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2011 Egyptian revolution

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For other revolutions, see Egyptian revolution.

2011 Egyptian revolution Part of the Arab Spring

Demonstrators in Cairo's Tahrir Square on

8 February 2011

Date 25 January 2011 – present

Location

Egypt

30°2′N 31°13′ECoordinates:

30°2′N 31°13′E

Status Ongoing

Causes

Police brutality[1]

State of emergency laws

[1]

Electoral fraud

Political censorship[2]

Widespread corruption

[2]

High unemployment[3]

Food price inflation[3]

Low minimum wages

[1][3]

Demographic structural

factors[4]

Characteristics

Civil disobedience

Civil resistance

Demonstrations Riots

Strike actions

Self-immolation

Online activism

Concessions

given Ouster of President

Mubarak and Prime

Ministers Nazif and

Shafik;[5]

Assumption of power by the Armed Forces;

[6]

Suspension of the

Constitution, dissolution

of the Parliament;[7]

Disbanding of State

Security Investigations

Service;[8]

Dissolution of the NDP,

the former ruling party of

Egypt and transfer of its

assets to the state[9]

Prosecution of Mubarak

and his family and his

former ministers.[10][11][12]

Number

Protesters

Characteristics

2 million at Cairo's Tahrir

square[13]

750,000 in Alexandria

1 million in Mansoura and others; see Cities and regions

section below

Casualties

Death(s)

Characteristics

846[14]

(including at least 135

protesters, 12

policemen,[15][16][17]

189 prisoners,

[18] and one prison

chief)[19][20]

See: Deaths section below.

Wounded 6,467 people[21]

Arrested 12,000[22]

Egypt

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The 2011 Egyptian revolution (Arabic: 2 thawret 25 yanāyir, Revolution of 25 January) took place

following a popular uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and is still continuing as of December 2011.

The uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent civil resistance, which featured a series of demonstrations,

marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labour strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of socio-economic and

religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Despite being

predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and

protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured.[23][24]

The uprising took place in Cairo, Alexandria,

and in other cities in Egypt, following the Tunisian revolution that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time

Tunisian president. On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Mubarak

resigned from office.

Grievances of Egyptian protesters were focused on legal and political issues[25]

including police brutality,[1]

state of

emergency laws,[1]

lack of free elections and freedom of speech,[2]

uncontrollable corruption,[2]

and economic

issues including high unemployment,[3]

food price inflation,[3]

and low minimum wages.[1][3]

The primary demands

from protest organizers were the end of the Hosni Mubarak regime and the end of emergency law; freedom,

justice, a responsive non-military government, and a say in the management of Egypt's resources.[26]

Strikes by

labour unions added to the pressure on government officials.[27]

During the uprising the capital city of Cairo was described as "a war zone,"[28]

and the port city of Suez was the

scene of frequent violent clashes. The government imposed a curfew that protesters defied and that the police and

military did not enforce. The presence of Egypt's Central Security Forces police, loyal to Mubarak, was gradually

replaced by largely restrained military troops. In the absence of police, there was looting by gangs that opposition

sources said were instigated by plainclothes police officers. In response, watch groups were organised by civilians

to protect neighbourhoods.[29][30][31][32][33]

International response to the protests was initially mixed,[34]

though most called for peaceful actions on both sides

and moves toward reform. Most Western governments expressed concern about the situation. Many governments

issued travel advisories and made attempts to evacuate their citizens from the country.[35]

The Egyptian Revolution,

along with Tunisian events, has influenced demonstrations in other Arab countries including Yemen, Bahrain,

Jordan, Syria and Libya.

Mubarak dissolved his government and appointed military figure and former head of the Egyptian General

Intelligence Directorate Omar Suleiman as Vice-President in an attempt to quell dissent. Mubarak asked aviation

minister and former chief of Egypt's Air Force, Ahmed Shafik, to form a new government. Mohamed ElBaradei

became a major figure of the opposition, with all major opposition groups supporting his role as a negotiator for

some form of transitional unity government.[36]

In response to mounting pressure, Mubarak announced he would

not seek re-election in September.[37]

On 11 February Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak would be stepping down as president and

turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.[38]

On 24 May, Mubarak was ordered to stand

trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors and, if convicted, could face the death penalty.[12]

The military junta, headed by effective head of state Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, announced on 13 February that

the constitution would be suspended, both houses of parliament dissolved, and that the military would rule for six

months until elections could be held. The prior cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik, would continue to

serve as a caretaker government until a new one is formed.[39]

Shafik resigned on 3 March, a day before major

protests to get him to step down were planned; he was replaced by Essam Sharaf, the former transport minister.[40]

Although Mubarak resigned, the protests have continued amid concerns about how long the military junta will last

in Egypt; some are afraid that the military will rule the country indefinitely.[41]

Contents

[hide]

1 Naming 2 Background

o 2.1 Inheritance of Power

o 2.2 Emergency law

o 2.3 Police brutality o 2.4 Corruption in government elections

o 2.5 Restrictions on free speech and press

o 2.6 Demographic and economic challenges o 2.7 Corruption among government officials

3 Lead-up to the protests

o 3.1 Tunisian Revolution

o 3.2 Self-immolation o 3.3 National Police Day protests

4 Protests

o 4.1 Timeline o 4.2 Cities and regions : Mass civil disobedience

5 Deaths

6 International reactions o 6.1 Post-ousting

7 Results

o 7.1 Reform process

o 7.2 Court trials of state officials accused of corruption 8 Analysis

o 8.1 Regional instability

o 8.2 Religion and politics o 8.3 Women's role

o 8.4 The military's role

o 8.5 Foreign relations o 8.6 Online activism and the role of social media

9 After-Revolution Freedom of Establishing Political Parties

10 See also

11 References 12 Further reading

13 External links

[edit] Naming

In Egypt and the wider Arab world, the protests and subsequent changes in the government have generally been

referred to as the 25 January Revolution ( 2 Thawrat 25 Yanāyir), Freedom Revolution (ة ح

Thawrat Horeya),[42]

or Rage Revolution (ضب غ ,Thawrat al-Ġaḍab), and less frequently ال[43]

the

Revolution of the Youth (ب ب ش Thawrat al-Shabāb), Lotus Revolution ال[44]

س) ل ت or White ,( ال

Revolution (ض ء ي ب ث ال .(al-Thawrah al-bayḍāʾ ال[45]

[edit] Background

Hosni Mubarak in 2009

Hosni Mubarak became head of Egypt's semi-presidential republic government following the 1981 assassination of

President Anwar El Sadat, and continued to serve until 2011. Mubarak's 30-year reign made him the longest

serving President in Egypt's history,[46]

with his National Democratic Party (NDS) government maintaining one-

party rule under a continuous state of emergency.[47]

Mubarak's government earned the support of the West and a

continuation of annual aid from the United States by maintaining policies of suppression towards Islamic militants

and peace with Israel.[47]

Hosni Mubarak was often compared to an Egyptian pharaoh by the media and by some of

his critics due to his authoritarian rule.[48]

[edit] Inheritance of Power

Gamal Mubarak in 2006 Main article: Gamal Mubarak

Gamal Mubarak, the younger of Mubarak's two sons, began being groomed to be his father's successor as the next

president of Egypt around the year 2000.[49]

Gamal started receiving considerable attention in the Egyptian media,

as there were no other apparent heirs to the presidency.[50]

Bashar al-Assad's rise to power in Syria in June 2000,

just hours after Hafez al-Assad's death sparked a heated debate in the Egyptian press regarding the prospects for a

similar scenario occurring in Cairo.[51]

In the years after Mubarak's 2005 reelection several political groups (most in Egypt are unofficial) on both the left

and the right, announced their sharp opposition to the inheritance of power. They demanded political change and

asked for a fair election with more than one candidate. In 2006, with opposition rising, The Daily News Egypt

reported on an online campaign initiative called the National Initiative against Power Inheritance which demanded

