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THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURE AS SEEN IN THE LAST
SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK
THESIS
Submitted to Board of examiner In Partial Fulfilment
the requirement For Literary Degree
at English Literature Department
by:
DENI OKTAVIANI
NIM : AI.140226
ADAB AND HUMANIORA FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2019
MOTTO
حيم حمن الره الره بسم الله
ومن جاهد فإنما يجاهد لنفس
Meaning: "Whosoever truly matters, the sincerity is for his own good"1
Artinya: "Barang siapa yang bersungguh sungguh, sesungguhnya kesungguhan
tersebut untuk kebaikan dirinya sendiri"2
1 Al-Qur’an ofline terjemah bahasa inggris 2 Al- ankabut ayat 6 https:/www.abanaonline.com/2018/01/motto-hidup-islami-dari-al-
quran.html?m
DEDICATION
حيم حمن الره الره بسم الله
First of all I would say the grateful to Allah SWT
always gives me health to finish this thesis.
I would like to dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved Father, Unang Sofyan for all your patients to educate me so far, gave me a
way to be the student, supporting and praying.
My beloved Mother, Siti Inayah thanks you so much for everything and miss you so much
mom.
And My beloved brother Dani Ramadan who have been good brother and always help all
of my need even thought sometime disturb me in making the thesis,.
THANK YOU SO MUCH
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘aalamiin.
All praises be to Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful, who has
given me the mercy, strength, health, and guidance in accomplishing the thesis
entitled ” THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURE AS SEEN IN THE
LAST SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK” which is submitted to fulfill the
requirements for bachelor degree (S1) in English Literature, Adab and Humanities,
Islamic State University, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. Shalawat and Salam are
upon our Prophet and last Messenger, Muhammad SAW, who has taken us from the
darkness to lightness as we feel today.
Then, I would like to address my gratitude those who have assisted me in
writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to:
1. The Rector of Islamic State University, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, Prof.
Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA. The Vice of Rector,Prof. Dr. H. Suaidi, MA, Ph.D.,
Dr. H. Hidayat, M.Pd., and Dr. H. Fadilla, M.Pd., who allowed me to study in
the university.
2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I., The
Vice of dean, Dr. Alfian, M.Ed., Dr.H.M. Fadhil, M.Ag., and Dr. Raudhoh,
M.Pd.I.
3. The head of English literature department Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S., MA and the
secretary Dian Mukhlisa, MA who have given the great supervised.
ABSTRACT
Deni Oktaviani. The American And Japanese Culture As Seen In The Last Samurai
Movie By Edwar Zwick. English Literature Department, Adab And
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha
Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Alfian, M. Ed
Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
This thesis discusses cultural differences that occur in The Last Samurai
movie. Movie as discourse is able to form impressions about the character, history,
and culture of a nation. The history of Japanese modernization is filled with radical
changes that affect the fate of the samurai and the Japanese nation as a whole so that
Japan is able to achieve its progress to date. The objectives to be achieved are (1) to
find out the cultural differences between American and Japanese culture seen from
The Last Samurai movie by Edward Zwick. (2) to find out the acculturation factor
between American and Japanese culture seen from The Last Samurai movie by
Edward Zwick. (3) to find out the impact of acculturation between American and
Japanese culture seen from The Last Samurai Movie by Edward Zwick. The author
uses cultural theory from the greets, cross-cultural conflict, cultural conflict, and
acculturation. This study also uses descriptive qualitative methods to explain and
analyze data. The results of the authors found answers to 3 problems found in The
Last Samurai movie by Edward Zwick. (1) cultural differences in American and
Japanese can be seen in clothing used, weapons used for war and self-protection, a
behavior seen in The Last Samurai Movie. (2) acculturation factors are 2, internal
factors and external factors. Internal factors are new discoveries that have caused
Japan to change its traditional weapons into pistols, snaps, and cannons. external
factors, there are wars caused by conflicts that occur in society. Foreign cultural
influences that made Omura make agreements with Americans to buy new weapons.
(3) the impact of acculturation that occurs between American and Japanese cultures
due to a change in the perspective of society and a change in community relations that
allows Americans to enter Japan to learn Japanese culture and blend with Japanese
society.
Keywords: American and Japanese culture, the impact of acculturation
ABSTRAK
Deni Oktaviani. : The American And Japanese Culture As Seen In The
Last Samurai Movie By Edwar Zwick. English
Literature Department, Adab And Humanities Faculty,
State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin
Jambi.
Pembimbing I : Dr. Alfian, M. Ed
Pembimbing II : Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
Skripsi ini membahas tentang perbedaan budaya yang terjadi dalam
the last samurai movie. Film sebagai wacana mampu membentuk kesan-kesan
mengenai karakter, sejarah, dan budaya pada suatu bangsa. Sejarah modernisasi
Jepang diisi dengan Perubahan radikal yang memengaruhi nasib kaum samurai dan
bangsa Jepang secara keseluruhan sehingga Jepang mampu mencapai kemajuannya
hingga saat ini. Adapun tujuan yang akan di capai adalah (1) untuk mengetahui
perbedaan budaya antara budaya Amerika dan Jepang terlihat dari The Last Samurai
movie oleh Edward Zwick. (2) untuk mengetahui faktor akulturasi antara budaya
Amerika dan Jepang terlihat dari The Last Samurai movie oleh Edward Zwick. (3)
untuk mengetahui dampak akultirasi antara budaya Amerika dan Jepang terlihat dari
The Last Samurai Movie oleh Edward Zwick. Penulis menggunakan teori budaya dari
greets, cross cultural conflict, konflik budaya dan akulturasi. Penelitian ini juga
menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisa data.
Hasilnya penulis menemukan jawaban dari 3 masalah yang di temukan dalam The
Last Samurai movie oleh Eward Zwick. (1) perbedaan budaya pada Amerika dan
Jepang terlihat pada pakain yang digunakan, senjata yang di gunakan untuk perang
maupun melindungi diri, tingkahlaku yang terlihat pada The Last Samurai Movie. (2)
faktor akulturasi ada 2, faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal adanya
penemuan baru yang menyebabkan Jepang merubah senjata tradisionalnya menjadi
pistol, snapan, dan meriam. faktor eksternal, terjadi peperangan yang diakibatkan
oleh konflik yang terjadi pada masyarakat. Pengaruh budaya asing yang membuat
Omura membuat perjanjian dengan orang Amerika untuk membeli senjata baru. (3)
dampak akulturasi yang terjadi antara budaya Amerika dan jepang di karenakan
adanya perubahan cara pandang masyarakat dan terjadi perubahan pergaulan
masyarakat yang membolehkan orang Amerika masuk ke jepang untuk mempelajari
budaya jepang dan berbaur dengan masyarakat jepang.
Kata Kunci: Budaya Amerika, budaya Jepang, dampak akulturasi
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE OF TITLE
APPROVAL
NOTA DINAS
LETTER OF RATIFICATION
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT
MOTTO
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLADGEMENT
ABSTRAC
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1.1. Background of The Research ..................................................... 1
1.2. Formulation of The Research ..................................................... 6
1.3. Limitation of The Research ........................................................ 6
1.4. Purpose of The Research ........................................................... 6
1.5. Significance of the research ....................................................... 7
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAME WORK .........................................
2.1. Socio-culture Approach .............................................................. 8
2.2. Culture theory .......................................................................... 10
2.3. Cross-Cultural Conflict ............................................................ 12
2.5. Culture Conflict ........................................................................ 13
2.4. Acculturation ............................................................................ 14
2.5. American culture ...................................................................... 18
2.6. Japan culture ............................................................................. 14
2.7. Ojigi ......................................................................................... 20
2.8.Movie ....................................................................................... 21
2.9.Acculturation ............................................................................ 21
2.10. Review of the research ............................................................ 22
CHAPTER III: METHOD OF THE RESEARCH ..........................................
3.1. Design of The Research .......................................................... 25
3.2. Source of Data Collecting ......................................................... 27
3.3. Technique of Data Collecting .................................................. 27
3.4. Technique of Data Analyzing ................................................... 28
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS ................................................... 4.1. Japanese culure and American culture ....................................... 30
4.2. Factors acculturation ................................................................. 37
4.3. Impact of the acculturation ....................................................... 43
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ......................................
5.1. Conclusion ................................................................................ 49
5.2. suggestion ................................................................................. 51
REFERENCES .................................................................................................
