The Egyptian Revolution 2011

8/3/2019 The Egyptian Revolution 2011

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INTRO

The 2011 Egyptian revolution (Revolution of 25 January) took place following a popular uprising that

began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and is still continuing as of September 2011. The uprising was

mainly a campaign of non-violent civil resistance, which featured a series of demonstrations,marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labour strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of socio-

economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian

President Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not

without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and

6,000 injured. The uprising took place in Cairo, Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following

the Tunisian Revolution that saw the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president. On 11 February,

following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Mubarak resigned from office.

Grievances of Egyptian protesters were focused on legal and political issues including police

brutality, state of emergency laws, lack of free elections and freedom of speech, uncontrollable

corruption, and economic issues including high unemployment, food price inflation,and low minimum

wages. The primary demands from protest organizers were the end of the Hosni Mubarak regime and

the end of emergency law; freedom, justice, a responsive non-military government, and a say in the

management of Egypt's resources. Strikes bylabour unions added to the pressure on government

officials.

During the uprising the capital city of Cairo was described as "a war zone, and the port city

of Suez was the scene of frequent violent clashes. The government imposed a curfew that protesters

defied and that the police and military did not enforce. The presence of Egypt'sCentral Security

Forces police, loyal to Mubarak, was gradually replaced by largely restrained military troops. In the

absence of police, there was looting by gangs that opposition sources said were instigated by

plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups were organised by civilians to protect

neighbourhoods.

International response to the protests was initially mixed, though most called for peaceful actions on

both sides and moves toward reform. Most Western governments expressed concern about the

situation. Many governments issued travel advisories and made attempts to evacuate their citizens

from the country. The Egyptian Revolution, along with Tunisian events, has

influenced demonstrations in other Arab countries including Yemen, Bahrain, Jordan, Syria,

and Libya.

Mubarak dissolved his government and appointed military figure and former head of the Egyptian

General Intelligence Directorate Omar Suleimanas Vice-President in an attempt to quell dissent.

Mubarak asked aviation minister and former chief of Egypt's Air Force, Ahmed Shafik, to form a new

government. Mohamed ElBaradei became a major figure of the opposition, with all major opposition

groups supporting his role as a negotiator for some form of transitional unity government. In response

to mounting pressure, Mubarak announced he would not seek re-election in September.


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On 11 February Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak would be stepping down as

president and turning power over to theSupreme Council of the Armed Forces. On 24 May, Mubarak

was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors and, if convicted,

could face the death penalty.

The military junta, headed by effective head of state Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, announced on 13

February that the constitution would be suspended, both houses of parliament dissolved, and that the

military would rule for six months until elections could be held. The prior cabinet, including Prime

Minister Ahmed Shafik, would continue to serve as a caretaker government until a new one is

formed. Shafik resigned on 3 March, a day before major protests to get him to step down were

planned; he was replaced by Essam Sharaf, the former transport minister.]Although Mubarak

resigned, the protests have continued amid concerns about how long the military junta will last in

Egypt; some are afraid that the military will rule the country indefinitely.
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Background

Hosni Mubarak in 2009

Hosni Mubarak became head of Egypt's semi-presidential republic government following the

1981 assassination of President Anwar El Sadat, and continued to serve until 2011. Mubarak's 30-

year reign made him the longest serving President in Egypt's history, with his National Democratic

Party (NDP) government maintaining one-party rule under a continuous state of

emergency. Mubarak's government earned the support of the West and a continuation of annual aid

from the United States by maintaining policies of suppression towards Islamic militants and peace

with Israel.[46]Hosni Mubarak was often compared to an Egyptian pharaoh by the media and by some

of his critics due to his authoritarian rule.[47]

Inheritance of power

Gamal Mubarak, the younger of Mubarak's two sons, began being groomed to be his father's

successor as the next president of Egypt around the year 2000. Gamal started receiving considerable

attention in the Egyptian media, as there were no other apparent heirs to the presidency. Bashar al-Assad s rise to power in Syria in June 2000, just hours after Hafez al-Assad's death sparked a heated

debate in the Egyptian press regarding the prospects for a similar scenario occurring in Cairo.

In the years after Mubarak's 2005 reelection several political groups (most in Egypt are unofficial) on

both the left and the right, announced their sharp opposition to the inheritance of power. They

demanded political change and asked for a fair election with more than one candidate. In 2006, with

opposition rising, The Daily News Egypt reported on an online campaign initiative called the National

Initiative against Power Inheritance which demanded Gamal reduce his power. The campaign stated,

"President Mubarak and his son constantly denied even the possibility of [succession]. However, in
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reality they did the opposite, including amending the constitution to make sure that Gamal will be the

only unchallenged candidate."

Over the course of the decade perception grew that Gamal would succeed his father. He wielded

increasing power as NDP deputy secretary general, in addition to a post he held heading the party'spolicy committee.Analysts went so far as describing Mubarak's last decade in power as the age of

Gamal Mubarak. With Mubaraks health declining and the leader refusing to appoint a vice-president,

Gamal was considered by some to be Egypt's de-facto president.

Both Gamal and Hosni Mubarak continued to deny that an inheritance would take place. There was

talk, however, of Gamal being elected; with Hosni Mubarak's presidential term set to expire in 2010

there was speculation Gamal would run as the NDP party's candidate in 2011.