Gamal reduce his power. The campaign stated, "President Mubarak and his son constantly denied even the

possibility of [succession]. However, in reality they did the opposite, including amending the constitution to make

sure that Gamal will be the only unchallenged candidate."[52]

Over the course of the decade perception grew that Gamal would succeed his father. He wielded increasing power

as NDP deputy secretary general, in addition to a post he held heading the party's policy committee. Analysts went

so far as describing Mubarak's last decade in power as “the age of Gamal Mubarak.” With Mubarak’s health

declining and the leader refusing to appoint a vice-president, Gamal was considered by some to be Egypt's de-facto

president.[53]

Both Gamal and Hosni Mubarak continued to deny that an inheritance would take place. There was talk, however,

of Gamal being elected; with Hosni Mubarak's presidential term set to expire in 2010 there was speculation Gamal

would run as the NDP party's candidate in 2011.[54]

After the January–February 2011 protest, Gamal Mubarak stated that he would not be running for the presidency in

the 2011 elections.[55]

[edit] Emergency law

Main article: Emergency law in Egypt

An emergency law (Law No. 162 of 1958) was enacted after the 1967 Six-Day War. It was suspended for 18

months in the early 1980s[56]

and has otherwise continuously been in effect since President Sadat's 1981

assassination.[57]

Under the law, police powers are extended, constitutional rights suspended, censorship is

legalised,[58]

and the government may imprison individuals indefinitely and without reason. The law sharply limits

any non-governmental political activity, including street demonstrations, non-approved political organizations, and

unregistered financial donations.[56]

The Mubarak government has cited the threat of terrorism in order to extend

the emergency law,[57]

claiming that opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in

Egypt if the current government did not forgo parliamentary elections and suppress the group through actions

allowed under emergency law.[59]

This has led to the imprisonment of activists without trials,[60]

illegal

undocumented hidden detention facilities,[61]

and rejecting university, mosque, and newspaper staff members based

on their political inclination.[62]

A parliamentary election in December 2010 was preceded by a media crackdown,

arrests, candidate bans (particularly of the Muslim Brotherhood), and allegations of fraud involving the near-

unanimous victory by the ruling party in parliament.[56]

Human rights organizations estimate that in 2010 between

5,000 and 10,000 people were in long-term detention without charge or trial.[63][64]

[edit] Police brutality

Further information: Law enforcement in Egypt

According to a report from the U.S. Embassy in Egypt, police brutality has been common and widespread in

Egypt.[65]

In the last five years, the Mubarak regime has denied the existence of torture or abuse carried out by the

police. However, many claims by domestic and international groups provide evidence through cellphone videos or

first-hand accounts of hundreds of cases of police abuse.[66]

According to the 2009 Human Rights Report by the U.S. State Department, "Domestic and international human

rights groups reported that the Ministry of Interior (MOI) State Security Investigative Service (SSIS), police, and

other government entities continued to employ torture to extract information or force confessions. The Egyptian

Organization for Human Rights documented 30 cases of torture during the year 2009. In numerous trials

defendants alleged that police tortured them during questioning. During the year activists and observers circulated

some amateur cellphone videos documenting the alleged abuse of citizens by security officials. For example, on 8

February, a blogger posted a video of two police officers, identified by their first names and last initials,

sodomizing a bound naked man named Ahmed Abdel Fattah Ali with a bottle. On 12 August, the same blogger

posted two videos of alleged police torture of a man in a Port Said police station by the head of investigations,

Mohammed Abu Ghazala. There was no indication that the government investigated either case."[67]

The deployment of plainclothes forces paid by Mubarak's ruling party, Baltageya,[68]

(Arabic: ل ية ), has been a

hallmark of the Mubarak government.[68]

The Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights has documented 567 cases

of torture, including 167 deaths, by police that occurred between 1993 and 2007.[69]

Excessive force was often used

by law enforcement agencies. The police forces constantly squelched democratic uprisings with brutal force and

corrupt tactics.[70]

On 6 June 2010 Khaled Mohamed Saeed died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber

area of Alexandria. Multiple witnesses testified that Saeed was beaten to death by the police.[71][72]

A Facebook

page called "We are all Khaled Said" helped bring nationwide attention to the case.[73]

Mohamed ElBaradei, former

head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, led a rally in 2010 in Alexandria against alleged abuses by the

police and visited Saeed's family to offer condolences.[74]

During the January — February 2011 protests, police brutality was high in response to the protests. Jack Shenker, a

reporter for The Guardian, was arrested during the mass protests in Cairo on 26 January 2011. He witnessed fellow

Egyptian protesters being tortured, assaulted, and taken to undisclosed locations by police officers. Shenker and

other detainees were released after one of his fellow detainees' well-known father, Ayman Nour, covertly

intervened.[75][76][77]

[edit] Corruption in government elections

Accusations of corruption, coercion to not vote, and manipulation of the election results have occurred during

many of the elections over the past 30 years.[78]

Until 2005, Mubarak was the only candidate to run for the

presidency, on a yes/no vote.[79]

Mubarak has won five consecutive presidential elections with a sweeping

majority. Opposition groups and international election monitoring agencies have accused the elections of being

rigged. These agencies have not been allowed to monitor the elections. The only opposing presidential candidate in

recent Egyptian history, Ayman Nour, was imprisoned before the 2005 elections.[80]

According to a UN survey,

voter turnout is extremely low (around 25%) because of the lack of trust in the corrupt representational system.[81]

[edit] Restrictions on free speech and press

Even though the Egyptian constitution provides for the universal freedom of speech (Egypt Constitution, Article

47 – 49),[82]

the government has frequently sanctioned home raids, torture, arrests, and fining of bloggers and

reporters that criticize the government in any way. Under the current state of emergency laws, the government can

censor anything if it is considered a threat to “public safety and national security”. If any reporter or blogger

violates this law by criticizing the government, they could be legally penalized with a fine of 20,000 pounds

($3,650) and up to five years in prison. The Moltaqa Forum for Development and Human Rights Dialogue reported

that between January and March 2009, 57 journalists from 13 newspapers faced legal penalties for their

governmental critiques. The Egyptian government owns stock in the three largest daily newspapers. The

government controls the licensing and distribution of all papers in Egypt.[83]

The Egyptian government shut down

the Internet to most of Egypt during the recent protests in order to limit communication between protest groups.[84]

[edit] Demographic and economic challenges

Unemployment and reliance on subsidized goods Further information: Demographics of Egypt, Demographic trap, and Youth bulge

Population pyramid in 2005. Many of those 30 and younger are educated citizens who are experiencing difficulty finding work.

The population of Egypt grew from 30,083,419 in 1966[85]

to roughly 79,000,000 by 2008.[86]

The vast majority of

Egyptians live in the limited spaces near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers

(15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. In late 2010 around 40% of Egypt's population of just under

80 million lived on the fiscal income equivalent of roughly US$2 per day, with a large part of the population

relying on subsidized goods.[1]

According to the Peterson Institute for International Economics and other proponents of demographic structural

approach (cliodynamics), a basic problem in Egypt is unemployment driven by a demographic youth bulge: with

the number of new people entering the job force at about 4% a year, unemployment in Egypt is almost 10 times as

high for college graduates as it is for people who have gone through elementary school, particularly educated

urban youth—the same people who were out in the streets during the revolution.[87][88]

Poor living conditions and economic conditions

Further information: Economy of Egypt

A poor neighbourhood in Cairo

Egypt's economy was highly centralised during the tenure of President Gamal Abdel Nasser but opened up

considerably under President Anwar Sadat and Mubarak. From 2004 to 2008 the Mubarak-led government

aggressively pursued economic reforms to attract foreign investment and facilitate GDP growth, but postponed

further economic reforms because of global economic turmoil. The international economic downturn slowed

Egypt's GDP growth to 4.5% in 2009. In 2010 analysts said the government of Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif would

need to restart economic reforms to attract foreign investment, boost growth, and improve economic conditions.

