The Industrial City in England

8/12/2019 The Industrial City in England

1/15

_

_

[...] A sun eternally in eclipse, through a

medium of smoked glass.

(Dickens, Hard Times)

Chiara Pancotti and Giorgio Natali, 3^A


2/15

12/03/2014 2

History: Introduction

1776-80 1830:First Industrial Revolution

It mainly concerned textile and metallurgicmanufacturing;

It involves the introduction of the flying shuttle thesteam engine.

18371901:Victorian Age It was a period of contrasts: great productivity and

social transformation, but also of terrible exploitation

above all of women and children; great richness, butalso terrible poverty.


3/15

Industry: Introduction

Coke begins to be used in indutsrial processes;

Textile manufacturing, which was once based on afamiliar system, now needs larger areas near

sources like rivers and in order to feed electricity orwater supply;

Thanks to the coal, iron and steel industry begins toincrease itself and the mechanical industry. This

creates a steady link between industries and cities.


4/15

12/03/2014 4

The Industrial City

During the first half of theeighteenth century and intenseurbanization process starts in Europeand in the United States.

This process was a direct result of theindustrial development whichrequired large concentrations oflabor and markets for their goods.

Enormous masses of peasants wereturned into labouring masses and urbanproletariat, which would increase the sizeof the cities.


5/15

_

Two factors increased the rapid growth of

cities: The rise of liberalism in

economy and society(freedom concerning private

property, including ownership of urbanland) as by the results of frenchrevolution;

The development of new means of

transport (rails andcars), which made industry freefrom locating nearby sources of energyand facilitated the development of towns.


6/15

12/03/2014 6

Architecture of the City Cottages:

1st row: Cottages have rear doors and little gardens.

2nd row: Cottages have a wall in common with 3rd row.

On the whole, theres a really bad ventilation.


7/15

_

Gardens

Gardens of new houses are quieteregular;

The houses around courtyards aredouble;

Theres not enough air;In gardens everything of every kind iscollected.


8/15

_

London, place for 9 people.


9/15


10/15

12/03/2014 10

Effects on the cities

Increased density

birth of suburbs

lack of sanitary regulations

lack of basic services

overcrowding

Problems in the disposal of sewage and rubbish open air sewers in the same areas where

pedestrians, cars andanimals circulate and children play

houses built close to factories which were polluted withsmoke

traffic always stuck disintegration of urban space:

abandonment of buildings and monumentsbuilding construction in green areasUnplanned growth in suburbs


11/15

12/03/2014 11

Expansion of the city

The first period of urban development was

not characterized by expansion; though, the population

density increased to the limits of survival. As a

consequence, there were plans of "redevelopment".

Then the expanding of buildings outside the centre of

the city started.

The first improvements made on cities date back to

the second half of the 19thcentury and were

originated mainly:

- from the devastations caused by fires (Hamburg1842, London 1861, Istanbul 1870)

- from epidemics of cholera spread out in the

most congested areas of seaports (Naples

1884, Venice 1885, Hamburg 1890)


12/15

Measures

In England in 1830 several inquiries began to

unfold in order to determinate what the health

conditions of industrial cities and working-

class districts really were. In 1844 a law was passed establishing

the minimum hygiene requirements

for houses to rent.

Four years after, the 'Public Health Act'

defined a new idea of public control: for thefirst time there was a legal action against the

indiscriminate freedom of private property.


13/15

12/03/2014 13

Means of transport

1769 Watt invented the steam engine

1825 Stephenson created the locomotive

development of railwaysgrowth and improvement ofthe transport facilities

The new means of public transport- railways,

subways, trams- shortened travel times and

produced:

The management of roads and rail passes

now state

the intensificationof people and goods along the roads

the interconnection paths between thedifferent urban and suburban areas


14/15

_

_


15/15

12/03/2014 15

Solving problems

Awareness of the poverty ofindustrial cities;

Protest of population and new tools to

solve problems. Utopian socialism, which was the

first current of the modern socialistthought, asked for a general reform ofsociety and state, which has, asits purpose, the socialjustice and the nationalization ofeconomic sources.

Documents

The Industrial City in England