PROTESTANT REFORMATION A.PROTEST AND REFORM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH B. Based on some of the values from the Renaissance Skepticism-question religion Pope Leo X God has given us the papacy - let us enjoy it! B. Reasons for Change: (Problems from within) 1. Discontent a. Resentment of Italian control of church (especially in Germany) b. Heavy Taxes = tithe c. Church has strayed from mission (return to basics = serve the poor) 2. Sale of Indulgences - pardon for sins a.money for forgiveness and entry into heaven. b.TICKET TO HEAVEN Sale of Indulgences As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs! 3. Absenteeism : -had job but did not perform work -NOT FULFILLING YOUR OBLIGATION. 4. Simony: -buying and selling of jobs -crime of paying for holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus.holy officesSimon Magus 5. Nepotism: - gift of a job to a relative- Many Christians protested these abuses Rejected Church pomp- Dignified or magnificent display; splendor and ceremony Stressed Bible study Humanist, Erasmus, urged a return to simple ways of early Christian Church Martin Luther July Luther cried out for his safety I will be a monk. C. Beginning of Protestant Movement: 1. Martin Luther ( ) a. Born in Germany, enters Monastery, becomes priest b. becomes ideal monk - devotes life to prayer, penance, fasting c. constantly worried about salvation Martin Luther as a Monk 2. Luthers ideas on Salvation a. salvation comes from faith in God, not from work b. Bible = only source of religious truth. (no need for interpretations of Pope or Clergy) Luthers Bible 3. Luthers 95 Theses: a. posts 95 Theses on church doors, common practice to bring about a debate (intended to start a debate on the sale of indulgences and other abuses) b. printed up his ideas and spread them throughout c. Pope rejects Luthers protest - demands Luther recant his views TETZEL SELLING INDULGENCES Luther posting his 95 Theses Church where Luther posted his 95 Theses Diet of Worms I cannot and will not RECANT. 1521- POPE EXCOMMUNICATES LUTHER. LUTHER IS DECLARED AN OUTLAW-MAKING IT A CRIME FOR ANYONE TO GIVE HIM SHELTER OR FOOD. LUTHER HIDES OUT IN THE WARTBURG CASTLE FOR OVER A YEAR. HE IS A HERO TO MANY IN GERMANY. 4. Spread of Protestantism a. Martin Luther gains support from German princes who opposed the growing power of the church. b. Motivated by secular reasons PEASANTS REVOLT The Peasants tried to end serfdom, revolt turned violent and Luther denounced it. Luther favored social order and respect for political authority. 100,000 killed. Katharina von- Bora wife of Martin Luther. Had 6 children. Luther died in February of 1546. Peace of Augsburg allowed each Prince to decide which religion- Catholic or Lutheran- would be followed in his lands. John Calvin D. Other Protestant Religions: 1. Calvinism: a. John Calvin - French religious thinker b. Predestination = certain people are chosen by God for Salvation, no others can attain heaven. TWO KINDS OF PEOPLE: SAINTS AND SINNERS. CALVINISTS TRIED TO LIVE LIKE SAINTS, BELIEVING THAT ONLY THOSE WHO WERE SAVED COULD LIVE TRULY CHRISTIAN LIVES. c. Created a strict Religious Govt. in Geneva, Switzerland called a Theocracy. (1541) Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536 LIFE IN GENEVA: CALVINS FOLLOWERS WERE KNOWN AS THE CHOSEN PEOPLE. THEY STRESSED HARD WORK, MORALITY, THRIFT, DISCIPLINE AND HONESTY. YOU COULD NOT FIGHT, SWEAR, LAUGH IN CHURCH OR DANCE. THEATERS WERE CLOSED AND ELABORATE DRESS WAS FROWNED UPON. John Calvin SPREAD OF CALVINISM CALVINISM SPREAD TO GERMANY, FRANCE, THE NETHERLANDS, ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND BY THE LATE 1500S.. FRENCH CALVINISTS= HUGUENOTS CALVINISTS IN THE NETHERLANDS= DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH SCOTLAND= JOHN KNOX AND THE PRESBYTERIANS JOHN KNOX DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH CATHOLICS VS. HUGUENOTS 2. English Protestantism: a. struggle connected w/ political power b. Henry VIII (Tudor) 1. wanted a divorce 2. Pope wouldnt grant it 3. removed England from Authority of Pope so marriage could be annulled c. Act of Supremacy (1534) - Monarch made head of Anglican Church - Henry VIII now has total power ACT OF SUPREMACY E. The Counter Reformation - Catholic Reformation: 1. Churchs attempt to Strengthen Catholicism 2. Council of Trent (1545) a. banished indulgences b. outlawed simony, nepotism c. increased discipline of clergy Council of Trent 3. Inquisition was stepped up a. search for heretics b. confession or exile, prison, death 4. The Index - listed forbidden readings F. Effects of Reformation: 1. End of religious unity in Europe 2. Strengthening of State over Church 3. Spread of Education 4. Middle Class increase in power