APENDIXES I
APENDIXES II
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem
Culture is a strong part of people's lives. It influences their views, their values,
their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears. So when you are
working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to have some
perspective and understanding of their cultures. “Culture is ordinary: that is the first
fact. Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, its own meanings.
Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning. The
making of a society is the finding of common meanings and directions, and its growth
is an active debate and amendment under the pressures of experience, contact, and
discovery, writing themselves into the land.1
Literary works can be said as a reflection of social reality. It is faction or
nonfiction and part of our life. According to Wellek and Warren2: “Literature is
primarily an imitation of life as it is and of social life in particular because literature
is no substitute for sociology or politics. it has its own justification and aim.”
Jonathan said literature has been the activity creative of human being and it has been
1Williams Raymond. (1958). Culture is Ordinari.Originally published in N. McKenzie (ed.),
Convictions. 2 Wellek and Warren in M. Keith Booker, A Practical Introduction to Literary Theory and
Criticism, (United Stated of America: Linda Moser Book Center, Betty L &Sokol, 1996), p. 19
2
what is sometimes called cultural capital. From state meant above it can be concluded
that literature is everything which is written and seen as an activity of human being
from their imagination through a work by the medium of language. Mario Klarer said
that human wise to leave behind the trace of oneself through creative expression3. It
means that literature is an activity creative of human from his of her imagination and
through to became an art like film.
Literature is an art that uses language as a medium. As a form of art, literature
has grown and expanded to fill the human civilization. Along with developments,
some experts give various definition of the uniform of the litarature.”Literature by
Sudjuman is an oral or written work that has a variety of characteristic advanteges
such as originality ,artistry, beauty and content and exprestion”.4 Said argues that
literature is an art that questioned life. Good writers will try to approach the nature of
life is that opu’s really meaningful for all readers. based on these opinions, literary
life is a chain that can not be sparated. Of life, literature was born and developed as
expression of experience poet, author and poet about life. There are some kinds of
literary work such as: movie, novel, drama, autobiography, short story, and poetry.
From those kinds of literary works above the writer interest in analyzing movie,
where the last samurai by Edwar Zwick.
3 Mario Klarer, An Introduction Literary Studies, (United Stated of America29 west 35th
street, 2005), p. 1 4Sudjiman,study of literary, yogyakarta. P.6
3
According to Salman Rusdie’s explanation above literature is the explore of
people to find the imagination of the heart. It is known together that the study of
literature is universal, not only to analyze and study of written, either in the form of
novel, short story, or poetry.
But movie is also one of the objects of interesting literature review to be
studied and analyzed. To find out how a situation or even and reality are depicted
visually through the movie. A a movie is motion picture theatrical film or photoplay
is a series of still images which when shown on a screen creates, the illusion of
moving images due to the phiphenomen on this optical illusion causes the audience to
perceive continuous motion between separate object viewed rapidly in succession.5
Movie is a media that can affect people and share knowledge, ideology , and
new discourses. Movie became significant media to educate the public about what we
understand and what we believe. Unique effect contained in the film makes the
audience unconsciously receive new stimuli, either in the form of knowledge,
ideology, and various other things. Then the audience believe and justify the values
that exist in the film, unconsciously.6 and here the writer can tell about a little
American.
5 Bordwell, David and Kristen Thompson. Film Art: An Introduction. New York: McGraw
Hill, 2006.
6 M. Alif Mahmudi Analisis Teknik Propaganda Anti-Iran dalam Film Argo Vol.06, No. 2,
oktober 2013. P.83
4
American has a huge number of influences from other cultures, Something
from virtually every culture has been integrated into American culture, much of it in
such a small way that you wouldn’t notice it uncless you knew what you knew
exactly what you where looking for. “American” culture is in a sense an
amalgamation of many, many different cultures into one. Learn about other cultures,
andyou will certainly find a pieces of it American culture. American culture also
influence in japan, that culture change several traditional in Japan. Japan began the
19th century as it had existed for centuries. Japan known as nation that close to
traditional values, such as samurai, it is the people which hold the values, rules, and
traditional. In this analysis the writer found the significant diffrerent culture between
america and japan it could be find in The Last Samurai Movie.
The last Samurai is a movie by Edward Zwick which is the movie is talking
about the Samurai tradition and the oncle-loyal adviser Saigo Takamori in movie
named Katsumoto, commited suicide on the battlefield in a final fray between modern
troops and mounted Samurai warriors. The Last Samurai is a 2003 American epic
drama film directed and co-produced by Edward Zwick, who also co wrote the
screeplay with John Logan. Shin Koyamada, Tony Goldwyn,Hiroki Sanada, Timothy
Spall Billy Connolly. Ispired by a project by Vincent Ward, it interested Zwick, with
Ward later serving as executive producer. The film production went ahead with
Zwick and was shot in Ward’s native New Zealand.
5
(Picture:1)7
On this picture there is two culture japanese and american, each culture have
different customs like the picture. People in japan respected with the attitude. If they
meet the older they are will bow. Most Japanese maintain an impassive expression
when speaking. Expressions to watch out for include inhaling through clenched teeth,
tilting the head, scratching the back of the head, and scratching the eyebrow. Non-
verbal communication is so vital that there is a book for 'gaijins' (foreigners) on how
to interpret the signs.
The people Americans are relacted and different. Americans are extremely
independent, individualistic. People in American when they meet other people from
other countries always give their hands, invite shaking hands.Many people especially
teenagers wear strange clothes and many have tattoos and body piercing
The writer choosed this tittle because the writer want to know about Japanese
and American culture. a lot of differences and a very interesting variety of cultures
between American and Japanese culture that the writer don't know yet. that showed in
7Duration 00:46:22
6
the Last Samurai movie. In analyzing the problem the writer used culture theory,
because this theory relevant with what the writer want to analysis that is about
culture. This theory used culture as based analysis to found the result. Thethesis
entitled: THE AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURE AS SEEN IN THE
LAST SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK.
1.2 Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background above, the writer formulates the problem as follows:
a. What are the differences between American and Japanese culture as seen
in The Last Samurai movie?
b. What are the factors of acculturation between American and Japanese
culture in The Last Samurai movie?
c. What is the impact of acculturation between American and Japanese
culture as seen The Last Samurai movie?
1.3 Limitation of the Problem
In this research, the writer focuses on the culture American and japan on The
Last Samurai movie. The writer limits the analysis of culture that is seen in The Last
Samurai movie, such as behavior and lifestyle.
1.4 Purpose of the Research
Based on the problems statements mentioned above, the purpose of this
research are:
7
1. To know the difference between American and Japanese culture as seen
in The Last Samurai movie.
2. To know factors of acculturation between American and Japanese culture
in The Last Smaurai movie.
3. To know the impact of acculturtion between American and Japanese
culture as seen The Last Samurai movie.
1.5 Significance of the research
The writer hope that this research would provide the theory that can be useful
to the next researcher who wants to analyze same object but different point of view.
This research could be used for the reference in literature study. It also helped the
reader to know about culture and impact acculturation on movie. This research
hopefully can be addition information and additional knowladge for the writer and
especially to the student of english literature who want to analyze this movie.
8
BAB II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Socio - culture Approach
In this research, The writer wants to try to find out something that can give to
the reader about a socio-culture in e literary work especially to the analysis the
content of the story in this movie is to see it from socio-culture overview.
“The socio-cultural approach is based on the idea that society and culture
shape cognition. Social costums, beliefs, values, and language are all part of
what shapes a person’s identity and reality. According to this approach, what
a person thinks is based on his or her socio-cultural background. A socio-
cultural approach taks into account more than the individualy attemping to the
understand cognitive person.”8
Based on statment above, the socio-cultural approach is that society and
culture shape one's beliefs about what they get from someone through a thought
process. social costums, beliefs, values and languages that shape one's identity and
reality. according to the social approach what one thinks is based on socio-cultural
background.
Socio-cultural approach examines the influences of social and cultural
environments on behavior. A major influence on people’s behavior, thought
processes and emotions are other people and society they have created. The
understandiing of human behavior and personality can be developed by examining
8 Stainer Vera John, 1996, Socio Cultural Approaches to learning and development: A
Vygotsskian Frame, University of New Mexico, America. Pg. 192.
9
rules of the social groups and subgroups in which the individual is apart of race and
ethicity, religion, gender, social class, family traditions peer groups, and age are some
of the subgruops that may influence someone’s behavior.
Socio-cultural approaches emphasize the independence of social and
individual process in the construction of social knowledge”. The relation between the
social-culture is a case of social changes, it is not impossible culture in the society
also changed. Human culture as creators and users should always be able to maintain
and preserve what they have created.
