Upload
amie-dorsey
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Catholic Reformation
1545-1563
The Catholic Reformation Overview
• How did the Catholic Church respond to the new religious situation?
1. Internal reform (linked to earlier reform efforts)
2. Counter Reformation opposing Protestants intellectually, militarily, politically, and institutionally. How?
Change from the papacy
New religious orders
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Pope Paul III as Reformer(r. 1534-1549)
• Appointed reform-minded higher clergy to educate +monitor lower clergy– Prohibited absenteeism and pluralism
• Established new religious orders that preached to common people
• Opened seminaries to train priests• Ended selling church offices• Stricter control of clerical life
• A transition point from Renaissance Popes
Pope Paul III as Punisher• Holy Office (1542) presided over the
Roman Inquisition– Power to arrest, imprison, and execute
heretics – Led by Cardinal Caraffa (later Pope
Paul IV)• Index of Forbidden Books
published by Holy Office• Only effective in Papal states
• Called Council of Trent to reform the church and try to reconcile with Protestants 1545-1563
The Council of Trent: Reconciliation
• The Catholics could not reconcile with the Protestants. Why not?
Religious ReasonsLutherans and Calvinists insisted that the Scripture be the only basis for discussion
Political Reasons Charles V opposed discussion that would alienate his Lutheran subjects
French Kings undermined Charles’ efforts Wanted a weak, religiously divided Germany
Did not want to lose more territory
The Council of Trent: Reforms• Doctrinal Reforms
– Equal validity to Scriptures and tradition– Reaffirmed the Seven Sacraments and transubstantiation
• Tridentine decrees – Bishops must live in their own dioceses – Suppressed pluralism and simony– Forbade indulgences – Prohibited concubines– Every diocese ordered to have a seminary
• Professors determined vocation of prospective priests
New Religious Orders
• Why? Clergy and People needed to be morally and intellectually educated if Catholicism were to survive.
1. Ursuline Order of Nuns
• Founded by Angela Merici (1474-1540) in 1535
• Mission was to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers
• Established prestigious education for women throughout Italy, France, and the New World
2. Jesuits • Founded by Ignatius Loyola
(1491-1556)• Spiritual Exercises(1548) 4
week program to reform life through study
• Society of Jesus (Jesuits) became a centralized organization– Two year probationary period– poverty, chastisty, obedience,
and mission to educate and convert
– Educated European children of poor, then nobility, then throughout world
Limited Success
• 1524-25: Peasant’s Revolt
• 1534-35 Munster Rebellion• Anabaptist• Jan Matthys• “Walkie Talkie with God”
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg• “Whose realm, whose
religion”• Religious “toleration” in the
HRE• As determined by the local
ruler• Local sovereignty > Divine
sovereignty
Background to French Religious Wars
• France remained Catholic because of the Concordat of Bologna – Pope collected all $$ from French Church– French king could tithe and appoint French clergy
• French Huguenots (Protestants) were middle class artisans or reform minded clergy – By 1559 about 10% of France were Huguenots
• Power-hungry nobles converted to justify independence and land acquisition
Who’s best interest is it to become Protestant? Who’s best interest is in Catholicism?
French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
•Catholics v. Huguenots
•Catherine de’ Medici (Wife of Henry II) tried moderation
–40-50% of nobility now Huguenot!
–Political trouble: Rival family (Guise) backed Catholics to try to claim political power!
–Spanish Catholics back the French Catholics
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Religions
Protestant faction: Huguenots =
French Calvinists. Supported by the
Bourbons
Guise = Catholic
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre• August 24, 1572 • Festival celebrating the
marriage of King Henry II’s sister to Protestant Henry of Navarre
• Incited gruesome violence, 15 years of civil war – Led to destruction of crops,
commerce, and lives due to starvation and murder
Henry IV the Politique (r. 1589-1610) • Henry Navarre became
Protestant French King Henry IV
• Politique – a person believing that no religious creed was worth political and social disorder
• “Paris is worth a mass”• His compromise: became
Catholic to appease the Catholics and passed the Edict of Nants (1598) giving Huguenots freedom to worship and fortified their cities
Religious Violence Under the Habsburgs
• When Charles V abdicated in 1556, he left Austria to his brother Ferdinand and his son Philip acquired Spain, the Netherlands, Milan, Sicily, and territory in the Americas
• Philip did not understand how to contain Protestantism in the Netherlands
Violence Shaped the Low Countries • Calvinism appealed to
merchants and middle class because of its emphasis on good, hard work
• 1568 Duke of Alva was sent to “pacify” protestant uprisings and brutally executed 1,500 men
• Southern Low Countries fell to Spain (future Belgium)
• Northern declared independence with Union of Utrecht
• Northern Netherlands led by William of Nassau, assassinated in 1584
• Dutch appealed to Queen Elizabeth who reluctantly provided funds and troops
• Philip attacked England and lost, making permanent the Union of Utrecht → recognized as United Provinces in 1609 by Spain
Calvinism became
popular in the
Netherlands, uprisings
Council of Blood: 1568 Duke of Alva
“pacified” uprisings
killing 1,500 men
South went to Spain, North → Union of Utrecht
William of Nassau
assassinated in 1584
Dutch ask for help
from England (Queen
Elizabeth Tudor)
Philip sends Spanish
Armada to defeat
England and FAILS May 9,
1588
Independent United
Provinces, Powerful England,
Weakening Spain
Religious Violence in the Netherlands Sequence of Events
What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and
witch-hunts? Causes of Religious Violence• French nobles sought
independence and power, converted →Riots and Civil War in France
• MC workers converted b/c appeals of Calvinism →Riots in Netherlands
• Disasters like illness, weather → witch-hunts
Consequences of Religious Violence • Rise of the Bourbon
dynasty, politique approach to ruling France
• United Provinces and major increase in England military pretsige, major decrease in Spanish power
• Women associated with demons,