After the JanuaryFebruary 2011 protest, Gamal Mubarak stated that he would not be running for the

presidency in the 2011 elections.

Emergency law

An emergency law (Law No. 162 of 1958) was enacted after the 1967 Six-Day War. It was suspended

for 18 months in the early 1980s and has otherwise continuously been in effect since President

Sadat's 1981 assassination. Under the law, police powers are extended, constitutional

rights suspended, censorship is legalised, and the government may imprison individuals indefinitely

and without reason. The law sharply limits any non-governmental political activity, including street

demonstrations, non-approved political organizations, and unregistered financial donations. The

Mubarak government has cited the threat of terrorism in order to extend the emergency law,claiming

that opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in Egypt if the current

government did not forgo parliamentary elections and suppress the group through actions allowed

under emergency law. This has led to the imprisonment of activists without trials,illegal undocumented

hidden detention facilities,and rejecting university, mosque, and newspaper staff members based on

their political inclination. A parliamentary election in December 2010 was preceded by a media

crackdown, arrests, candidate bans (particularly of the Muslim Brotherhood), and allegations of fraud

involving the near-unanimous victory by the ruling party in parliament. Human rights organisations

estimate that in 2010 between 5,000 and 10,000 people were in long-term detention without charge or

trial.

Police brutality

Law enforcement in Egypt

According to a report from the U.S. Embassy in Egypt, police brutality has been common and

widespread in Egypt. In the last five years, the Mubarak regime has denied the existence of torture or

abuse carried out by the police. However, many claims by domestic and international groups provide

evidence through cellphone videos or first-hand accounts of hundreds of cases of police abuse.


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According to the 2009 Human Rights Report by the U.S. State Department, "Domestic and

international human rights groups reported that the Ministry of Interior (MOI) State Security

Investigative Service (SSIS), police, and other government entities continued to employ torture to

extract information or force confessions. The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights documented 30

cases of torture during the year 2009. In numerous trials defendants alleged that police tortured them

during questioning. During the year activists and observers circulated some amateur cellphone videos

documenting the alleged abuse of citizens by security officials. For example, on 8 February, a blogger

posted a video of two police officers, identified by their first names and last initials, sodomizing a

bound naked man named Ahmed Abdel Fattah Ali with a bottle. On 12 August, the same blogger

posted two videos of alleged police torture of a man in a Port Said police station by the head of

investigations, Mohammed Abu Ghazala. There was no indication that the government investigated

either case.

The deployment of plainclothes forces paid by Mubarak's ruling party, Baltageya, (Arabic:), has

been a hallmark of the Mubarak government.The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights has

documented 567 cases of torture, including 167 deaths, by police that occurred between 1993 and

2007. Excessive force was often used by law enforcement agencies. The police forces constantly

squelched democratic uprisings with brutal force and corrupt tactics. On 6 June 2010 Khaled

Mohamed Saeed died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber area of Alexandria. Multiple

witnesses testified that Saeed was beaten to death by the police. A Facebook page called "We are all

Khaled Said" helped bring nationwide attention to the case.]Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of

the International Atomic Energy Agency, led a rally in 2010 in Alexandria against alleged abuses by

the police and visited Saeed's family to offer condolences.

During the January February 2011 protests, police brutality was high in response to the protests.

Jack Shenker, a reporter for The Guardian, was arrested during the mass protests in Cairo on 26

January 2011. He witnessed fellow Egyptian protesters being tortured, assaulted, and taken to

undisclosed locations by police officers. Shenker and other detainees were released after one of his

fellow detainees' well-known father, Ayman Nour, covertly intervened.

Corruption in government elections

Accusations of corruption, coercion to not vote, and manipulation of the election results have occurred

during many of the elections over the past 30 years. Until 2005, Mubarak was the only candidate to

run for the presidency, on a yes/no vote.Mubarak has won five consecutive presidential elections with

a sweeping majority. Opposition groups and international election monitoring agencies have accused

the elections of being rigged. These agencies have not been allowed to monitor the elections. The

only opposing presidential candidate in recent Egyptian history, Ayman Nour, was imprisoned before

the 2005 elections. According to a UN survey, voter turnout is extremely low (around 25%) because of

the lack of trust in the corrupt representational system.
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Restrictions on free speech and press

Even though the Egyptian constitution provides for the universal freedom of speech (Egypt

Constitution, Article 47 49), the government has frequently sanctioned home raids, torture, arrests,

and fining of bloggers and reporters that criticize the government in any way. Under the current state

of emergency laws, the government can censor anything if it is considered a threat to public safety

and national security. If any reporter or blogger violates this law by criticizing the government, they

could be legally penalized with a fine of 20,000 pounds ($3,650) and up to five years in prison. The

Moltaqa Forum for Development and Human Rights Dialogue reported that between January and

March 2009, 57 journalists from 13 newspapers faced legal penalties for their governmental critiques.

The Egyptian government owns stock in the three largest daily newspapers. The government controls

the licensing and distribution of all papers in Egypt. The Egyptian government shut down the Internet

to most of Egypt during the recent protests in order to limit communication between protest groups.

