System & Hardware

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Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)

1/ Computer (uGefysLwm) 1

2/ History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;) 1

3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;) 2

4/ Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 3

5/ Program (y½dk*&rf) 3

6/ Generations of Programming Languages

(uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;) 3

7/ Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk) 3

8/ Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk) 5

Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)

9/ Components of a Computer

(uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;) 6

10/ System Unit 6

11/ Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk) 7

12/ Mother Board / Main Board 8

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13/ Bus, Slot and I/O Card 8

14/ Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) 9

15/ Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;) 10

16/ Memory (rSwfÓPf) 12

17/ Monitor (armfeDwm) 13

18/ Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card

wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf

Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m; 13

19/ Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifh ñTefMum;csuf

xnfhoGif;onfhypönf;) 14

20/ Mouse 14

21/ Printer 15

22/ Impact Printer 15

23/ Daisy Wheel Printer 15

24/ Dot Matrix Printer 15

25/ Non-Impact Printer 16

26/ Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 16

27/ Rear Panel of AT System Unit 17

28/ Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 18

29/ Rear Panel of ATX System Unit 18

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30/ Starting the Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;) 19

31/ Shut Down the Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 20

32/ Start-Up Procedure for PC

(uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh) 22

33/ Power On Self Test (POST)

(rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;) 24

34/ Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 25

35/ Low Level Interface

(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 26

36/ Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)

(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;) 27

37/ Protecting Electrical Power Problem

(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 34

38/ Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System

wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif; 35

39/ Notice of the Computer Users

(uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;) 36

40/ Fault finding for PC

(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;) 37

*


PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading

41/ Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors 38

42/ Desktop Board Components 39

43/ Intel's Microprocessor 40

44/ Intel Processor Specifications 41

45/ Intel Compatible Processors 42

46/ Chipset 43

47/ Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets

(North Bridge) 44

48/ Intel South Bridge Chips 45

49/ Mother Board Upgrading 45

50/ Processor Sockets / Slots 45

51/ Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications 46

52/ Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm

pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;wGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 47

53/ Two Buses are Better than One (BUS vrf;aMumif;ESpfckokH;

Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfckokH;

Motherboard rsm;xufykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;) 48

54/ Conventional Graphics Architecture 49

55/ How Accelerated Graphics Port Works 50

56/ PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf 50

57/ Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; 51

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58/ Hard Disk Storage 52

59/ Hard Disk Features 56

60/ Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh

xdef;odrf;rIrsm; 56

61/ Floppy Disk Drives 57

62/ Floppy Disk 58

63/ Diskette on its Capacity 59

64/ Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;

&rnfhtcsufrsm;/ 59

65/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 60

66/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk 61

67/ MultiBeam Technology 62

68/ CD-ROM Drive Specification 63

69/ CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; 63

70/ CD-ROM Format 64

71/ CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfh

tcsufrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;rIrsm; 64

72/ High Capacity Removable Storage 65

73/ LS-120 Specifications 65

74/ Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) 66

75/ Jaz Specifications 66

i


76/ DAT and 8mm Tape specifications 67

77/ SparQ Specifications 67

78/ Removeable Drive Specifications 68

79/ DVD Formats and Standards 69

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Introduction to Computer Science uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef1

Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf)

Computer (uGefysLwm)

1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; odkYr[kwf tajz tjzpfodkU wGufcsuf

vkyfaqmiffay;aompuf jzpfygonf/ uGefysLwmonf ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd wdwdusus? vsifvsifjrefjref

ESifh rSefrSefuefuef vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepf ESifh pufrIqdkif&mpufypönf;[kvnf;

t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/

History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;)

2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-

pOf ckESpf Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef;

1/ 1200 - Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom

ayoD;wGufcsufrI

2/ 1800 - Automatic MechanicalCalculator

3/ 1896 - Punch Card Machine4/ 1950 1st Gen: Vaccum tube 1000 cal/sec5/ 1960 2nd Gen: Transistors 10×1st Gen6/ 1965 3rd Gen: Integreated Circuit(IC) 100×2nd Gen7/ 1970 4th Gen: Microprocessor 50×3rd Gen8/ 1980 5th Gen: Artificial Intelligence(AI) Million Inst/sec

Data →→→→→ Processing →→→→→ Information

GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)

Computer

Hardware Software

System Software Application Software( Customize / Packages )- Operating System

- Utility Programs- Language Translators

- Word Processing- Spread Sheet- Database- Graphic , etc.

