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The Jeffersonian Era
Jefferson won a close and bitter Election in 1800 Won the most popular vote Tied in electoral college with Aaron Burr Hamilton broke the tie
12th Amendment changed the way the president would be chosen
Jefferson’s Theory-Jeffersonian republicanism People should control the government Government should be simple and small
He reduced the size of the military and lowered governmental expenses
Jeffersonian EraHe was the first president to take office in the new federal capital-Washington DC
1st of three presidents from VA
This showed rise of southern political power
At the same time the Supreme Court was increasing its power
Marbury vs. Madison
Chief Justice was John Marshall
Strengthened power of Supreme Court
Ruled a law passed by congress unconstitutional
This power was called judicial review
Louisiana Purchase
1803-Jefferson got chance to buy land from France
Wasn’t sure he had Constitutional power to buy it
Bought it anyway-3 cents per acre
Called the Louisiana Purchase
New boundaries stretched from Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
Madison and War of 1812Britain and France were at war
Both threatened American ships
British engaged in impressment seized American sailors forced to serve in British navy
America’s anger grew
Madison becomes president in 1808
He asks Congress to declare war on Britain
War of 1812
The British attacked Washington DC
Madison had to flee the city
Andrew Jackson defeats British at New Orleans-becomes a hero!
Treaty of Ghent ended the war
Three outcomes of war Anti-war Federalists Party died out America began to develop their own industries Showed that United States was truly independent
Treaty of Ghent
NationalismNational pride grew after the war
1816-Monroe elected
Choses John Quincy Adams as Sec. Of State
Adams based foreign policy on nationalism Nation’s intrest come before what a
region wants
He settled some issues with Britain
Convinced Spain to give Florida to United States-with help of Jackson
Monroe Doctrine1823-Monroe warned European nations not interfere with any nation in the Americas
He said United States would stay out of European affairs
Policy statement was known as Monroe Doctrine
Still used today!
Regional Economic Create Differences
Early in the 19th century regions of the US developed differently.
Northern states economy depended on CommerceTrade, shipping, production of materials
The South remained agriculturalCotton, tobacco
Missouri Compromise1818: Settlers wanted admissionFree or Slave State?The CompromiseMaine admitted as free stateMissouri as a slave
The rest of the Louisiana Territory Split into 2 parts36’ 30Slavery banned in the North (except for Missouri)South of it was legal
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Under the Authority of President Jackson
Forceful removal of Native Amer. to west
Removal of Indian from 1831-33 Again in 1835
An estimated 30,000 Indians forced to move west of the Mississippi.
Worcester v. Georgia 1832
The Cherokee Nation took the state of Georgia to court
They won their case
Jackson refused to follow the order
Even so, still forcibly removed
Indians walked 1000s of miles
1/4of the Cherokee would die along the way
The Trial Of Tears
Nullification
Southerners objected to tariffs
John C. Calhoun fought for states’ rights
Argued that states could nullify federal laws they felt were unconstitutional
1832-South Carolina tried to nullify a federal tariff threatened to secede from the union
Daniel Webster (Mass) opposed nullification
Henry Clay worked out compromise to keep S.C in Union
Bank War
Jackson was against 2nd National Bank
Took federal money out of the national bank and put it in other hands
National bank went of existence
People began to think that Jackson had too much power
Whig Party was formed
Growth of Political Parties
Election of 1824John C. Calhoun
John Quincy AdamsWilliam Crawford
Henry ClayAndrew Jackson
Election of 1828Andrew Jackson
John Quincy Adams
Election of 1836Martin Van Buren
William Henry HarrisonDaniel Webster
Hugh White
Election of 1840Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison
DemocratRepublican
Whig
Panic of 1837Martin Van Buren Elected President in 1836By 1837-many banks that Jackson had put money into failedHelped cause the Panic of 1837 and a depression1840-Van Buren loses to Wm Henry Harrison (Whig)Harrison dies soon after-vice-president john Tyler takes over
Terms and NamesManifest destinySanta Fe TrailOregon TrailStephen F AustinTexas RevolutionThe AlamoSam HoustonJames K PolkRepublic of CaliforniaTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Settling the FrontierMany Americans believed that God wanted them to move across the continent
Believed that they were meant to control the west-manifest destiny
