The Jeffersonian Republic 1800-1823

The Jeffersonian RepublicTable of Contents1807-1817The Trials of the Jeffersonians

1817-1824The Era of Good Feeling?

1800-1806The Triumph of the Jeffersonians

1801-1835The Marshall Court3

Jefferson (R)73Burr (R)73

Adams (F)65Pinckney (F)64TIEBREAKER:House of Representatives1 vote per stateThe Election of 1800182018161812180818041800

The Twelfth AmendmentDISTINCT BALLOTSfor president and vice president

Jeffersonian PrinciplesFrom Jeffersons First Inaugural AddressWe are all republicans, We are all federalists. REPublic = Government by REPresentativesDivision of power between state governments and the central government(Difference is by Degree)(Difference is by Degree)Document 4.1Jeffersonian PrinciplesFrom Jeffersons First Inaugural AddressWe are all republicans, We are all federalists. DOMESTIC POLICY(Discontinuity)FOREIGN POLICY(Continuity)a wise and frugal Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvementpeace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.Document 4.1The Louisiana Purchase

[The President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur...From Article II, Section 2

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Lewis and Clark ExpeditionNORTHWEST PASSAGE?

The Doomsday Clock

After their devastating defeat in the Election of 1800, doomsday was quickly approaching for John Adams and the Federalist Party.Lame Duck Session

ELECTIONSUCCESSORS TERM1801In a lame duck session, the outgoing Congress meets and passes laws before the newly-elected members of Congress can take their seats.

The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.From Article III, Section 1

The Judiciary Act of 1801Lame Duck Session

Sixteen new federal circuit judgesThe Midnight Judges Act

Sixteen federal judgeswith life tenure would be able to undermine Jefferson and the Republicans from the bench.John MarshallFederalistSecretary of State (Adams Administration)

Chief Justiceof the Supreme CourtMidnight AppointmentJohn Marshall Chief Justice

Marbury v. MadisonWilliam Marbury (Midnight Judge) James Madison (Secretary of State)vs.

(1803)Writ ofMANDAMUS

as per Judiciary Act of 1789

The judiciary, from the nature of its functions, will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution...From The Federalist No. 78

Marbury v. Madison(1803)John Marshall Chief Justice

???Marshalls DilemmaMarbury v. Madison(1803)John Marshall Chief Justice

Judiciary Act of 1789 is UNCONSTITUTINALMarshalls Decision

JUDICIAL REVIEWMarshall:

The Supreme Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional.(in this case, a federal law passed by Congress)John Marshall Chief Justice

JUDICIAL REVIEWComparingJefferson & MarshallFederalismStrict / Loose Construction?National Bank?Favored Economic Pursuit?Kentucky Resolution:Who interprets the Constitution?Marbury v. Madison:

Jefferson(Republican)Marshall(Federalist)32McCulloch v. MarylandMaryland had placed a tax on the Bank of the United States. The B.U.S. sued Maryland in protest.1819

BUS vs. MarylandJohn Marshall Chief Justice

McCulloch v. Maryland1819The Marshall Court ruledin the Banks favor.

THE DECISION:

John Marshall Chief Justice

SUPREMACY CLAUSEELASTIC CLAUSEFEDERALISMIMPLIED POWERSMcCulloch v. MarylandThe power to tax involves the power to destroy.

John MarshallMcCulloch v. Maryland1819John Marshall Chief Justice

Gibbons (& Vanderbilt)

COMMERCE CLAUSEFEDERALISMGibbons v. Ogden1824John Marshall Chief Justice

[The Congress shall have Power] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States...From Article I, Section 8The Marshall Court:

Using Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden as guides, determine whether Chief Justice John Marshall would Like or Dislike the following items.

NOTE: This exercise is based on the Facebook news feed. At no point does the author assert that the format is original. NOT INTENDED FOR COMMERCIAL USE

GAME TIME!!!The Elastic Clause

The Constitution The Congress shall have PowerTo make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. (Art I, Sec 8.18)1787 Comment Likelikes this.

John MarshallThomas Jefferson Resolved, That the several States composing, the United States of America by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States constituted a general government for special purposes delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government

1798 Comment Like

Compact Theory / States Rightsdislikes this.John Marshall

Alexander Hamilton Every power vested in a Government is in its nature sovereign which are not precluded by restrictions and exceptions specified in the constitution, or not immoral, or not contrary to the essential ends of political society.

23 Feb 1791 Comment Likehttp://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_18s11.html

Loose Constructionlikes this.John MarshallJames Madison The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite.

1788 Comment Like

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers/No._45 Strict Constructiondislikes this.John Marshall

Alexander Hamilton A National Bank is an Institution of primary importance to the prosperous administration of the Finances, and would be of the greatest utility in the operations connected with the support of the Public Credit.... 1790 Comment Like

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Report_on_Public_Credit likes this.John MarshallThe National Bank

The Trials of the Jeffersonians

The Embargo and the War of 1812The Napoleonic WarsFRANCEand alliesBRITAINand alliesLAND POWERNAVAL POWERContinental SystemNaval Blockade of Europe

1803-1815Blockade

Map Credit: http://www.normancrossgallery.com/history/index.html The United States EconomyEarly 19th Century

RAW MATERIALSFINISHED GOODS

AGRICULTUREMANUFACTURING

Jeffersons agrarian economic model depended on trade with Europe.50The Jeffersonian Economic Model

RAW MATERIALSFINISHED GOODS

AGRICULTUREMANUFACTURING

Impressment

Art Credit: http://abikstickfigures.blogspot.com/2009/10/british-need-to-get-out-of-our-business.html

The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair1807

The War HawksHenry Clay (KY)John C. Calhoun (SC)

Harrisons army defeats an Indian force associated with Tecumseh.

TecumsehWilliam Henry HarrisonBattle of Tippecanoe1811The Aftermath of TippecanoeAmericans blamed the British for arming Tecumseh and encouraging him to start an uprising against the United States.MADE IN CANADA

PROVOCATIONSImpressment of SailorsCutting off TradeInterference with Native Americans on the western frontierJames MadisonFourth President of the U.S.

Madisons War Messageto Congress1812

1813 Unsuccessful invasion of Canada

1814 British send an army to Washington

Map Credit: http://www.royalscotsgrenadiers.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/1812map.jpg.w560h674.jpg Major Campaigns

Burning of WashingtonAugust 24, 1814

The End of the War3 THINGS HAPPENING AT ONCE:1814-15

Hartford Convention

Treaty of GhentBattle of New Orleans

Status quo ante bellum

The Treaty of Ghentrestored things to the way they werebefore the war began. Treaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814CONSEQUENCESGen. Andrew Jackson

Although the Battle of New Orleans took place after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, the Battle of New Orleans was important because the decisive victory gave Americans a sense of national pride.Surge of national pride

AMERICA!

Andrew Jackson: National HeroBattle of New OrleansJanuary 8, 1815

Jackson SquareNew Orleans