THE INFORMATION INDUSTRY: ITS COMPONENTS AND THE IMPACT OFGLOBALIZATION ON THE US INDUSTRY

by MARJORIE M. K. HLAVA.PresidentAccess Innovations, Inc.

ABSTRACT

The information industry, both public and private, can be broken down intofive components--authors, publishers, distributors, users, and relatedorganizations. Looking at the total life cycle of information, we can see how eachof these components fits into a continuum. In a single information flow, somecomponents may be integrated or consolidated, others may be expanded but,taken as a whole, all these parts will be incorporated.

Ownership in the information industry has become increasingly international.Joint ownership of data through joint ventures, joint research, and co-sponsoredfiles has increased significantly since the early 1980's. Ownership of informationhas thus become entangled and complex. Information is owned by governments,by corporations, and by not-for-profit organizations. These groups includepublishers, database vendors, database producers, printers, and mediacompanies. At the same time, the rising interest in a National Information Policyin the US and the merging of the European Market in 1992 puts interestingtwists on ownership positions. The break-up of the Soviet Union and the openingof its previously unavailable or poorly available information adds additionalspice.

This paper will first define the component parts of the information industryworldwide. Then it will discuss who fits where (regardless of public or privateorigin) and who owns whom (by category, by content, and by distributioncategory). Finally it will discuss some of the reasons for our current state ofaffairs and implications, for policy and for users, of the current trends towardglobalization of information.

INTRODUCTION

The information business, whether public or private, is difficult to untangle atfirst glance. Since the theme of this meeting is the open-source resourcesavailable to government organizations, it seems best to start with an overview ofthe components of this industry, from the private sector point of view, in order to

provide a common terminology for discussion. Then I will discuss some of theissues facing the information industry, many of which we find are not nationalbut international in scope. The flow of and demand for information is worldwideand the industry, itself, is part of the global economy. Growth by data types forthe period 1985-1991 varies significantly. This paper deals with the largestsegments of the market -- the bibliographic and full text. Having raised andcovered some of those issues, I will leave it to others to cover the policyimplications and potential actions. I hope to put the parts of the informationindustry in context and provide the background for wise, cost effective, swift,and efficient transfer of information from those who hold it to those who need it.

THE COMPONENTS

The information business can usually be broken down into four majorcomponent parts--authors, publishers, distributors, and users. A fifth category--related organizations--also needs to be discussed in order to truly cover all of thecomponent parts and complete the mosaic. The formats used by any of thesecomponent groups for transfer of their information may take many formsdepending on the relevant technology. Such formats include print, which is stillthe most popular, electronics, diskette, tape, CD ROM, online, etc., and are notlimited to any component sector.

Authors are considered in this paper to be the source of the original data andthoughts for publications and form the base of the information life cycle. Theyare the resources. They generate the raw materials, the new thoughts, thedigests,the manuscripts, the research reports, the dissertations, etc. They are theeasiest starting point in consideration of the information life cycle. An authormay be an organization, an individual, a committee, a company,a government, etc. In the generation of papers, authors draw on all of theresources available to them from unpublished works, raw data, computerdatabases, technical discussions, primary publications, indexes to the literature,and so forth. What makes them an author is the actual writing of a paper forfurther distribution. Many organizations create papers which are distributed in alimited fashion for internal use only. These papers are growing geometrically incomparison with openly available papers.

Publishers fall into two major categories primary and secondary. A primarypublisher creates books, journals, proceedings, newspapers, patents, series,technical report series, etc. A publisher takes on the task of copy editing,typesetting, printing, binding, promotion, sales, and distribution of theirparticular works. They often take care of peer review of the individual papersand outside reviews of the final work.

3S

Secondary publishers came into being in the 1940's because of theexponentially increasing volume of material published every year, much of itfrom obscure sources. Historically, a researcher could go to the library cardcatalog or the librarian to find the papers relevant to his research. He could alsorely on a few select journals and on his network of colleagues and peers to keephim abreast of everything important going on in his field. Secondary or indexpublications became necessary when the explosion of published works andjournals overcame the abilities of these traditional resources to cope. Thisexplosion was magnified by the separation of the various scientific communitiesdue to international politics and language barriers and exacerbated by theincreasing multidisciplinary aspects of modern research. A secondarypublication, or index, is one which creates subject listings from a large number ofthe primary publications in a set of related fields. These indexes provide furtherpoints of reference, or access, through listings by author name, corporate source,subject descriptor, keywords, and so forth. In addition to the .indexing services,secondary publications include collections of previously published papers,bibliographies, and some reference works. Gray literature is internal or technicalreports not published for general distribution. Much of this literature is trackedby NTIS, GPO, UMI, ERIC, and others. Secondary services also cover third world,limited edition foreign government and international organization publications.