Despite high levels of national economic growth over the past few years, living conditions for the average

Egyptian remained poor,[89]

though better than many other countries in Africa.[87]

[edit] Corruption among government officials

Further information: Crime in Egypt

Political corruption in Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior rose dramatically due to the increased level of

control over the institutional system necessary to prolong the presidency.[90]

The rise to power of powerful

businessmen in the NDP, in the government, and in the People's Assembly led to massive waves of anger during

the years of Prime Ministers Ahmed Nazif's government. An example is Ahmed Ezz's monopolising the steel

industry in Egypt by holding more than 60% of the market share.[91]

Aladdin Elaasar, an Egyptian biographer and

an American professor, estimates that the Mubarak family is worth from $50 to $70 billion.[92][93]

The wealth of Ahmed Ezz, the former NDP Organisation Secretary, is estimated to be 18 billion Egyptian

pounds;[94]

the wealth of former Housing Minister Ahmed al-Maghraby is estimated to be more than 11 billion

Egyptian pounds;[94]

the wealth of former Minister of Tourism Zuhair Garrana is estimated to be 13 billion

Egyptian pounds;[94]

the wealth of former Minister of Trade and Industry, Rashid Mohamed Rashid, is estimated to

be 12 billion Egyptian pounds;[94]

and the wealth of former Interior Minister Habib al-Adly is estimated to be

8 billion Egyptian pounds.[94]

The perception among Egyptians was that the only people to benefit from the nation's wealth were businessmen

with ties to the National Democratic Party; "wealth fuels political power and political power buys wealth."[95]

During the Egyptian parliamentary election, 2010, opposition groups complained of harassment and fraud

perpetrated by the government. Opposition and civil society activists have called for changes to a number of legal

and constitutional provisions which affect elections.[citation needed]

In 2010 Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of

3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts (with 10 being

clean and 0 being totally corrupt).[96]

[edit] Lead-up to the protests

To prepare for a possible overthrow of Mubarak, opposition groups studied the work of Gene Sharp on non-violent

revolution and worked with leaders of Otpor!, the student-led Serbian uprising of 2000. Copies of Sharp's list of

198 non-violent "weapons", translated into Arabic and not always attributed to him, were circulated in Tahrir

Square during its occupation.[97][98]

[edit] Tunisian Revolution

Main article: Tunisian Revolution

Further information: Arab Spring

After the ousting of Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali due to mass protests, many analysts, including

former European Commission President Romano Prodi, saw Egypt as the next country where such a revolution

might occur.[99]

The Washington Post commented, "The Jasmine Revolution [...] should serve as a stark warning to

Arab leaders – beginning with Egypt's 83-year-old Hosni Mubarak – that their refusal to allow more economic and

political opportunity is dangerous and untenable."[100]

Others held the opinion that Egypt was not ready for

revolution, citing little aspiration of the Egyptian people, low educational levels, and a strong government with the

support of the military.[101]

The BBC said, "The simple fact is that most Egyptians do not see any way that they can

change their country or their lives through political action, be it voting, activism, or going out on the streets to

demonstrate."[102]

[edit] Self-immolation

A protester holds an Egyptian flag during the protests that started on 25 January 2011 in Egypt

Following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Tunisia on 17 December, a man set himself ablaze on 17

January in front of the Tunisian parliament;[103]

about five more attempts of self-immolation followed.[101]

[edit] National Police Day protests

Opposition groups planned a day of revolt for 25 January, coinciding with the National Police Day. The purpose

was to protest against abuses by the police in front of the Ministry of Interior.[104]

These demands expanded to

include the resignation of the Minister of Interior, an end to State corruption, the end of Egyptian emergency law,

and term limits for the president.

Many political movements, opposition parties, and public figures supported the day of revolt, including Youth for

Justice and Freedom, Coalition of the Youth of the Revolution, the Popular Democratic Movement for Change and

the National Association for Change. The 6 April Youth Movement was a major supporter of the protest and

distributed 20,000 leaflets saying "I will protest on 25 January to get my rights". The Ghad, Karama, Wafd and

Democratic Front supported the protests. The Muslim Brotherhood, Egypt's largest opposition group,[105]

confirmed on 23 January that it would participate.[105][106]

Public figures including novelist Alaa Al Aswany, writer

Belal Fadl, and actors Amr Waked and Khaled Aboul Naga announced they would participate. However, the leftist

National Progressive Unionist Party (the Tagammu) stated it would not participate. The Coptic Church urged

Christians not to participate in the protests.[105]

Twenty-six-year-old Asmaa Mahfouz was instrumental[107]

in sparking the protests.[108]

In a video blog posted two

weeks before National Police Day,[109]

she urged the Egyptian people to join her on 25 January in Tahrir Square to

bring down Mubarak's regime.[110]

Mahfouz's use of video blogging and social media went viral[111]

and urged

people not to be afraid.[112]

The Facebook group set up for the event attracted 80,000 attendees.

[edit] Protests

[edit] Timeline

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to

reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011)

Main article: Timeline of the 2011 Egyptian revolution

Al Jazeera footage of Egyptian protests

The "Day of Revolt" on 25 January

Hundreds of thousands of people protest in Tahrir Square on 4 February 2011

Hundreds of thousands of people protest in Tahrir Square on 8 February 2011

Hundreds of thousands of people protest in Tahrir Square on 9 February 2011

Hundreds of thousands of people celebrate in Tahrir Square when Hosni Mubarak's resignation is announced on 11 February

2011

Hundreds of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on 1 April 2011

Hundreds of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on 8 April 2011

Tens of thousands of people protesting in Tahrir Square on 27 May 2011

25 January 2011: The "Day of Revolt": Protests erupted throughout Egypt, with tens of thousands of protesters

gathered in Cairo and thousands more in cities throughout Egypt. The protests targeted President Hosni Mubarak's

government, and mostly adhered to non-violence. There were some reports of civilian and police casualties.

26 January 2011: "Shutting down The Internet and Mobile Services": After several Facebook groups were

created and tweets (from Twitter) called for mass demonstrations, the Egyptian government shut down internet

access for most of the country.[113]

This was done to cripple one of the protesters' main organizational tools and to

impede the flow of news and people.

28 January 2011: The "Friday of Anger" protests began. Hundreds of thousands demonstrated in Cairo and

other Egyptian cities after Friday prayers. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei arrived in Cairo. There were

reports of looting. Prisons were opened and burned down, allegedly on orders from then-Minister of the Interior

Habib El Adly. Prison inmates escaped en masse, in what was believed to be an attempt to terrorise protesters.

Police forces were withdrawn from the streets, and the military was deployed. International fears of violence grew,

but no major casualties were reported. President Hosni Mubarak made his first address to the nation and pledged to

form a new government. Later that night clashes broke out in Tahrir Square between revolutionaries and pro-

Mubarak demonstrators, leading to the injury of several and the death of some.

29 January 2011: The military presence in Cairo increased. A curfew was declared, but was widely ignored as the

flow of defiant protesters to Tahrir Square continued throughout the night. The military reportedly refused to

follow orders to fire live ammunition, and exercised restraint overall. There were no reports of major casualties.

1 February 2011: Mubarak made another televised address and offered several concessions. He pledged to not run

for another term in the elections planned for September, and pledged political reforms. He stated he would stay in

office to oversee a peaceful transition. Small but violent clashes began that night between pro-Mubarak and anti-

Mubarak groups.

2 February 2011: "Battle of the Camel". Violence escalated as waves of Mubarak supporters met anti-

government protesters, and some Mubarak supporters rode on camels and horses into Tahrir Square, reportedly

wielding swords and sticks. President Mubarak reiterated his refusal to step down in interviews with several news

agencies. Incidents of violence toward journalists and reporters escalated amid speculation that the violence was

being encouraged by Mubarak as a way to bring the protests to an end.

