PROCEEDINGSTHE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ON LOCAL LANGUAGES

EMPOWERMENT AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGES

EditorsI Nengah Sudipa

Ida Bagus Putra YadnyaMade Budiarsa

I Nyoman Darma Putra

Udayana UniversityDenpasar, 23—24 February 2018

“Empowerment and Preservation of Local Languages”

Proceedings The 1st International Seminar on Local Languages

Copyright © 2018All rights reserved

EditorsI Nengah Sudipa

Ida Bagus Putra YadnyaMade Budiarsa

I Nyoman Darma Putra

Cover DesignEspistula Communications Bali

Cover PhotoBalinese Offering Cake “Sarad” by Arba Wirawan

“Baligrafi” (2016) by I Nyoman Gunarsa, made for Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies)

Layout Made Henra Dwikarmawan Sudipa

PublisherUdayana University Press

Organized byMasters and Doctoral Programs of Linguistics

Faculty of Arts, Udayana University

in collaboration withLocal Languages Researcher Association

ISBN: 978-602-294-262-7

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TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

Preface .............................................................................................................................Message from the Dean of Faculty of Arts, Udayana University .....................................Message from The Rector of Udayana University ...........................................................Table List of Content ........................................................................................................

KEYNOTE SPEAKER“HONORIFICS” IN THE USAGE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BALI AGA DIALECTHara Mayuko ...................................................................................................................

INVITED SPEAKERTOPONYMY AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE AND STRENGTHENING OF IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY ON SUNDANESE COMMUNITY IN SOUTHERN PART OF WEST JAVACece Sobarna ...................................................................................................................

MEDIUM OF MODERNITY: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEMPORARY LITERARY LANDSCAPEI Nyoman Darma Putra....................................................................................................

EMPOWERING PROPOSITIONS OF WISDOM IN PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LANGUAGESF.X. Rahyono ....................................................................................................................

THE STRUCTURE OF RESULTATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN BALINESEI Nyoman Sedeng ............................................................................................................

PRESENTERDISTRIBUTION OF BAJO LANGUAGE FONOLOGY IN BAJO ISLAND DISTRICT SAPE DISTRICT BIMA NUSA TENGGARA BARATAditya Wardhani ..............................................................................................................

THE VERB ‘CARRY’ IN BIAK LANGUAGE: A NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE ANALYSISAdolfina Krisifu ................................................................................................................

“CAK CUK SURABAYA”: STRATEGY OF STRENGTHENING SURABAYA’S IDENTITYAkhmad Idris, Iga Bagus Lesmana ...................................................................................

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BALINESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE BY YOUNG GENERATION WHO COMES WORSHIPING TO JAGATNATHA TEMPLE WHILE OFFERING CANANGAnak Agung Putri Laksmi Dewi, Ni Wayan Manik Septianiari Putri .................................

BALINESE LANGUAGE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS AT ONE EARTH SCHOOL BALI INDONESIAAnak Agung Sagung Shanti Sari Dewi ..............................................................................

MEANING OF VERB “LOOKING” IN BALINESE LANGUAGE: AN APRROACH OF NATURAL SEMANTICS METALANGUAGEAnak Agung Sagung Wid Parbandari ...............................................................................

THE FIRST STEP IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT: THE REVITALIZATION OF KUI LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLSAnggy Denok Sukmawati .................................................................................................

PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION AND LINGUISTIC MAPPING IN GRESIK: A STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DIALECTAnis Zubaidah Assuroiyah, Namira Choirani Fajri ............................................................

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS AND RULE OF JAVANESE COASTAL LANGUAGE: GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY APPROACHApriyani Purwaningsih .....................................................................................................

THE ROLE OF BISSU IN MATTOMPANG ARAJANG AS TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE PRESERVATION OF BUGINESE IN BONEArga Maulana Pasanrangi, Moch. Ricky Ramadhan, Moh. Caesario Nugroho, Ashabul Kahfi Susanto ...................................................................................................................

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CULTURE IN THE JAVANESE FOLKLORE AS A SOURCE OF CULTURAL EDUCATION AND IDENTITY FOSTERING ON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTSBarokah Widuroyekti, Titik Setyowati .............................................................................