Distributors are direct sales groups for large publishers, book jobbers, serials(journals) vendors, or subscription agencies, clearinghouses, and within the last20 years, online hosts or vendors. The exponentially increasing amount ofinformation available from globally disbursed sources has made acquisition ofitems substantially more complex. Distribution networks were set up to makethe flow of information from and to the author/researcher and user easier. Someof these networks are subject specific, some are for a particular type of customer,some are for individual organizations. A few try to cover everything. DTIC andOSTI are examples of distributors specializing in government information.

Users are the last major component of the information industry and they arethe customers. Users may be acquiring information on someone else's behalf orfor their own use. Writers, researchers, librarians, information analysts, searchintermediaries, information brokers, and online search brokers all fall into theuser category.

Finally we come to the related organizations. In this category we put

1. associations related to information management and use,2. the standards bodies which suggest, develop, and find consensus on

31

protocols and formats for information creation and distribution, and3. the government agencies which (although less so in the US) govern the

polices and regulations related to publishing and distribution and useof freely available, unclassified information.

Let's look at some examples of which organizations fit where in this outline ofthe information industry (see tables 1-4)

Now let's look at the locations of each international headquarters:

ORGANIZATIONReed PublishingAlbert Fisher Group PLCMaxwellCommunicationsBertlesmannBritish TelecommunicationsElsevier HoldingsLearned InformationNews Corporation Ltd.TBG HoldingsSony CorporationTelesystemsVNUBVWolters Sampson Group/KluwerThomson Corporation

LOCATIONUnited KingdomUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom

GermanyUnited KingdomNetherlandsUnited KingdomAustraliaFranceJapanFranceNetherlandsBelgiumCanada

Another way to look at the interrelationships of international informationownership and the cross influence of a few individuals, is to look at the Boards of-Directors of the corporations. For example, in 1991 Reuters Holdings PLC, thelargest of the transactional information distribution companies with $1180million in revenues, had on its Board both K. Rupert Murdoch, the President andmajor shareholder in News corporation, and Robert Maxwell, the managingdirector and principle shareholder in Maxwell Communications, as managingdirectors. This kind of cross fertilization means that the control of informationCONTENT worldwide rests in the hands of a very few select individuals.

Over the last 15 years the internationalization of the American industrialcomplex has been noted and written about extensively. The US informationindustry has been especially affected. We find ourselves in the interestingposition of increased dependance on foreign controlled information from opensources. Foreign acquisition of US information companies occurs in all sectors of

0/

the business. Foreign influence is strong in key publishing and informationservices. Primary book and journal publishing in the scientific and technicalareas is 70% to 80% foreign-owned. In 1987 15% of book publishers wereforeign owned: in 1992 35% of the publishers were foreign owned (but 70% to80 % of the literature is covered by that 35 %). Some examples of foreign ownedUS publications include:

Scientific AmericanPublishers WeeklyVarietyEncyclopedia of AssociationsBooks in PrintWho's Who in AmericaWharton EconometricsDisclosureAmerican BankerChase EconometricsCongressional Information ServiceThe US Congressional correspondence system- Dialcom.

In fact, most business and financial data systems are foreign owned, onlythree of the private online hosts, Dialog, Mead and West are US owned. What arethe reasons we find ourselves in this conundrum?

Let me suggest ten possible reasons, most of which are intertwined.

1). LACK OF A NATIONAL INFORMATION POLICY No national informationpolicy exists in the US and there is substantial division within thegovernment itself about what such a policy, IF ANY, might entail.

2). LACK OF POLICY SUPPORT Users and owners of information,regardless of their position in the economy, are not likely to willinglysupport most national policy initiatives imposed on them by thegovernment. That is, from the university library to NTIS to GPO to theprivate sector, it is difficult to gamer support for a national informationpolicy. In addition, many companies feel the government to be their maincompetition and imposing additional restraints would only further weakenthe existing US information industry and increase the likelihood ofexpanded foreign ownership.

3) THE FREE INFORMATION DEBATE The information industry is a laborintensive, narrow margin business. This is exacerbated by the American

41

notion that information should not only be freely available and freeflowing, but actually free to the people. That is at NO COST. But someonehas to pay the people who produce, collate, publish, and distribute thatinformation to the public. Librarians are well known for their complaintsabout being under-valued, over educated and underpaid. But it is difficultto espouse the giving away of your products and services at the same timeyou want more compensation. Who will pay? Where is the financialsupport to come from? The American Library Association represents thegroup believing information should be free to all. Unfortunately, there is ahigh cost to the labor intensive process of information gathering andanalysis. The current flap about copyright and fair use are good examples.

4) BAD FINANCIAL RISK The information industry is considered a badrisk by the US banking community. Publishers are near the bottom of thelist for reliable investments. This makes it very difficult for theentrepreneur to get a bank loan or investment capital and has created aweak and capital starved industry.