- Input Hardware

- Output Hardware

- Processing & Memory Hardware- Secondary storage Hardware

- Communications Devices

- etc.


Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;)

3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh

csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;

tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-

(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvGef jrif hrm;aom

pGrf;aqmifEkdifrI&SdNyD; a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefzkd;&Sdygonf/ Super Computerrsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe

jyKvkyfjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGefysLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg

oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf-

(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum;

(2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP

(3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm

(4) tjrifhrm;qkH;wefzkd;

( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu

onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf

rjrifhrm;aomfvnf; BuD;rm;aompGrf;aqmifEkdifrI ESifh odkavSmifEdkifrI &Sdygonf/ Main-frame rsm;tm; tzJGUtpnf;BuD;rsm;wGif Data rsm;tm; A[kdwGufcsufrI

jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vkdif;rsm;? tmrcH vkyfief;

rsm;? pmykdYvkyfief;rsm;? wuúokdvfrsm;? taumuftcGefrsm;ponfwdkYwGif tokH;jyKonf/

( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csdwfqufEdkifaomTerminalta&twGuf ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifrSKenf;onf/ uGefysLwmjzifh wGufcsufvkyfaqmifjcif;

vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/

(C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí

tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD; pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro

Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfckokdY csdwfqufíTerminal tjzpf tokH;jyKjcif;

jzifh Personal Computer ESifh Workstation tjzpf(2)rsdK; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ MicroComputer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif

us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg

onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,fyrmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwkdif;

cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-

(1) Desktops(2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)


(3) Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds)(4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less)(5) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data

rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;edkifonf/

Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;)

4/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf-

(u) Hardware / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fí&aom ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;ukd ac:qkd

ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd

ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom y½dk*&rf)?

Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/

( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk

ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS

Program (y½dk*&rf)5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/

¤if;ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programminglanguage generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonf-

Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

pOff Generation Language1/ 1st Generation Machine language2/ 2nd Generation Assembly language3/ 3rd Generation High-level language4/ 4th Generation Very high-level language5/ 5th Generation Natural language

Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk)

6 AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf

Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol


rsm;ESifhoufqkdif&mbmom&yf uRrf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,l&ygonf/ AI onf

odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf

xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-

(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqkdif&m uRrf;usifol Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:?

tawGUtBuHK? A[kokwrsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sifrsm;\tultnDjzifh Programrsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf

xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/

Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usifwGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;cs

Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/

( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\

wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computertm; ckdif;apjcif;? Computer ESifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif½Gufjcif;ukd pGrf;aqmif

Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck

tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-

(1) Natural Language Understanding(2) Natural Language Generation

( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay;

vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/

(C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kHcHrI enf;ynmESifh puf½kyfenf;ynmrsm;ukd

aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf-

(1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m

ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf

xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm;

Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK;

vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/

(2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd

tm½kHcHjcif;? toHukd tm½kHcHjcif; ponfhpepfrsm;tjzpf trsdK;rsdK;&SdEkdifygonf/

Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kHcHí

olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd

atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf AutomaticMachine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/


( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS

&&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m

owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom A[kokwtajccH

onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif

jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;?

Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/

( p) Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm

wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm

jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f

aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;

(Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowl-edge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk)

7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wkd;wufxGef;um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wkd;wuf

xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semi-conductor Technology wkd;wufxGef;um;vmonfhtwGufaMumif h tvGefjrefqefjcif;?

pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hard-ware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGifokdY ykdYaqmif ay;aeygonf/

*syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf

xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \

&nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-

(u) jrifhrm;aom todÓPf&Sdap&ef/

( c ) vlrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/

( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/

(C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/

( i ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/

( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½Guf&ef/

(q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/

( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/

PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef6

Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)

Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)

1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;

jzpfygonf-

(u) System Unit

( c) Monitor

( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse

(C) Printer ponfhypönf;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/

System Unit

2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypönf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-

(u) PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ]

( c) FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)

( *) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/UDMA66/SCSI ]

(C) CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ]

( i) Mother Board [ AT/ATX]

( p) Interface Card / Controller Card

(q) Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]

( Z) VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP]

(ps) Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]

(n) Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM]

( #) Cache Memory

( X) CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip]

( !) ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX]

( ¡) Backup Battery

(P) Others


Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)

uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef

yHk (1)

Tower System Dot-matrix printerScanner

��

Keyboard

Mouse

Dot- Matrix Printer

Monitor

System Unit

Speaker Speaker

Scanner

Pocket organizerPDAPen computer

Modem

Desktop box

Tower box

Plotter

Laptop computer

Laser printer

PersonalComputertrsKd;tpm;rsm;

PDA PenComputer

Laptop

Computer

TowerCasing

Laser Printer

Desktop Casing

Modem

Plotter

(P(P(P(P(Pererererersonal Digsonal Digsonal Digsonal Digsonal Digitalitalitalitalital Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)

(Handheld computer)

Computer CasingtrsKd;tpm;rsm;

ComputerAccessories

uGefysLwmqufpyfypönf;rsm;


Mother Board / Main Board3/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif ta&;BuD;qHk; tpdwftydkif;rSm Main Board (odkYr[kwf)

Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD;

ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0ifygonf/ Mother Board wpfcka½G;cs,f&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;

&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -

(u) Processor trsKd;tpm;

( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm;

( *) Mother Board Speed(C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI

( i) Main Memory yrmP( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm;

(q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX)( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial,

Parallel, Interface ..... )(ps) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI

(n) Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI

( #) Mother Board Chip Set( X) Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Bus, Slot and I/O Card4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ MotherBoard twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK;

tpkta0; rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,fí tvkyfvkyfygonf/ Mother Board \ Bus DesignEIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg BustrsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf-

(u) Processor Bus( c) Address Bus( *) Memory Bus(C) I/O Bus


5/ tjcm; Device rsm;ESifh CPU tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufEdkif&ef I/O Bus (odkYr[kwf)

Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;üatmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf-

(u) Sound Card( c) Video Card( *) Network Interface Card (NIC)(C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc

ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;)

6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/OBus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf

jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -

(u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif;

( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif;

( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/

7/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/OBuses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/

(u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture)( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture)

Chipset

CPUExternalCache

Memory

I/O

Bus

Pro

cess

or B

us

RAMChipset

CPUL2

Cache

Memory

I/O

Bus

Pro

cess

or B

us

RAMAGP

Classic MotherBoard Design

Pentium Pro/ PII/PIII Design

(Dual Independend Bus)

Front Side Bus

Back Side Bus

yHk (2)

800-

1064

MB

PS

Half (or) Full of CPU Speed

528MBPS

480-

528M

BP

S

60/66MHz

PC 66Memory

PC 100/133Memory


( *) EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)(C) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus)( i) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect)( p) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card

International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)

8/ Personal Computer wGifyg&Sdaom omref Mother Board wpfckwGif CPU, Chipset,Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,faqmif½GufaeyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;)

9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPUjzpfygonf/ CPU qdkonfrSm A[dkxdef;csKyfonfh ,lepfwpfckjzpfNyD; Computer wpfvHk;\ OD;aESmuf