COMPARING THE LEVEL OF BALINESE LANGUAGE ACQUISITION USING THE VOCABULARY LEVEL TESTDenok Lestari, I Wayan Suadnyana ..................................................................................

THE SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF BALINESE VOCABULARY IN THE INDONESIAN COMPREHENSIVE DICTIONARYDeny Arnos Kwary, Ni Wayan Sartini, Almira Fidela Artha ...............................................

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YOUTH MOVEMENT: A STRATEGY TO PRESERVE LOCAL LANGUAGESDesak Gede Chandra Widayanthi....................................................................................

THE USE OF BALINESE IN ADVERTISEMENTS AS AN EFFORT OF PRESERVING LOCAL LANGUAGEDesak Putu Eka Pratiwi, I Komang Sulatra, Komang Dian Puspita Candra ......................

PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN PONTIANAK MALAYDewi Ismu Purwaningsih ................................................................................................

UTILIZATION OF PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATION FOR KOMERING-INDONESIAN DICTIONARYDita Dewi Palupi ..............................................................................................................

SUNDANESE CULTURE AND LANGUAGE IN MANAQIB ACTIVITIES BY JAMAAH PESANTREN SURYALAYA-TASIKMALAYADjarlis Gunawan ..............................................................................................................

THE KNOWLEDGE CREATION PROCESS OF TAMBO IN MINANGKABAUFebriyanto, Tamara Adriani Salim

INNOVATION IN CENK BLONK PERFORMANCE: A STRATEGY OF EMPOWERING LOCAL LANGUAGE THROUGH BALINESE SHADOW PUPPETGede Yoga Kharisma Pradana .........................................................................................

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN SONG LYRICS SETARA BETARA (SAME AS GOD) AND GUNUNG NENTEN TONG SAMPAH (MOUNTAIN IS NOT A RUBBISH BIN) BY SEVEN CEBLOCKGusti Agung Ayu Kesuma Wardhani ................................................................................

THE USE OF WORD “WATER” IN INDONESIAN AND BALINESE PROVERBS: AN APPROACH OF SEMANTICS COGNITIVEI Gde Pasek Kamajaya, Ni Made Bulan Dwigitta Prativi ..................................................

INTEGRATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN BALINESE SHORT STORY “KUTANG SAYANG GEMEL MADUI”I Gde Nyana Kesuma ......................................................................................................

BALINESE COMICS: AN EFFORT TO SUSTAIN AND ENFORCE THE BALINESE LANGUAGE AMONG CHILDREN IN BALII Gede Gita Purnama A.P. ...............................................................................................

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LOANWORD PHONOLOGY IN TRANSLATING BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS INTO JAPANESE WITH REFERENCE TO JTB PUBLISHING BOOK ON BALI ISLANDI Gede Oeinada ...............................................................................................................

KARMAPHALA IN AKUTAGAWA RYUNOSUKE’S SHORT STORY ENTITLED HELL SCREENI Gusti Agung Ayu Made Dianti Putri ..............................................................................

HIDDEN MESSAGE IN SIAP SELEMI Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati, I Made Rajeg.........................................................................

EMPOWERING LOCAL BALINESE TERMS TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WITH DESCRIPTIVE UNDERSTANDINGI Gusti Ngurah Parthama .................................................................................................

THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF PERSONAL PRONOUN IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECTI Ketut Darma Laksana ....................................................................................................

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AS NEW BALINESE LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTSI Ketut Setiawan, I Nyoman Jayanegara ..........................................................................

THE APPLICATION OF METAFUNCTIONS IN BALINESE LANGUAGE OF SATUA BALI “I BELOG”I Ketut Suardana ..............................................................................................................

EXPLORING THE SOCIAL RULES BEHIND THE USE OF BALINESE COURTEOUS EXPRESSIONS: A SOCIAL APPROACHI Ketut Warta ...................................................................................................................

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF MORPHOPHONEMIC PROCESSES OF THE BALINESE DIALECT OF NUSA PENIDAI Nyoman Adi Jaya Putra .................................................................................................