Why go west? Economic reasons-cheap land After panic of 1837 many wanted fresh start
Paths to the west Santa Fe Trail-Independence, MO & Santa Fe, New Mexico Oregon Trail-Independence & Portland, Oregon
Mormons-used Oregon trail to Utah
Had been persecuted in the East
Settled on edge of the Great Salt Lake
Texas Independence
1820s-Mexico encouraged Americans to settle in TexasThey were offered land to help make area more stableStephen F Austin-set up a colony of Americans in TexasSoon Anglos outnumbered the Spanish-speaking TexansCreated cultural differences English instead of Spanish Protestant instead of Catholic Southerners who brought slaves
Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829Mexicans unsuccessful in getting Texans to free slaves
Texas IndependenceMexico tried to keep more Americans from coming
Settlers came anyway
Austin asks Mexico for self-government in Texas
1836-War breaks out-called Texas Revolution
Small Texas force tried to defend the Alamo
All 187 Americans were killed when Mexico captured the mission
“Remember the Alamo”Became the rallying cry for Texas rebels
Sam Houston became commander of the Texans They captured Santa Anna Won their independence
1844-James K Polk-President Slaveholder Favored westward expansion
1845-Texas admitted as state
The Mexican-American War 1846-48For the first time the US went to war not for independence, or foreign provocation but for territorial expansion.Polk, believed war with Mexico would allow the US to take over the Texas, New Mexico and California territoryPolk implied that Texas was a part of the Louisiana purchase, and treated it as US propertySent troops under Gen. Zachary Taylor to protect our border’sTension escalated when Taylor crossed the Rio Grande. An American Soldier was found dead and an American patrol was attacked. That all the provocation Polk needed to declare war
After several military victories
Mexico conceded defeat
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as the border
The US gained Texas, New Mexico And California
California Gold Rush1848-Gold discovered in California
People “rushed” to California for gold
These “49ers” came from all over America as well as other countries
California’s population exploded
San Francisco became a boom town
Thousands of people came to California
Development of farming, manufacturing, shipping, and banking grew rapidly
Great economic changes in the US during the first half of the 19th century
Market revolution-people bought and sold goods rather than making them for themselves
Free enterprise-economic system in which private businesses and individuals control production
Both expanded at this time
Entrepreneurs-invested in new industries
New industries produced goods that: Made life more comfortable Improved manufacturing Improved transportation Improved communications
Different regions became dependent on each otherEach region needed goods produced by other regionsNorth became the center of commerce and manufacturing Midwest became a farming region Crops were carried by canal and train to
markets in the East
South remained agricultural Cotton Rice Tobacco
Slaves were used to raise those crops
Changing WorkplacesNew market economy changed the way Americans worked
Factories took the place of home shops
New machines allowed unskilled workers make goods that skilled workers had made
These workers had to work in factories
Thousands of people worked in textile mills Hired young women instead of men-could be paid less “Mill girls” lived in boarding houses owned by factories Working conditions were horrible
Workday-more than 12 hours-a-day Hot, noisy and dirty Many became ill
Workers OrganizeBad working conditions led workers to unite
1834-Lowell textile mill cut wages by 15%
Mill girls went on strike
Public support was against the workers
1830s-40s-there were many strikes for shorter work days
Employers won strikes by hiring strike-breakers Many were European immigrants
Immigration increased between 1830-1860
Most met prejudice in the United States
The First Unions
Small trade unions began to band together in the 1830s
National Trades’ Union formed in 1834 Represented a variety of trades
At first strikes were declared illegal
1842-Commonwealth v. Hunt Massachusetts Supreme Court
supported the workers right to strike
Reforming American Society
TOPIC AIMS/GOALS
Second Great Awakening Bring more people to God
Unitarianism
Transcendentalism
Abolition
Women’s Rights
Religious and Social Reforms of the 19th Century
Second GreatAwakening
Lyman BeecherCharles G Finney
Abolitionist
Fredrick DouglasHenry Highland GarnetWilliam Lloyd Garrison
EducationalReform
Lyman BeecherHorace Mann
Mentally Ill & Handicapped
Dorothea DixThomas Gallaudet
Samuel Gridley Howe
Women’sRights
Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady
Stanton
Temperance
Movement
Lyman Beecher