[kvnf; ac:qkdEdkifygonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfvHk;\ 'ór*Pef;qdkif&m wGufcsufrIrSty

tjcm;wGufcsufrIESifh Processing qdkif&mrsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;Edkifygonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGufcsuf

Edkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGif xnfhoGif;í

wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk

IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/

yHk (3)

BusController

Chips

CPU

ExternalCache

RAM

MemoryBus

(High Speed)

ProcessorBus

(High Speed)

I/O Bus(Slow Speed)

I/O Bus(Slow Speed)

Built-InI/O

SlottedI/O


10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;udk

Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t&

Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEIef;onf Mother Board \tjrefEIef;ESifh rwlnDEdkifyg/ Processor\tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board\tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSBSpeed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay;

a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf

tq rnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf-

Intel Processor Specifications Processor CPU Std. Internal Data-Bus Address- Max- Multimedia

Clock Voltage Register Width Bus Memory InstructionsSize Width

8088 1x 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 1M8086 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 1M286 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386SX 1x 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386SL 1x 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G487SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SL** 1x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX4 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GPentium OD 2-5x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GPentium 60/66 1x 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4GPentium 75+ 1.5-3x 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4GPentiumMMX1.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G MMXPentium Pro 2-3x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64GPentium II 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMXCeleron 3.5-7x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMXPentium !!! 4.5-8x 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G SSE(MMX,3D)

Z,m; (1)

MMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=Streaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Data) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensions


Memory (rSwfÓPf)

13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPUrSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;?

tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/

14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory CardtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí

cGJjcm;edkifygonf/

15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh

wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf

Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif MemoryCard rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm; wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAMponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/

Z,m; (2)

CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Motherboard SpeedPentium 60 1x 60MHzPentium 66 1x 66MHzPentium 75 1.5x 50MHzPentium 90 1.5x 60MHzPentium 100 1.5x 66MHzPentium 120 2x 60MHzPentium 133 2x 66MHzPentium 150 2.5x 60MHzPentium 166/P6 2.5x 66MHzPentium 180/P6 3x 60MHzPentium 200/P6 3x 66MHzPentium 233/PII 3.5x 66MHzPentium II 300 4.5x 66MHzPentium II 350 3.5x 100MHzPentium II 450 4.5x 100MHzPentium !!! 500 5x 100MHzPentium !!! 533 4x 133MHzPentium !!! 667 5x 133MHzPentium !!! 733 5.5x 133MHzPentium !!! 800 8x 100MHz


Monitor (armfeDwm)

16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( LiquidCrystal Display ) udkoHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm

atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-

(u) Monochrome( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor )( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor )(C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array )( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array )( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array )

17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yHk&dyf\tvif;tarSmifESifh rsufESmjyifudk tay:

atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;?aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/

18/ Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom

Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;

yHk (4)

9 PinMono, CGA, EGA

Connector

15 PinVGA, SVGA, XVGA

Connector

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

Resolution 16 Colors 256 Colors 64K Colors 16.7M Colors

640 x 480(VGA) 0.15MB 0.29MB 0.59MB 0.88MB

800 x 600(SVGA) 0.23MB 0.46MB 0.92MB 1.37MB

1024 x 768(XGA) 0.38MB 0.75MB 1.5MB 2.25MB

1280 x 1024(SXGA) 0.63MB 1.25MB 2.5MB 3.75MB

1600 x 1200 0.92MB 1.83MB 3.66MB 5.94MB

VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths

Z,m;(5)


½Sif;vif;csu f/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESifh 16 Million Color az:jyEdkifaom Frame wpfckudk

Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MBvdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/

Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;)

19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/

AT Keyboard Connector ( 5-Pin -Female )

101 KeyboardyHk (5)

PS2 Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female )

Mouse20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/

toHk;rsm;qHk; trsKd;tpm;rSm Serial Mouse jzpfonf/

Serial Mouse Connector 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

PS2 Mouse Connector

Mouse & Mouse PadyHk (6)