Socio-cultural approach examines the influences of social and cultural
environments on behavior. A major influence on people’s behavior, thought
processes and emotions are other people and society they have created. The
understandiing of human behavior and personality can be developed by examining
rules of the social groups and subgroups in which the individual is apart of race and
ethicity, religion, gender, social class, family traditions peer groups, and age are some
of the subgruops that may influence someone’s behavior.9
In this study the writer uses the socio-cultural approach to the describe of the
American and Japanese culture and to know the impact acculturation American and
Japanese culture. As the title of this research the writer will analyze American and
Japanese Culture seen in the lasr samurai movie by Edward Zwick.
9Stainer Vera John, 1996, Socio Cultural Approaches to learning and development: A
Vygotsskian Frame, University of New Mexico, America.
10
2.2 Culture Theory
Cultural theory has evolved over the past 20 years to become an important
framework for understanding how groups in society interpret danger and build trust
or distrust in institutions creating and regulating risk. This paper examines the
theoretical roots of cultural theory, traces its passage in the risk literature, and
explores its value in current risk management issues. It concludes that cultural theory
continues to be of value, but that its role needs to be reassessed in the emerging age
of deliberative science. Some examples of how cultural theory might be applied to
health risk management and to the genetic modification of food debate are provided
to illustrate the scope for further research.10
Culture invention has come to mean any invention that is new ad found to be
useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior but which doesnot exist as
a physical object. Humanity is in a global accelerating culture change period driven
by the expansion of international commerce, the mass media, and above all, the
human population explosion, among other factors. Cultures are internally affected by
both forces encouraging change and natural events, and are involved in the
perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within current structures, which
themselves are subject to change. Social conflict and the development of values can
produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new
culture models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may
10 Broker Piter, 2003, Cultural Theor, Oxford University, london.
11
accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. According to Carlos
Noronha in his book: Two important points concerning culture should be noted here.
Firstly, values are among the building blocks of culture, study of action system,
pointed out that value-orientation is the logical device for articulating cultural
traditions into an action system. Thus, culture is the result of value systems, ad
behaviors and actions are influenced by culture. Secondly, culture has a collective
sense. It is means that value systems is resulted culture and behaviors and actions are
influenced by culture.
Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also
produce or inhibit social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition
over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. According
to Geertz in Roger M. Keesing’s book: 11
Either culture is regarded as wholly derivative from the forms of social
organization. . . or the forms of social organization are regarded as behavior
embodiments of culture patters. In either case. . . the dynamic elements in
social change which arise from the failure of cultural patterns to be perfectly
congruent with the forms of social organization are largely incapable of
formulation.
Additional, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through
diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily
its meaning) moves from one culture to another. Samurai has become a tradition thta
comes from the habit of a group to develop into a strong tradition in Japan. But when
11Roger M. Keesing, Theories of Culture, Institute of Advanced Studies, Autralian National
University Canberra Australia, 1974, P.83
12
it comes the tradition of western culture began to be eliminated because of its lack of
awareness of the meaing of culture that has hundred of years into the Japanese
imperial fortress. So the Samurai tradition failed seen it in Japan because of the social
changes caused by the larger organization.
In this thesis the writer will analyse about culture American and japan in The
Last Samurai movie. Samurai is a hereditarily tradition that has existed in japan.
Samurai goal also is a guard imperial Japan empire. But western culture came to
make samurai tradition was weakened in the Japanese empire, but Japanese society
still keep the tradition of the Samurai.
2.3. Cross- Cultural Conflict
Conflict occurring between individuals or social groups that are separated by
cultural boundaries can be considered “cross-cultural conflict.” But individuals, even
in the same society, are potentially members of many different groups, organized in
different ways by different criteria: for example, by kinship into families or clans; by
language, religion, ethnicity, or nationality; by socioeconomic characteristics into
social classes; by geographical region into political interest groups; and by education,
occupation, or institutional memberships into professions, trade unions,
organizations, industries, bureaucracies, political parties, or militaries. The more
complex and differentiated the society the more numerous are potential groupings.
Each of these groups is a potential “container” for culture, and thus any complex
13
society is likely to be made up various “subcultures,” that is of individuals who, by
virtue of overlapping and multiple group memberships, are themselves
“multicultural.” This means that conflict across cultural boundaries may occur
simultaneously at many different levels, not just at the higher levels of social
grouping—for example, those that separate “American” from “Japanese” cultures.12
2.4. Culture Coflict
Cultural conflict is not just conflict about cultural differences "out there" in
the world governed by conflict doctrines. It is also conflict about the study or
representation of culture-in conflicts doctrines and analyses as in other arena of
cultural description. The judge, the legislator or the lawyer making conflicts
arguments therefore is an inescapable party to the cultural conflict, not simply an
observer.13
cultural conflict is an intercultural difference that occurs throughout the world
that has been influenced by the doctrine of conflict. cultural conflicts carry a bad
influence between cultures themselves and will lead to intercultural warfare. The
author chose this theory to be able to see the cultural differences that occur between
American and Japanese cultures that are very visible in The Last Samurai movie
12Kevin Avruch, cross – Culture Coflict, George Mason University,Washington, USE. Page 5 13Riles annelise, (2008) “Cultural Conflicts” scholarship@cornell law: a digital repository.
Page:290
14
2.5. Acculturation
Acculturation is a mixture of two or more cultures that meet each other and
influence each other between the processes of influencing the influence of foreign
cultures in a society, some absorbing selectively little or many elements of foreign
culture, and some trying to reject that influence. The process or outcome of cultural
or linguistic meetings between members of two linguistic societies, characterized by
lending or bilingualism. According to Melville J. Herskovits dan Bronislaw
Malinowski14: “segala sesuatu yang terdapat dalam masyarakat ditentukan oleh
kebudayaan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat itu sendiri. Istilah untuk pendapat itu
adalah Cultural-Determinism.”
Can be understood from that explanation if something that exists in society is
definitely determined by the culture that is owned by the community itself. because
culture is very important for a group of people.
Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of
individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with
subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups. The
acculturation process, therefore, is an interactive and continuous process that evolves
in and through the communication of an immigrant with the new sociocultural
environment. The acquired communication competence, in turn, reflects the degree of
that immigrant’s acculturation
14https://treshadiwijoyo.wordpress.com/2013/10/19/pencampuran-budaya-dimasyarakat-dan-
dampak-positif-juga-negatif/
15
The anthropologists Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits (1936) were the first to
describe this process, and they stated that acculturation comprises of “those
phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come
into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original culture
patterns of either or both groups” (p.149). Later, Graves (1967) coined the term
psychological acculturation which refers to changes experienced by an individual
whose cultural group is collectively experiencing acculturation.15
1. Faktor akulturasi
Menurut saebani16
a) Faktor internal
1. Penduduk yang semakin bertambah dan berkurang
2. Adanya penemuan baru
3. Proses penyempurnaan terhadap penemuan baru
4. Terjadi konflik dalam masyarakat
5. Terjadi pemberontakan.
b) Faktor eksternal
6. Terjadi perubahan alam
7. Terjadi peperangan
8. Pengaruh budaya asing
2. Dampak akulturasi
Menurut saebani (2012:191) yang menguraikan akibat yang di timbulkan
oleh akulturasi:
1. Terjadi perubahan cara pandang tentang kehidupan masyarakat
dari sebelumnya
2. Terjadinya perubahan pergaulan serta terbukannya hal yang di
anggap tabu.
3. Terbukannya wawasan masyarakat ke arah pengetahuan yang
luas.
4. Perubahan mentalitas, rasa malu dan kepiawaian masyarakat.
15 Jacomijntje Hofstra, 2009, Attaching Cultures, the Netherlands. Page 9 16 Saebani Beni Ahmad, 2012, Pengantar sistem sosial budaya indonesia, Pustaka setia,
Bandung. Pg. 191.
16
Based on statement the according to saebani (2012:191) there are 2 fators
acculturation: 1. Internal factors, namely the population that is increasing. The
existence of new discoveries. The process of perfecting new discoveries. Conflict
occured in the community. And there was was a rebilion. 2.exsternal factors, namely
occurance of natural changes and the occurrence of war. The impact of acculturation
such as the change in perspective about people’s lives from before. The occurence of
changes in association and the opening of things that are considerad taboo. The
opening of public insight towards broad knowladge. Changes in mentaly, shame and
community expertise.