MOTIVATION STRENGTHENING IDENTITY THROUGH BALINESE SCRIPT IN TATTOO MEDIAI Nyoman Anom Fajaraditya Setiawan, Putu Satria Udyana Putra .................................

MARATHI LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS: A PRELIMINARY STUDYI Nyoman Aryawibawa ....................................................................................................

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THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF BALI: THE CASE OF THE TRADITIONAL YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF SEKEHA TERUNAI Nyoman Tri Ediwan .......................................................................................................

AN ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TOPONYMS IN GIANYAR SUB-DISTRICT, BALII Putu Gede Hendra Raharja ...........................................................................................

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME IN NUSA PENIDA DIALECTI Wayan Agus Anggayana, I Ketut Mantra .......................................................................

INDONESIAN DEFAMATION CASES UNDER POLICE INVESTIGATION: A FORENSIC LINGUISTICS STUDYI Wayan Pastika ...............................................................................................................

SYNCHRONIC GRAMMATICALIZATION AS FOUND IN THE BALINESE SERIAL VERBSI Wayan Sidha Karya .......................................................................................................

VERBAL ABUSE OF CURSING IN BALINESE MYTHSI Wayan Simpen, Ni Made Dhanawaty ...........................................................................

THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURES OF DOING TYPES OF ACTION VERBS IN BALINESE LANGUAGEIda Ayu Agung Ekasriadi ..................................................................................................

THE EQUIVALENCE OF BALINESE FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS INTO ENGLISHIda Ayu Made Puspani, Yana Qomariana ........................................................................

STRATIFICATION PERSPECTIVE OF CATUR WANGSA IN TUTUR CANDRA BHERAWA: A STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY OF LITERATUREIda Bagus Made Wisnu Parta ..........................................................................................

RESHAPING THE PARADIGMN OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING TO HARMONIZE LOCAL LANGUAGE MAINTENANCEIda Bagus Putra Yadnya ..................................................................................................

WAYANG FOR THE PRESERVATION OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE AN ANALYSIS OF MAHABHARATA EPISODE’S GATUTKACA GUGUR (THE FALL OF GATUTKACA)Indrawati, Sri Samiati Tarjana, Joko Nurkamto ...............................................................

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RELATIONSHIP OF SASAK AND SAMAWA LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC STUDY IN THE LANGUAGE KINDSHIP OF AN ETHNIC GROUP IN INDONESIAIrma Setiawan .................................................................................................................

PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE OF BUGINESE INTO INDONESIAN BY BUGIS SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SULAWESI (A TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY STUDY)Jaya ................................................................................................................................. STYLISTIC-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND CULTURAL-MEANINGS IN MINANGKABAUNESEJufrizal .............................................................................................................................

LEARNING STRATEGY OF BALINESE LANGUAGES BY USING CONTENT IN NEW MEDIA Kadek Ayu Ariningsih, I Nyoman Widhi Adnyana ...........................................................

BALINESE CULTURAL TERMS IN ENGLISH MEDIA TOURISM PROMOTION PUBLISHED BY DENPASAR TOURISM OFFICEKadek Ayu Ekasani, Ni Luh Supartini ..............................................................................

THE EXISTENCE OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN TRANSMIGRATION AREA OF LAMPUNG PROVINCEKadek Feni Aryati, I Putu Agus Endra Susanta ...............................................................

ENRICHING AND NOT SIMPLY COMPETING: BALINESE LANGUAGE IN CONVERSATIONAL INTERACTION IN BALIKadek Ratih Dwi Oktarini ................................................................................................

REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF BALINESE LANGUAGE IN MEN BRAYUT STORYKetut Riana, Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati, Gede Eka Wahyu ..............................................

CONSERVATIVE OR PROGRESSIVE (THE EXISTENCE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE)Krisna Pebryawan ...........................................................................................................

HUMOR IN DOU MAMPINGA SA UMA-UMA ON MPAMA MBOJO: A RESEARCH OF PSYCHOLOGY LITERATURE AND ANECDOTAL TEXT OF INDONESIAN LEARNING K13Kurniawan, Solihin ..........................................................................................................

COMMISSIVE IN BATAK KAROLaili Mahmudah ..............................................................................................................

