Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Celebrating 5 Years of Leading
the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Bill
CampbellPower Sub Work Group Member, Emerson Network Power Harry
HandlinPower Sub Work Group Member, Technical Committee Vice-Chair,
GE Energy SystemsMark MurrillPower Sub Work Group Member, Emerson
Network PowerAC & DC Power Distribution for Data
CentersConfiguration Availability Level ComparisonCopyright 2012,
The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to
Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Agenda Introduction
Review Industry Standards for data center availability levels BICSI
Standard as the AC Reference Examine AC Single & Multi Module
UPS Systems and analogous DC systems BICSI Availability Class
Comparisons AC to DC Alternate DC solutions Summary
Q&ACopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading
the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012Introduction Tier I-IV availability terminology (1stintroduced
by The Uptime Institute) is the defacto shorthand method to convey
basic AC power distribution / availability architecture for a data
center Tier I-IV concepts have been adopted by other industry
organizations (eg: TIA; BICSI), sometimes applying alternate but
similar terminologies Growing interest in the possible performance
features of DC power for data centers has led potential users to
makeperformance inquiries of industry AC power system suppliers
regarding DC power distribution solutions in terms ofgeneric
availability levels Purpose: Suggest a data center power
distribution AC DC availability comparison approach and encourage
industry discussion The Uptime Institute, founded 1993 ;
representing data center owners interests
http://www.uptimeinstitute.com BICSI-002: Building Industry
Consulting Service International, Inc., founded 1977
https://www.bicsi.org TIA-942: Telecommunications Industry
Association founded 1988 - mergerhttp://www.tiaonline.orgThe Uptime
Institute, similar to The Green Grid,
recommendsbest-practices.BICSI& TIA are standards writing
organizations.Copyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012Method Compares basic AC v DC topology & qualitative
availability levels References are AC topologies Framework:
ANSI/BICSI Standard-002-2011 Assumptions: Basic AC system: 480 VAC,
3, 3 or 4 W, + Gnd Basic DC system: 380 VDC, 2W + Gnd 380 V DC
solutions are offered as suggestions Not yet a standard Not
covered: comparisons of efficiency, costs or relative merits
Leaving these for future comparative and quantitative
analysisCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012BICSI-002 Introduction ANSI/BICSI 002-2011, Data Center Design
and Implementation Best PracticesBICSI-002 Rev 1, 2010BICSI-002 Rev
2, 2011BICSI-002Rev 3, 2014ExpectedCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002 IntroductionBICSI
Data Center Design ClassesTopology Class Key Power path
FeatureClass F0 Single Power Path w/o UPS or Alternate AC
sourceClass F1 Single Power Path with UPS, Non-redundant
componentsClass F2 Single Power Path with UPS,Some redundant
componentsClass F3 Multiple Independent Power Paths, some with
UPS,Concurrently maintainable & operableClass F4 Multiple
Independent Power paths with UPS,Fault TolerantBICSI-002-2011,
9.1.6.1Copyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading
the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012BICSI-002-2011, Table B1BICSI-002 IntroductionDetermining BICSI
Design ClassesCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012BICSI-002 IntroductionBICSI-002-2011, Table B3Determining BICSI
Design ClassesCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012BICSI-002 IntroductionPerformanceFeatureClass F0 Class F1 Class
F2 Class F3 Class F4Industry DescriptionModuleRedundancySystem
RedundancyPower Paths to Critical LoadUPS sources to Critical
LoadFull Maintenance under loadAlternatelong Term
Energy(Genset)Alternate Short Term Energy (Battery)Fault
toleranceBICSI Class Definitions & Feature Checklist
ReviewCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading
the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012BICSI-002 IntroductionClass F0 Data Center Single Path, No
UPSBICSI-002-2011, Fig 14Copyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating
5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002 Introduction Class FI Basic Data
CenterBICSI-002-2011, Fig 15Copyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002 Introduction Class
F2 Redundant ComponentsBICSI-002-2011, Fig 1612Copyright 2012, The
Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002 Introduction Class