Demographic and economic challenges

Unemployment and reliance on subsidized goods

Further information: Demographics of Egypt, Demographic trap, and Youth bulge

Population pyramid in 2005. Many of those 30 and younger are educated citizens who are experiencing difficulty finding

work.

The population of Egypt grew from 30,083,419 in 1966 to roughly 79,000,000 by 2008. The vast

majority of Egyptians live in the limited spaces near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about

40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. In late 2010 around

40% of Egypt's population of just under 80 million lived on the fiscal income equivalent of roughly

US$2 per day, with a large part of the population relying on subsidized goods.

According to the Peterson Institute for International Economics and other proponents of demographic

structural approach (cliodynamics), a basic problem in Egypt is unemployment driven by a

demographic youth bulge: with the number of new people entering the job force at about 4% a year,

unemployment in Egypt is almost 10 times as high for college graduates as it is for people who have

gone through elementary school, particularly educated urban youththe same people who were out

in the streets during the revolution.

Poor living conditions and economic conditions

Further information: Economy of Egypt
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A poor neighbourhood in Cairo

Egypt's economy was highly centralised during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel Nasser but

opened up considerably under former President Anwar Sadat and Mubarak. From 2004 to 2008 the

Mubarak-led government aggressively pursued economic reforms to attract foreign investment andfacilitate GDP growth, but postponed further economic reforms because of global economic turmoil.

The international economic downturn slowed Egypt's GDP growth to 4.5% in 2009. In 2010 analysts

said the government of Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif would need to restart economic reforms to attract

foreign investment, boost growth, and improve economic conditions. Despite high levels of national

economic growth over the past few years, living conditions for the average Egyptian remained

poor, though better than many other countries in Africa.

Corruption among government officials

Further information: Crime in Egypt

Political corruption in Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior rose dramatically due to the

increased level of control over the institutional system necessary to prolong the presidency. The rise

to power of powerful businessmen in the NDP, in the government, and in the People's Assembly led

to massive waves of anger during the years of Prime Ministers Ahmed Nazif's government. An

example is Ahmed Ezz's monopolising the steel industry in Egypt by holding more than 60% of the

market share.[91]

Aladdin Elaasar, an Egyptian biographer and an American professor, estimates that

the Mubarak family is worth from $50 to $70 billion.

The wealth of Ahmed Ezz, the former NDP Organisation Secretary, is estimated to be

18 billion Egyptian pounds; the wealth of former Housing Minister Ahmed al-Maghraby is estimated to

be more than 11 billion Egyptian pounds;the wealth of former Minister of Tourism Zuhair Garrana is

estimated to be 13 billion Egyptian pounds; the wealth of former Minister of Trade and Industry,

Rashid Mohamed Rashid, is estimated to be 12 billion Egyptian pounds; and the wealth of former

Interior Minister Habib al-Adly is estimated to be 8 billion Egyptian pounds.

The perception among Egyptians was that the only people to benefit from the nation's wealth were

businessmen with ties to the National Democratic Party; "wealth fuels political power and political

power buys wealth."
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During the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2010, opposition groups complained of harassment and

fraud perpetrated by the government. Opposition and civil society activists have called for changes

toa number of legal and constitutional provisions which affect elections.

In 2010 Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) report assessed Egypt witha CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and

country analysts (with 10 being clean and 0 being totally corrupt).


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Lead-up to the protests

To prepare for a possible overthrow of Mubarak, opposition groups studied the work of Gene

Sharp on non-violent revolution and worked with leaders of Otpor!, the student-led Serbian uprising

of 2000. Copies of Sharp's list of 198 non-violent "weapons", translated into Arabic and not alwaysattributed to him, were circulated in Tahrir Square during its occupation.

Tunisian Revolution

Main article: Tunisian Revolution

Further information: 20102011 Middle East and North Africa protests

After the ousting of Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali due to mass protests, many analysts,

including former European Commission President Romano Prodi, saw Egypt as the next country

where such a revolution might occur. The Washington Postcommented, "The Jasmine Revolution [...]should serve as a stark warning to Arab leaders beginning with Egypt's 83-year-old Hosni Mubarak

that their refusal to allow more economic and political opportunity is dangerous and

untenable." Others held the opinion that Egypt was not ready for revolution, citing little aspiration of

the Egyptian people, low educational levels, and a strong government with the support of the

military. The BBC said, "The simple fact is that most Egyptians do not see any way that they can

change their country or their lives through political action, be it voting, activism, or going out on the

streets to demonstrate."

Self-immolation

A protester holds an Egyptian flag during the protests that started on 25 January 2011 in Egypt
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Following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December, a man set himself

ablaze on 17 January in front of the Egyptian parliament; about five more attempts of self-immolation

followed.

National Police Day protests

Opposition groups planned a day of revolt for 25 January, coinciding with the National Police Day.

The purpose was to protest against abuses by the police in front of the Ministry of Interior.These

demands expanded to include the resignation of the Minister of Interior, the restoration of a

fair minimum wage, the end of Egyptian emergency law, and term limits for the president.