Here the author combines two theories from Beni Ahmad Saebani and
Melville J. Herskovits and Bronislaw Malinowski to answer questions about the
factors and the effects of acculturation.
2.3.1. American culture
Gary Weaver explain American culture for some parts, it is like compare with
European culture17. The U.S is culturally diverse society. However there is also a
dominant culture and imigrant became a part of this culture by giving up their
differences, so that they could fit into the mainstream of the society. American are not
Europeans, some people think of the US as simply another Europeans culture. But,
the first immigrant who came to American in large numbers where not ‘typical’
Europeans. Some social scientists would even claim they were exaggerated and
17 Gary R. Weaver,2011, American Culture Values, Boston, London.
17
perpedtuated in amerce because of its unique physical and social environment.
American religion, religion has always an important value for American. Many of the
fist stated were firmed by particular religious group that later marged into the US
where all religion were values. American believe if individual has the meaning itself,
because of that, they agreed about egalitarianism. American does not like titles and
will often use their first name. American assumes everyone is equal in status or at
least ought to be giving an equal opportunity to achieve status through hard work.
Here are some of Americans costoms, Americans are extremely independent,
individualistic, and like to be different from each other. Many people especially
teenagers wear strange clothes and many have tattoos and body piercing. Americans
follow te rule of law. Make small talk at the beginning of conversation. After a few
question, you will be asked, ’what do you do?’(this means what is your job?). Some
Americans hug a lot. It is okay for Woman and men thug even if they are not close
friend. It is not normal for Americans teacher to sit on the desk. Always call your
teacher by his/her name.18
“Menurut Abdillah husain: gaya busana bervariasi menurut status sosial,
wilayah, pekerjaan dan iklim. Jas, Jeans, sepatu kets, topi baseball, topi koboi
dan sepatu bot adalah beberapa item pakaian yang sangat terkait dengan
orang Amerika. Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors dan Victoria
Secret adalah beberapa merek Amerika yang terkenal”. 19
18 Weaver R. Gary and Mendelson Adam, 2008, America’s midlife Crisis the future of a
troubled Superpower, London. 19Abdillah Husain, 2017, https://abdillahhusain.blogspot.com/2017/07/budaya-amerika-
tradisi-dan-adat.html
18
Based on statatment above, According to Abdillah Husain: fashion styles vary
according to social status, region, work, and climate. Jas, Jeans, sneakers, baseball
caps, cowboy hats, and boots are some of the clothing items that are very related to
Americans. Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Michael Kors, and Victoria Secret are some
of the famous American brands.
In western culture, especially the American people often use clothes to wear
everyday clothes and wear suits for men. Whereas women wear dresses. But now
Americans are more likely to wear t-shirts and jeans as everyday clothes. Americans
also choose to wear clothes that are comfortable to wear every day.
2.3.2 Japan culture
Since the Japan strive for harmony and are group depedent, they rely
on facial expression, tone of voice and posture to tell them what someone
feels. They of the trush non-verbal messages more than the spoken word as
words can have saveral meanings. Most Japanese maintain an impassive
expression when speaking. Expressions to watch out for include inhaling
through clenched teeth, tilting the head, scratching the back of the head, and
scratching the eyebrow. Non-verbal communication is so vital that there is a
book for 'gaijins' (foreigners) on how to interpret the signs. It is considered
disrespectful to stare into another person's eyes, particularly those of a person
who is senior to you because of age or status. In crowded situations the
Japanese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy.
19
Japan are very conscious of age and status. Everyone has a distinct place in
the hierarchy, be it the family unit, the extended family, a social or a business
situation. At school children learn to address other students as senior to them or
junior to them kohai. The oldest person in a group is always revered and honoured. In
a social situation, they will be served first and their drinks will be poured for them.
Greetings in Japan are very formal and ritualized. It is important to show the correct
amount of respect and deference to someone based upon their status relative to your
own. If at all possible, wait to be introduced. It can be seen as impolite to introduce
yourself, even in a large gathering. While foreigners are expected to shake hands, the
traditional form of greeting is the bow. How far you bow depends upon your
relationship to the other person as well as the situation. The deeper you bow, the
more respect you show. A foreign visit or gaijin, may bow the head slightly, since no
one expects foreigners to generally understand the subtle nuances of bowing.20
Japan knew it’s religion of Shinto. In short, Shinto indigenous to Japan and is
related Izanami and Izanagi, who are considered the of the Japanese isles. Shinto is
japan’s oldest religion, the way of the gods.21 Shinto was the state religion from the
1870s to 1940s. Today, few Japanese are purely Shintoists, but, most will observe
Shinto rituals alongside Buddhist practices. Many Japanese habits, least in part from
shinto.
20https://www.commisceo-global.com/resorces/country-guides/japan-guide 21Mayumi hayashi. 2007. Eyewitness traveling japan. Bblue Island Limited london, England.
Page 26
20
Beside Shinto, another product in Japan about political science, philosophy and
literature had quickly graviated to the concept of Minzoku. Minzoku was the site for
the creation of the spirit of freedom for Japan’s people. As a product of culture rather
than nature, antropology was taking a binger to accept this idea. In the their sense
Minzoku was the most important part for political views in japan.22
1.Ojigi
ojigi is bow, before bow down first, say hello. Origin suggested the word ojigi
etymology from the word jigi then writing turn into jigi on Edo2 period which means
hope good when doing something. As for the Heian period 3, ojigi often practiced /
done with true / original meaning namely bending over the body, then in the
Kamakura period and Muromachi 4 meanings of the word ojigi become various kinds
(apologies, sayings thank you etc.)23
kind of ojigi:
1. Eshaku or also called bent a little.Performed with bow down ± 15 level. How
to bend this casually, around 1-2 seconds, used for greet people known but not
familiar.In addition, it is also commonly used by superiors for reply to ojigi's
actions from subordinate.
2. Keirei or also called bowing respectfully.Performed with bow ± 30 level. How
to bend this is used for show respect to boss or to people of their age older.
22M.Blum and R. Kersten. 2007. A history of Nationalism in Modern Japan Placing the
People. Koniklije Brill: Page 237 23Budi mulyadi, Budaya Membukukkan Badan (Ojigi) Dan Fungsinya Dalam
Kehidupan Masyarakat Jepang.
21
Aside from that used at the ceremony official, an apology inside, as well as
formal expressions for a statement of gratitude and sympathy.
3. Saikeirei or also called bent to worship. Do by bowing body ± 45 degrees.
Way This bow is used to show feelings deeply sorry when making a
mistake.This is also used for show respect very large to people with positions
or very high social status, for example the Emperor Japan. At first ojigi This
type is only used for gods and emperors, but now often seen in various formal
events.
2.4. Movie
Movie is moving images which are combination of two senses, visual and
auditory and they make movie is interested to be watch and easier to remember and
interesting. Word movie has synonym “Film” or Cinematography. Movie is also
recording images that tells about a story and that people watch on screen or
television.
A movie is an electronic signal of moving graphics, pictures, or text used to
combine a steady stream of images used for entertainment, education, or other uses.
This term is often used to describe content that is longer than ten minutes or
something you would watch on your TV or at the theater. Whereas video is used to
22
describe short clips or files on the Internet, see the video definition for further
information and online example.24
2.6.Review of Related Research
The first related study, the thesis of Herianto 2014, student of State Islamic
University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi. thesis entitled “The struggle of
Katsumoto to maintain the Samurai tradition from influence of Western Culture in
Japan as seen in the last Samurai film by Edwar zwick”. This research discussed
about the struggle of Katsumoto to maintain the Samurai culture from influenceof
western culture in Japan. The purpose would be reached are, (1) to know the stuggle
of Katsumoto to maintain the Samurai culture from influence of western culture in
japan as seen The Last Samaurai film by Edwar Zwick. (2) to know the effect of
Katsumoto struggle as seen in The Last Samurai film by Edwar zwick. The writer
used culural theory from geertz, the struggle concept from Darwin and Sociological
Approach from Nyoman Kuthana Ratna to support the writing of this thessis. This
research also used qualitative method and descriptive technique to explain and
analyze the data.
The other student who discussed the thesis of Rabiatul Adwiya, 2016, his
student from States Islamic University Shulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, entitled
“The reflection of Nigerian Culture myth toward the twins, as seen Helen Oyeyemi’s
24 Bakilapadavu Geetha, 2018, Film Language: Film Form And Meaning, Birla Institue Of
Technologi And Science Pilani, India.
