The fundamental Factors In Management Of Technology Provided By: Mina Eghtedarian Adviser: Dr.Momeni

The fundamental Factors In

Management Of Technology

Provided By: Mina EghtedarianAdviser: Dr.Momeni

IndexChapterPageChapterPageChapterPage

The Creativity Factor3Innovation – Main Skills13Changing management23

Invention4Becoming More Creative14Forces of change24

Innovation5Technology and Price15Managing positive change25

Science And Technology6Bringing Innovation to Market

16Managing Resistance to Change26

What is the real situation?7Time and technology17Changing process28

Extent of Innovation8Innovation In Business18Change Strategies29

Modality of Innovation9Productivity19What Really Works30

Other Dimensions of Innovation10Effectiveness20Pioneers vs. Followers31

7 Factors Of Innovation Impulses

11Competitiveness21being Pioneer in innovation32

Variables Of Innovation12Why we should change?22Case Study33

3

The Creativity Factor

Technology is an expression of human creativity. Managing technology involves continuous effort in

creating technology, developing novel products and services , and successfully marketing them.

This requires great creativity along with a system designed to exploit it.

Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil 3

4

Invention

Is either a concept or the creation of a novel technology.

Invention occur as a result of human ingenuity and imagination. They occur only sporadically, by chance or through trial and error to satisfy a need.

In modern times most inventions have followed scientific discoveries.


5

Innovation Involves the creation of a product, service, or

process that is new to an organization. (Aiken & Hage ,1979)

An innovation may be a change in industrial practice, which improves productivity. (Shompter,1928)

The innovation process involves integration of existing technology and inventions to create a new or improved product, process, or system. (Jain&Triandis,1990)

• Innovation = Invention + exploitation (Ettlie)


6

Science And Technology

www.stconsultant.blogspot.com 6

Science & Technology Improvement

Time 19 century

Science

Technology

7

What is the real situation?• Booz Allen Hamilton Global

Innovation 1,000 Study 2006:– Innovation can lead to higher

performance, but the process isn’t automatic and it does not necessarily require above average levels of investment.

– The most successful companies combine an integrated process and a supportive culture to create a sustainable competitive advantage

– Money simply cannot buy effective innovation.

– Less than 10% of companies are Innovators ,but in having a very good innovation management system

• Innovation Network Survey, fall 2004 [same result from 2005], new innovation leaders in medium to large companies:

– 71% said they had no metrics for their position

– 60% of them have innovation as part of their mission/job objectives

– 68% have no well defined innovation process within their company

– 54% have no working definition of innovation

Source: Dr.V.S.R.Krishnaiah, Sr.Technical Director, NIC

88

Radical innovation :occurs when major improvements are made to a product.

Incremental innovation :occurs when small improvements are made to a product, or the processes used in manufacturing a product.

Routine innovation :occurs when the innovation is new for organization but is similar to old technology.


Extent of Innovation

9

Modality of Innovationthe ‘4Ps’ of innovation

Product innovation: changes in the things (products or services) which an organization offers

Process innovation: changes in the ways in which they are created an delivered

Position innovation: changes in the context in which the product or services are introduced (Packaging Innovation ,Design innovation)

Paradigm innovation: changes in the underlying mental modes which frame what an organization does (Brand Innovation , Value Innovation)

http://www.smeir.ir.

11

7 Factors Of Innovation Impulses

INTERNAL I. Unexpected event

II. Contradiction

III. Change of work process

IV. Change in the structure of industry or market

EXTERNALV. Demographic changes

VI. Changes in the world view

VII. New knowledge

http://www.slideworld.com http://www.slideworld.com

12

Structural Variables– Adopt an organic structure– Make available plentiful

resources– Engage in frequent inter

unit communication– Provide explicit support

for creativity– Management Commitment

Cultural Variables– Accept ambiguity– Have low external controls– Tolerate risk taking– Tolerate conflict– Focus on ends rather than

means

Human Resource Variables

– Actively promote training and development to keep employees’ skills current.

– Offer high job security to encourage risk taking.

– Encourage individual to be “champions” of change.

Variables Of Innovation

http://www.citeHR.com

13

Innovation – Main Skills Association: it is a cognitive skills that

allows creative people to make connections between questions, problems and ideas.

Questioning: it is an ability to ask: “What if”, “why” and “why not” and challenge the answers.

Close observe details: particularly the details of people’s behavior.

The ability to experimenting. Conceptual fluency The ability to generating new idea.

http://www.slideworld.com

14

Becoming More Creative

• Think of yourself as creative• Pay attention to your intuition• Move away from your comfort zone• Engage in activities that put you outside your comfort zone• Find several right answers• Believe in finding a workable solution• Brainstorm with others

15

Technology and Price

Organization knowledge

Customer knowledge

Time

Distance

Technologic Distance


16

Bringing Innovation to Market

Buying or ignoring the innovation


InventionInvention

InnovationInnovationScientificDiscoveryScientificDiscovery

MarketMarket

Has no instantaneous

Commercial value

Adoptinginvention

IF ONE DESIRES A CHANGE, ONE MUST BE THAT CHANGE BEFORE THAT CHANGE CAN TAKE PLACE

17

Time and technologyCase study

I.OsborneII.IBMIII.Microsoft


“CHANGE IS UNIVERSAL…CHANGE IS PERMANENT….BE EVER WILLING TO CHANGE…..FOR, CHANGE ALONE LEADS YOU TO SUCCESS AND HAPPINESS!!!