Many political movements, opposition parties, and public figures supported the day of revolt,

including Youth for Justice and Freedom, Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution, the Popular

Democratic Movement for Change and the National Association for Change. The 6 April Youth

Movement was a major supporter of the protest and distributed 20,000 leaflets saying "I will protest on

25 January to get my rights". The Ghad, Karama, Wafd and Democratic Front supported the protests.

The Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's largest opposition group, confirmed on 23 January that it would

participate. Public figures including novelist Alaa Al Aswany, writer Belal Fadl, and actors Amr Waked

and Khaled Aboul Naga announced they would participate. However, the left is National Progressive

Unionist Party (the Tagammu) stated it would not participate. The Coptic Church urged Christians not

to participate in the protests.

Twenty-six-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz was instrumental in sparking the protests. In a video blog posted

two weeks before National Police Day, she urged the Egyptian people to join her on 25 January in

Tahrir Square to bring down Mubarak's regime. Mahfouz's use of video blogging and social media

went viral and urged people not to be afraid. The Facebook group set up for the event attracted

80,000 attendees.

Since the required permits to proceed with a demonstration had not been acquired, the protests,

security forces would be obligated to respond according to law, under which they were illegal.

Protests

Timeline

Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution


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Hundreds of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on 1 April 2011

Hundreds of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on 8 April 2011

Hundreds of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on 27 May 2011
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25 January 2011: The "Day of Revolt": Protests erupted throughout Egypt, with tens of thousands of

protesters gathered in Cairo and thousands more in cities throughout Egypt. The protests targeted

President Hosni Mubarak's government, and mostly adhered to non-violence. There were some

reports of civilian and police casualties.

26 January 2011: "Shutting down The Internet and Mobile Services" : After several Facebook

groups were created and tweets (from Twitter) called for mass demonstrations, the Egyptian

government shut down internet access for most of the country.[114]

This was done to cripple one of the

protesters' main organizational tools and to impede the flow of news and people.

28 January 2011: The "Friday of Anger" protests began. Hundreds of thousands demonstrated in

Cairo and other Egyptian cities after Friday prayers. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei arrived in

Cairo. There were reports of looting. Prisons were opened and burned down, allegedly on orders from

then-Minister of the Interior Habib El Adly. Prison inmates escaped en masse, in what was believed tobe an attempt to terrorise protesters. Police forces were withdrawn from the streets, and the military

was deployed. International fears of violence grew, but no major casualties were reported. President

Hosni Mubarak made his first address to the nation and pledged to form a new government. Later that

night clashes broke out in Tahrir Square between revolutionaries and pro-Mubarak demonstrators,

leading to the injury of several and the death of some.

29 January 2011: The military presence in Cairo increased. A curfew was declared, but was widely

ignored as the flow of defiant protesters to Tahrir Square continued throughout the night. The military

reportedly refused to follow orders to fire live ammunition, and exercised restraint overall. There wereno reports of major casualties.

1 February 2011: Mubarak made another televised address and offered several concessions. He

pledged to not run for another term in the elections planned for September, and pledged political

reforms. He stated he would stay in office to oversee a peaceful transition. Small but violent clashes

began that night between pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak groups.

2 February 2011: "Battle of the Camel". Violence escalated as waves of Mubarak supporters met

anti-government protesters, and some Mubarak supporters rode on camels and horses into Tahrir

Square, reportedly wielding swords and sticks. President Mubarak reiterated his refusal to step down

in interviews with several news agencies. Incidents of violence toward journalists and reporters

escalated amid speculation that the violence was being encouraged by Mubarak as a way to bring the

protests to an end.

6 February 2011: A multifaith Sunday Mass is held with Egyptian Christians and Egyptian

Muslims Tahrir Square. Negotiations involving Egyptian Vice President Omar Suleiman and

representatives of the opposition commenced amid continuing protests throughout the nation. The

Egyptian army assumed greater security responsibilities, maintaining order and guarding
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The Egyptian Museum of Antiquity. Suleiman offered reforms, while others of Mubarak's regime

accused foreign nations, including the US, of interfering in Egypts affairs.

10 February 2011: Mubarak formally addressed Egypt amid speculation of a military coup, but rather

than resigning (as was widely expected), he simply stated he would delegate some of his powers toVice President Suleiman, while continuing as Egypt's head of state. Reactions to Mubarak's statement

were marked by anger, frustration and disappointment, and throughout various cities there was an

escalation of the number and intensity of demonstrations.

11 February 2011: The "Friday of Departure": Massive protests continued in many cities as

Egyptians refused the concessions announced by Mubarak. Finally, at 6:00 pm local time, Suleiman

announced Mubarak's resignation, entrusting the Supreme Council of Egyptian Armed Forces with the

leadership of the country. Nationwide celebrations immediately followed.

13 February 2011: The Supreme Council dissolved Egypts parliament and suspended the

Constitution in response to demands by demonstrators. The council declared that it would hold power

for six months, or until elections could be held. Calls were made for the council to provide more

details and specific timetables and deadlines. Major protests subsided but did not end. In a gesture to

a new beginning, protesters cleaned up and renovated Tahrir Square, the epicenter of the

demonstrations, although many pledged they would continue protests until all the demands had been

met.

17 February 2011: The army stated it would not field a candidate in the upcoming presidential

elections. Four important figures of the former regime were detained on that day: former interior

minister Habib el-Adly, former minister of housing Ahmed Maghrabi former tourism minister Zuheir

Garana, and steel tycoonAhmed Ezz.

