Speaking About Cloning

Nadya Eka Putri11.10.010.745.153

Lecturer:Natalia Fitriani S.Pd

CloningCloning in biology

The process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.

The term cloneDerived from the Ancient Greek word κλών (klōn, “twig”), referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig.

In the United States, the human consumption of meat and other products from cloned animals was approved by the FDA on December 28, 2006, with no special labeling required. Such practice has met strong resistance in other regions, such as Europe, particularly over the labeling issue.

Used of Cloning

To amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes.

To amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA.

Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps:

Fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of DNA.

Ligation - gluing together pieces of DNA in a desired sequence.

Transfection - inserting the newly formed pieces of DNA into cells.

Screening/selection - selecting out the cells that were successfully transfected with the new DNA.

The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technologies.

On January, 2008, Wood and Andrew French, Stemagen's chief scientific officer in California, announced that they successfully created the first 5 mature human embryos using DNA from adult skin cells, aiming to provide a source of viable embryonic stem cells.

Because of recent technological advancements, the cloning of animals (and potentially humans) has been an issue. Many religious organizations oppose all forms of cloning, on the grounds that life begins at conception.

Judaism does not equate life with conception and, though some question the wisdom of cloning, Orthodox Judaism rabbis generally find no firm reason in Jewish law and ethics to object to cloning. From the standpoint of classical liberalism, concerns also exist regarding the protection of the identity of the individual and the right to protect one's genetic identity.

Gregory Stock is a scientist and outspoken critic against restrictions on cloning research.

Bioethicist Gregory Pence also attacks the idea of criminalizing attempts to clone humans.

On December 28, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the consumption of meat and other products from cloned animals. Cloned-animal products were said to be virtually indistinguishable from the non-cloned animals.

Opinions about cloning

Joseph Mendelson, legal director of the Center for Food Safety.

Carol Tucker Foreman, director of food policy at the Consumer Federation of America.

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