18

Innovation In Business

Innovation may be linked to:Performance growth through improvements in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitive positioning, market share, etc.

19

Productivity

Productivity = ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = $/hour worked

On a national level, productivity is a very important factor in raising the standard of living.

Standard of living is often associated with a population’s per capita income.

Per capita income = ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ = $/person


Output (GDP)

Input (total hours worked)

GDP

Total population

20

Effectiveness

Implies the ability to achieve desired goals. Is about producing or being capable of

producing results.


21

Competitiveness

Indicates the standing of a country or a company in relation to a known group.

The competitiveness of a company compares the firm’s output to the outputs of its competitors and indicates its standing in the marketplace.

A company is competitive when it maintains a profitable status while producing a product or service that meets the tests of the marketplace.


22

Trade/1950

Research/1960

Mail/1970

Phone calls/1980

Sms/2001

Email/1994

Why we should change?

22

The world is changing very fast. Big will not beat small any more . It is now be the fast beating the slow.

Michael Jackson, Seminar , Ahwaz

2011

23

What are your feelings about change? People have a natural resistance to change People get bored with routine and seek out new

experiences Can we be both at the same time?

Change Management

23http://www.slideworld.com

CHANGE IS THE ONLY THING THAT WILL NEVER CHANGE. SO BETTER ADAPT TO IT.

24

Forces of change

External External Forces Forces

of of ChangeChange

Internal Internal Forces Forces

of of ChangeChange

CompetitionCompetition

GovernmentGovernmentProgramsPrograms

EconomicEconomicConditionsConditions

TechnologyTechnology Employee Employee attitudesattitudes

New New equipmentequipment

Workforce Workforce changeschanges

Change in Change in organizationorganization


DO NOT ALLOW ROUTINES TO BECOME CHAINS!

25

Managing positive change

Announce Change

Surprise

Anger

FearDisappointmen

t

Denied

doubt

Trial

Acceptance

Commitment

Belief

Progress

Adapt

Intended Result

Ac

ce

pta

nc

e Of

Ch

an

ge

Time

I don’t understand the changes but am

confident of the current situation

I have someinformation and

have strong doubts

I have more details of how the changes will

affect me and still have some concerns

I have lots of details of how I’ll be working differently and feel

much more confident

25Michael Jackson, Seminar , Ahwaz

It’s your choice

26

Managing Resistance to Change

Why People Resist Change?– The ambiguity and uncertainty

– The comfort of old habits

– A concern over personal loss of status, money, authority, friendships.

– The perception that change is incompatible with the goals and interest of the organization

– Fear of Personal Loss

– Lack of Faith in Change


KEEP RENEWING YOURSELF

27

Techniques for

Reducing Resistance

Education and Communication

Participation

Negotiation

Facilitation and Support

Coercion

Managing Resistance to Change

http://www.slideworld.com

Do Your Best And Leave The Rest ….!

28Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

Lewin’s Three-Step Process

Changing process


SURROUND YOURSELF WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE OPEN TO CHANGE…!

29

4 change Strategies

StructureAuthority

CoordinationCentralization

PeopleAttitudes

ExpectationsBehavior

TechnologyProcessesMethods

Equipment

Change Strategies

ProductNew productsNew services


ANTICIPATE CHANGE EVEN WHEN THINGS ARE GOING RIGHT!

30

What Really Works

Changing the Work Setting 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

probability of success 55%

Changing Organizational Performance


Changing Individual Behavior


Change the Work Setting or Change the People?

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%


RESPECT YOURSELF. THE WORLD WILL REWARD YOU ON YOUR SUCCESSES.

31

Pioneers vs. Followers

Classification of organization Pioneers Followers laggards


Innovation does not happen by itself, It is the result of hard work, well planned , Executed and is no happening (Drucker, 1985)

32

being Pioneer in innovation

AdvantageDisadvantage

I. Well known brand

II. Promote marketing position

III. Standardization

IV. Earlier learning curve

V. Support barriers

VI. High benefit

VII. Customer loyality

VIII. Appropriate responses

I. High cost of research & marketing & experiment& final design.

II. High cost of keeping pioneer.

III. High cost of change and redesigning technology.

IV. Ambiguity of market reaction.

V. Base of competition.


NEVER CHANGE YOUR CORE VALUES

33

Case StudyResult of innovation process

2• IBM• Matsushita(VHS)• Seiko

1• Pilkington(Float Glass)• Searl(Nutra Sweet)• Du Pont

4• Kodak• Northrup• DEC

3• RC Cola• EMI• Xerox• Bawmar• DeHavilland

Management of technology the key to competitiveness and wealth creation, Tarek Khalil

PioneersFollowers

Successfully

fail

33

WE MUST REMEMBER THAT SUCCEEDING IN A CHANGING WORLD IS BEYOND JUST SURVIVING

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Answers and

Questions

Documents

The fundamental Factors In Management Of Technology Provided By: Mina Eghtedarian Adviser: Dr.Momeni