2 March 2011: The constitutional referendum was tentatively scheduled for 19 March 2011.

3 March 2011: A day before large protests against him were planned, Ahmed Shafik stepped down

as Prime Minister and was replaced by Essam Sharaf.

5 March 2011: Several State Security Intelligence (SSI) buildings were raided across Egypt by

protesters, including the headquarters for Alexandria Governorate and the main national headquarters

in Nasr City, Cairo. Protesters stated they raided the buildings to secure documents they believed to

show various crimes committed by the SSI against the people of Egypt during Mubarak's rule.

6 March 2011: From the Nasr City headquarters, protesters acquired evidence of mass

surveillance and vote rigging, and noted rooms full of videotapes, piles of shredded and burned

documents, and cells where activists recounted their experiences of detention and torture.

19 March 2011: The constitutional referendum was held and passed by 77.27%.

22 March 2011: Parts of the Interior Ministry building catch fire during police demonstrations outside.


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23 March 2011: The Egyptian Cabinet orders a law criminalising protests and strikes that hampers

work at private or public establishments. Under the new law, anyone organising or calling for such

protests will be sentenced to jail and/or a fine of LE500,000 (~100,000 USD).

1 April 2011: The "Save the Revolution" day: Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators filled TahrirSquare for the largest protest in weeks, demanding that the ruling military council move faster to

dismantle lingering aspects of the old regime. Protestors demanded trial for Hosni Mubarak, Gamal

Mubarak,Ahmad Fathi Sorour, Safwat El-Sherif and Zakaria Azmi as well.

8 April 2011: The "Friday of Cleaning": Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators again filled Tahrir

Square, criticizing the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for not following through on

revolutionary demands. They demanded the resignation of remaining regime figures and the removal

of Egypts public prosecutor due to the slow pace of investigations of corrupt former officials.

27 May 2011: The "Second Friday of Anger" (a.k.a "Second Revolution of Anger" or "The

Second Revolution"): Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators filled Tahrir Square in Egypt's

capital Cairo, besides tens of thousands in each of Alexandra, Suez, Ismailia, Gharbeya and other

areas; in the largest demonstrations since ousting Mubarak's Regime. Protestors demanded No

Military Trials for Civilians, the Egyptian Constitution to be made before the Parliament Elections and

for all the old regime gang and those who killed protestors in January and February to be put on fair

Trial.

1 July 2011: The "Friday of Retribution"; Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Suez,

Alexandria and Tahrir Square in Cairo, to voice frustration with the ruling Supreme Council of the

Armed Forces for what they called the slow pace of change five months after the revolution, some

also feared that the military is to rule Egypt indefinitely.

8 July 2011: The "Friday of Determination"; Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Suez,

Alexandria and Tahrir Square in Cairo. They demanded immediate reforms and swifter prosecution of

former officials from the ousted government.


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Cities and regions : Mass civil disobedience

Two Egyptian divers in Hurgada hold a banner underwater that reads, "Leave before the oxygen runs out"

Protesters remove portraits of Ex-president Mubarak in Sohag City in upper Egypt

Cairo

Cairo has been at the epicentre of much of the crisis. The largest protests were held in downtown

Tahrir Square, which was considered the "protest movements beating heart and most effective

symbol." On the first three days of the protests, there were clashes between the central security police

and protesters and on 28 January, police forces withdrew from all of Cairo. Citizens formed

neighbourhood watch groups to keep the order as widespread looting was reported. Traffic police
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were reintroduced to Cairo on the morning of 31 January. An estimated 2 million people protested at

Tahrir square

Alexandria

Alexandria, the home of Khaled Saeed, had major protests and clashes with the police. Ademonstration on 3 February was reported to include 750,000 people. There were few confrontations

as not many Mubarak supporters were around, except in occasional motorised convoys escorted by

police. The breakdown of law and order, including the general absence of police on the streets,

continued through to at least the evening of 3 February, including the looting and burning of one the

country's largest shopping centres, CarrefourAlexandria protests were notable for the presence of

Christians and Muslims jointly taking part in the events following the church bombing on 1 January,

which saw street protests denouncing Mubarak's regime following the attack.

Mansoura

In the northern city of Mansoura there were protests against the Mubarak regime every day from 25

January onwards.

On 27 January, Mansoura was dubbed a "War Zone". On 28 January, 13 were reported dead in

violent clashes. On 9 February, 18 more protesters had died.

One protest on 1 February was estimated at one million people, The remote city of Siwa had been

relatively calm. Local sheikhs, who were reportedly in control of the community, put the community

under lockdown after a nearby town was "torched."

Suez

The city of Suez has seen violent protests. Eyewitness reports have suggested that the death toll

there may be high, although confirmation has been difficult due to a ban on media coverage in the

area. Some online activists referred to Suez as Egypt's Sidi Bouzid, the Tunisian city where protests

started. A labour strike was held on 8 February. Large protests took place on 11 February.

On 3 February, 4,000 protesters went to the streets to call for Mubarak's departure.

Tanta

Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets from the first day (25 January) and most of the

days after until 11 February. Crowds exceeded a hundred thousand many times. Some hospitals

reported casualties during the clashes of 28 January.