Printer21/ Printer qdkonfrSm Data rsm;? ½kyfyHkrsm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Gufay:odkY

xkwf,laompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; ESpfrsKd; cJGjcm;Edkifygonf-

(u) Impact Printer( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/

Impact Printer22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif -

(u) Daisywheel Printer( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/

23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom PrintertrsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/

Daisy Wheel Printer24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf;

ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf

aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;yg½Sdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pm½Guf\tus,f

wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk ½dkufESdyfonf/

Dot Matrix Printer25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom

pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pinta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/

Dot Matrix Printer

yHk (7)

24 PinPrinter Head

9 PinPrinter Head


Non-Impact Printer26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif -

(u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl)

( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf)

( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [lí awGU½SdEdkifygonff/

Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)

27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg

twdkif; jzpfygonf -

(u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGif½Sdaom

AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/

( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;

(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power InletPort udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)

(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf

wyfqifyg/

( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGAInterface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/

(C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm;

wyfqifyg/

( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/

Laser Jet Printer

yHk (8)


( p) System Unit wGif½Sd Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/

(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/

( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connectortm; wyfqifyg/

( ps) UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ ACSource rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf

wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/

(n) Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC SourceESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/

( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/

yHk (9)MIC

I N

OUT

........ .......

VGA INTERFACE (C)

SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)

AC OUTLET (B)( TO MONITOR)

AC INLET (A)

MIC wyfqif&ef

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY

O/P xkwf&ef ae&m

tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS

O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef

Speaker wyfqif&efSPK

...............

KEYBOARD INPUT (D)

..... ................. ............

............. ............

VGA Port

GAME

PARALLEL

SERIAL 2

SERIAL 1 PARALLEL & SERIALINTERFACESERIAL PORT (E)

PARALLEL PORT (F)○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○

VGA INTERFACE (C)

DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)

○ ○ ○ ○ ○

DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F)

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Rear Panel of AT System Unit


Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)

28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-

(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS SystemUnit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif

Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/

( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;

(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power InletPort udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)

(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf

wyfqifyg/

o o

Rear Panel of ATX System Unit

yHk (10)

.........................

.........

.....

PS

/2 Mouse

(E)

PS

/2K

eyboard (F)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

o o

o o

LPT

PO

RT

(G)

CO

M B

CO

M A

....

MIC

I N

OUT

SPK

...............

........ .......

VGA INTERFACE (C)

SOUND CARDINTERFACE (D)

AC OUTLET (B)

AC INLET (A)

US

BP

OR

T

MIC wyfqif&ef

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY

O/P xkwf&efae&m

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS

O/P udk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef

Speaker wyfqif&ef

Game Port

PC Hardware & System Maintenance 19 uuuGef

( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aomVGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &S d Interface wGifcsdwfqufwyfqifyg/

(C)S System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard

Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqiftoHk;jyKvdkygu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cHítoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/

( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse

Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf) tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqiftoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/

( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGifPrinter Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/

(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufwyfqifyg/

( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker

Connector tm;wyfqifyg/( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC

Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkufcsdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/

(n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGifSurge Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/

( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sdr½Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/

Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)

29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif; zGifhEdkifygonf/

(u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/

( c) System Unit a½SU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/


( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/

(C) acwåtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemufComputer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x,

desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)

Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)

30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf-

(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application

Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyfyg/

( c) Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start

Button udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc

Key udkwG JíES dyfyg/ (odk Yr[kwf) Windows Keyboard rsm;wGifWindows Key udkEdSyfyg/

( *) Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11)

(C) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyfyg/

( i) Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13)

( p) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off

jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/

(q) Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/

( Z) AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/


yHk(11)

yHk(12)


Startup Procedure for PC(uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)

31/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;ukd rD;zGifhvkdufonfESifh atmufygtqifhrsm;twkdif; aqmif&GufNyD;Ready tqifhokdY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf-

