CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE NEW GOVERNANCE Lester M. Salamon UN DPI/NGO CONFERENCE September 6, 2006

The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies

CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE NEW GOVERNANCENEW GOVERNANCE

Lester M. SalamonLester M. Salamon

UN DPI/NGO CONFERENCEUN DPI/NGO CONFERENCESeptember 6, 2006September 6, 2006

The New GovernanceThe New Governance

A revolution in the technology of public action

Proliferation of new tools

Lester M. Salamon, The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002)


Direct government

• Grants• Direct loans• Loan guarantees• Economic regulation• Social regulation• Insurance

• Corrective fees

• Contracts

The New The New GovernanceGovernance

ILLUSTRATIVE TOOLSILLUSTRATIVE TOOLS



Common Feature: Use of “Third Parties”

• “Deconstruction” of Public Action

• Sharing of Discretionary Authority


RISE OF THIRD-PARTY GOVERNMENTRISE OF THIRD-PARTY GOVERNMENT



DELIVERYPublic Private

FINANCE

Public

Private

(1) National

(2) State/local

(1) Nonprofit

(2) For-profitB

CA

D


PATTERNS OF PUBLIC PROBLEM-SOLVINGPATTERNS OF PUBLIC PROBLEM-SOLVING



Challenges for Civil Challenges for Civil Society:Society:

C

C

C

onsciousnessonscientiousnessompetence


C

N

P

The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project

Project CountriesProject Countries

Venezuela Colombia

Brazil Chile

Mexico

Argentina

Slovakia

Hungary

Romania

Poland

Japan

United States

Australia

Israel

Ireland

TheNetherla

nds Austria

Spain

Germany

Finland

Belgium

France

Norway

Italy

United Kingdom

Russia

New Zealand

Canada

Denmark

Egypt

KenyaTanzaniaUgandaSout

h Africa

India

Pakistan

The Philippin

es

Korea

Thailand

Portugal Moroc

coGhana

Peru

Lebanon

Switzerland

Sweden

Czech Republic

Denmark


Global Civil Society, Volume Global Civil Society, Volume TwoTwo

Order Information: Kumarian Press, http://www.kpbooks.com/


Civil Society Organization Civil Society Organization Workforce in context, 40 Workforce in context, 40

countriescountries

110.4

46.5

41.3

6.2

48.4

Manufacturing

construction

transportation

Utilities

Civil Society Orgs.*

Number of employees (millions)* Including volunteers


Employment in Civil Society Employment in Civil Society Organizations vs. Largest firmsOrganizations vs. Largest firms

Civil Society Organizations

48 million

Largest Private Companies

4 million


If the civil society sector were a If the civil society sector were a country...country...

Country GDP (trillion $)United States $11.7Japan 4.6Germany 2.7

China 1.7

United Kingdom 2.1

France 1.9

Italy 1.2

Civil Society Land Expenditures (40 Countries)

1.9*

Canada 1.0Spain 1.0Brazil 0.6Russia 0.6

* In 2004 U.S. Dollars Source of GDP Figures: World Bank


1.82.3

2.83.2

2.82.9

2.63.8

2.43.5

4.43.8

1.72.7

3.76.6

4.86.3

8.3

8.49.2

2.9

1.61.5

1.11.0

1.51.9

2.21.1

2.82.3

1.92.7

5.14.4

3.71.4

3.63.5

2.1

2.75.1

1.7

3.4%3.8%

4.0%4.2%4.3%

4.8%4.9%4.9%

5.3%5.9%

6.3%6.6%

7.1%7.2%

7.6%8.0%

8.5%9.8%

10.4%10.9%11.1%

14.4%4.6%

8.6 2.3

South AfricaItaly

PortugalJapanSpain

ArgentinaChile

AustriaFinland

GermanyAustraliaDenmarkSwedenNorwayFrance

IsraelUnited Kingdom

United StatesIreland

BelgiumCanada

Netherlands40 countries

Paid staff

Volunteers

The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector ProjectCSO workforce as a share of the CSO workforce as a share of the

economically active population, by economically active population, by countrycountry

CSO workforce as a share of the CSO workforce as a share of the economically active population, by economically active population, by

countrycountry

0.4%

0.8%

0.8%

0.8%

1.0%

1.1%

1.4%

1.5%

1.6%

1.9%

2.0%

2.1%

2.1%

2.3%

2.4%

2.4%

2.5%

2.8%

4.6%

Mexico

Romania

Poland

Slovakia

Pakistan

Hungary

India

Morocco

Brazil

Philippines

Czech Republic

Tanzania

Kenya

Uganda

Colombia

Korea, Rep. of

Peru

Egypt

40 countries

Paid staff

Volunteers



U.N. NPI U.N. NPI HANDBOOK HANDBOOK COMMITTED COMMITTED IMPLEMENTERSIMPLEMENTERS

Africa and Middle East

Cameroon Ghana

Mali Kenya

Morocco South Africa

Uganda Zimbabwe

Other

Israel

AsiaKyrgyzstan India

Philippines

Latin AmericaArgentina Brazil Peru

North America

Canada United States

Central Europe

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Europe

Belgium Italy France

Developing and Transitional CountriesDeveloped Countries

AsiaAustralia Japan Korea New Zealand


Value Added as % of GDP, NPIs vs. Selected Industries, Canada,

2000

5.1%

6.1%

7.9%

2.3%

1.5%

1.4%

% of

GDP

Retail Trade

Mining, oil & gas

extractions

Nonprofit sector

Accommodations & food services

Agriculture Motor Vehicle

Manufacturing

Volunteers

NPIs


Contribution to GDP, Contribution to GDP, Volunteers vs. Selected Volunteers vs. Selected

Industries, CanadaIndustries, Canada

5

10

15

B

illi

ons

of C

anad

ian

$

$14.1 billion

Volunteers

$6.1 billion

Motor Vehicle Mfg.

$12.8 billion

Agriculture


Value Added as % of GDP, NPIs* vs. Selected Industries, Belgium, 2003

1.6%

4.8%5.0 %

2.4%

1.1%

% of GDP

Hotels & Restaurants

Construction NPIs Utilities Agriculture & Fishing

* Without Volunteers


NPI Share of Belgian Value Added, Selected Fields

HEALTH 42.7%

SOCIAL SERVICES 66.6%

CULTURE & RECREATION 26%

Percent of Total Value

10% 50% 80%


Average Annual Change in GDP and GDP Contribution of NPIs

1.3%

4.7%4.3% 4.3%

3.3%

4.2%

Belgium

(2000-2003)

Canada

(1997-2001)

USA

(1996-2004)

1%

5%

GDP

NPI


Philanthropy as share of GDP, Philanthropy as share of GDP, selected countries, 1995-selected countries, 1995-

20042004

0.80%

1.83%1.82%

1.73%

1.93%1.79%

1.73%1.69%

1.56%

1.47%

1.33%

0.92%

0.83%

0.83%0.83%

0.39%0.36%0.37%0.39%

0.00%

0.50%

1.00%

1.50%

2.00%

2.50%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Pe

rce

nt

of

GD

P

US

Canada

Belgium


How Can Better Data on How Can Better Data on Civil Society Help?Civil Society Help?


Visibility/Legitimacy

Spot trends/problems

Improve policy-making

Increase transparency/accountability Improve economic statistics

Chart NPO contribution to MDGs

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:


WWW.JHU.EDU/CCSS

Documents

CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE NEW GOVERNANCE Lester M. Salamon UN DPI/NGO CONFERENCE September 6, 2006