Beni Suef

Beni Suef had repeated protests in front of the City Hall on el Kourneish, in front of the Omar abd el

Aziz Mosque, and in El Zerayeen Square, on most days during the revolutionary period. Twelve

protesters were killed when police opened fire at mass groups protesting in front of the Police Station

in Beba, South Beni suef. Many others got injured. Thugs and outlaws have robbed governmental

garages and burned down several Government buildings.


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Luxor

There were also protests in Luxor.

Dairut

Police opened fire on protesters in Dairut on 11 February.

Shebin el-Kom

Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets of Shebin el-Kom on 11 February.

El-Arish

Thousands protested in the city of El-Arish, in the Sinai Peninsula, on 11 February.

Sohag

Large protests took place in the southern city of Sohag on 11 February

Minya

Large protests took place in the southern city of Minya on 11 February

Ismailia

Nearly 100,000 people protested in and about the local government headquarters in Ismalia on 11

February.[136]

Kafr El Sheikh

Large protests took place on 28 January and 4 February all over Kafr el-Sheikh.

Zagazig

Over 100,000 protesters gathered on 27 January in front of the city council in Zagazig.

Sinai Peninsula

Bedouins in the Sinai Peninsula fought security forces for several weeks.

As a result of the decrease in military forces on the borders, Bedouin groups protected the borders

and pledged their support to the ongoing revolution.

Sharm-El-Sheikh

No protests or civil unrest took place in Sharm-El-Sheikh on 31 January. All was still calm as

Hosni Mubarak and his family left on 11 February
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Deaths

Leading up to the protests, at least six cases of self-immolation were reported, including a man

arrested while trying to set himself on fire in downtown Cairo. These cases were inspired by, and

began exactly one month after, the acts of self-immolation in Tunisia triggering the 20102011

Tunisian uprising. Six instances have been reported, including acts by Abdou Abdel-Moneim

Jaafar, Mohammed Farouk Hassan, Mohammed Ashour Sorour, and Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed who

later died from his injuries.

Death toll of 2011 Egyptian revolution

Location of deaths

The mostly confirmed

death toll

as of 11 February 2011

Alexandria 52

Suez 18

Asyut 3

El-Arish 1

Beni Suef 17

Luxor 1

Atfih 1

Cairo 232

Kharga Oasis 1

Sheikh Zoweid, North Sinai 1

Abu Simbel 1

Rafah 3

Mansoura 2
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Deaths in other places hit by protests 45

Total 846

As of 30 January, Al Jazeerareported as many as 150 deaths in the protests.[164]The Sunreported

that the dead could include at least 10 policemen, 3 of whom were killed inRafahby "an enraged

mob".[165]

By 29 January, 2,000 people were known to be injured.[166]

The same day, an employee of

theAzerbaijaniembassy in Egypt was killed while returning home from work in Cairo;[167]

the next day

Azerbaijan sent a plane to evacuate citizens[168]

and opened a criminal investigation into the death.[169]

Funerals for the dead on the "Friday of Anger" were held on 30 January. Hundreds of mourners

gathered for the funerals calling for Mubarak's removal.[170]

By 1 February, the protests had left at

least 125 people dead,[171]

although Human Rights Watch said that UN High Commissioner for

Human RightsNavi Pillayclaimed that as many as 300 people may have died in the unrest. This

unconfirmed tally included 80 Human Rights Watch-verified deaths at two Cairo hospitals, 36 in

Alexandria, and 13 in the port city of Suez, amongst others;[151][172][173]

over 3,000 people were also

reported as injured.[151][172][173]

An Egyptian Governmental Fact-Finding mission Known as " Fact-Finding National commission About

25 Jan Revolution" announced on 19 April that at least 846 Egyptians died in the nearly three week

long popular uprising.[161][162][163]

International reactions

Main article:International reactions to the 2011 Egyptian revolution

International reactions have varied with most Western states saying peaceful protests should continue

but also expressing concern for the stability of the country and the region. The European Union's

Foreign Affairs Chief issued a statement saying "I also reiterate my call upon the Egyptian authorities

to urgently establish a constructive and peaceful way to respond to the legitimate aspirations of

Egyptian citizens for democratic and socioeconomic reforms."[174]

The United States, Britain, France,

Germany and others issued similar statements calling for reforms and an end to violence against

peaceful protesters. Many states in the region expressed concern and supported Mubarak, in

particular Saudi Arabia, which issued a statement saying it "strongly condemned" the

protests,[175]

while others, like Tunisia and Iran, supported the protests. Israel was most cautious for a

change, withIsraeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahuasking his government ministers to maintain

silence, and urging Israel's US and European allies to curb their criticism of President

Mubarak;[176][177]

however, anArab-Israeliparliamentarian supported the protests. There were also

numerous solidarity protests for the anti-government protesters around the world.
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NGOs also expressed concern about the protests and the ensuing heavy-handed state response.

Amnesty International described attempts to discourage protests as "unacceptable".[178]

Many

countries also issued travel warnings or began evacuating their citizens, including the US, Israel,

Great Britain, and Japan. Evenmultinational corporationsbegan evacuating

theirexpatriateworkers.[179]Many university students were also evacuated.