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LOSS AND GAIN OF INFORMATION OF THE CULTURAL TERMS IN THE SHORT STORY SEEKOR AYAM PANGGANG AND A ROAST CHICKEN IN RELATION TO THE TARGET LANGUAGE READER’S UNDERSTANDINGLina Pratica Wijaya ..........................................................................................................

PROMOTING THE LOST VOCABULARIES OF LOCAL LANGUAGES TO REVITALIZE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGELis Setiawati ....................................................................................................................

THE LEXICONS OF VERB ‘FALING” IN SUNDANESE LANGUAGE: NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACHLuh Gde Inten Purnama Sari Setiawan, Ni Putu Yunita Dewi .........................................

GEGURITAN KAPIPARWA: CHARACTER AND LANGUAGE ANALYSISLuh Putu Puspawati, I Made Suastika .............................................................................

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ON CHILDREN MIXED MARRIED BETWEEN JAVANESE AND BALINESELuh Putu Ratnayanti Sukma ............................................................................................

‘LIR ILIR” PRAGMATIC ANALYSISLukia Zuraida ...................................................................................................................

LOCAL BEING WITHOUT NATIONAL: LINGUISTIC DILEMMA IN GILI KETAPANG PROBOLINGGO, EAST JAVALukiyati Ningsih, Khadijah Aufadina ................................................................................

LOCAL LANGUAGE CONTENT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH THE MEDIA INFORMATION (LONG-COM PROGRAM) TO CHANGE SOCIETY’S PERSPECTIVE OF LOCAL LANGUAGE IN INDONESIAM. Izzudin Ma’ruf ............................................................................................................

THE USE OF LINGUISTIC POLITENESS AND METAPHOR AMONG SASAK SPEAKERS IN RELIGIOUS SETTINGSMahyuni, M. Amin, Arifuddin, Ahmad Junaidi ................................................................

CULTURAL MEMORY FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SU’I UVI IN NGADHA FLORESMaria Matildis Banda ......................................................................................................

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THE EXISTENCE OF DOLANAN SONG IN KINDERGARTEN AS A STRATEGY TO EMPOWER THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE : A CASE STUDY OF ROUDLOTUL ULUM KINDERGARTEN, MOJOKERTOMarta Widyawati, Dwika Muzakky Anan Taturia ............................................................

STRENGTHENING JAVANESE LANGUAGE MALANG ACCENT: A CASE STUDY TOWARD VIDEO BLOG BAYU SKAK ON YOUTUBEMia Maulana Sarif ...........................................................................................................

REVEALING THE CULTURAL FEATURES OF PAPUAN MALAY LANGUAGEMonika Gultom ...............................................................................................................

GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE ARABIC-JAVANESE TRANSLATION: THE EXPLORATION OF DIVERSITY IN GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES ACROSS LANGUAGESMuhammad Yunus Anis ..................................................................................................

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INFLUENCING BALINESE PEOPLE USE LOCAL LANGUAGE (BALINESE LANGUAGE)Ni Luh Made Dwi Ari Septiani .........................................................................................

CONSTITUENT MERGING OF SIMPLE CLAUSES IN BALINESENi Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati .............................................................................................

THE USE OF NUSA PENIDA BALINESE PHONEME /h/ (A CASE STUDY OF NUSA PENIDA PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN DENPASAR)Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti .................................................................................................

HOW ANIMALS PERSONIFICATION ACCOMPLISHED IN CHILDREN’S STORYNi Wayan Sukarini ...........................................................................................................

LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY AND MULTI-IDENTITY (RE)CONSTRUCTION:A CASE STUDY OF THE MANGGARAI-FLORES DIASPORA IN BALINi Wayan Sumitri, I Wayan Arka......................................................................................

TOGA DANCE IN SIGUNTUR KINGDOM CULTURE AS MALAY HISTORICAL RELICS TO STRENGTHEN MINANGKABAU IDENTITYNidya Fitri, Dewa Ayu Widiasri ........................................................................................

YAWII: A VERB OF MOTION TOWARD GOAL AND MOTION AWAY FROM SOURCE IN MEENiko Kobepa....................................................................................................................