23
Novel the Icarus Girl”. This research examines the meaning of Nigerian culture myth
toward the twin, the purpose of this research are: (1) to know the myth of belief on
twins in nigerian culture as seen in novel the Icarus Girl. (2) to know the reflection of
Nigerian culture myth toword the personality attitude as seen in the novel The Icarus
Girl. In this research, researcher uses qualitative method to get clear reflection about
character personality condition in the Icarus Girl novel. This research usrd culture
theory of Edward (2012), to explains the culture who reflection of belief, law and
culture in the Icarus Girl novel. Beside that, researcher also used qualitative research
of Bruce L. Berg (2006) and descriptive method of bogdan and taylor (2006). In this
research, the researcher used documentation technique to get data fromArikonto and
content analysis method Nyoman Kutha Ratna (2011).
The other student who discussed the thesis of Madina Priska Diani is student
from Sebelas Maret UnivesityEntitled: Semiotic study on cultural representations of
Japan as a high contex culture in The Last Samurai film. The purpose of this
research is to know what kind of non-verbal commuication symbols which represents
Japanese culture in the film The Last Samurai and also the meaning contained in it.
This research is part of a Qualitative descriptive study usung semiotic analysis based
on Roland Barthes approach contained in tha book written by Alex Sobur
Communication Semiotic.
From all the research that has been summarized above, the writer concludes
that the relevance of this research from some other research is the similary of the
24
theory used is cultural theory. Another conclusion is that the cultural theory Cultural
theory has evolved over the past 20 years to become an important framework for
understanding how groups in society interpret danger and build trust or distrust in
institutions creating and regulating risk. This paper examines the theoretical roots of
cultural theory, traces its passage in the risk literature, and explores its value in
current risk management issues. It concludes that cultural theory continues to be of
value, but that its role needs to be reassessed in the emerging age of deliberative
science. Some examples of how cultural theory might be applied to health risk
management and to the genetic modification of food debate are provided to illustrate
the scope for further research.
25
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Design of Research
Methodology is derived from words “Metha” and “Logos”, means a way to
find an answer. According to Wiratha, Methodology of research is: 25
“Suatu cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang membicarakan atau
mempersoalkan cara-cara melaksanakan penelitian (yaitu meliputi
kegiatan-kegiatan mencari, mencatat, merumuskan, menganalisis
sampai menyusun laporannya) berdasarkan fakta-fakta atau gejala-
gejala secara ilmiah”
Based on statement above, A branch of science that discusses or questions the
ways of carrying out research (includes activities that seek, record, formulate, analyze
and compile reports) based on scientific facts or symptoms. It means that
methodology is an important part of a research because it is used to find, get, and
collect the data and also used to arrange a scientific works. Based on the problems,
this research was conduct with Qualitative Descriptive method which used
descriptive data such as words, sentences written or oral that can be observed.
This research uses qualitative descriptive because it aims to describe Of
culture between America And Japan As Seen In The Last Samurai Movie.
“Pendekatan kualitatif adalah suatu proses penelitian dan pemahaman yang
berdasarkan pada metodologi yang menyalidiki suatu fenomena social dan
25Wiratha, I Made, 2006, MetodologiPenelitianSosialEkonomi. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
26
masalah manusia. Pada pendekatan ini, peneliti membuat suatu gambaran
kompleks, meneliti kata-kata, laporan terinci dan pandangan responden, dan
melakukan studi pada siuasi yang alami (creswell, 1998:15).Bog dan Taulor
(Moleong, 2007:3), mengemukakan bahwa metodologi kualitatif merupakan
prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata
tertulis maupun lisan dari orang-orang dan prilaku yang di amati”.26
Based on statement above, qualitative research is research process and
understanding based on the methodology that investigates a social phenomenon and
human problems. In this approach, the researcher makes a complex picture, examines
the words, detailed reports and views of the respondents, and conducts studies in
natural situations. According to Bog and Taulor, argues that qualitative methodology
is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written and oral
words from people and behaviors observed.
Qualitative research is a descriptive study and tend to use inductive socio-
cultural approach. Process and fine more meaning in qualitative research. The
foundation of the theory is used as a guide to focus the research in accordance with
the facts on the ground. Besides the theoretical basis is also useful to provide an
overview of the background research and as a discussion of the research result.
The writer get a supporting idea about the qualitative research which the
writer will use to this research. It also make the reason for using qualitative resaerch
as the design of this research become more strong or the writer, and of course, will
help the writer.
26http://www.scribd.commobiledocumentsearchquery=metode+penelitian&commit=search.pd
f
27
3.2 Source of the Data
In this research the writer uses the last samurai movie. The Last Samurai is a
2003 American epic drama film directed and co-produced by Edward Zwick and
duration 0:43:19. This movie as the primary in this research, the writer uses the
picture on the screen from the movie to find out of the comparison of culture between
America and Japan as seen in the last Samurai Movie by Edward zwick. Than to
support this research the writer taken data from some books, jurnal, Dictionaris and
article on internet, and other sources that have coreletion with the research.
3.3 Technique of data collection
In this research, the writer used technique of documents for analalyzing this
research.” Dokumen merupakan proseses pembuktian yang di dasarkan atas sumber
jenis apapun, baik yang bersifat tulisan, lisan gambar atau arkeologis”.27 So it means
that documents are dialogues or utterance from the movie which is also important,
that is concluding in document.
Technique of data collecting is the strategic way in the research because the
main aim is getting the data. There are some steps that writer does in collecting the
data.
1. Firstly, the writer watches The Last Samurai Movie repeatedly.
27 Renier G. J, 1997, Pengertian dokumen, Universitt Collage, London. Page 104
28
2. Then, the writer watch the last samurai movie dialogues and see the gesture,
the sign some important dialogue or events, to make understand in analyzing.
3. The last, the writer classifies the data based on formulation of the problems.
1.4. Technique of Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer analyzes the data. In qualitative research,
technique analysis data is applied to answer the formulation of the problem. In this
research, the writer applies content-analysis technique. According to Suwardi
Endaswara28 “penelitian baru memanfaatkan analisis konten apabila hendak
mengungkapkan kandungan nilai tertentu dalam karyasastra”.
Based on statement above, that analysis content is applied for the researcher
who wants to fine the particular content in literary works. Furthermore, while Holsri
stated in Qualitative Research method for the Social Research: “content analysis is
any technique for making inferences by systematically and objectively identifying
special characteristics of message”.29It means the purpose of content analysis also is
the way to identify special characteristics of the message objectively. To find any
possible answers of the the problems previously listed in the formulation of the
problem there are some steps taken to analyze the data are:
28Suwardi Endraswara, 2011, Metodologi Penelitian Sastra, Epistemology, Model, Teori,
Dan Aplikasi, Yogyakarta: CAPS. Page 160 29Berg L Bruce, 2001, Qualitative Research Method For The Social Science Fourth Edition,
United Stated of America: A person Education Company, page 240
29
1. It started by arranging the identified data that has correlation with
formulation of the background. The preparation of the data is how the
Japanese and American culture in the last samurai movie.
2. Furthermore, the writer explains what the acculturation Japanese and
American culture as seen in the last samurai movie.
3. Then, all about American and Japanese culture as seen in The Last
Samurai movie would be analyze based on Cultural point of view.
30
CHAPTER IV
FINDING ANALYSIS
In this section, the writer explain and analyze of Japan culture and American
culture in the last samurai movie. After describing Japanese culture and American
culture in the last samurai movie, the writer would like to show how the factor Kaisar
changes traditional culture become modern culture in The Last Samurai movie. And
the writer also wants to show impact of the acculturation between American and
Japanese culture as seen The Last Samurai movie.
4.1. The differences Japanese and American culture in the last samurai movie
Before the writer continue to analyze the differences between Japanese culture
and American culture the writer found there are three differences between Japanese
culture and American culture, the differences consist of bow but people in Japan
called Ojigi, Clothes and Weapon. The writer found Ojigi in Japanese culture
different with American and the writer found differences hand shake, clothes and also
their weapon.
4.1.1 Clothes
In Japan the clothes commonly used by the other people are kimono. Kimono
is a traditional Japanese clothing used by men and women everyday.
31
Picture 1 picture 2
From the picture 1 above is an example of traditional Japanese clothing. or
commonly called kimono,the kimono is a traditional Japanese garment. Kimonos
come in a range of styles and patterns. They are typically hand-sewn into a “T”
shape from 4 single pieces of fabric called tans and tied with an obi, or belt.
Kimonos are made from various handmade and hand-decorated fabrics.