6 February 2011: A multifaith Sunday Mass is held with Egyptian Christians and Egyptian Muslims in Tahrir

Square. Negotiations involving Egyptian Vice President Omar Suleiman and representatives of the opposition

commenced amid continuing protests throughout the nation. The Egyptian army assumed greater security

responsibilities, maintaining order and guarding The Egyptian Museum of Antiquity. Suleiman offered reforms,

while others of Mubarak's regime accused foreign nations, including the US, of interfering in Egypt’s affairs.

10 February 2011: Mubarak formally addressed Egypt amid speculation of a military coup, but rather than

resigning (as was widely expected), he simply stated he would delegate some of his powers to Vice President

Suleiman, while continuing as Egypt's head of state. Reactions to Mubarak's statement were marked by anger,

frustration and disappointment, and throughout various cities there was an escalation of the number and intensity

of demonstrations.

11 February 2011: The "Friday of Departure": Massive protests continued in many cities as Egyptians refused

the concessions announced by Mubarak. Finally, at 6:00 pm local time, Suleiman announced Mubarak's

resignation, entrusting the Supreme Council of Egyptian Armed Forces with the leadership of the country.

Nationwide celebrations immediately followed.

13 February 2011: The Supreme Council dissolved Egypt’s parliament and suspended the Constitution in

response to demands by demonstrators. The council declared that it would hold power for six months, or until

elections could be held. Calls were made for the council to provide more details and specific timetables and

deadlines. Major protests subsided but did not end. In a gesture to a new beginning, protesters cleaned up and

renovated Tahrir Square, the epicenter of the demonstrations, although many pledged they would continue protests

until all the demands had been met.

17 February 2011: The army stated it would not field a candidate in the upcoming presidential elections.[114]

Four

important figures of the former regime were detained on that day: former interior minister Habib el-Adly, former

minister of housing Ahmed Maghrabi former tourism minister Zuheir Garana, and steel tycoon Ahmed Ezz.[115]

2 March 2011: The constitutional referendum was tentatively scheduled for 19 March 2011.[116]

3 March 2011: A day before large protests against him were planned, Ahmed Shafik stepped down as Prime

Minister and was replaced by Essam Sharaf.[117]

5 March 2011: Several State Security Intelligence (SSI) buildings were raided across Egypt by protesters,

including the headquarters for Alexandria Governorate and the main national headquarters in Nasr City, Cairo.

Protesters stated they raided the buildings to secure documents they believed to show various crimes committed by

the SSI against the people of Egypt during Mubarak's rule.[118][119]

6 March 2011: From the Nasr City headquarters, protesters acquired evidence of mass surveillance and vote

rigging, and noted rooms full of videotapes, piles of shredded and burned documents, and cells where activists

recounted their experiences of detention and torture.[120]

19 March 2011: The constitutional referendum was held and passed by 77.27%.[121]

22 March 2011: Parts of the Interior Ministry building catch fire during police demonstrations outside.[122]

23 March 2011: The Egyptian Cabinet orders a law criminalising protests and strikes that hampers work at private

or public establishments. Under the new law, anyone organising or calling for such protests will be sentenced to

jail and/or a fine of LE500,000 (~100,000 USD).[123]

1 April 2011: The "Save the Revolution" day: Approximately four thousand demonstrators filled Tahrir Square

for the largest protest in weeks, demanding that the ruling military council move faster to dismantle lingering

aspects of the old regime.[124]

Protestors demanded trial for Hosni Mubarak, Gamal Mubarak, Ahmad Fathi Sorour,

Safwat El-Sherif and Zakaria Azmi as well.

8 April 2011: The "Friday of Cleaning": Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators again filled Tahrir Square,

criticizing the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for not following through on revolutionary demands.

They demanded the resignation of remaining regime figures and the removal of Egypt’s public prosecutor due to

the slow pace of investigations of corrupt former officials.[125]

27 May 2011: The "Second Friday of Anger" (a.k.a "Second Revolution of Anger" or "The Second

Revolution"): Tens of thousands of demonstrators filled Tahrir Square in Egypt's capital Cairo,[126]

besides[citation

needed] perhaps demonstrators in each of Alexandria, Suez, Ismailia, Gharbeya and other areas; in the largest

demonstrations since ousting Mubarak's Regime. Protestors demanded No Military Trials for Civilians, the

Egyptian Constitution to be made before the Parliament Elections and for all the old regime gang and those who

killed protestors in January and February to be put on fair Trial.

1 July 2011: The "Friday of Retribution"; Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Suez, Alexandria and

Tahrir Square in Cairo, to voice frustration with the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces for what they

called the slow pace of change five months after the revolution, some also feared that the military is to rule Egypt

indefinitely.[127]

8 July 2011: The "Friday of Determination"; Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in Suez, Alexandria

and Tahrir Square in Cairo. They demanded immediate reforms and swifter prosecution of former officials from

the ousted government.[128]

15 July 2011"': Hundreds of thousands continue to protest in Tahrir Square.

23 July 2011: Thousands of protesters try to march to the Defense Ministry. They are met with thugs that have

sticks, stones, cocktails and other things. The protests are set off by a speech commemorating the 1952 coup led by

Mohammed Tantawi.

1 August 2011: Egyptian soldiers clash with protesters, tearing down tents. Over 66 people were arrested. Most

Egyptians supported the military's action.

6 August 2011 Hundreds of protesters gathered and prayed in Tahrir Square. After they were done, they were

attacked by the military.

9 September 2011: The"Friday of Correcting the Path"; Tens of thousands of people protested Suez,

Alexandria, Cairo, and other cites. Islamist protesters were absent.

[edit] Cities and regions : Mass civil disobedience

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Protesters in Alexandria

Protesters remove portraits of Ex-president Mubarak in Sohag City in upper Egypt

Cairo

Cairo has been at the epicentre of much of the crisis. The largest protests were held in downtown Tahrir Square,

which was considered the "protest movement’s beating heart and most effective symbol."[129]

On the first three

days of the protests, there were clashes between the central security police and protesters and on 28 January, police

forces withdrew from all of Cairo. Citizens formed neighbourhood watch groups to keep the order as widespread

looting was reported. Traffic police were reintroduced to Cairo on the morning of 31 January.[130]

An estimated

2 million people protested at Tahrir square.[13]

Alexandria

Alexandria, the home of Khaled Saeed, had major protests and clashes with the police. A demonstration on 3

February was reported to include 750,000 people.[citation needed]

There were few confrontations as not many Mubarak

supporters were around, except in occasional motorised convoys escorted by police. The breakdown of law and

order, including the general absence of police on the streets, continued through to at least the evening of 3

February, including the looting and burning of one the country's largest shopping centres, Carrefour[citation needed]

Alexandria protests were notable for the presence of Christians and Muslims jointly taking part in the events

following the church bombing on 1 January, which saw street protests denouncing Mubarak's regime following the

attack.

Mansoura

In the northern city of Mansoura there were protests against the Mubarak regime every day from 25 January

onwards.