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LANGUAGES PRESERVATION IN CEPUNG: ORAL TRADITION, COLLA BORATION OF SASAK AND BALI COMMUNITY ON LOMBOK ISLANDNining Nur Alaini ............................................................................................................

EXPLORATION ON VERB ‘BAHA’ IN PAKKADO, MANDAR, INDONESIA: A STUDY OF NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGENirwan ............................................................................................................................

CULTURAL VALUES IN TRADITIONAL EXPRESSION OF SASAK TRADITIONAL INTERCOURSENiswatul Hasanah, Malihah Hafiz ...................................................................................

RECIPIENT ROLE IN BALINESE GIVING VERB CONSTRUCTIONSNyoman Sujaya ...............................................................................................................

ADJECTIVES IN LUBUKLINGGAU DIALECT OF PALEMBANG MALAY LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH THROUGH MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX ANALYSISOktaria Hasiyana ............................................................................................................

A RITUAL TO COMMUNICATE WITH GOD OF THAI-KHMER GROUP: A CASE STUDY OF JOAL MAMAUD RITUAL, MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILANDPhra Dhammamolee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Suthat Pratoomkaew, Thittayawadee Intarangkul, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung ............................................................

JAVA ENCYCLOPEDIA BASED ON JAVANESE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE FOR MILENIAL GENERATIONPrembayun Miji Lestari, Retno Purnama Irawati, Mujimin .............................................

INSIGHT OF DIGITAL FOLKLORE IN RELATION TO EDUCATIONPutu Irmayanti Wiyasa ....................................................................................................

CONTRASTIF ANALYSIS BALI AND MANDARIN LANGUAGES PRONUNCIATIONPutu Prinda D`amour Nisa ..............................................................................................

STRENGHTENING AND DEVELOPING LOCAL LANGUAGE LITERATION THROUGH LOCAL CONTENT CURRICULUM OF PRIMARY SCHOOL: SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVEPutu Sutama, Maria Arina Luardini, Natalina Asi ...........................................................

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN BALINESE PROVERBS WITH THE LEXICON OF FAUNASPutu Zalsa Swandari Putri, Ni Made Mitha Suandari ......................................................

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EXISTENCE OF LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE VARIOUS GENRE OF POPULAR MUSIC IN INDONESIARanti Rachmawanti .........................................................................................................

BANYUMAS JAVANESE DIALECT LANGUAGE IN THE TRADITIONAL CEREMONY OF BANYUMAS COMMUNITY MARRIAGERatih Kusumastuti ...........................................................................................................

THE EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN THE MOTHER TONGUE IN BEKASIRatu Badriyah .................................................................................................................

THE POWER OF BATAK TRADITIONAL SONG IN REPRESENTING LIVING VALUESRomaida Lubis .................................................................................................................

TERMS OF ADDRESS IN THE BELITUNG ISLAND SOCIETY: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACHSandy Nugraha

LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF OUTDOOR SIGNS IN CUSTOMARY VILAGE OF TEGALTAMU, GIANYARSang Ayu Isnu Maharani .................................................................................................

LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE USE A GROUP OF PEOPLE TOWARDS LOCAL LANGUAGES IN THE RELATION TO ETHNIC IDENTITYSatyawati ........................................................................................................................

AGROLINGUISTIC ISSUES, AGRICULTURAL LEXICONS AND MUSEUM NAGARI IN WEST SUMATRA Sawirman ........................................................................................................................

METAPHORS USAGE IN THE MARRIAGE PROPOSAL RITUAL IN MANGGARAI, EAST INDONESIASebastianus Menggo .......................................................................................................

PERCEIVED ADDRESS TERMS IN PM BY PAPUAN AND NON PAPUAN SPEAKERS: A PRELIMINARY STUDYServo P. Kocu ...................................................................................................................

PHAHYA : WORD EFFECTS TO E-SARN PEOPLE’S LIFESowit Bamrungphak .......................................................................................................

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LANGUAGE OF THE BAWEAN ISLANDERS: CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPEECH LEVELS Sri Wiryanti Budi Utami ..................................................................................................

