THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1

Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808

1800 Election Results

CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people

Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes

Jefferson Memorial

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges

Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional

Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional

Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire

He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000

More than doubled the size of our country

Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN

Causes: British “impressment” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans

The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White house

Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset Americans

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812

Results of the war included:

End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)

Encouraged industries in U.S.

Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation

Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY

James Monroe was elected president in 1816

Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as key concern of administration

Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida & southern- most areas of SE America

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization

In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

What idea does this political cartoon convey?

The Monroe Doctrine

Answer the 5 questions on your own paper. Follow instructions for minimum word count.

THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2

During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, ushered in a new era of popular democracy

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES

The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural

The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century

New England first to embrace factory system

Especially in textile (fabric) mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL

Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power

Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable

The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”

More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves

1820 = 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

Economic differences created political tension between North & South

As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together

House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood

Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state

Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free”

Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820

ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON

Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in 1828 in part because the right to vote had been expanded to more citizens

In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males voted

In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted

Many of the new voters supported the rugged westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832

ANDREW JACKSON IS ON THE $20 BILL

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

As part of his political philosophy, Jackson sought to grant political power to the common people

Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the previous administration’s staff

Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and political allies

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830

Under this law, the federal government funded treaties that forced tribes west

The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were supported by the Supreme Court

Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court

Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died

INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830

TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”

In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the Import Tariff of 1816

Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of Abominations,” and blamed it for economic problems in the South

THE NORTH

THE SOUTH

TARIFFS

It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern critics because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy. The major goal of the tariff was to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by putting a tax on them. The South, however, was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the US made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.

Tariff of Abominations

NULLIFICATION THREAT

In an attempt to free South Carolina from the tariff, John Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from S.C.), developed the Theory of Nullification

He believed if a state found an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law void within its borders

Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise Tariff in 1833

Nullification Theory

Nullification is a constitutional theory that gives an individual state the right to declare null and void any law passed by the United States Congress which the state deems unacceptable and unconstitutional.

The concept is most well-known in the context of the sectionalist crisis that plagued the Union in the 40 years preceding the Civil War.

JACKSON’S BANK WAR

Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats

Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King than a president

In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs

PANIC OF 1837

In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency

He inherited problems from the “Bank Wars”

Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backing

In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared

MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841

HARRISON & TYLER

Whig William Henry Harrison defeated Democrat Van Buren in the election of 1840

Harrison, known as “Tippecanoe” for a battle he won against natives, died a month into his term

His VP, John Tyler became president HARRISON

1841

TYLER 1841-1845

MANIFEST DESTINY: SECTION 3

In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with expansion

Many believed that their movement westward was predestined by God

Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea”

UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY

FAMOUS TRAILS WEST

No highways existed, thus wagon trails served as the roads to the West

Santa Fe Trail ran from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

Oregon Trail stretched from Independence to Oregon City, Oregon

Mormons especially utilized the Oregon Trail on their way to Salt Lake City

MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS

After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican settlers felt at home in Texas territory

Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821 and Texas was theirs

Mexican officials offered land to Americans to make the area more stable

Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in Texas – trouble started

TEXAS INDEPENDENCE

Stephen Austin established a colony of Americans in Texas

Conflicts intensified between Mexicans and Americans in Texas

One issue was the slaves many Americans had brought with them

Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829

REMEMBER THE ALAMO

Mexican President Santa Anna was determined to force Texans to obey Mexican law

Santa Anna marched his troops toward San Antonio – at the same time Austin issued a call to arms for all American Texans

American forces moved into a mission known as the Alamo in 1836

After 13 days the Mexican troops scaled the walls and slaughtered all 187 AmericansTHE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

1844 presidential election winner, James Polk, eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the U.S.

Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory in 1845

America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna conceded defeat

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico & California

MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850

Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners

By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000

THE MARKET REVOLUTION: SECTION 4

The first half of the 19th century in America, brought vast changes to technology, transportation, and production

Known as the Market Revolution, people increasingly bought and sold goods rather than make them for themselves

A 19th century market

NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY

1837 – Samuel Morse invented the Telegraph

Railroads were becoming faster and more numerous by 1830 surpassing canals as # 1 means of transport

Robert Fulton invented the Steamboat and by 1830, 200 were on the Mississippi

John Deere’s Plow and Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper improved agriculture

By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed the country

WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS

In 1834, Lowell, Massachusetts textile workers went on strike after their wages were lowered – one example of the dozens of strikes in the U.S. in the 1830s and 1840s

Several industries formed the National Trade Union in 1834 in hopes of bettering their conditions

STRIKES AND UNIONS BECAME

MORE NUMEROUS AFTER 1830

The Lowell system was a method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company.

In 1814, the Boston Company built America's first fully mechanized mill in Waltham, Massachusetts. Nine years later, the company built a complex of new mills at East Chelmsford, soon renamed Lowell in honor of the company's founder, Francis Lowell.

With the production process fully mechanized, the principal limitation on the firm's output was the availability of labor, and here the company

made its second innovation: it began to recruit young farm girls from the surrounding countryside. In order to attract these women and to reassure their families, the owners developed a paternalistic approach to management that became known as the Lowell system.

The mill workers were housed in clean, well-run boardinghouses, were strictly supervised both at work and at home, and were paid unusually good wages.

The farm girls responded with enthusiasm. They soon became renowned as excellent employees, and their lively self-improvement program (including a literary magazine) drew international attention.

Few of the Lowell women worked more than a few years, but for every one who returned home to marry,

two new ones appeared. By the 1830s, the Lowell system had become a national symbol of the fact that in America, humanity could go hand in hand with industrial success.

Even at the pinnacle of its renown, however, conditions in Lowell had begun to deteriorate. In 1834, an economic downturn led to the mills'

first wage cuts. In the 1840s, managers instituted a speedup, requiring higher and higher output for the same hourly wage. The women formed the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association and tried to appeal to their employers and then to the state legislature through petitions. These led to state investigations in 1845 and 1846, but little changed.

After 1848, conditions deteriorated further, as New England's textile industry began to suffer from overexpansion. Seeking cheaper labor,

the mill owners turned increasingly to Irish immigrants and in the process discontinued the management policies they had devised to attract workers from the farms. By the 1850s, the Lowell system had been abandoned.

REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY: SECTION 5

The Second Great Awakening spread Christianity through revival meetings

Another growing religious group was the Unitarians who emphasized reason as path to perfection

Ralph Waldo Emerson was a Unitarian preacher who developed Transcendentalism

These and other religions became the impetus for reforming society

RALPH WALDO EMERSON

THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT

1820s: Abolitionist movement to free African Americans from slavery arose

Leader was a white radical named William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist called for immediate emancipation of all slaves

FREDERICK DOUGLASS: AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER

Freed slave, Frederick Douglass escaped from bandage and became an eloquent abolitionist (critic of slavery) leader

He began an anti-slavery newspaper called, Northstar – named after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom

At age 13 he began At age 13 he began to look for ways to to look for ways to earn his freedom.earn his freedom.

He read the He read the Columbian OratorColumbian Orator, a , a collection of collection of speeches dealing speeches dealing with freedom, with freedom, courage, and courage, and democracy.democracy.

He secretly taught He secretly taught other slaves to other slaves to read.read.

Frederick was Frederick was beaten quite often beaten quite often until he started to until he started to fight back.fight back.

He spent time in He spent time in prison after prison after attempting an attempting an escape.escape.

He later became an He later became an expert as a caulker expert as a caulker in a shipyard.in a shipyard.

Frederick planned his Frederick planned his escape north.escape north.

Arrived in New York Arrived in New York City, a free state.City, a free state.

““A new world had A new world had opened upon me. opened upon me. Anguish and grief, Anguish and grief, like darkness and like darkness and rain, may be depicted, rain, may be depicted, but gladness and joy, but gladness and joy, like the rainbow, defy like the rainbow, defy the skill of pen or the skill of pen or pencil.” FDpencil.” FD

Becoming an Becoming an abolitionistabolitionist

New Bedford, MA became New Bedford, MA became the new home of the new home of Frederick.Frederick.

