwayPoland

ItalySweden

AustraliaPeru


ArgentinaBrazilKenya

MexicoPhilippines

38 countries



Sources of civil society revenue, by country (government-dominant)

12%52% 35%38 countries




44%

45%

46%

47%

51%

50%

58%

59%

64%

64%

77%

77%

12%52% 35%

South Africa

Romania

Chile

United Kingdom

Canada

Austria

France

Netherlands

Israel

Germany

Belgium

Ireland

38 countries




32%

29%

36%

45%

39%

43%

35%

39%

26%

32%

19%

16%

44%

45%

46%

47%

51%

50%

58%

59%

64%

64%

77%

77%

24%

26%

18%

9%

9%

6%

8%

2%

10%

3%

5%

7%

12%52% 35%

South Africa

Romania

Chile

United Kingdom

Canada

Austria

France

Netherlands

Israel

Germany

Belgium

Ireland

38 countries



Denmark vs. Nordic and Global Patterns of Civil Society Sectors

Denmark Nordic All Countries*Workforce

FTE paidFTE VolunteersFTE Total

3.8%2.7%6.6%

2.7%3.7%

2.9%1.7%

6.5% 4.6%Composition of Workforce

ServiceExpressiveOther

52%41%7%

38%58%

63%32%

4% 5%

As percent of total nonprofit cash revenuesFeesGovernmentPhilanthropy

53%40%7%

58%35%

53%35%

7% 12%As percent of GDP

FeesGovernmentPhilanthropy

3.9%3.0%0.5%

2.9%1.8%

2.0%1.9%

0.4% 0.4%

CASH REVENUES

Total Support (with volunteers)As percent of total nonprofit cash and volunteer support

Fees 40% 36% 42%Government 31% 23% 28%Philanthropy 29% 41% 31%

GovernmentPhilanthropy

Fees3.0%2.8%

3.9%As percent of GDP

1.8%2.9%

3.1%

2.0%1.9%1.5%

1

2, 4

3

3

4

* Workforce: 40 countries; composition: 37 countries, revenue 38c. 1: As percent of economically active population; 2: As percent of total nonprofit workforce; 3: Percentages may not add to 100% due to rounding; 4: Figures for fees and government are the same as those for cash.


Finding 5:

A Fragile Organism


U.N. NPI HANDBOOK COMMITTED IMPLEMENTERS

Africa and Middle EastCameroon GhanaMali KenyaMorocco South Africa Uganda Zimbabwe

OtherIsrael

AsiaKyrgyzstan India Philippines

Latin AmericaArgentina Brazil Peru

North AmericaCanada United States

Central EuropeCzech Republic Slovakia

EuropeBelgium Italy France

Developing and Transitional CountriesDeveloped Countries

AsiaAustralia Japan Korea New Zealand


the science of association is the mother of all science; the progress of all the rest depends on the progress it has made.

-- Alexis de Tocqueville


CCNNPP

More Information and Publications at :

www.jhu.edu/ccss

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The Non-profit Sector by Lester Salamon