F3 Concurrently MaintainableBICSI-002-2011, Fig 17bCopyright 2012,
The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to
Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002-2011, Fig
17bBICSI-002 Introduction Class F4 Fault TolerantBICSI-002-2011,
Fig 18BICSI-002-2011, Fig 18Copyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002 Introduction AC
Static SwitchStatic Switch applications in multiplepower path
topologiesAC LoadA BusB BusAC LoadA BusB BusSingle Input IT
LoadDual Input IT LoadCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5
Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012BICSI Definitions & Feature Checklist
ReviewPerformanceFeatureClass F0 Class F1 Class F2 Class F3 Class
F4Industry Description Single PathSingle PathSingle Path +
Redundant ComponentsDual Path,Concurrently MaintainableDual
Path,Fault TolerantModuleRedundancy None N None N N+1 N+1
2(N+1)System Redundancy None N None N Limited N+1 Limited N+1
2(N+1)Power Paths to Critical LoadOne One One Two TwoUPS sources to
Critical LoadNone One One One TwoFull Maintenance under loadNo No
Limited Yes YesAlternatelong Term Energy(Genset)No Option Yes Yes
YesAlternate Short Term Energy (Battery)No Yes Yes Yes YesFault
tolerance No No Limited Limited YesCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002 IntroductionDC
Solutions Next:SuggestedAC DC Comparative Power Topologies
BICSI-002DC Power Systems Copyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating
5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012BICSI Basic UPS Module ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011,
Fig 21 AC UPS N System (Single Module System)Copyright 2012, The
Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI Basic UPS Module
ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011, Fig 21 AC UPS N System (Single Module
System)N DC UPS Main Output DistributionTo Critical LoadFully,
Partial or non-redundant batteryBatteryInput
DistributionRectifierCabinetPlug-in Modules
IllustratedRectifiers;Modular orMonolithicCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI Basic UPS Module
ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011, Fig 21 DC UPS(AC SMS N System
Equivalent) AC UPS N System (Single Module System)NN+1 Main
BypassOutput DistributionTo Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant batteryBatteryInput
DistributionRectifierCabinetRectifiers;Modular orMonolithicPlug-in
Modules IllustratedCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5
Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012BICSI Basic UPS Module ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011,
Fig 21 Main Bypass Maint Byp AC UPS N System (Single Module System)
DC UPS(AC SMS N System Equivalent)Output DistributionTo Critical
LoadFully, Partial or non-redundant batteryBatteryInput
DistributionNN+1N+m optionalRectifierCabinetRectifiers;Modular
orMonolithicPlug-in Modules IllustratedCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI Basic UPS Module
ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011, Fig 22 AC UPS N+1 System
(Multi-Module System)Copyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5
Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012BICSI Basic UPS Module ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011,
Fig 22 DC UPS AC UPS N+1 System (Multi-Module System)NOutput
DistributionTo Critical LoadFully, Partial or non-redundant
batteryBatteryInput DistributionRectifierCabinetNRectifiers;Modular
orMonolithicPlug-in Modules IllustratedCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI Basic UPS Module
ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011, Fig 22 DC UPS(AC MMS N+1 System
Equivalent) AC UPS N+1 System (Multi-Module System)NN+1Output
DistributionTo Critical LoadFully, Partial or non-redundant
batteryBatteryInput DistributionRectifierCabinetN
N+1Rectifiers;Modular orMonolithicPlug-in Modules
IllustratedCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012BICSI Basic UPS Module ConfigurationsBICSI-002-2011, Fig 22N
N+1 Bypass Maint BypNN+1 N+moptional AC UPS N+1 System
(Multi-Module System) DC UPS(AC MMS N+1 System Equivalent) Output
DistributionTo Critical LoadFully, Partial or non-redundant
batteryBatteryInput DistributionRectifierCabinetRectifiers;Modular
orMonolithicPlug-in Modules IllustratedCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI Topology Diagrams
Comparative AC & DC Topology Diagrams Sequence:AC Diagram;
Changes Needed; DC Diagram Only suggestions for DC; no accepted
conventions as yet Symbols indicate where differences appearRemove
this AC component for DC applicationsAC-to-DC component changes AC