On 27 January, Mansoura was dubbed a "War Zone". On 28 January, 13 were reported dead in violent clashes. On

9 February, 18 more protesters had died.

One protest on 1 February was estimated at one million people, The remote city of Siwa had been relatively

calm.[131]

Local sheikhs, who were reportedly in control of the community, put the community under lockdown

after a nearby town was "torched."[132]

Suez

The city of Suez has seen violent protests. Eyewitness reports have suggested that the death toll there may be high,

although confirmation has been difficult due to a ban on media coverage in the area.[133]

Some online activists

referred to Suez as Egypt's Sidi Bouzid, the Tunisian city where protests started.[134]

A labour strike was held on 8

February.[135]

Large protests took place on 11 February.[136]

On 3 February, 4,000 protesters went to the streets to call for Mubarak's departure.[137]

Tanta

Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets from the first day (25 January) and most of the days after until

11 February. Crowds exceeded a hundred thousand many times. Some hospitals reported casualties during the

clashes of 28 January.[citation needed]

Beni Suef

Beni Suef had repeated protests in front of the City Hall on el Kourneish, in front of the Omar abd el Aziz Mosque,

and in El Zerayeen Square, on most days during the revolutionary period. Twelve protesters were killed when

police opened fire at mass groups protesting in front of the Police Station in Beba, South Beni suef. Many others

got injured. Thugs and outlaws have robbed governmental garages and burned down several Government

buildings.[citation needed]

Luxor

There were also protests in Luxor.[138]

Dairut

Police opened fire on protesters in Dairut on 11 February.[136]

Shebin el-Kom

Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets of Shebin el-Kom on 11 February.[136]

El-Arish

Thousands protested in the city of El-Arish, in the Sinai Peninsula, on 11 February.[136]

Sohag

Large protests took place in the southern city of Sohag on 11 February.[136]

Minya

Large protests took place in the southern city of Minya on 11 February.[136]

Ismailia

Nearly 100,000 people protested in and about the local government headquarters in Ismaïlia on 11 February.[136]

Kafr El Sheikh

Large protests took place on 28 January and 4 February all over Kafr el-Sheikh.[citation needed]

Zagazig

Over 100,000 protesters gathered on 27 January in front of the city council in Zagazig.[139]

Sinai Peninsula

Bedouins in the Sinai Peninsula fought security forces for several weeks.[140]

As a result of the decrease in military forces on the borders, Bedouin groups protected the borders and pledged

their support to the ongoing revolution.[141]

Sharm-El-Sheikh No protests or civil unrest took place in Sharm-El-Sheikh on 31 January.

[142] All was still calm as Hosni Mubarak and

his family left on 11 February.[136]

[edit] Deaths

A memorial in Tahrir Square made by the demonstrators in honour of those who died during the protests, regarded as

shuhada' شهداء – "martyrs" – in Egyptian parlance. The captions in the pictures attribute most of the deaths to police violence.

Sally Zahran, a female protester who was a victim during demonstrations. NASA announced plans to write her name on a rocket, as part of a tradition of the American space organization's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to engrave the names of notable

people on spacecraft at the request of NASA staff members or US citizens. "This is the least we could do for Egypt's youth

and the revolutionaries. This step represents the transfer of the dreams of Egyptian young people from a small stretch of earth

to the enormous expanse of space" said NASA researcher Essam Mohamed Haji.[143]

Leading up to the protests, six cases of self-immolation were reported, including a man arrested while trying to set

himself on fire in downtown Cairo.[144]

These cases were inspired by, and began exactly one month after, the acts

of self-immolation in Tunisia triggering the 2010–2011 Tunisian uprising. The self-immolated included Abdou

Abdel-Moneim Jaafar,[145]

Mohammed Farouk Hassan,[146]

Mohammed Ashour Sorour,[147]

and Ahmed Hashim al-

Sayyed who later died from his injuries.[148]

This template is outdated. Please update this template to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (September 2011)

Death toll of 2011 Egyptian revolution

Location of deaths The mostly confirmed

death toll

as of 11 February 2011 References

Alexandria 52 [20][149][150][150][151][152]

Suez 18 [20][151][152][149]

Asyut 3 [149]

El-Arish 1 [136]

Beni Suef 17 [153]

Luxor 1 [154]

Atfih 1 [154]

Cairo 232 [20][154][155][151][156][152][149][157][20]

Kharga Oasis 1 [154]

Sheikh Zoweid, North Sinai 1 [158]

Abu Simbel 1 [154]

Rafah 3 [150]

Mansoura 2 [159]

Deaths in other places hit by protests 45 [158][20][20][160][156]

Total 846 [161][162][163]

As of 30 January, Al Jazeera reported as many as 150 deaths in the protests.[164]

The Sun reported that the dead

could include at least 10 policemen, 3 of whom were killed in Rafah by "an enraged mob".[165]

By 29 January, 2,000 people were known to be injured.[166]

The same day, an employee of the Azerbaijani embassy

in Egypt was killed while returning home from work in Cairo;[167]

the next day Azerbaijan sent a plane to evacuate

citizens[168]

and opened a criminal investigation into the death.[169]

Funerals for the dead on the "Friday of Anger" were held on 30 January. Hundreds of mourners gathered for the

funerals calling for Mubarak's removal.[170]

By 1 February, the protests had left at least 125 people dead,[171]

although Human Rights Watch said that UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay claimed that as

many as 300 people may have died in the unrest. This unconfirmed tally included 80 Human Rights Watch-

verified deaths at two Cairo hospitals, 36 in Alexandria, and 13 in the port city of Suez, among others;[151][172][173]

over 3,000 people were also reported as injured.[151][172][173]

An Egyptian Governmental Fact-Finding mission Known as " Fact-Finding National commission About 25 Jan

Revolution" announced on 19 April that at least 846 Egyptians died in the nearly three week long popular

uprising.[161][162][163]

[edit] International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the 2011 Egyptian revolution

International reactions have varied with most Western states saying peaceful protests should continue but also

expressing concern for the stability of the country and the region. The European Union's Foreign Affairs Chief

issued a statement saying "I also reiterate my call upon the Egyptian authorities to urgently establish a constructive

and peaceful way to respond to the legitimate aspirations of Egyptian citizens for democratic and socioeconomic

reforms."[174]

The United States, Britain, France, Germany and others issued similar statements calling for reforms

and an end to violence against peaceful protesters. Many states in the region expressed concern and supported

Mubarak, in particular Saudi Arabia, which issued a statement saying it "strongly condemned" the protests,[175]

while others, like Tunisia and Iran, supported the protests. Israel was most cautious for a change, with Israeli Prime

Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asking his government ministers to maintain silence, and urging Israel's US and

European allies to curb their criticism of President Mubarak;[176][177]

however, an Arab-Israeli parliamentarian

supported the protests. There were also numerous solidarity protests for the anti-government protesters around the

world.

NGOs also expressed concern about the protests and the ensuing heavy-handed state response. Amnesty

International described attempts to discourage protests as "unacceptable".[178]

Many countries also issued travel

warnings or began evacuating their citizens, including the US, Israel, Great Britain, and Japan. Even multinational

corporations began evacuating their expatriate workers.[179]

Many university students were also evacuated.

[edit] Post-ousting

Many nations, leaders, and organizations hailed the end of the Mubarak regime. There were celebrations in

Tunisia, and Lebanon. World leaders including Angela Merkel, David Cameron joined in praising the

Revolution.[180]

United States President Barack Obama praised the achievement of the Egyptian people and

encouraged other activists by saying "let's look at Egypt's example"[181]

Amid the growing concerns for the

country, on 21 February, David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, became the first world leader to

visit Egypt since Mubarak was ousted as the president 10 days previously. A news blackout was lifted as the prime

minister landed in Cairo for a brief five-hour stopover hastily added at the start of a planned tour of the Middle

East.[182]

On 15 March United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Egypt, she was the highest ranking

US official to visit Egypt after the handover of power from Mubarak to the military. Clinton urged the military

leaders to begin the process of a democratic transition and offer support to those who had been protesting, as well

as reaffirming ties between the two nations.[183]

[edit] Results

Main article: Domestic responses to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011

"Nero burned Rome; Mubarak is burning Egypt"

On 29 January, Mubarak indicated he would be changing the government because despite a "point of no return"

being crossed, national stability and law and order must prevail, that he had requested the government, formed

only months ago, to step down, and that a new government would be formed.[184][Full citation needed][185]

He then

appointed Omar Suleiman, head of Egyptian Intelligence, as vice president and Ahmed Shafik as prime

minister.[186]

On 1 February, he spoke again saying he would stay in office until the next election in September

2011 and then leave without standing as a candidate. He also promised to make political reforms. He made no offer

to step down.