He changed his name to He changed his name to Douglas in case slave Douglas in case slave catchers were in the catchers were in the area.area.

He became involved with He became involved with William Lloyd William Lloyd Garrison’s Garrison’s LiberatorLiberator. . “The paper became my “The paper became my meat and drink. My soul meat and drink. My soul was set all on fire.”was set all on fire.”

This led to his This led to his involvement in the involvement in the abolitionist movement.abolitionist movement.

A skilled lecturerA skilled lecturer He was He was anticolonizationanticolonization..

Mr. Garrison hired Mr. Garrison hired Frederick as a Frederick as a traveling lecturer traveling lecturer for the abolitionist for the abolitionist movement. movement.

The Herald of Freedom The Herald of Freedom reported that reported that Douglas: “has wit, Douglas: “has wit, arguments, sarcasm, arguments, sarcasm, pathos – all that pathos – all that first rate men show first rate men show in their master in their master effort.”effort.”

On the Way to FreedomOn the Way to Freedom 1845 Frederick wrote 1845 Frederick wrote the the Narrative of Narrative of Frederick Douglas, Frederick Douglas, an American Slavean American Slave. .

He then traveled to He then traveled to England and England and continued the continued the antislavery antislavery movement.movement.

In 1846 Douglas’s In 1846 Douglas’s freedom was bought freedom was bought for $710.96 and he for $710.96 and he returned to America.returned to America.

The North StarThe North Star NewspaperNewspaper

He moved to Rochester, He moved to Rochester, NY and started in own NY and started in own abolitionist paper abolitionist paper called the called the North StarNorth Star..

Founded by Douglass in Founded by Douglass in 18471847

He was the editor and He was the editor and publisher of this four publisher of this four page weekly paper.page weekly paper.

Later became the Later became the Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass PaperPaper

Life in RochesterLife in Rochester

It took the help It took the help of many people and of many people and Frederick’s Frederick’s lecture circuit to lecture circuit to keep up with the keep up with the newspaper’s costs.newspaper’s costs.

He also helped He also helped Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony and Lucretia Mott and Lucretia Mott in the women’s in the women’s movement. movement.

Changing viewpointsChanging viewpoints Frederick broke Frederick broke with William Lloyd with William Lloyd Garrison’s passive Garrison’s passive movement and joined movement and joined with John Brown.with John Brown.

John Brown taught John Brown taught that “ slaveholders that “ slaveholders had forfeited their had forfeited their right to live, and right to live, and that slaves had the that slaves had the right to gain their right to gain their liberty in any way liberty in any way they could.”they could.”

Civil War YearsCivil War Years Frederick was Frederick was instrumental in instrumental in recruiting black recruiting black soldiers for the Union soldiers for the Union army.army.

He met with Abraham He met with Abraham Lincoln to discuss how Lincoln to discuss how to end slavery and was to end slavery and was considered to be a good considered to be a good friend of the friend of the president. president.

Even after Even after emancipation, Frederick emancipation, Frederick continued the fight for continued the fight for equality. equality.

Campaigned for voting Campaigned for voting rights for both black rights for both black men and all women.men and all women.

He would move to He would move to Washington DC and Washington DC and became involved became involved with political with political figures. figures.

He wrote another He wrote another book, the book, the Life and Life and Times of Frederick Times of Frederick DouglasDouglas..

Frederick died at Frederick died at the age of 77 in the age of 77 in 1895 because of a 1895 because of a heart attack.heart attack.

TURNER’S REBELLION

The vast majority of African-Americans were enslaved in the South and were subjected to constant degradation

Some rebelled against their condition

Most famous revolt was led by Virginia slave Nat Turner

Turner led 50 followers in a revolt killing 60 whites – he was caught and executed

Turner plans his rebellion

WOMEN AND REFORM

From abolition to education, women worked actively in all reform movements

Throughout the 1800s opportunity for women to become educated increased

1833: Oberlin College became first coed institution

WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT EMERGES

Reform movements of the 19th century spurred the development of a Women’s movement

For example, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had both been ardent abolitionists

In 1848, more than 300 women participated in a Women’s Right convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

Two pioneers in women’s rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and

Susan B. Anthony