Post-ousting

Many nations, leaders, and organizations hailed the end of the Mubarak regime. There were

celebrations in Tunisia, and Lebanon. World leaders including Angela Merkel, David Cameron joined

in praising the Revolution.[180]

United States President Barack Obama praised the achievement of the

Egyptian people and encouraged other activists by saying "let's look at Egypt's example"[181]

Amid the

growing concerns for the country, on 21 February,David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United

Kingdom, became the first world leader to visit Egypt since Mubarak was ousted as the president 10

days previously. A news blackout was lifted as the prime minister landed in Cairo for a brief five-hour

stopover hastily added at the start of a planned tour of the Middle East.[182]

On 15 March United

States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Egypt, she was the highest ranking US official to visit

Egypt after the handover of power from Mubarak to the military. Clinton urged the military leaders to

begin the process of a democratic transition and offer support to those who had been protesting, as

well as reaffirming ties between the two nations.[183]

Domestic responses

Main article:Domestic responses to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011

"Nero burned Rome; Mubarak is burning Egypt"

On 29 January, Mubarak indicated he would be changing the government because despite a "point of

no return" being crossed, national stability andlaw and ordermust prevail, that he had requested the

government, formed only months ago, to step down, and that a new government would be

formed.[184][Full citation needed][185]He then appointedOmar Suleiman, head of Egyptian Intelligence, as vice

president andAhmed Shafikas prime minister.[186]

On 1 February, he spoke again saying he would
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stay in office untilthe next election in September 2011and then leave without standing as a

candidate. He also promised to make political reforms. He made no offer to step down.

On 31 January, Mubarak swore in his new cabinet in the hope that the unrest would fade. The

protesters did not leave and continued to demonstrate in Cairo'sTahrir Squareto demand the downfallof Mubarak. The vice-president and the prime minister were already appointed.

[187]He told the new

government to preserve subsidies, control inflation and provide more jobs.[188]

On 1 February, Mubarak said he never intended to run for reelection[189]

in theupcoming September

presidential election, though his candidacy had previously been announced by high-ranking members

of his National Democratic Party[190]

In his speech, he asked parliament for reforms:

According to my constitutional powers, I call on parliament in both its houses to discuss amending

article 76 and 77 of the constitution concerning the conditions on running for presidency of the

republic and it sets specific a period for the presidential term. In order for the current parliament in

both houses to be able to discuss these constitutional amendments and the legislative amendments

linked to it for laws that complement the constitution and to ensure the participation of all the political

forces in these discussions, I demand parliament to adhere to the word of the judiciary and its verdicts

concerning the latest cases which have been legally challenged.

Hosni Mubarak, 1 February 2011[191]

Various opposition groups,[clarification needed]

including theMuslim Brotherhood(MB), reiterated demandsfor Mubarak's resignation. The MB also said, after protests turned violent, that it was time for the

military to intervene.[192]

Mohammed ElBaradei, who said he was ready to lead a transitional

government,[193]

was also the consensus candidate by a unified opposition including: the6 April Youth

Movement,We Are All Khaled Said Movement,National Association for Change,25 January

Movement,Kefayaand the Muslim Brotherhood.[194]

ElBaradei formed a "steering committee".[195]

On

5 February, a "national dialogue" was started between the government and opposition groups to work

out a transitional period before democratic elections.

Many ofAl-Azhar Imamsjoined the protesters on 30 January all over the country.[196]

Christian

leaders asked their congregations to stay away from protests, though a number of young Christian

activists joined the protests led by Wafd Party memberRaymond Lakah.[197]

The Muslim Brotherhood joined the revolution on 30 January, calling on all opposition groups to unite

against Mubarak, and for the military to intervene. They joined other opposition groups in electing

Mohammed el Baradei to lead a National Salvation Government in the interim period.[198]

The Egyptian state cracked down on the media, and shut down internet access,[199]

a primary means

of communication for the opposition. Journalists were also harassed by the regime's supporters,
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radeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#cite_note-191http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#cite_note-190http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#cite_note-189http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_presidential_election,_2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_presidential_election,_2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#cite_note-188http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#cite_note-187http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#cite_note-186http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_Squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_presidential_election,_2011


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eliciting condemnation from theCommittee to Protect Journalists, European countries and the United

States.

Reform process

See also:Egyptian constitutional review committee of 2011

The protests initiated a process of social and political reform by articulating a series of demands.

Reform began with President Mubarak's announcements that concessions would be made towards

reform and was highlighted by his resignation 18 days after the protests started. The list of demands

for broader changes in Egyptian society and governance, articulated by protesters and activists,

includes the following:

A sign with the protesters' omnibus demands

Shredded documents found inside State Security Investigations Service

Demands of the protestors[200]
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Demand Status Date

1. Resignation of PresidentMohammed Hosni Mubarak. Met.

11 February

2011

2. Canceling theState of Emergency(colloquially

referred to as "The Emergency Law").Announced.

[201] TBA

3. Dismantling theState Security Investigations Service. Met.[202]

15 March

2011

4. Announcement by (Vice-President)Omar

Suleimanthat he will not run in the next presidential

elections.