Traditionally, these include linen, silk, and hemp. Today, materials like rayon,
cotton, and polyester are often used. Unsurprisingly, however, the traditional, non-
synthetic fabrics are favored.
From the picture 2 above is the shape of the clothes are usually used by the
American people in the form of a suit. in American many men use suits as their
formal wear, and women in American wear dresses. But there are also American
people wearing regular shirts and jeans. Especially for westren, Americans including
western culture that follow western ways and behavior.
Differences Japanese and American Culture on the 2 picture, both have
different traditional clothes that are commonly used as everyday clothes. Japan uses
32
kimono as daily wear. Japan also has armor as traditional clothing that is used for
war. In American, people tend to use suits for men and dresses for women. But there
are also those who wear T-shirts and jeans as everyday clothes. Suits and dresses are
clothes that are commonly used by westerners, including the western part of western
culture.
4.1.2. Weapon
The picture above is the example of traditional Japanese weapons, namely
swords and arrows that they used in battle, guarding and protecting the public and
themselves from enemies. Japanese society has taught children from an early age to
learn to use swords.
A sword that is somewhat shorter than Katana is called Wakizashi. Its length
is about 68 cm. In order to be able to fight inside a small room Samurai worn this
sword indoors. Besides swords, the traditional Japanese weapons include knifes. One
of such is called The Tanto. It represents a small Japanese knife made from the same
33
hard steel as the famous sword - Katana and its younger brother - Wakizashi. Tanto
was a weapon which the Samurai sometimes worn instead of the Wakizashi.
The Kama is a weapon that originally served as a farming tool, used to weed
plants. It became a weapon because Japanese farmers could not carry weapons with
them and thus they used their tools to defend themselves. The Kama is known to be
one of the weapons that ninjas used. In contrast to Americans, the weapons of
American society are different from Japan not using samurai or arrows using pistols
The picture above is an example of American culture when it entered the
modern area, they had complete weapons such as: pistols and cannons. in American
such weapons are easy to get.
America is not the only country that uses pistols as the main weapon in the
war. America is one of the western cultures that has been modern and can find new
weapons as a means of fighting. Now a gun, a long barrel rifle has become a trend as
a weapon of war. Not all western cultures fight with guns, they choose to fight with
bombs and tanks.
34
American one of the developed countries of the former colonization which is
one of the developed and developing countries. So that they are able to create
weapons that are more modern and practical to use, it is not surprising if America is
one of the countries feared by other countries because of their intelligence in war.
The picture above is an example of American culture when it entered the
modern area, they had complete weapons such as: pistols and cannons. in American
such weapons are easy to get.
America is not the only country that uses pistols as the main weapon in the
war. America is one of the western cultures that has been modern and can find new
weapons as a means of fighting. Now a gun, a long barrel rifle has become a trend as
a weapon of war. Not all western cultures fight with guns, they choose to fight with
bombs and tanks.
American one of the developed countries of the former colonization which is
one of the developed and developing countries. So that they are able to create
weapons that are more modern and practical to use, it is not surprising if America is
one of the countries feared by other countries because of their intelligence in war.
From the 3 images above it seems clear that there are two cultural differences
in using weapons in warfare. In Japan using swords and arrows as a tool to fight and
protect themselves from enemies. Whereas in America the people tend to use modern
weapons such as pistols, mariams, and bombs.
35
4.1.3 Attitude
Picture30
The picture above is an example of ojigi played by Nobutada. In this picture
are types Eshaku or also called bent a little.Performed with bow down ± 15 level.
How to bend this casually, around 1-2 seconds, used for greet people known but not
familiar. In addition, it is also commonly used by superiors for reply to ojigi's actions
from subordinate.
Japan is a country that highly upholds the cultural and aesthetic values of
Japanese people who have great respect for outsiders in Japan. Bushido values in
Japan continue to be maintained and attached to moral values in Japanese society
until now. This value comes from the value of Bushido, Makoto which means
honesty and sincerity, Jin which means kindness and generosity, Gi which means
30Duration 00:46:22
36
picture31
the picture above is an example of American culture when meeting people
they reach out to shake hands is one of the American cultures when meeting other
people and is an American habit of initiating communication. Shake hands as an
introduction or how to blend into the community. Shaking hands is one of the
cultures of western people to mingle in society. America is one of the western
cultures.
Cultural differences seen in the picture above between American and Japanese
culture are very different, in Japan when meeting with outside communities or
meeting older and younger people will lower their heads as a sign of respect for
others. Whereas in America they will reach out to shake hands when meeting with the
outside community. Americans also tend to be ignorant and care less about the
surrounding community.
31 Duration 00:11:58
37
American culture in the last samurai movie not to visible butvery different
with Japanese culture. In Japan when meeting someone will bow your head, if you
are in a meeting or in serious conversation, Japanese people are reluctant to talk if
they are not invited, because according to Japanese people speaking if there is no
order is very rude, let alone laughing during serious talk, in Japanese people really
value guests.But Americans people in movies are very disrespectful, lack respect for
guests, and have no tolerance for older people, while talking away without thinking
about guests' feelings, in America such a thing often happens.
In Japan, if you meet with the emperor, the Japanese people will bow their
heads, but not with Nathan Algren, they have been told by Simon Graham to look
down and do not look at the emperor's eyes, but Nathan does not hear it. Because in
American culture looking and seeing the face of the other person is a very ordinary
thing. Unlike the Japanese people. Very impolite towards the emperor. In the movie,
American culture is very little displayed, in contrast to Japanese culture, almost all
scane tells Japanese culture, American culture played by Nathan Algren is very little.
4.2 The factors of acculturation between American and Japanese culture in
the Last Smaurai movie
Before the writer can tell factors acculturation between American and
Japanese in the last samurai movie There are factors acculturation between American
and Japanese culture. One of the factors that caused acculturation between American
and Japanese cultures was one of them because there was interference from the
38
kingdom and the weapons of inflammation that Omura. There is 2 factor
acculturation
4.2.1. Internal factors
4.2.1.1. The process of perfecting new discoveries
the desire of officials Trade in weapons is one of the factors that has caused
acculturation between American and Japanese culture. the arms trade itself was
carried out by the royal officials themselves, namely by Omura as the emperor's trust
or adviser. Omura trades arms by bringing in people from outside countries.to be
modern.
picture32
From the picture above, it appears that Omura brought in outside guests to
discuss the purchase of new weapons and sign a work contract as a new work partner.
32Duration 1:21:27
39
Because of his obsession with the change of Omura, Japan became modern, to bring
Americans to teach Japanese to practice using weapons. Omura did not think that his
actions by buying weapons from people outside of Omura had damaged the good
name of Japanese people who used to use samurai as heroes who used Japanese-style
swords to protect Japanese society including themselves.
All of Omura's desire to change to become more modern does not go
smoothly. There are still many Japanese people who oppose changing Japan as
modern Japan. This causes a war between tribes itself, there is bloodshed that is
detrimental to Japanese society. many people lost relatives, children, and husbands
for the war.
4.2.1.2. The desire of officials to be modern
Omura is trust kaisar as asistant kaisar to manage empire, Omura had wrongly
used the trust the emperor gave him. Omura became obsessed with making Japan a
more modern Japan, by doing business with foreign countries. And the emperor has
been seduced by Omura to transform traditional Japan into modern Japan. In the
movie, Omura seemed to be the ruler of Japan and ordered his men to take swords
from samurai who did not want to follow their wishes to change Japan into a modern
one.
40
picture33
from the picture above Omura is talking to clients from outside the country to
negotiate funds for the purchase of new weapons. Here Omura is very enthusiastic
about welcoming outsiders because according to Omura buying new weapons can
change Japan for the better. But the estimation of the turnover to change Japan into a
more modern one actually made inter-tribal warfare, and much to the detriment of the
civilian population, children who lost their parents because they died in the war.
Omura never thought of thinking about the impact of his desire to turn Japan
into a more modern one that would make Japan divided. All Omura never thought of.
Even Omura was happy to see the samurai fall on the battlefield to defend the old
culture. But to want Omura to change Japan doesn't work smoothly. After the war
was over the emperor canceled all arms import approval contracts from outside
33 Duration 0:14:30
41
countries. Because according to the emperor everything he did was wrong and made
the Japanese people suffer and lose a lot of families.
4.2.2. External factor
4.2.2.1. Wars
War is one of the factors in acculturation found in the last samurai movie
Picture34
From the picture above is inter-tribal warfare that occurred in Japan because
of different opinions. Omura wanted Japan to be more modern and advanced, while
the samurai did not want Japan to become more modern by ignoring samurai and
replacing weapons that had been used since the days of our ancestors.