On 31 January, Mubarak swore in his new cabinet in the hope that the unrest would fade. The protesters did not

leave and continued to demonstrate in Cairo's Tahrir Square to demand the downfall of Mubarak. The vice-

president and the prime minister were already appointed.[187]

He told the new government to preserve subsidies,

control inflation and provide more jobs.[188]

On 1 February, Mubarak said he never intended to run for reelection[189]

in the upcoming September presidential

election, though his candidacy had previously been announced by high-ranking members of his National

Democratic Party[190]

In his speech, he asked parliament for reforms:

According to my constitutional powers, I call on parliament in both its houses to discuss amending article 76 and

77 of the constitution concerning the conditions on running for presidency of the republic and it sets specific a

period for the presidential term. In order for the current parliament in both houses to be able to discuss these

constitutional amendments and the legislative amendments linked to it for laws that complement the constitution

and to ensure the participation of all the political forces in these discussions, I demand parliament to adhere to the

word of the judiciary and its verdicts concerning the latest cases which have been legally challenged.

—Hosni Mubarak, 1 February 2011[191]

Various opposition groups,[clarification needed]

including the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), reiterated demands for

Mubarak's resignation. The MB also said, after protests turned violent, that it was time for the military to

intervene.[192]

Mohammed ElBaradei, who said he was ready to lead a transitional government,[193]

was also the

consensus candidate by a unified opposition including: the 6 April Youth Movement, We Are All Khaled Said

Movement, National Association for Change, 25 January Movement, Kefaya and the Muslim Brotherhood.[194]

ElBaradei formed a "steering committee".[195]

On 5 February, a "national dialogue" was started between the

government and opposition groups to work out a transitional period before democratic elections.

Many of Al-Azhar Imams joined the protesters on 30 January all over the country.[196]

Christian leaders asked their

congregations to stay away from protests, though a number of young Christian activists joined the protests led by

Wafd Party member Raymond Lakah.[197]

The Muslim Brotherhood joined the revolution on 30 January, calling on all opposition groups to unite against

Mubarak, and for the military to intervene. They joined other opposition groups in electing Mohammed el Baradei

to lead a National Salvation Government in the interim period.[198]

The Egyptian state cracked down on the media, and shut down internet access,[199]

a primary means of

communication for the opposition. Journalists were also harassed by the regime's supporters, eliciting

condemnation from the Committee to Protect Journalists, European countries and the United States.

[edit] Reform process

See also: Egyptian constitutional review committee of 2011

The protests initiated a process of social and political reform by articulating a series of demands. Reform began

with President Mubarak's announcements that concessions would be made towards reform and was highlighted by

his resignation 18 days after the protests started. The list of demands for broader changes in Egyptian society and

governance, articulated by protesters and activists, includes the following:

A sign with the protesters' omnibus demands

Shredded documents found inside State Security Investigations Service

Demands of the protestors[200]

Demand Status Date

1. Resignation of President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak. Met. 11 February 2011

2. Canceling the State of Emergency (colloquially referred to as "The Emergency

Law"). Not Met.

[201] TBA

3. Dismantling the State Security Investigations Service. Claims to be

met.[202]

15 March 2011

4. Announcement by (Vice-President) Omar Suleiman that he will not run in the next

presidential elections. Met.

[203] 3 February 2011

5. Dissolving the Parliament. Met. 13 February 2011

6. Release of all prisoners taken since 25 January. Ongoing 20 February 2011

7. Ending of the recently imposed curfew. Met.[204] 15 June 2011

8. Removing the SSI-controlled university-police. Claims to be met. 3 March 2011

9. Investigation of officials responsible for violence against protesters. Ongoing 28 February 2011

10. Firing Minister of Information Anas el-Fiqqi and stopping government owned

media propaganda. Met; minister

fired, ministry 12 February 2011

canceled,

propaganda still

ongoing[citation

needed]

11. Reimbursing shop owners for losses during the curfew Announced but Not Met.

7 February 2011

12. Announcing the demands above on government television and radio Met.[citation needed]

11–18 February

2011

13. Dissolving the NDP. Claims to be met. 16 April 2011

14. Arrest, Interrogation and Trial of (now-former) president Hosni Mubarak and his two sons: Gamal Mubarak and Alaa Mubarak.

Met; All ordered to stand trial.

24 May 2011

The voters' line in Mokattam, Cairo, during the constitutional referendum on 19 March 2011. The queue was so long it extended well outside the built-up area of Mokattam and into the desert. The referendum witnessed an unprecedented turnout

of voters, with over 18 million Egyptians casting their votes.

On 17 February, an Egyptian prosecutor ordered the detention of three ex-ministers, former Interior Minister Habib

el-Adli, former Tourism Minister Zuhair Garana and former Housing Minister Ahmed el-Maghrabi, and a

prominent businessman, steel magnate Ahmed Ezz, pending trial on suspicion of wasting public funds. The public

prosecutor also froze the accounts of Adli and his family members on accusations that over 4 million Egyptian

pounds ($680,000) were transferred to his personal account by a head of a contractor company, while calling on

the Foreign Minister to contact European countries and ask them to freeze the accounts of the defendants.[205]

Meanwhile, the United States announced on the same day that it was giving Egypt $150 million in crucial

economic assistance to help it transition towards democracy following the overthrow of long time president

Mubarak. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that William Burns, the Under-secretary of State for political

affairs, and David Lipton, a senior White House adviser on international economics, would travel to Egypt the

following week.[205]

On 19 February, a moderate Islamic party, named (Arabic: ح ب ال ال د د ) Al-Wasat Al-Jadid, or the New Center

Party, which was outlawed for 15 years was granted official recognition by an Egyptian court. The party was

founded in 1996 by activists who split off from the Muslim Brotherhood and sought to create a tolerant Islamic

movement with liberal tendencies, but its attempts to register as an official party were rejected four times since

then. On the same day, Prime Minister Ahmed Shafiq said 222 political prisoners would be released. He said only

a few were detained during the popular uprising and put the number of remaining political prisoners at 487, but did

not say when they would be released.[206]

On 20 February, Dr. Yehia El Gamal a well known activist and law professor, announced (on TV channels)

accepting a Vice Prime Minister position within the new government that will be announced on 21–22 February.

He also announced the removal of many of the previous government members to alleviate the situation.

On 21 February, the Muslim Brotherhood announced it would form a political party for the upcoming

parliamentary election, called the Freedom and Justice Party, which was to be led by Dr. Saad Ketatni.[207][208][209]

Its spokesperson noted that "when we talk about the slogans of the revolution – freedom, social justice, equality –

all of these are in the Sharia (Islamic law)."[210]

On 3 March, Prime Minister Shafik submitted his resignation to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. The

Council appointed Essam Sharaf, a former Minister of Transport who began vocal criticism of the regime

following his resignation, particularly after the Qalyoub rail accident in 2006, to replace Shafik and form a new

government. Sharaf's appointment is seen as a significant concession to protesters, as he had been actively

involved during the action at Tahrir Square.[211][212][213]

Sharaf appointed former International Court of Justice

judge Nabil Elaraby as Foreign Minister and General Mansour El Essawi as Interior Minister.[214][215]

On 16 April, the Higher Administrative Court dissolved the former ruling National Democratic Party (NDP) and

ordered its funds and property to be handed over to the government.[216]

On 24 May 2011, it was announced that

Egypt's ousted President Hosni Mubarak and his two sons Gamal and Alaa are to be tried over the deaths of anti-

government protesters in the revolution that began on 25 January.[217]

[edit] Court trials of state officials accused of corruption

Main article: Trials and judicial hearings following the 2011 Egyptian revolution

The ousting of Mubarak was followed by a series of arrests of, and / or imposed travel bans on high profile figures

on charges of causing the death of 300–500 demonstrators, and the injury of 5,000 more, as well as charges of

embezzlement, profiteering, money laundry, and abuse of human rights. Among these figures are Mubarak

himself, his wife Suzanne Mubarak, his son Gamal, his son Alaa, the former Interior Minister Habib el-Adly, the

former Housing Minister Ahmed El-Maghrabi, the former Tourism Minister Zoheir Garana and the former

Secretary of the National Democratic Party for Organisational Affairs Ahmed Ezz.[218]

Mubarak's ousting was also

followed by widespread allegations of corruption against numerous other government officials and senior

politicians[219][220]

On 28 February 2011, Egypt's top prosecutor ordered an asset freeze for Mubarak and his

family.[221]

This was followed by arrest warrants, travel bans and judicial orders to freeze the assets of other known

public figures, including the former Speaker of the Egyptian Parliament, Fathi Sorour, and the former Speaker of

the Higher Legislative Body (Shura Council), Safwat El Sherif.[222][223]

Arrest warrants were also issued against

some public figures who left the country with the outbreak of the revolution. These warrants were issued on

allegations of financial misappropriations, rather than human rights abuses. Among these public figures are Rachid

Mohamed Rachid, the former Minister of Trade and Industry and Hussein Salem, a business tycoon. Salem is

believed to have left for Dubai[224]

Trials of the accused officials started on 5 March 2011 when the former Interior Minster of Egypt, Habib el-Adli,

appeared before the Giza Criminal Court in Cairo.[225]

The trials of el-Adli and other public figures are expected to

run a lengthy course.

