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compiling an exhaustive representative list of the root causes of the Egyptian January 25th revolution is a daunting and challenging task. Egypt’s historical richness and depth, its demographic complexities, its multiple and occasionally conflicting identities, its geopolitical characteristics, the length of President Hosni Mubarak’s three-decade rule, and the successive layers of policies and discursive fragmentations through the various phases of his rule are but a few factors at play—enough to challenge any analyst.
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An Initial Perspective on “The Winter of Discontent” THE ROOT CAUSES OF THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION
Hazem FahmyApril 12, 2012
INITIAL CHALLENGES
Historical Heritage
Demographic Complexities
Mubarak 1981-2011
Successive Layers of Policies and
Fragmentations
The Researcher’s subjectivity
Bread Freedom Social JusticeThe People Want to Oust the Regime
FROM REFORM TO REVOLUTION
JANUARY 25, 2011
JANUARY 28, 2011
THREE RESEARCH STRANDS
Thirty Years of
Emergency Law
Economic Corruption
and Profiteering
Political Corruption and the Succession
Debate
Mubarak’s era 1981 - 2011
I. THIRTY YEARS OF EMERGENCY LAW 1981-2012
President Sadat’s Assassination, Oct. 6, 1981
Trial of Sadat’s Extremist AssassinsMissed by a hair’s breadth
Religion & Politics • The Muslim Brotherhood• The Islamic Militant Groups• The Returnees from
Afghanistan – Al-Qaeda
Police Brutality• The Persona of Egypt:• Centrism & Totalitarianism• Conformity & Compliance• The Egyptian Modern
Police
RELIGION & POLITICS: A Century of Altercation 1
• The establishment of the MB in 1928 by Hassan Al-Banna• The Muslim Brotherhood’s Secret Apparatus and Scouts
The assassination campaignThe assassination of Hassan Al-Banna
• Sayyed Qutb and the radicalization of the MBPersecution under Nasser’s regime.
• Sadat’s fatal mistakeThe rise of militant Islamic groups.Sadat’s assassination.
• The MB under Mubarak’s regimeThe MB and violenceThe MB and other militant groupsCo-opting the MB
Sayyed Qutb
Hassan Al-Banna
RELIGION & POLITICS: A Century of Altercation 2
• The radical militant religious groups• The War in Afghanistan• Local, regional and international terrorism• 9/11
9/11
Hassan Al-Banna
Ayman AlZawahry
The Camp David Accords
The returnees from Afghanistan
The Personality of Egypt: Historical Perspective
Dr Gamal Hamdan
Egypt: The Gift of the Nile Centrality and Totalitarianism
THE EGYPTIAN POLICE: A historical perspective
Boutros Pasha Ghali
The assassination of Boutros Pasha Ghali
• The Creation of a Modern Security Apparatus
Following the assassination of PM Boutros Pasha Ghali, 1910
• The Political PoliceUnder the control of British Occupation Forces.
• The 1952 Republic’s Security ApparatusEstablished with the support of former Nazi officers
• The State Security Agency
II. EVOLUTION OF EGYPTIAN POLICE BRUTALITY
Systematic torture in Egyptian prisons
• Erosion of individual liberties• Systematic torture in Egyptian prisons• SSA control over domestic/civil life• Unholy alliance with business and
political elites• Targeting of political opponents.
Erosion of individual liberties
Dr Saad Aldine Ibrahim
Dr Ayman Nour
Ibrahim Issa, Journalist
FREEDOM
II. ECONOMIC CORRUPTION & ROFITEERING
PHASE I:FIXING THE
INFRASTRUCTURE(1981-1991)
PHASE II:ECONOMIC
REFORM POLICY(1991-1999)
PHASE III:RAMPANT POLITICAL
CORRUPTION (2000-2011)
THE RICH GOT RICHER, THE POOR GOT POORER
BREAD & SOCIAL JUSTICE
THE POOR GOT POORER
30 millionsUnemployed or
working in informal sector
10 millions Employed in
marginal economy sector
12.2 millionsLiving in
slums
Other
Egyptian Economy Status in 2006
Population 72.8 million
EGYPT’S POLITICAL SYSTEM: A historical perspective
Anwar Al-SadatGamal Abdel-NasserKing Farouk I Hosni Mubarak
The Alawide Monarchy ruled Egypt 1805-1952
Nasser’s Socialist Nationalist Regime
1954 - 1970
Sadat’s Liberal State1970-1981
Mubarak’s regime1981-2011
Gamal Mubarak
The Egyptian Revolution
January 25th, 2011
III. POLITICAL CORRUPTION & THE SUCCESSION
Gamal Mubarak at the National Democratic Party 2009
Elections 2010 Rigged
Police Syndicated “Thugs”
Ahmed Ezz, Monopolist, mastermind who turned a sour deal
BREAKING THE FEAR BARRIER
The April 6th, 2008 Strike by Al-Mahalla Textile Labor
ElBaradei returns to lead the Egyptian Front for Change
Organic Intellectuals Such as Ibrahim Issa
Kefaya & George Ishac
THE EGYPTIAN YOUTH FACTOR
The torture and murder of Khaled Said (top and right)
inspired Wael Ghoneim (left) to create the facebook title
that coordinated the uprising
26 year old Asmaa Mahfouz posted a vlog that mobilized thousands unto the Egyptian streets on January 25th
Young men and women networking via social media claimed their country back
Headquarters of the National Democratic Party were one of the few buildings set on fire in the early days of the uprising
THE PEOPLE WANT THE
REGIME DOWN!
THANK YOU… WORK IN PROGRESS … WORK IN PROGRESS… WORK IN PROGRESS…