Met.[203]

3 February

2011

5. Dissolving theParliament. Met.13 February

2011

6. Release of all prisoners taken since 25 January. Ongoing20 February

2011

7. Ending of the recently imposed curfew. Met.[204]

15 June 2011

8. Removing theSSI-controlled university-police. Met.3 March

2011

9. Investigation of officials responsible for violence

against protesters.Ongoing

28 February

2011

10. Firing Minister of InformationAnas el-Fiqqiand

stoppinggovernment owned mediapropaganda.

Met; minister fired,ministrycanceled,

propaganda still ongoing[citation needed]

12 February

2011

11. Reimbursing shop owners for losses during the

curfewAnnounced.

7 February

2011
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12. Announcing the demands above on government

television and radioMet.

[citation needed]

1118

February

2011

13. Dissolving theNDP. Met. 16 April 2011

14. Arrest, Interrogation and Trial of (now-former)

presidentHosni Mubarakand his two sons:Gamal

MubarakandAlaa Mubarak.

Met; All ordered to stand trial. 24 May 2011

The voters' line inMokattam, Cairo, during theconstitutional referendumon 19 March 2011. The queue was so long it

extended well outside the built-up area of Mokattam and into the desert. The referendum witnessed an unprecedentedturnout of voters, with over 18 million Egyptians casting their votes.

On 17 February, an Egyptian prosecutor ordered the detention of three ex-ministers, former Interior

Minister Habib el-Adli, former Tourism Minister Zuhair Garana and former Housing Minister Ahmed el-

Maghrabi, and a prominent businessman, steel magnate Ahmed Ezz, pending trial on suspicion of

wasting public funds. The public prosecutor also froze the accounts of Adli and his family members on

accusations that over 4 million Egyptian pounds ($680,000) were transferred to his personal account

by a head of a contractor company, while calling on the Foreign Minister to contact European

countries and ask them to freeze the accounts of the defendants.[205]

Meanwhile, the United States announced on the same day that it was giving Egypt $150 million in

crucial economic assistance to help it transition towards democracy following the overthrow of long

time president Mubarak. US Secretary of StateHillary Clintonsaid thatWilliam Burns, the Under-

secretary of State for political affairs, andDavid Lipton, a senior White House adviser on international

economics, would travel to Egypt the following week.[205]

On 19 February, a moderate Islamic party, named (Arabic: )Al-Wasat Al-Jadid, or

the New Center Party, which was outlawed for 15 years was granted official recognition by an

Egyptian court. The party was founded in 1996 by activists who split off from the Muslim Brotherhood
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and sought to create a tolerant Islamic movement with liberal tendencies, but its attempts to register

as an official party were rejected four times since then. On the same day, Prime Minister Ahmed

Shafiq said 222 political prisoners would be released. He said only a few were detained during the

popular uprising and put the number of remaining political prisoners at 487, but did not say when they

would be released.[206]

On 20 February, Dr.Yehia El Gamala well known activist and law professor, announced (on TV

channels) accepting a Vice Prime Minister position within the new government that will be announced

on 2122 February. He also announced the removal of many of the previous government members to

alleviate the situation.

On 21 February, theMuslim Brotherhoodannounced it would form a political party for the upcoming

parliamentary election, called theFreedom and Justice Party, which was to be led by Dr. Saad

Ketatni.[207][208][209]

Its spokesperson noted that "when we talk about the slogans of the revolutionfreedom, social justice, equality all of these are in theSharia(Islamic law)."

[210]

On 3 March, Prime Minister Shafik submitted his resignation to the Supreme Council of the Armed

Forces. The Council appointedEssam Sharaf, a former Minister of Transport who began vocal

criticism of the regime following his resignation, particularly after theQalyoub rail accidentin 2006, to

replace Shafik and form a new government. Sharaf's appointment is seen as a significant concession

to protesters, as he had been actively involved during the action at Tahrir Square.[211][212][213]

Sharaf

appointed formerInternational Court of JusticejudgeNabil Elarabyas Foreign Minister and General

Mansour El Essawi as Interior Minister.[214][215]

On 16 April, the Higher Administrative Court dissolved the former ruling National Democratic Party

(NDP) and ordered its funds and property to be handed over to the government.[216]

On 24 May 2011,

it was announced that Egypt's ousted President Hosni Mubarak and his two sons Gamal and Alaa are

to be tried over the deaths of anti-government protesters in the revolution that began on 25

January.[217]

Court trials of state officials accused of corruption

Main article:Trials and judicial hearings following the 2011 Egyptian revolution

The ousting of Mubarak was followed by a series of arrests of, and / or imposed travel bans on high

profile figures on charges of causing the death of 300500 demonstrators, and the injury of 5,000

more, as well as charges ofembezzlement,profiteering,money laundry, andabuse of human rights.

Among these figures are Mubarak himself, his wifeSuzanne Mubarak, his sonGamal, his sonAlaa,

the former Interior MinisterHabib el-Adly, the former Housing Minister Ahmed El-Maghrabi, the former

Tourism MinisterZoheir Garanaand the former Secretary of the National Democratic Party for

Organisational AffairsAhmed Ezz.[218]

Mubarak's ousting was also followed by widespread allegations

of corruption against numerous other government officials and senior politicians[219][220]

On 28

February 2011, Egypt's top prosecutor ordered an asset freeze for Mubarak and his family.[221]

This
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Documents

The Egyptian Revolution 2011