In March 2011, following the revolution, Abbud al-Zumar, one of Egypt's most famous political prisoners, was

freed after 30 years. He was founder and first emir of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and implicated in the

assassination of President Anwar Sadat on 6 October 1981.[226]

On 24 May, former Egyptian President Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of

peaceful protestors during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and, if convicted, could face the death penalty. The full

list of charges released by the public prosecutor was "intentional murder, attempted killing of some

demonstrators...misuse of influence and deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial

gains and profits."[12]

[edit] Analysis

[edit] Regional instability

Main article: Arab Spring

The Egyptian Revolution, along with the events in Tunisia, have sparked a wave of major uprisings.

Demonstrations and protests have spread across the Middle East and North Africa. To date Algeria, Bahrain, Iran,

Jordan, Libya, Morocco,Yemen, and Syria have all witnessed major protests. In addition, minor incidents have

occurred in Iraq, Kuwait, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, and Sudan.

[edit] Religion and politics

Further information: Islam and democracy and Secularism in Egypt

See also: Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Gama'at Islamiya, and Egyptian Islamic Jihad

A Muslim wearing the cross in solidarity with Christian; and a Copt Christian (left) and a Salafi Muslim (right) debate in

Tahrir Square on politics and the revolution

The protests in Egypt were not centred around religion-based politics, but nationalism and a broad-based social

consciousness.[227]

Before the uprising, the most organised and prominent opposition movements throughout the

Arab world usually came from Islamist organisations that relied on a conviction of their faith, where members

were motivated and ready to sacrifice. However, secular forces emerged from the revolution touting principles that

religious groups shared with them: freedom, social justice, and dignity. Islamist organisations also emerged with

greater freedom to operate. Although the cooperative, inter-faith revolution itself was no guarantee that partisan

politics would not re-emerge in its wake, its success nonetheless represented a change from the intellectual

stagnation created by decades of repression which simply pitted modernity and Islam against one another as

conflicting and incompatible. Islamists and secularists both have been faced with new opportunities for dialogue

and discourse, on matters such as the role of Islam and Sharia in society and freedom of speech, as well as the

impact of secularism on a predominantly Muslim population.[228]

Despite the optimism surrounding the revolution, several commentators have expressed concerns about the risk of

increased power and influence for Islamist forces in the country and the region at large, as well as the difficulties

of integrating the different groups, ideologies, and visions for the country among the population. Journalist

Caroline Glick argued that the Egyptian revolution portends a rise in religious radicalism and support for terrorism,

citing a 2010 Pew Opinion poll which found that Egyptians support Islamists over modernizers by a ratio of over 2

to 1.[229]

Journalist Shlomo Ben-Ami argued that Egypt's most formidable task is to refute the old paradigm of the

Arab World that sees the only choices for regimes as between either repressive, secular dictatorships or repressive

theocracies. He noted, however that with Islam such a central part of the society, any emergent regime is bound to

be attuned to religion. In his view a democracy that excluded all religion from public life, as in France, could

succeed in Egypt and no Arab democracy could disallow the participation of political Islam if it were to be

genuine.[230]

Since the revolution Islamist parties such as the Muslim Brotherhood have shown unprecedented strength in the

new more democratic landscape, taking leading roles in constitutional changes, voter mobilization, and

protests.[231][232]

This was a noted concern among the secular and youth movements, who wanted any elections to

be held later rather than sooner, so that they might catch up with the already well-organized groups. Elections are

to be held in September 2011 and it is unclear which group or approach will prevail.

[edit] Women's role

A female protester wearing a niqāb

Egyptian women were active throughout the revolution. Some took part in the protests themselves, were present in

news clips and on Facebook forums, and were part of the leadership during the Egyptian revolution. In Tahrir

Square, female protesters, some with their children, worked to support the protests. The diversity of the protesters

in Tahrir Square was visible in the women who participated; many wore head scarves and other signs of religious

conservatism, while others revelled in the freedom to kiss a friend or smoke a cigarette in public. Egyptian women

also organised protests, and reported on the events; female bloggers such as Leil Zahra Mortada risked abuse or

imprisonment by keeping the world informed of the daily scene in Tahrir Square and elsewhere.[233]

Among those

who died was Sally Zahran, who was beaten to death during one of the demonstrations. NASA reportedly plans to

name one of its Mars exploration spacecraft in Zahran's honour.[234]

The wide participation and the significant contributions by Egyptian women to the protests have been attributed to

the fact that many, especially younger women, are better educated than previous generations, representing more

than half of Egyptian university students. This has been an empowering factor for women, who have become more

present and active publicly in recent years. The advent of social media has also helped provide tools for women to

become protest leaders.[233]

[edit] The military's role

Further information: Egyptian Armed Forces

From left to right: One of the 2 army vehicles that were burned during the army attacks on 9 April 2011 and one of the protestors holding some of the army bullets, standing in front of a burning army vehicle that was burned during the army

attack on 9 April 2011 in Tahrir Square, at least 2 protestors were killed by the army and tens wounded.

The Egyptian Armed Forces enjoy a better reputation with the public than the police does, the former perceived as

a professional body protecting the country, the latter accused of systemic corruption and illegitimate violence. All

four Egyptian presidents since the 1950s have come from the military into power. Key Egyptian military personnel

include the Defense Minister Mohamed Hussein Tantawi and General Sami Hafez Enan, Chief of Staff of the

Armed Forces.[235][236]

The Egyptian military totals around 468,500 well-armed active personnel, plus a reserve of

479,000.[237]

As Head of Egypt's Armed Forces, Tantawi has been described as "aged and change-resistant" and is attached to

the old regime. He has used his position as Defense Minister to oppose reforms, economic and political, which he

saw as weakening central government authority. Other key figures, Sami Enan chief among them, are younger and

have closer connections to both the US and groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood. An important aspect of the

relationship between the Egyptian and American military establishments is the 1.3 billion dollars in military aid

provided to Egypt annually, which in turn pays for American-made military equipment, and allows Egyptian

officers to receive training in the US. Guaranteed this aid package, the governing military council is for the most

reform-resistant.[238][239]

One analyst however, while conceding that the military is change-resistant, states it has no

option but to facilitate the process of democratisation. Furthermore, the military will have to keep its role in

politics limited to continue good relations with the West, and must not restrict the participation of political Islam if

there is to be a genuine democracy.[230]

[edit] Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Egypt

Foreign governments in the West including the US have regarded Mubarak as an important ally and supporter in

the Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations.[47]

After wars with Israel in 1948, '56, '67 and '73, Egypt signed a peace

treaty in 1979, provoking controversy in the Arab world. As provisioned in the 1978 Camp David Accords, which

led to the peace treaty, both Israel and Egypt receive billions of dollars in aid annually from the United States, with

Egypt receiving over US$1.3 billion of military aid each year in addition to economic and development

assistance.[240]

According to Juan Cole, many Egyptian youth feel ignored by Mubarak on the grounds that he is

not looking out for their best interests and that he rather serves the interests of the West.[241]

The cooperation of the

Egyptian regime in enforcing the blockade of the Gaza Strip was also deeply unpopular among the general

Egyptian public.[242]

[edit] Online activism and the role of social media

Coverage by the news network Al Jazeera English provided information about the revolution outside Egypt.