(u) Power Supply Unit

( c) Motherboard/Mainboard

( *) Crystal (X'tal)

(C) Clock Generator

( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse

( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)

yHk(13)


(u) Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf

rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNyD; DC Voltage (4) rsKd;(+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4)

rsKd;udk ±5% Error twGif; tNrJ&Sdaeatmif Maintainvkyfay;aejcif;jzifh Regu-

lated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwfay; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode

Power Supply trsKd;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdkonfrSm 5V Output

twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V

Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qHk; &Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; 12.6V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/

( c) Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated

Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V

ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh

5.25V twGif;&SdrSomvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odkYjyefydkYay;onf/

PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSUtvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck

Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysufwdkif; Mother Board udk rxdcdkufap&efESifh

Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

( *) Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;

ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh

AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818MHz)xkwfay;onf/ 4if;vdIif;udk Digital Clock toGifajymif;,l&ef vdktyfonf/

(C) Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk ClockGenerator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/

( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m

Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory,Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponfhtpdwftydkif; toD;oD;odkY ay;ydkYonf/

( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if;

twGif;wGif Program udk puf½HkrSxkwfvkyfpOfuwnf;u owfrSwfay;vdkufygonf/

ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-

PC Hardware & System Maintenance uuuGefuuuGefuuuGefuuuGef24

(1) Power On Self Test (uGefysLwmrD;zGifhcsdefrSpí pwifppfaq;rIjyKvkyfjcif;)

(2) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;)

(3) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef qufoG,frI

udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)

Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)

32/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif

xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/

33/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports,Parallel Ports rSwfÓPf (Memory) wdkYudk ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyfí&&Sdaom Hardwaretajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS BootStrap odkY a&muf&Sdygonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gif;rI&Sdygu Monitor ay:wGifeHygwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? ErrorMessage ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/

Start -Up Procedure For PC(PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)

1234567123456712345671234567

CMOS

Analog

ROM-BIOS

PSU

RegulatedDC Output

(± 5% Error)

Crystal(Oscillator)

DigitalClock

SwitchedModePowerSupply

PG

+ 5

- 5

+12

-12

InternalBattery3V

AC

(i) POST (Power On Self Test)

(ii) Boot Strap

(iii) Low Level Interface

C

lock

Gen

erat

or

ReadOnlyMemoryBasicInputOutputSystem

→→→→→

→

MOTHER BOARD

→→→

OtherDevices

yHk(14)

230V/110V


Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;)

34/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk

toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/

35/ Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-

(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/

ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm

pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR)odkYr[kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sdaeaom

Master Boot Record (MBR)rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k

uGefysLwm\rSwfÓPf (Memory) ay:odkY wifydkYay;NyD; 4if;wGifyg&Sdonfh Instruc-tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/

( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&dS SystemFile (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS(4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odkY quf

vufwifay;onf/

36/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD;

vkyfaqmifay;aom IO.SYS File udkyxrOD;pGm Memory ay:odkY wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh

IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/

(ii) Boot Strap

6

5

Program Loader

I/O.SYS

MSDOS.SYS

CONFIG.SYS

COMMAND.COM

AUTOEXEC.BAT

WIN.COM

Boot Strap Program Code

Boot Strap Program

2

1

3

4

yHk(15)7

Seg 1

Seg 2

Seg F ROM-BIOS

MainMemory


37/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:odkYa&muf&SdNyDjzpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udkajz&Sif;

aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/

38/ IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNyD; Memory ay:odkY wifay;

onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm

pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif HardwareDevice topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif xnfhoGif;

ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwfonfh Device rsm; wyfqif

xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/

39/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdkifudk qufvuf&SmazGNyD; Memoryay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh

Directory wGif &SdaMumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdkifonf/ COMMAND.COM zdkifonf

DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif

bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&SdvQif "Missing Command Interpreter"[k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/