ANCIENT LANGUAGE IN SACRED RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KHMER PEOPLE IN MUANG DISTRICT, SURIN PROVINCE, THAILAND Suthat Pratoomkaew, PhraRajdhammasansudhi Teerangku, Phramaha Khuntong Khemasiri, Phramaha Tongchai Thammathawee, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon .................

FIRST PERSON POSSESSIVE CONSTRUCTION IN MADURESE LANGUAGETunggul Puji Lestari, Dwita Laksmita Rachmawati ..........................................................

THE DERIVATED CLAUSE STRUCTURES IN KAILI LANGUAGE, DIALECT RAIUlinsa, Yunidar ................................................................................................................

THE FORMATION OF IDIOM IN BIMA LANGUAGE: PERSPECTIVE MORPHOLOGY SYSTEMUmar ...............................................................................................................................

ORAL PROFICIENCY IN TAMIL LANGUAGE: AN ISSUE IN MAINTAINING TAMIL LANGUAGEVijay Khana .....................................................................................................................

THE MAINTAINED USE OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE IN SURABAYA URBAN SOCIETYWahyu Sekti Wijaya .........................................................................................................

IDENTIFIYING SENTANI CHILDREN’S DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING THEIR LOCAL LANGUAGEWigati Yektiningtyas ......................................................................................................

BOL : THE RITUAL AND ART OF DETECTING THE CAUSE OF ILLNESS IN KHMER PEOPLE SURIN PROVINCE,THAILANDWan Suwanpong, Prayoon Saengsai, Yasothara Siripaprapãgon, Karisandh Sengmas, Somkid Sukjit, Suriya Klangrit .........................................................................................

ANCIENT SACRED LANGUAGE PRESENTED IN GALMORE RITUAL OF BUDDHIST THAI-KUI PEOPLE IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILANDYasothara Siripaprapãgon, Wan Suwanpong, PhraKan KantaDharmmo, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung .........................................................................................................

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“PHAYAR” A LANGUAGE THAT REFLECTS THE DOCTRINE IN THE LIFE OF THAI-KUY ETHNIC GROUP IN SURIN PROVINCE OF THAILANDYasothara Siripaprapãgon, Prayoon Saengsai, Wan Suwanpong, Suriya Klangrit, Samroeng Intayung .........................................................................................................

KIEH IN MINANGKABAU’S TAMBOYendra .............................................................................................................................

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VERBAL ABUSE OF CURSING IN BALINESE MYTHS

I Wayan Simpen1, Ni Made Dhanawaty2

Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Udayana wyn_simpen@unud.ac.id

AbstractThe politeness of a language varies based on its speaker’s culture. Things that are considered polite or not polite in one culture, often associated with something that is respected, sacred, taboo, and/or hidden, such as, beliefs of its ancestors, parents, supernatural beings, as well as body parts that were respected or hidden. Degrading, cursing, swearing, and mocking acts appeared to be the contrary of language politeness. Therefore, both politeness and verbal violence are closely related to the culture of its speakers. In relation to the Balinese culture, some verbal violence applied in some of the Balinese myths. Judging from those, the verbal violence found in myth can be grouped into two types, which were first in the form of threats and second, in the form of curse-shaped. Verbal violence in myths that were in the form of threats were found in the myth of sitting on a pillow, ask for salt or borrow a needle, and the dead of a cow. On the other hands, the verbal abuses of curses were found in the myth of difficult childbirth, child expulsion, misfortune, and picking up gold/jewelry. Furthermore, it was found that every myth has its cures. For example, the difficult of childbirth could be mediated by drinking the washing foot (heel) water. The myth of gold collection can be mediated by placing money in the place where the gold found. Meanwhile, the myth of misfortune can be mediated by bathing (melukat).

Keywords: Verbal abuse, Cursing, Balinese language, Balinese myths

I. INTRODUCTIONVerbal abuse is closely related to the culture owned by every speech community. As a

part of the society culture, the way of the language spoken abusively can possibly appear everywhere, whether it is in the family, neighborhood, or schools. Mostly, this verbal abuse comes from such things as faith/ancestors, parents, spirit/ghosts, part of body that is highly respected or oppositely, must be hidden, and so on. Kinds of verbal abuse, such as mocking, insulting, snorting, harassing, cursing, and threatening, in which for the long term future, can potentially give harmful impacts to the people, especially the children or the newer generations.