/ DC Rectifier - configurations: Modular or Monolithic; 5 kW to
> 1 MW rectifier units Plug-in (may be hot-swappable) or
hard-wiredI/O Input to Outputisolated or non-isolatedo Isolation
Xfmr: power line frequency or high frequencyCopyright 2012, The
Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class F0 Basic Data
CenterACClass F0 Single Path; No UPSPerformanceFeatureClass
F0Industry Description Single PathModuleRedundancy None NSystem
Redundancy None NPower Paths to Critical LoadOneUPS sources to
Critical LoadNoneFull Maintenance under loadNoAlternatelong Term
Energy(Genset)NoAlternate Short Term Energy (Battery)NoFault
tolerance NoCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012Class F0 Basic Data CenterACClass F0 Single Path; No
UPSCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the
Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class F0
Basic Data CenterAC DCClass F0 Single Path; No UPSNo BattN
RectCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading
the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class
F1 Basic Data CenterACClass F1 Single Path with
UPSPerformanceFeatureClass F1Industry Description Single
PathModuleRedundancy None NSystem Redundancy None NPower Paths to
Critical LoadOneUPS sources to Critical LoadOneFull Maintenance
under loadNoAlternatelong Term Energy(Genset)OptionAlternate Short
Term Energy (Battery)YesFault tolerance NoCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class F1 Basic Data
CenterACClass F1 Single Path with UPSCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class F1 Basic Data
CenterACClass F1 Single Path with UPSDCFully, Partial or
non-redundant batteryN+1 Rectifiers;Modular orMonolithicCopyright
2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to
Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class F2 Redundant
ComponentsACClass F2 Single Path UPS with Redundant
ComponentsPerformanceFeatureClass F2Industry Description Single
Path + Redundant ComponentsModuleRedundancy N+1System Redundancy
Limited N+1Power Paths to Critical LoadOneUPS sources to Critical
LoadOneFull Maintenance under loadLimitedAlternatelong Term
Energy(Genset)YesAlternate Short Term Energy (Battery)YesFault
tolerance LimitedCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years
of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid
Forum 2012ACClass F2 Single Path UPS with Redundant ComponentsClass
F2 Redundant ComponentsCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5
Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012ACClass F2 Single Path UPS with Redundant
ComponentsDCFully, Partial or
non-redundantbatteryN+mRectifiers;ModularorMonolithicClass F2
Redundant ComponentsCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5
Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012Class F3 Concurrently MaintainableACClass F3 Dual
Path; Concurrently MaintainablePerformanceFeatureClass F3Industry
Description Dual Path,Concurrently MaintainableModuleRedundancy
N+1System Redundancy Limited N+1Power Paths to Critical LoadTwoUPS
sources to Critical LoadOneFull Maintenance under
loadYesAlternatelong Term Energy(Genset)YesAlternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)YesFault tolerance Limitedx2x2x2Dualor single Cord
IT LoadsCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012Class F3 Concurrently MaintainableACClass F3 Dual Path;
Concurrently Maintainablex2x2x2 x2x2x2Dualor single Cord IT
LoadsDualor single Cord IT LoadsCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class F3 Concurrently
MaintainableACClass F3 Dual Path; Concurrently MaintainableDCFully,
Partial or non-redundant batteryN+mRectifiers;ModularorMonolithicN
RectMod orMonox2x2x2x2x2x2Dualor single Cord IT LoadsDualor single
Cord IT LoadsCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012Class F4 Fault TolerantACClass F4 Dual Path; Fault
TolerantPerformanceFeatureClass F4Industry Description Dual
Path,Fault TolerantModuleRedundancy 2(N+1)System Redundancy
2(N+1)Power Paths to Critical LoadTwoUPS sources to Critical
LoadTwoFull Maintenance under loadYesAlternatelong Term
Energy(Genset)YesAlternate Short Term Energy (Battery)YesFault
tolerance YesAC Input-to-PDU bypass is also available with
ACx2x2x2Dualor single Cord IT LoadsCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class F4 Fault TolerantClass
F4 Dual Path; Fault tolerantx2x2x2Dualor single Cord IT
LoadsCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading
the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Class
F4 Fault TolerantClass F4 Dual Path; Fault
tolerantDCN+mRectifiers;ModularorMonolithicN+mRectifiers;ModularorMonolithicFully,