The occurrence of war in the movie because of the rebellion of the samurai
who refused the modernization process. What Omura made with the permission of the
34 Duration 2:03:47
42
emperors of the samurai refused with all the changes in modernization that occurred
and there was a war which resulted in the death of the samurai. Until there were no
more samurai who survived the shield.
4.2.2.2. Foreign cultural influences
picture35
From the picture above is one of the influences of foreign culture that
occurred in Japan to change weapons that previously used swords and arrows as a
tool used to fight and protect themselves. But now they have switched to using
weapons commonly used by Americans such as guns, snaps, and cannons. The
influence of foreign culture is very influential in Japanese society. because they can
divide Japan so that it can lead to war between communities that can harm them
themselves.
35 Duration 1:19:07
43
4.3. The impact of the acculturation between American and Japanese culture as
seen The Last Samurai movie
When American culture or Western come to Japan, there are many changes
Japanese culture. As for impact acculturation American and Japanese culture are
openess of public insight towords broad knowladge, change make Japanese give
away, war between people , many civil society die with war.
4.3.1 Openess of public insight towords broad knowladge
Picture 36
From the picture above is one of the last honors or apologies to one of the
most important people. The way is by bending the body. They will lower their heads
to the lowest position even to prostrate and cry in expressing their apologies. This
honor is called O-jigi in Japan.
36 Duration2:16:17
44
The impact of acculturation in the picture is that Japanese culture was
defeated and chose to follow outside buyers such as importing weapons, pistols,
mariam. Japanese culture should use kimono clothes. For Japanese men must have to
knots. Because top knots are a characteristic of a samurai. Still using samurai as
personal protection and protecting the public. From that, Japanese men were obliged
to learn to use swords from childhood.
4.3.2 Social change
picture37
From the picture above is a form of acculturation of cultural change from the
culture of America to Japanese culture. in America no one wears a kimono, plays
with swords, and subdues. The picture above shows that American culture gradually
disappeared, Nathan Algren began wearing a kimono, learning to use a sword,
37Duration 1:00:13
45
learning Japanese. Americans should wear suits, and use weapons such a pistols,
grenades and cannons.
During his stay in Japan for some time, Nathan Algren began to progress a lot
and followed Japanese culture. like starting to learn Japanese, learning to use a sword,
learning to write using Japanese letters. many things that exist in Japan began to be
learned by Algren.
The picture above is a form of the impact of acculturation of social changes
that occur in Americans played by Nathan Algren who wants to learn Japanese
culture more deeply. The Japanese community also allowed Nathan Algren to study
their culture more deeply. Although at the beginning Nathan Algren found it difficult
to communicate with Japanese people.
picture38
38Duration 2:23:57
46
from the picture above it can be seen the impact of the meeting of two cultures
played by nathan algren. From the picture it appears Nathan Algren chose to return to
Japan instead of returning to his own country. Because he was comfortable and
managed to blend in with Japanese culture. So Nathan Algren easily forgets his own
birthplace.
For some time nathan algren lived in Japan he began to get used to and began
to love Japanese culture and society. nathan algren began to like Japanese culture as
seen from the way he mingled with the community. Until Nathan Algren returned to
Japan to help the Japanese people in the war, Nathan Algen also gave his idea to plan
at the location of the war.
Picture 39
The picture above shows Algren as an American who learned to fight using a
sword in one of the samurai and of course when he first tried he was overwhelmed
39Duration 1:06:26
47
and felt pain when hit with a wooden sword. From the photo and the au thor's
explanation conclude if the impact of the meeting of the two cultures from the photo
above is when Algen must learn Japanese to be able to communicate with Japanese
people where he is held by samurai groups and also seen in the film as an American
people. home sick when you have to adapt to Japanese culture.
picture 40
The picture above shows the meeting between modern Japanese soldiers with
samurai, which is the samurai of Japanese soldiers in the past. In the picture above
and the explanation the writer conclude that the impacts aculturasi seen in the picture
above is the Japanese soldiers affected aculturasi from western countries, seemingly
modern with army fatigues typical western firearms and also otherwise visible army
of American affected by acculturation Japan using kimono and the katana weapon
which is a samurai uniform.
40Duration 1:25:04
48
From the pictures, above it can be seen from the meeting of 2 cultures, played
by Nathan Algren , he began to blend and learn Japanese culture such as language,
behavior and learning to become a samurai. People who were afraid and looked at
Nathan Lgren began to accept his arrival. After Nathan Algren returned to Tokyo he
saw Nobutada being attacked by Omura's men who ordered his men to take swords
and cut the top knots that were typical of samurai. But Tom Cruise's help was in vain
because after the disappearance of Tom Cruise and hiding in Katsumoto's township,
everything had changed he was no longer considered as their coach. All systems have
been changed by Omura because they are obsessed with wanting to turn Japan into a
modern Japan by all means. Even though you have to fight the samurai.
In the picture the impact of acculturation is emperor began to change Japanese
culture which used to be Japanese using swords and top knots for men, but in this
picture all weapons have changed which are commonly used for war and keep
Japanese people using swords. Has turned into a gun, long barrel, and cannon.
Weapons of pride in Japan little by little began to be forgotten and turned to Western
weapons.
49
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing American and Japanese culture, factors of acculturation and
impact of the acculturation between American and Japanese culture as seen in The
Last Samurai movie, based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that in The
Last Samurai Movie by Edward Zwick,
1. The differences of American and Japanese culture showed in the form of ,
Clothes, Weapon, and attitude. There are so many cultural differences
between American and Japan. in terms of clothing, Americans wear suits,
jeans, and dresses for women. Whereas in Japan use kimono as their
traditional clothes. Weapons, America uses pistols, rifles, bombs as a tool
for war. In Japan, they use swords and heat as a means of fighting and
protecting themselves. The last is behavior, in American, if you meet
someone they will reach out like a handshake. In Japan, they will bow their
heads when meeting other people as a sign of respect. There are so many
cultural differences that appear in the film the last samurai.
2. The factors of acculturation between American and Japanese culture there
are 2 factors there is internal factor and external factor. Internal factors
such as the existence of new discoveries such as buying weapons from
America to be used by Japanese people. the process of refining new
50
discoveries that caused Japan to change modern Japan by bringing
collectors from America to buy weapons. External factors, such as war and
foreign culture. The war that occurred was caused by differences in views
and rebellions from traditional Japanese society with modern Japan so that
the war occurred. The influence of foreign culture is also very influential in
Japanese society so that there are differences of thought and wars
3. The impact of the acculturation between American and Japanese culture are
the influences of foreign culture that occurred in Japan to change weapons
that previously used swords and arrows as a tool used to fight and protect
themselves. And social changes, which resulted in mutual openness
between Japanese and American communities, Japanese society also
allowed Americans to study Japanese culture and include Americans to
fight.
From the conclusion above, the writer make the concusion that American and
Japanese culture have different ideas, so that if one of the depths of the new culture
influences the culture itself and ceates a different perspective, there will be war
because it is influenced by foreign culture. And forget about the traditional culture
that has happened so long ago it changed into a new culture.
51
5.2 Suggestions
Based on analysis in this research, there are some suggestions related to this
research:
1. The writer expect that this study can help the readers, expectialy English
Literature Studens in understanding the concept of culture as seen in The
Last Samurai movie. This film can be analyzed with other theories and
concept. Thus, the writer suggests to other researcher there are many things
the researcher can analyze from this film, such as about characterization of
the main character.
2. The writer hopes that this thesis will give contribution, knowledge and
creativity to make literary work for the reader, especially for students of
English Literature Department. This research has the weakness that is the
lack of theory that is used to analyze the problem, it is recomended for the
future writer especially who are interested to analyze the same topic to try
to use more than one theory to cover the result of analysis wider.
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M. blum and R. Kersen. (2007). A history of Nationalism in Modern Japan
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Paul N. Lankey, Acculturation: a Review of the literature, Abilane christian
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https://mymodernmet.com/japanese-kimono/
http://www.educativ.info/lib/japanese-weapons.html
APPENDIX I
THE SYNOPSIS OF THE LAST SAMURAI MOVIE BY EDWAR ZWICK
The last samurai tells about Captain Nathan Algren, haunted by his role
in a massacre of innocent Native Americans, After the show, his former
commander, the rapacious Colonel Benjamin Bagley, introduces him to Omura, a
Japanese businessman bent on making feudal Japan into a modern nation for his
own financial gain. Omura offers Algren a lucrative job working with Bagley to
mold conscripted farmers into Japan's first modern army. Realizing his outburst at
the sideshow has cost him his job and needing to feed his penchant for alcohol,
Algren accepts the offer to work with Bagley and his loyal former sergeant,
Zebulon Gant, in Japan, but seethes with rage against Bagley for having ordered
Algren to slaughter innocent Native Americans.
