Reformation Ideas Spread: The English Reformation and the Catholic

Reformation

HWH UNIT 1

CHAPTER 1.4

Anabaptists

• Rejected infant baptism

• Rejected violence

• Advocated separating

church and state

• Munster, 1534-1535

King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

“Defender of the Faith”• Defense of the Seven Sacraments– Leo X

• Devout advisors– Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1475-1530)– Thomas More (1478-1535)

Henry and His Wives

Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI

Henry’s Wives…

• #1: Catherine of Aragon (m. 1509-

1533)

– Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella

– Aunt of Charles V

– Had a daughter, Mary…

• …but no son

• Annulment?

Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)

• Archbishop of Canterbury

– Advised the split with Rome

#2: Anne Boleyn (m. 1533-1536)

• Secretly married to Henry in 1533

– Already six months pregnant with Elizabeth

• The Act of Supremacy (1534)

– Established the Church of

England (Anglican Church)

• Henry was the head of the church

• All Roman Catholic lands and

monasteries were confiscated

– 25% of all land in England

• Thomas More would not convert

• Anne was executed in 1536

Anglican Doctrine Under Henry

• The Six Articles (1539)

–Maintained almost all of Catholic

doctrine

• Henry, not the pope, was the authority

• The doctrine of the Anglican Church

will be in flux until the late 17th

century

#3: Jane Seymour (m. 1536-1537)

• Had a son, Edward (VI)

• Died from complications

of childbirth

#4: Anne of Cleves (m. 1540)

• German

• Ugly

• Divorced

#5: Kathryn Howard (m. 1540-1542)

• 30 years younger than Henry

• Cheated

• Executed

#6: Katherine Parr (m. 1543-1547)

• Outlived Henry

King Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

Moved the Anglican church toward Calvinism

• Book of Common Prayer (1549—Cranmer) – Somewhat Calvinist

• Advisors were Protestant– Communicated directly with Calvin

• Changes:– Clergy could marry– Salvation by faith alone– Only baptism and communion– Iconic images removed from churches– Denied transubstantiation

Burial place of Edward VI, Westminster Abbey, London

Queen Mary I (r. 1553-1558)• CATHOLIC

– 1st daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon

• Married Philip II of Spain

• Executed Cranmer and other Protestants– “Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

The “Elizabethan Settlement”

• Two Extremes—Elizabeth took the middle road

– Catholics

– Puritans

• Undid Mary’s anti-Protestant laws

• Made Elizabeth head of the Church of England

• Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer

• Made moderate Protestantism the official

religion

The Church of England under Elizabeth

• Two Sacraments

• Clergy could not marry

• Catholicism tolerated (in private)

• Mandatory attendance at church

• No monasteries

• Mass given in English

The Counter (or Catholic) Reformation

Rome’s Response to the Reformation• Pope Paul III (r. 1534-

1549)

• Ignatius of Loyola (1491-

1556)and the Jesuits

– Spiritual Exercises (1522-

24)

– Focus: education and

conversion

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

• Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549)

• Conclusions:– Reaffirmed Catholic

doctrine– Ended corruption

within the clergy• Pluralism• Absenteeism• Sale of indulgences• More education for

clergy

The Roman Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books