5) PREOCCUPATION WITH SHORT-TERM PROFITS VERSUS LONG TERMGROWTH Those organizations fortunate enough to have secured eitherinvestment capital or bank financing must react to their short termhorizons, many of which are nationally imposed such as long term capitalgains laws which can not and do not provide the patient capital incentiveneeded to create an information product and bring it to market stability.

6). LEGISLATION CAUSED PROBLEMS Every legislative foray intoinformation policy has backfired and encouraged a rash of foreign buy-upsof information companies and/or companies getting out of the business andcashing in while they felt they could. For example, the FOCI (ForeignOwnership, Control and Influence Act) reporting requirements on USgovernment contracts make it more difficult for US companies which ownforeign enterprises to compete and easier for foreign owned organizationsto compete against us. That is, the regulations intended to protect thegovernment actually are often counterproductive to our industry.

7). LOWEST BIDDER CONTRACTING Giving the contract to the lowestbidder is often counterproductive especially when the offshore bidders aresubsidized by their governments for economic development and the USbidders are not.

8). LIMITED INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ABROAD Looking at the USinformation industry from the other side of the fence, there are limitedinvestment opportunities abroad. Foreign companies have small domestic

markets while we have a large, single-language market with excellentdistribution and communication channels. Also databases are classed withpublishing which is rated by financial institutions as a very high riskbusiness.

9). HEAVY FOREIGN GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT Most foreigngovernments have a national information policy and even heavierinvolvement in the secondary information sector than the US and thisdiscourages investment in the locally-based home countries. i,e, othergovernments form a cohesive competitive base to databases but notgenerally to primary publishing.

10). HUGE US APPETITE FOR INFORMATION The US has a huge and welldeveloped appetite for information . There are few barriers to informationflow. Information companies are hungry for investment capital and it isunavailable in the US. So we have heavy foreign ownership of USinformation.

THE ASSOCIATION INTERCHANGE

The information industry is a fully integrated grouping of for profit,private and government organizations world wide which work effectivelyto provide coverage of over 85% of the world's published literature, bothprimary and grey. The rest is proprietary or classified. This data is easilyavailable over telecommunications lines to hundreds of thousands ofindividuals. The workers in the open literature get together at conferencesand contact each other through association channels such as those listed inthe handout. They further communicate through Internet, other electronicmail services, and fax. The dedication to finding the data, getting it intoprint, the databases and the hands of the users has produced heroics - inwartime and peacetime well chronicled in the industry (I have a fewstories of my own).

CONCLUSION

The internationalization of the information industry and in particularforeign acquisitions of key US players is not bad in and of itself. However,the US must realize information is a resource perhaps more valuable thansay oil. As such, we must understand the information policies of othernations and how these policies can shape the availability and content of thisprecious resource. If necessary we must be prepared to help shape thesepolicies to insure a healthy, free flowing, and profitable industry. An

q3

industry which is market driven and not constrained by policy affectingcontext solution (editorial policy), however, subtle it may be.

The US information industry is dynamic, active, heavilty integrated(some say incestous) and fragile. It cannot be easily divided along taxstatus lines (government, not-for-profit, prfit). It is also clearly part of aninternational enterprise from which it cannot be disengaged. In fact, I don'tbelieve it should be. Easy to access, free flowing (not free) information isthe cornerstone to today's democracy. In 1992 our global village requiresquick answers for fast decisions from mountains of data. The moresystematically we are able to capture information at each stage in its lifecycle, the more quickly and effectively we can speed real usable knowledgeinto the hands of the user and author.

4'P/

POTENTIAL PROBLEM AREAS

1. LACK OF A NATIONAL INFORMATION POLICY

2. LACK OF POLICY SUPPORT

3. THE FREE INFORMATION DEBATE

4. BAD FINANCIAL RISK

5. PREOCCUPATION WITH SHORT-TERM VERSUS LONG-TERM GROWTH

6. LEGISLATION CAUSED PROBLEMS

7. LOWEST BIDDER CONTRACTING

8. LIMITED INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES ABROAD

9. HEAVY FOREIGN GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT

10. HUGE US APPETITE FOR INFORMATION

COMPONENTS OF THE INFORMATION INDUSTRY

AUTHORS

Raw materialsNew thoughtsDigests

* PUBLISHERS

Primary

JournalsBooksProceedingsNewspapers

Secondary

Abstract journalsIndex publicationsLibrary catalogs

> DISTRIBUTORS

Serials vendorsClearinghousesOnline vendors

* USERS

WritersResearchers

· RELATED ORGANIZATIONS

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FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM: NATIONAL SECURITY & NATIONAL

COMPETITIVENESS: OPEN SOURCE SOLUTIONS Proceedings, Volume II - Link

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