Arriving in Yokohama Harbor weeks later, Algren is greeted by English
expatriate Simon Graham, a translator and photographer, who, after showing him
Tokyo's bustling streets, escorts the visitor to the palace for an audience with
Emperor Meiji. Once there, despite Graham's etiquette advice, Algren breaks the
imperial code by boldly looking into the young emperor's eyes. Days later, during
training, Algren learns that veteran Samurai Katsumoto, once a member of the
Emperor's Guard and Meiji's personal teacher, is offended by the country's
modernization and plans to lead a rebellion against which the army must soon be
prepared to fight. After General Hasegawa, who once fought with Katsumoto,
informs Algren that Katsumoto and his Samurai are only armed with swords and
arrows, not firearms, the American decides to study his enemy by reading
Graham's extensive writings on the Samurai and Bushido, their code of honor.
When days later, Katsumoto attacks a railroad owned by Omura, Algren refuses to
follow Omura's orders to enter into immediate battle and attempts to prove the
army's lack of preparedness by ordering one of his men to shoot at him.
The peasant shakes in fear so uncontrollably that he repeatedly misses
Algren, but Bagley nevertheless insists they fight Katsumoto. The next day at the
foggy, forest battleground, the soldiers hear the approaching Samurai yell and,
fearing for their lives, begin shooting too early, thus allowing dozens of Samurai
on horseback to expertly wield their swords, wounding most of the men. When
Gant is killed, Algren rushes to his side, and, having run out of ammunition, fights
several Samurai in hand-to-hand combat, despite his own wounds. Katsumoto
watches as a Samurai clad in red armor prepares to deliver the American a final
blow, but the prone Algren manages to spear and kill his enemy. Impressed by
Algren's skill and perseverance, Katsumoto decides to take him prisoner rather
than kill him.
Algren witnesses Hasegawa, who has surrendered to Katsumoto,
perform seppuku, a ritual in which a defeated Samurai disembowels himself with
his sword to maintain his honor, while another Samurai assists by decapitating the
dying man to prevent prolonged pain. After they arrive at a remote mountain
village, Algren is housed with Katsumoto's sister Taka, who is forced to nurse him
back to health, despite knowing that the American killed her husband Hirotaro,
the warrior in red. Later, Katsumoto, finding Algren's book about military
strategies to conquer the Cheyenne, begins to study his enemy, but when he
questions Algren about it, the American refuses to answer. Sober and sufficiently
recovered from his wounds, Algren is then allowed to walk through the village
accompanied by a guard, the Silent Samurai, and observes the Samurais' diligent
daily practice of martial arts and swordsmanship.
When he is called before Katsumoto and asked his name, Algren at first
refuses to answer, but his curiosity about the seppuku ritual opens up a
conversation between the two. After Algren learns that Taka's husband was the
red-armored Samurai he killed during battle, Katsumoto tells the guilt-ridden
Algren that it was a "good death." Although, upon returning to Taka's house
Algren is pleased to be invited to dine with family, Taka insults him in Japanese,
which he does not understand, and later begs Katsumoto to remove him from her
house. One day, Ujio, the most traditional of Katsumoto's Samurai, viciously
knocks Algren down with his wooden practice sword, as Taka and her young son
Higen watch with satisfaction.
However, as Algren, despite his lack of skill or strength, continues to stand
and face Ujio, Taka and Higen begin to feel sympathy for him. During one of
their short conversations, Algren tells Katsumoto that he served under Lt. Col.
George Armstrong Custer. Katsumoto praises the illustrious soldier, but Algren
retorts that Custer was a vain and malicious murderer. After months of being
treated with "mild neglect" while living among the villagers, Algren concludes
that, despite their polite and quiet demeanor, the Japanese are filled with emotion
and still dedicated to their emperor. Soon after, Algren, having won Taka and the
Samurais' respect, is given traditional Japanese clothing to wear and begins
learning Samurai fighting and riding skills, while Higen teaches him Japanese.
At the village baths, Algren's eyes meet Taka's and, realizing she has deep
feelings for him, he thanks her for her kindness. After learning that he has been
granted an audience with the emperor, Katsumoto returns Algren's books to him,
explaining that he is no longer an enemy, and they both depart for Tokyo. Algren
returns to find Bagley has trained thousands of soldiers, and Omura has promised
the army to the emperor if Meiji agrees to sign a new trade treaty. In an audience
with Meiji, Katsumoto offers to end his life for the emperor, but when the
inexperienced leader asks for advice from his former teacher, Katsumoto insists
the emperor must make his own decisions. Later, Omura asks Algren to lead an
attack against Katsumoto, but Algren insists he was only hired to train the army
and leaves the meeting. Meanwhile, when Katsumoto meets with the council and
suggests that Japan has become a "nation of whores" selling themselves to the
West, the council arrests him without protest from the emperor.
Learning of Katsumoto's fate, Algren is determined to free his friend, but
is attacked by Omura's men and forced to fight them off with swords. With
Graham's help, Algren then gains entrance to Katsumoto's cell, where he and Ujio
convince Katsumoto to escape rather than kill himself. During the ensuing battle,
Nobutada is mortally wounded and, after telling his father that "it is my time" to
die, raises his sword and rushes into the enemy fire, allowing the others escape.
Later, Katsumoto laments that the Samurai are no longer necessary in the new
Japan, but Algren argues that the Samurai must fight Omura's army to make the
emperor understand that the ancient ways must not be forgotten in the wake of
Japan's modernization. Arriving at the village the next day, Algren tells Taka and
Higen he will fight alongside the Samurai. When Taka informs Algren that his
decision has caused Higen to fear that, in addition to losing his father, he might
lose Algren as well, the soldier holds the boy in a tearful embrace. As they make
battle plans to defeat Omura's army, which is armed with machine guns, Algren
suggests to Katsumoto that they must lure the enemy in close enough to engage
them in sword battle. On 25 May 1877, the day of battle, as Algren prepares
himself to greet death, Taka offers him her husband's suit of armor and slowly
undresses and kisses Algren. Later, Katsumoto gives him a handcrafted sword
with the inscription "I belong to the warrior in whom the old ways have joined the
new." Later, as they approach the battlefield, Algren hands his notebooks to
Graham, who positions himself high above the soldiers to document the battle
with his camera. After the first round of cannon fire from Omura's men, the
Samurai light fires to cover their retreat with smoke, luring all of Omura's infantry
into marching behind a hill where the Samurai archers shoot and kill hundreds of
the soldiers. After a round of hand-to-hand combat between bayonets and swords,
Ujio leads an attack on horseback, but is soon killed. Suddenly a bugle is sounded,
signifying the army's retreat. Realizing that two more regiments will be brought
in, Algren tells Katsumoto that the Samurai will now be forced to march into
Omura's machine guns. Lining up his remaining men on the battlefield,
Katsumoto lets out a war cry and leads the suicidal charge with Algren at his side.
The westernized Omura is incredulous that the defeated Samurai will not
surrender despite their losses. Bagley, regaining his sense of honor, mounts his
horse and rides into battle to meet his enemy and face his certain death. The
soldiers then commence firing the new and powerful Howitzer machine guns,
which litter the plain with dead Samurai, injuring both Algren and Katsumoto.
Realizing that Katsumoto is mortally wounded, Algren assists his friend in his
final courageous act, that of seppuku. As he dies, Katsumoto watches nearby
cherry blossoms float through the air and whispers to Algren, "they are all
perfect." Filled with humility at the passing of so great a hero, Omura's men kneel
reverentially in tribute. Days later, Algren interrupts the emperor only moments
before he is to sign an American trade treaty. Kneeling before Meiji, Algren offers
him Katsumoto's sword, asks that he remember what his ancestors died for and
offers to end his own life at the emperor's command. Having finally embraced
Katsumoto's advice, the emperor announces that he will not sign the treaty,
because it is not in the best interest of his people. Algren then returns to the
village, where he is reunited with Taka and her children to begin a new life.
APPENDIX II
THE IMPORTANT PICTURES OF THE LAST SAMURAI MOVIE