One of the cultures in Balinese community that some kinds of verbal abuse often appear is in the Balinese myths of cursing. There are several cursing myths believed by Balinese people that contain many verbal abuses inside. In relation to the situation nowadays, the act of abusing people verbally has been considered as criminal as the physically abuse. Kinds like slander, berate, defame other or all kinds of language actions that make other people feel

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unhappy, can be criminalized. Therefore, this study is important to examine the extent of how Balinese myths are related to verbal violence and its people’s characters.

II. METHODThis research used three methods with its techniques. They were methods and techniques

of data collection, methods and techniques of data analysis, and methods and techniques of the presentation of the analysis.

This study uses two data sources. The primary data was collected by observation and interview method, while secondary data was collected by library method. The primary data collection is assisted by the recording technique, while the secondary data obtained by note-taking technique. Afterwards, the data was analyzed in an inductive and deductive way.

In the data analysis, it applied the deductive and inductive methods, and assisted by synthetic analytical techniques. The results of analysis were presented through formal and informal methods. The informal method was in the form of the qualitative description and quantitative analysis.

III. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONThe Myth of Difficulty in Childbirth

In Balinese, there is a believing that difficulty in labor is caused by the evil forces that can be in the form of Balinese mythological figure called leak (leyak) or can be caused by a curse or a profane oath. One of the most feared oaths or curses in Balinese believing is the oath or curses that coming from the mother in-laws to their pregnant daughter-in-laws. Therefore, the daughter-in-law who is pregnant must not have a conflict or quarrel with her mother-in-law.

The conflict between the daughter in law and her mother-in-law seems to have been very common. When the conflict is forced to occur and at the same time the daughter-in-law is pregnant, the following verbal violence often occurs.

Madak nyai pang keweh ngelekadang(1) ‘Semoga KGT supaya susah melahirkan’‘Saya doakan agar kau susah melahirkan’‘I wish you will have a difficulty in (your) childbirth (labor)’

When the curse has been verbally stated, it can cause the daughter-in-laws to suffering from an extremely painful laboring (nyakit) for days. Nonetheless, there is a way to cure the curse. As it is stated in Balinese believing, “baanga nginem yeh tungkak” (drink the washing heel water), which means the curse can be cured by drinking the washing water of her mother-in-laws’ feet (to be particular, the “heel” part). This way is believed by the Balinese people as a way to make the laboring progress smoothly and also to make the relationship between both daughter and mother-in-laws recovered.

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The Myth of Child ExpulsionThe Balinese Hindu society regards the child as an invaluable treasure because the child

(especially the boy) is the heir and successor of the clan. Children are also considered as a means of penance for the parents. Therefore, the presence of children is also expected to scent and glorify their parents. In this connection comes the term, such as ‘putra suputra’ (son is the most important of all).

In relation to the violence of parents against children, there is a myth that it is severely tabooed to physically abuse the children using kitchen utensils such as spoons, supit (made from bamboo), kepang (large wooden spoons), siyut (small-sized wooden spoon), plates, and pengkiyan (coconut grated). If the above tools are used, it is believed that the offended child will run away from home and never want to return. Such verbally statement, especially occur in a state of anger that mom or dad drove his son out of the house by saying the following words.

Megedi cai/nyai uli dini de buin mulih.(2) ‘Pergi KGT dari sini jangan lagi pulang’‘pergi kau dari sini jangan kembali lagi’‘Go away from here and don’t come back!”

A legendary example can be found in the story of Sangkuriang, the folklore from West

Java. It is said, Dayangsumbi, Sangkuriang’s mother was angry as Sangkuriang killed her favorite animal. The mother hit Sangkuriang’s head with a spoon until it caused a severe wound, then Sangkuriang was expelled from the house. Sangkuriang never returned home and almost married his biological mother, before finally recognized by his mother, as it can be seen in the illustration below.

