The Industrial City-3

8/10/2019 The Industrial City-3

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HANDCRAFT TO MACHINES

- 1765 Watt invented Steam Engine.

- Mechanical Power became independent of hand.

- Production of goods increased.

- Trade Expanded.

- Shops moved from Home to separate quarters The Factories.

- Distinction between employee and employer widened.

- Mercantilism moved into the capitalism of the industrial system.

- Size of factories and number of workers employed increased.

In

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TRANSPORTATION

- Industrial system was dependent upon transportation of raw materials to

factories and finished product to the consumers.

- 1761 inland water ways were linked by system of canals in U.S.

- 1825 first Steam Railroad for public transport in England.

- Industrial production increased, domestic and foreign commerce expanded.

- Traffic congestion paralleled the population density.

- The Steam Railroad offered relief by extending beyond the city.

- Suburbs sprung along them.

- 1885 Electric street railway became principal urban transport.

- Electric street railway went underground to reduce the traffic on the roads.

- 1904 first major subway network was started in New York city.

- Transportation only intensified concentration in the urban center.

- 1885 Daimler invented Internal combustion engine.

- The Automobile split the city open at the seams.

- 1903 man started flying in heavier than air machines.

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PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY

- 1652 first system of water supply by gravity flow was installed in Boston.

- By 1820 pumping systems and were in general use, methods for disposal and

treatment of sewage were improved.

- Heavy coverage of buildings on land reduced the natural drainage of the city.

- Extensive street paving permitted effective cleaning and storm sewers

augmented the sanitary equipment.

- urban hygiene in the factory town did not lag for lack of facilities.

- The congestion on of people and the intensity of land use was responsible.

- 1812 artificial gas lighting appeared in London, by 1840 was in common use

for lighting the streets.

- 1882 first central generating plant for distribution of electricity was placed.

- Electricity replaced gas for street lighting.

- The tremendous progress and the actual living and working condition of the

workers presented a bewildering contrast.

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The Factory Town

- Railroad with its network of tracks penetrated the town with a network of tracks.

- Every amenity of urban life was sacrificed to the requirement of industrial production.

- The factory was the nerve center of the city.

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Different phases in towns consequent upon

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

PHASE 1

URBAN CONCENTRAION

PHASE 2 URBAN SPRAWL

PHASE 3 IMPACT OF LOCOMOTIVE

PHASE 4 BYE-LAW HOUSING

PHASE 5 SOCIAL REFORMS, UTOPIAN IDEAS

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Row Houses- Long rows with small backyards and narrow streets.

- Living environment dreary and monotonous.

- Living, cooking, dining took place in 1stfloor,

- Sleeping rooms on 2ndfloor.

- Wash room and privy attached to the rear.

English Row-House Dutch Flat

PHASE

4

BYE-L

AWH

OUSING


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Railroad Plan 1850

Original Dumbbell 1879

Dumbbell Plan 1887

Railroad Plan

- 25 feets wide, 100 feets

deep.

- 4 apartments on each floor.

- 90% of lot area covered.

- 6 to 7 stories high.

- Only one room had outside

exposure.

Dumbbell plan

- Ar. James E. Ware

- Covered 85% of lot area.

- Narrow interior light shaft.

- 2 common water closets on

each floor.


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Prizewinning Plan 1899

- Tenement house act of

1901 outlawed the

previous plans.

- Ar. R. Thomas Short.

Prizewinning plan.

- Land coverage reduced to

70% of plot area.- Tendency to use wider lots

50 feets wide.

- Sanitary conveniences were

provided to each dwelling.

- Interior courts provied light

and air to each room.


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London Vienna New York

Building Tenements- Excessive building coverage on land.

- Crowding of dwellings within the building.


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Industrial Economy - Exploitation of PoorPoverty - SLUMS

17thcentury city

the picturesque slum

19thcentury city

the mechanical slum


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ANDERTON SQUARE Built c .

1776 Showing ground plansof typical workmen's houses


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Mid-19th-Century Back-To-Back Houses


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Late-19th-Century Tunnel-Back Houses


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BOURNVILLE in 1898


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Sheffield : typical layout of

back-to-back and terrace

housing, mid-nineteenth

century.


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Typical Tunnel-Back house,

the post-1875 solution to

mass-production,

high-density,

low-cost,

working class housing


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PHASE5

SOCIAL REFORMS, UTOPIAN IDEAS


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Plan Of A Model TownFor an associated community of

about 10,000 inhabitants.

- Proposed in1849 by

Ar. J.S.Buckingham

- Utopian Plan

- Recommended that

industries using steam

engines be situtated one-

half mile away from town.

- Sites would be reserved for

sub-urban villas in the

agricultural land and land

surrounding the towns.


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Development of Bern over the

period 1300 to 1800


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Development of New Haven over the

period 1641 till today

1641 today1812


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The Garden City


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Ebenezer Howard`s

magnets from Tomorrow,

1898


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Ebenezer Howard's diagram of a Garden City, from "To-morrow" (1898)


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Ebenezer Howard`s

Diagrammatic garden

city, 1898


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Map of Letchworth

showing buildings

already erected (1921)

and projected future

development.

The original town plan

(1904) was prepared by

Messrs Parker &

Unwin, Architects.


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Welwyn Garden City,

Herts. Diagram of

Town Plan.

The map should be

compared with the

map of an unplanned

English town


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Satellite Towns round

London.

A Diagram showing

how it could be done.

This diagram shows

how the principle of

the Garden City

could be applied to the

development of

Greater London

by the establishment

of satellite towns in

the Home Counties.


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Plan showing part of an existing town.


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Map of an ExistingEnglish Town that was

not planned.

This map should be

compared with the map

of Welwyn Garden City

Note how the factories

are dispersed

throughout the town,

and the lack of open

spaces.


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G l l f H t d G d S b b L d 1906

Documents

The Industrial City-3