Partial or non-redundant batteryFully, Partial or non-redundant
batteryx2x2x2Dualor single Cord IT LoadsCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012BICSI-002 Introduction AC
Static SwitchStatic Switch applications in multiplepower path
topologiesAC LoadA BusB BusAC LoadA BusB BusSingle Input IT
LoadDual Input IT LoadCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5
Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012Static Switch Applications Static Switch
applications in multiple power path topologieso Single-corded IT
loadsDC LoadAC LoadA BusB Bus A Bus B Bus Copyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Static Switch Applications
Static Switch applications in multiple power path topologieso
Dual-corded IT loadsDC LoadAC LoadA Bus B BusA BusB BusCopyright
2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to
Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Alternate DC
Solutions There are also other alternate DC topologies in use that
do not fit directly into the Class F0 F4 structure. Two basic
alternative topologies are reviewed, both of which have several
variations.Copyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of
Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum
2012DC Solutions - ReviewBICSI-002-2011, Fig 22N N+1 Bypass Maint
BypNN+1 N+moptional AC UPS N+1 System (Multi-Module System) DC
UPS(AC MMS N+1 System Equivalent) Output DistributionTo Critical
LoadFully, Partial or non-redundant batteryBatteryInput
DistributionRectifierCabinetRectifiers;Modular orMonolithicPlug-in
Modules IllustratedCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5
Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green
Grid Forum 2012Alternate DC SolutionsDC PSU DC PSUIT loadRectifier
Cabinet(s)N+M ModulesOutput Distribution AOutput Distribution
BBatteryInternalor External,Redundant orNon-RedundantAC Power
SourceA380VDC Distributionor48VDC DistributionAlternate AC Power
SourceBRectifier modules maybe dedicated to either A or B source,
or switchable between the twoCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Alternate DC SolutionsDC PSU
AC PSUIT loadDC Output Distribution AAC Output Distribution
BBatteryInternalor External,Redundant orNon-RedundantAC Power
SourceA380VDC Distributionor48VDC DistributionAlternate AC Power
SourceBRectifier Cabinet(s)N+M ModulesRectifier modules maybe
dedicated to either A or B source, or switchable between the
twoCopyright 2012, The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the
Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Summary
Driven by AC user inquiries, suggested DC Class F0 F4 Availability
Levelpower distribution topologies have been qualitatively reviewed
in terms of accepted AC topologies. Practical DC equivalents are
available, as well as other alternatives All DC solutions require
rectifiers in the primary and alternate power paths Distribution
static transfer switch functions are simpler to implement in DC
Existing AC-based standards may not be the best method to present
and compare DC solutions.The DC power industry is encouraged to
propose alternatives. Because of the many variations possible in
both AC and DC topologies,quantitative presentations of key
performance parameters such as availability, reliability,
efficiency and costs, are beyond the scope of this introduction.
The Green Grid, as it is focused on improving the performance of
data centers in these key areas, encourages further quantitative
analysis for the benefit of its industry members.Copyright 2012,
The Green GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to
Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012AC DC Availability
Level Comparisons Questions? Be sure to attend the AC DC Roundtable
discussion by industry leaders following this presentation.
BICSI-002 material used with permissionCopyright 2012, The Green
GridCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012ContributorsThanks to the
following for their support: The Green Grid Power Sub-Working Group
Participants Pam Lembke- IBM Jim Spitaels - Schneider Electric Lynn
Simmons - Dell Dusty Becker - Emerson Brad Thrash - GEGeorge
Navarro Eaton Shaun Harris - Microsoft Keith Klesner - TUI John
Collins Eaton Steve McCluer Schneider Electric BJ Sonnenberg -
EmersonCelebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource
Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Celebrating 5 Years of Leading
the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Thank
you for attending The Green Grid Forum 2012Join The Green Grid
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