The pril outh Movement rabic: ح ة شب ب ) is an Egyptian Facebook group started in Spring 2008 to

support the workers in El-Mahalla El-Kubra, an industrial town, who were planning to strike on April 6. Activists

called on participants to wear black and stay home on the day of the strike. Bloggers and citizen journalists used

Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, blogs and other new media tools to report on the strike, alert their networks about police

activity, organize legal protection and draw attention to their efforts. The New York Times has identified the

movement as the political Facebook group in Egypt with the most dynamic debates. As of January 2009[update], it

had 70,000 predominantly young and educated members, most of whom had not been politically active before;

their core concerns include free speech, nepotism in government and the country's stagnant economy. Their

discussion forum on Facebook features intense and heated discussions, and is constantly updated with new

postings.

the founders of the movement

Ahmed Maher was a prominent participant in the anti-Mubarak demonstrations in Egypt in 2011.

Asmaa Mahfouz posted a video blog that went viral. She urged the Egyptian people to join her in a protest on

January 2 , in Tahrir Square to bring down Mubarak’s regime and urged people not to be afraid.

Waleed Rashed (Arabic يد شد ول born November 15, 1983 in El Sharkia, Egypt), is one of the co-founders of the ( ا

April 6 Youth Movement and a prominent participant in the anti-Mubarak demonstrations in Egypt in 2011.

We Are All Khaled Saeed is a Facebook group which formed in the aftermath of Saeed's beating and death. The

group attracted hundreds of thousands of members worldwide and played a prominent role in spreading and

bringing attention to the growing discontent. As the protests began, Google executive Wael Ghonim revealed that

he was the person behind the account.[243]

Later after the revolution, in an TV interview in the presence of member

of the ruling military council, it was revealed that AbdulRahman Mansour, a young underground activist and

media expert shared the account with Wael Ghonim.[244]

Another potent viral online contribution was made by

Asmaa Mahfouz, a female activist who posted a video in which she challenged people to publicly protest.[245]

Previously, Facebook had suspended the group because some of its administrators were using pseudonyms, a

violation of the company's 'Terms of Service.'[246]

The usage of social media has been extensive.[247][248]

[249]

[250]

As one Egyptian activist succinctly tweeted during

the protests there, "We use Facebook to schedule the protests, Twitter to coordinate, and YouTube to tell the

world."[251]

Internet censorship has also been extensive, and in some cases comprehensive to the extent of taking

entire nation-states practically off-line.[252]

It is readily believed that a handful of people through Facebook, Twitter, and blogging sparked this uprising. One

of which is Wael Ghonim. Many believe Ghonim was the first contributor to spark the Egypt revolution when he

created a Facebook page dedicated to Khaled Saeed entitled We Are All Khaled Saeed . Saeed, an Egyptian

business man was beaten to death by police in June 2010. It is believed that this was in retaliation to a video he

posted showing Egyptian police sharing the spoils of a drug bust. The Facebook page blew up to over 400,000

followers, creating an online arena where protestors and those discontent with the government could gather, vent,

and organise. The page called for protests on 25 January, Known as the day of wrath. Hundreds of thousands of

protestors flooded the streets to show their discontent with the murder and the corruption within their country.

Ghonim was jailed the 28th and released 12 days later. Ghonim has also gained quite a large following through his

Twitter account where he has been creating a narrative of the events happening day to day in Egypt. Ghonim is the

Middle East and North African marketing manager at Google. He is currently on leave.

Another major contributor is Egyptian activist and member of the 6 April movement

Though these two are credited with being the first social media faces of this revolution, since the 25th people have

posted videos, tweeted, and wrote Facebook comments to keep the world abreast of the turmoil in Egypt. Including

videos posted of a badly beaten Khaled Said, disproving the first claims by the police that he had choked to death.

Ali documents the various ways in which social media was used by Egyptian activists, some of the most prominent

Egyptian celebrities, and as well by major political figures abroad to invigorate the protests.[253]

Sharif Abdel Kouddous, a journalist with Democracy Now! had provided live coverage and tweets from Tahrir

Square during the protests and has also been credited with using new media to raise awareness regarding the

protests.[254][255]

The role of social media in the Egyptian uprising has since been widely written and debated about, including in the

first edition of the Dubai Debates on the question "Mark Zuckerberg – the new hero of the Arab people?" [256]

Many have argued, based in part on the Egyptian revolution, that social media may be an effective tool in

developing nations more generally.[257]

Critics that claim social networking didn't instigate the Arab Spring, argue on five major points[258]

: that people in

the Middle East generally don't use social networking sites,[259][260]

that social networking sites aren't private

enough to evade authorities,[261]

that many people don't trust social networking as a source for news,[262]

that social

networking sites were promoted by the media,[263]

and finally that social networking sites make non-activists feel

involved in the revolutions.[264]

[edit] After-Revolution Freedom of Establishing Political Parties

Freedom was given to establish political parties only by "notifying" concerned authorities, resulting in establishing

several political parties named after or in relation to the 25 January revolution. See List of political parties in

Egypt.

[edit] See also

Egypt portal

Human rights portal

Politics portal

Arab Spring

Tunisian revolution

Human rights in Egypt

Democracy in the Middle East Supreme Council of the Armed Forces

Muslim Brotherhood

Freedom in the World (report)

List of freedom indices

List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

List of modern conflicts in North Africa 2007–2008 world food price crisis

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[edit] Further reading

Bradley, John R. (2008). Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution. New York: Palgrave

Macmillan. ISBN 9781403984777. El-Mahdi, Rabab; Marfleet, Philip, eds (2009). Egypt: The Moment of Change. London: Zed. ISBN 9781848130210.

Faris, David (2010). Revolutions Without Revolutionaries? Social Media Networks and Regime Response in Egypt.

Publicly accessible Penn Dissertations. Paper 116.

Radsch, Courtney C. (2008). "Core to Commonplace: The Evolution of Egypt's Blogosphere". Arab Media and Society (American University of Cairo) (6, Fall).

Rutherford, Bruce K. (2008). Egypt after Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World. Princeton:

Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691136653.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Egyptian Revolution of 2011

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: 2011 Egyptian protests

Wikinews has news related to:

2011 Egypt anti-government protests

General

Egypt Resources from Google Crisis Response 2011 Egyptian revolution at the Best of the Web Directory

Media library documenting Egypt's 25 Jan revolution with thousands of videos & photos Middle East and North Africa in turmoil – Tracking the Protests. Chart provided by the Washington Post to keep up

day by day with all of the anti-government protests which as off May 2011 are spreading rapidly through the Middle

East and North Africa.

Live coverage

"Egypt's new era". BBC News (UK). 26 March 2011. "Egypt protests live". The Guardian (UK). 1 February 2011.

"Unrest in Egypt". Reuters. UK.

Egypt Real Time Video Stream at Frequency

Crowdsourcing

"Egypt's Revolution". Qatar: Al Jazeera English. Emergency Law and Police Brutality in Egypt at CrowdVoice Citizen Media coverage on Egypt Protests by Global Voices Online

Testimonials From Egyptians at The Real News

Interviews

Interview with Wael Ghonim, Google mideast manager: Guardian via Dream TV, subtitled; Full translation

Documentaries

Egypt: A Nation in Waiting (Al Jazeera documentary focusing on past trends in Egypt's political history and the events which lead to the revolution.)

Revolution in Cairo (PBS Frontline documentary about the role of the 6 April youth movement, cyberactivism and

the Muslim Brotherhood in the revolution)

Analysis and criticism

The Army and the Egyptian Revolution. Analytic essay by Maysara Omar regarding the role of the army.

Norman Finkelstein: An important analysis of the Egyptian revolution and counter-revolution.