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The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 1
The Human
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 2
• Human Major Senses:• The central senses:• 4 stages of human information
processing• Visual Perception(VP)• 2 approaches in explaining VP• The capabilities and limitation of
visual processing• Reading• Hearing• Others• Memory
– 3 types
• Thinking• Learning• Errors• Skill acquisition • Mental-models, knowledge
– importance
– structural and Functional models
• Metaphors – icons
• Conceptual Models• Cognitive Models• Social and Organizational
Aspects
Content
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 3
Human Major Senses:
“human information processing”
• Vision• Hearing• Touch• Taste• Smell
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 4
The central senses:
• Vision• Hearing• Touch
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 5
4 stages of human information processing
Encoding Comparison Response selection Response execution
plus
The processes of attention and memory
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 6
The perceptual system
• The mental apparatus that translates sensations of the physical world as detected by the body’s sensory system into internal representations in the mind.
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 7
Visual Perception - use in design of visual interfaces
• Perceiving size and depth -visual angle, visual acuity• perceiving brightness - the amount of light emitted by
an object• Perceiving colour - hue, intensity and saturation
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 8
2 approaches in explaining visual perception
The constructivist – perception involves the intervention of representation and memories
The ecological – perception is a direct process, information is simply detected rather than being constructed
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 9
The capabilities and limitation of visual processing
• Visual processing involves the transformation and interpretation of image
• Our expectation is an important factor in what will be interprated
• Eg. Ambiguous shapes, Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, text• Perception - the process of becoming aware of
objects • representation - appearance of things
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 10
How do you interpret figure a and b?
a
b
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 11
Reading
• Steps of reading:
1) visual pattern perceived
2) decoded to an internal representation
3) syntactic and semantic analysis• Eye, jerky movements (saccades), fixation (during
which perception occurs)• Adults read 250 word/minute• Words are recognize as quickly as a single character• Capitalizing words will effect speed and accuracy
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 12
RED
BLACK
YELLOW
BLUE
RED
GREEN
YELLOW
BLACK
BLUE
BLACK
RED
YELLOW
GREEN
BLUE
GREEN
ZYP
QLEKF
SUWRG
XCIDB
WOPR
ZYP
QLEKF
XCIDB
SUWRG
WOPR
SUWRG
ZYP
XCIDB
QLEKF
WOPR
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 13
PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria
PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria.
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 14
Hearing
• The human ear- outer ear (protect and amplify) processing sound
– middle ear (vibration occurs and transmit to inner ear)
– inner ear (send impulses to the auditory nerves)• We can determine what and where• 20 Hz<Frequency < 15 kHz
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 15
Others
• Touch - hot, cold, feeling of action such as picking up a glass, pressing the keys on the keyboard– Important means of feedback
• Movement = reaction time + movement time– movement time depends on the physical abilities
( age, fitness)– reaction time (speed of senses)
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 16
Memory
• Sensory - iconic, echoic and haptic memory• Short-term -scratch-pad for temporary recall
– 35*6– examples number sequence, chunking, meaning
• Long-term - episodic memory (events)– semantic memory (facts, concepts and skills)– remember, forgetting and retrieval
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 17
3 types of memory
Sensory store – holds information for a very brief period of time (a few tenth of a second)
Short-term memory store - holds limited information for a short period of time (a few seconds)
Permanent long-term memory store - holds information indefinitely
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 18
examples
• 2653976208
• 071 242 6378
• HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 19
347 901 331 7347 89
134 790 133 1734 789
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 20
Thinking
• Reasoning - deductive, inductive and abductive• Problem-Solving
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 21
examples
• If the light is on then the day is getting darker• The light is on• Therefore….
• Some people are criminals• Some criminals are murderers
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 22
Statement: If a card has a vowel in one side it has an even number on the other.
Which card will you need to pick up to test the statement?
4 E 7 K
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 23
examples
There are 8 glasses of water in the kitchen. You need to carry them to the dinner table in the dining room.
How would you go about doing the above task?
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 24
Learning
• Learning by doing, like driving a car• Computer systems - manual, steps written in such a
way that make user feel overloaded• users use prior knowledge to use a new system• Errors • Skill acquisition
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 25
Errors• 2 types:
– Mistakes:occur through conscious deliberation
– Slips:done unintentionally
• A captured error -frequent activity to intended action
• description error - action on wrong object
• data-driven error - external data interruption of action
• associative-activation error - internal thoughts interruption of action
• loss of activation error -forgetting something in the middle of action
• mode error -being in a state without knowing it
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 26
Skill acquisition
• Declarative - facts about the world• Procedural - how we do things• inability to absorb and put into action declarative
instruction will lead to problems in learning how to use a system
• offer few options so declarative knowledge small• later on can use more complicated systems
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 27
Mental-models, knowledge
• Knowledge - analogical, propositional, distributed • network of general knowledge - the schemata• Mental-models - the model people have of
themselves, others, the environment and the things with which they interact
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 28
Why mental-models are important?To design interfaces that match user’s mental models
>> not easy since actual mental model experiments are difficult to find
What is the difference between images and mental models?
Analogy of a movie, the frame and the short snippets of a movie
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 29
Structural and Functional models
• Structural - describes how devices and systems works
• Functional- describes how to use devices and systems
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 30
Metaphors
• What are metaphors?
Descriptions of an abstract concept in a familiar form• Verbal, Interface metaphors
eg. Describing using the save and find files system in a word processor
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 31
Icons
Resemblance- a Exemplar- b Symbolic- c Arbitrary- d
a b c d
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 32
Conceptual model• A model of how human understand things around
them.
Cognitive model• A representation of some aspect of the mind,
involving the acquisition of knowledge (understanding, remembering, reasoning, learning)
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 33
Traditional cognitive framework in HCI• Incomplete -individual user performing various tasks at
the interface in an inadequate conceptual framework.
More practical view of the cognitive framework
• The design of real systems for real people to carry out real work activities in real organizational settings.
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 34
2 approaches in cognitive psychology describing the activity of the brain
• Computational approaches – conceptualize the cognitive system in terms of goals, planning and action involve in task performance
• Connectionist approaches – simulate behaviour through using programming models
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 35
Distributed cognition• A theory whose goal is to provide an explanation that
goes beyond the individual.
In distributed cognition“functional systems”is
The collection of actors Computer systems and technology The environmental setting
The Human -02 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub 36
Social and OrganizationalAspects
• Group commnunications:– face-to-face, multi-party conversations– computer-mediated multi-party communication
• constraints such as the images and sound that can be transmitted across the communication line
• appearance of users• Organization- paperles, automated office, electronic
cottage, global village