Picture 1. The Myth of Child Expulsion

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Bali, 23-24 February 2018

The Myth of MisfortuneThe Balinese Hindu community believes that what is acceptable in life in present days is the result of past acts. This concept is commonly called as the Law of Karma. It is actually very simple. If we want a good luck, then we must do our best to think, say, and do good. Therefore, whatever happen, we must look inside ourselves to find the answer. Unfortunately, many of us are looking for the reasons outside not inside. As a result, we never stop blaming others

In Balinese society, the view that ill fortune, misfortune, lack of fortune, and accidents is believed to be caused by the curse, or the prayers of those who hate or dislike us. We never seek the cause why people hate us. The act of ngolok-ngolok ‘deceive/defraud’, ngelamit ‘stealing’, degag ‘being rude/arrogant’ and other actions that are not good, often encourage the victim to condemn the perpetrator. The following is the example of a verbal violence that is commonly stated by the victim.

Dumadak iba sing nemu rahayu.(3) ‘Semoga KGT tidak menemui keselamatan’‘Semoga kamu (kata ganti kasar) tidak mendapatkan keselamatan’‘I hope you (impolite type of personal pronoun) are not given salvation (dead)’

The above example is very often heard in Balinese society because the victim feels very upset and angry. Prayer and curse is usually done while hitting the edge of the Balinese ‘bale’ pavilion (notog waton) by fist or penotokan ‘pounder betel’. This myth is very powerful and until now still trusted by the people in Bali.

The Myth of Picking up Gold/JewelryEver since a very long time ago, Balinese people have believed that picking up or even stealing gold was a taboo. The myth says that whoever pick anyone else’s gold (emas) or even steal them, will be dead soon (ngemasin ‘quickly dies’). The verbal form of the prayers or curses from the victim is as followed.

Nyen ya ngemaling emas tiange apang enggal ngemasin(4) Siapa saja mencuri emas saya supaya cepat mati’ Semoga yang mencuri emas saya cepat meninggal. “Wish that the one who steal my gold died”

In Balinese society, gold are considered as a very expensive and valuable thing. Therefore, many of us who accidentally find them in the street are tempted to pick them up. If we do not do that, surely someone else will pick them up. Then, what about the myth of ngemasin which means quickly dies? Apparently, the Balinese people have the way to deal with it, which is by redeeming the gold with some money and putting the money in the same spot where they find the gold, while uttering, “Ne tiang meli barang puniki aji...tiang tusing nuduk barange ene ‘I

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buy this gold with this money (mentioning the amount of money) and I claim not collecting it for free’. By doing that, it is believed that you will be free from the picking gold curse.

IV. CONCLUSIONMyth is a language in different versions. Myth is the way in which our ancestors

communicate with the next generation. The real myth contains advice that is packed in insinuations, threats, and possibly a curse.

Verbal violence or abuse is closely related to the growing myths in Balinese society. Studies show that myths are closely related to verbal violence. Nonetheless, there are a number of myths that have their mediators or cures. In fact, those verbal and mythical abuses actually serve to shape the character of Balinese society. The myth of hard labor, for example, teaches us that the daughter-in-law should respect and truly devote to their mother-in-laws.

In conclusion, the existence of verbal violence, especially in the form of a curse, actually educates the society that the bad things must not be done so that the curse will not be thrown verbally. That is why the verbal violence is wrapped in mythical packaging, so that the new generation can understand and apply the good side of it in their everyday life.

REFERENCE

Barthes, Roland. 1983. Mythologies diterjemahkan oleh Nurhadi dengan Judul Mitologi. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana

BLUM –Kulka, Shoshana. 1987.’’Indirectenes and Politeness in Requests: Same or Different? Journal Pragmatics, p.131—146.

Brown, Penelope. 1978.: Universal in Language Usage dalam Esther N. Goody (Peny.) Questions and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Carson, Ronald W. 1981. Language Culture an Cognition: Anthropological Perspective. New York: Macmilan Publishing Co.Inc.

Pitana, I Gde. (Ed.) 1994. Dinamika Masyarakat di Kebudayaan Bali. Denpasar: Bali Post

Simpen, I Wayan. 2011. “Fungsi Bahasa dengan Kekerasan Verbal dalam Masyarakat. Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Tetap, Universitas Udayana. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra dan Budaya.

Udayana University Press