40/ qufvufíaemufqHk;tqifhwGif COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT

File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk

aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfpkpnf;íxnfhoGif;xm;onfhzdkif jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk

COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x

pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh

jzpfapygonf/

Low Level Interface(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;)

41/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsif;csif;udk tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufrIudk

OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard DiskrS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/


Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)

42/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-

(u) Start→All Programs → Accessories → System Tools → Disk

Defragmentor udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)

( c) Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfyg/(1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/(2) rdrd Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C:

ponfjzifha½G;í Right Click vkyfyg/(3) Shortcut Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/

yHk(16)


(4) Shortcut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyfyg/(5) Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18)(6) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools udka½G;yg/(7) Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyfyg/

( *) Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (19)(1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udkxyfNyD; a½G;cs,f

Edkifygonf/(2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragments Button udk Click vkyfyg/

yHk(17)


yHk(18)

yHk(19)


(C) rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk

Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)

( i) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif;

vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyfyg/

( p) teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk

vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaeaom zdkifrsm;udk

vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUír&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;?

tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space

wdkYudk&nfñTef;ygonf/

(q) Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh

Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21)

yHk(20)


( Z) NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdkygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report

udkMunfh½Ivdkygu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif atmufygDefragmentation Report Window yHk(22 ) ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/

yHk(21)

yHk(22)


(ps) Defragmentation Report ygtcsuftvufrsm;tm; odrf;qnf;vdkyguSave As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy

xkwfvdkygu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;?xGufvdkygu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyfaqmifcsuf atmifjrifpGmNyD;qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/

43/ DOS Mode rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-

(u) Start→Command Prompt udk yHk(23 )ygtwdkif;a&G;cs,f Click vkyfyg/( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(24 )

( *) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Defragmentation vkyfvdkaom Drive

ESif houfqdkifaom Command udk½d kufí Enter Key udkES dyfyguDefragmenting vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/(Oyrm- C:\>DEFRAG F:)

yHk(23)


44/ DOS Mode rS Check Disk jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-

(u) Start→Command Prompt udk yHk(23 )ygtwdkif;a&G;cs,f Click vkyfyg/( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(25)( *) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Check Disk vkyfvdkaom Drive

ESifhoufqdkifaom Command udk½dkufí Enter Key udkESdyfygu Check

Disk vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>CHKDSK C:)

yHk(24)

yHk(25)


45/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;^ysufpD;rsm;

½SdEdkifygonf-

(u) User Error (toHk;jyKolrsm;rS pufudk pepfwus zGifh ydwf rjyKvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKpOf

ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;)

( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;)

( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zkefrIef Yrsm;? Temperature -tylcs def?

Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyfppfoHvdkuf

qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif;

aESmuf,SufrIrsm;)

(C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm-(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;)(2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI)

(3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhhwufoGm;jcif;)

(4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;)

(5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;)

(6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;)

(7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )

Protecting Electrical Power Problem(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;)

46/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdkYrSumuG,f&ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESifhSurge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHkk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/

Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible

Power Supply) udkwqifhcHí toHk;jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem

rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem

rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/

csdwfqufyHkudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk(26)


rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternalAVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufítoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm

pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor)twGuff yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/

47/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd

Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf-

yHk(26)

Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;

5v Power 20.0 Amps

Less Motherboard (5.0 amps)4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps)3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps)3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps)CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)

=Remaining power 4.0 amps

12v Power 8.0 Amps

Less 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp)3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp)3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp)Cooling fan (0.1 amp)CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)

=Ramaining power 4.2 amps

14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA)15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)

600VA


Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)

48/ uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm; owdjyKvdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-

(u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/

( c) uGefysLwmwpfvHk;tm; rzGifhrD Cable rsm;csdwfqufxm;rI rSefrrSefppfaq;yg/ (110

V / 230VwdkYudk*&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/

( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/

(C) uGefysLwm ON/OFF jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;udk Procedure twdkif;pepfwus vkyfaqmifyg/

( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif

puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS r&dS wdkYudk

ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/

( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef

Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/

(q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or NortonDisk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu

tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/

( Z) uGefysLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,frSuif;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufqHk;ay: Anti VirusProgram tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifhrSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/

( ps) jyifyrS,laqmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq;

NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/

(n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm;

vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif;

rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/

( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu oufqdkif&modkY csufcsif;owif;ydkYwifjy&rnf/

( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½IavhvmNyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/

( !) System ydkif;qdkif&mESifh Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrIrsm;

udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJ jcif; rjyKvkyf&/

( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh

ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol

taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/


Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;)

49/ uGefysLwm\ vkyfaqmifrItqifhrsm;udk atmufygvG,ful&Sif;vif;aomyHkjzifh rnfonfhtydkif;

wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf-

(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory,Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk,Monitor wdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/

( c) POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif Key-board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;)

( *) Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/

(C) Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/

( i) tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKdUudk atmufygtwdkif; jypfcsuf&SmazGEdkifygonf-

pOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;

1/ Power rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)

Power Switch (odkY) PSU2/ Monitor rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)

Power Switch (odkY) Monitor3/ POST rvkyf PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif;

(odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyf

4/ Monitor wGifray: Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY)

VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY)

Mother Board/ CPU raumif;

5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm;

rwlnD

6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)HardDisk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif;

(odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf;

7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf

Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD;

8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virusinterpreter zsufqD;

HardwareFirmware(ROMBIOS)

O/S

Application

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 38

PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading

Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors50/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connectorrsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(27)ESifhyHk(28)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGY½SdEkdifygonf-

A PS2/ mouse E Serial Port A I Audio Line Out (optional)

B PS2/ keyboard F Parallel Port J Audio Line in (optional)

C USB Port 1 G Serial Port B K Audio Mic in (optional)

D USB Port 2 H MIDI/Game Port (optional)

A CF H

B D E G J KI

Floppy Disk ConnectorATX Power Supply

ConnectorHard DiskConnector

DIMMMemoryBank

NorthBridge

SouthBridge

AG

P Sl

ot

BackupBattery

ISA

Slo

ts

Slot 1(CPU)

....................

ISA

Slo

ts

PCI

Slot

s

PCI

Slot

s

PCI

Slot

s

PCI

Slot

s

}

}

yHk (27)

Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard

Socket Type Intel DX15EEA MotherboardyHk (28)

A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional)B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2)D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connectorF. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3)H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socketJ. DIMM sockets K. Power connectorL. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connectorN. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connectorP. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connectorR. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternateT. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1)V. Battery W. SCSI LED connectorX. Speaker Y. PCI expansion

The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors:Processor Socket Processor System Bus L2 CacheType Type Designation (MHz) Freq. (MHz) Size (KB)

Intel FC-PGA 866, 800EB, 733, 667, 133 256

Pentium 600EB, and 533EB

Processors FC-PGA 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 100 256

600E, 550E, and 500E

Intel FC-PGA 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 66 128

Celeron 533A, and 500A

Processors

Celeron PPGA 533 and 500 66 128

ProcessorsFor the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at:

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PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading39


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41 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

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Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge)Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BXCodename Natoma none none noneDate Introduced May 1996 Aug 1997 Apr 1998 Apr 1999Port Number 82441 FX 82443 LX 82443 EX 82443 BX

82442 FXBus Speed 66 MHz 66 MHz 66 MHz 66/100 MHzOptimum Processor Pentium II Pentium II Celeron Pentium II/III, CeleronSMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes No YesMemory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO FPM/EDO/SDRAM EDO/SDRAM SDRAMParity/ECC Both Both Neither BothMaximum Memory 1 GB 1 GB EDO/ 256 MB 1 GB

512 MB SDRAMMemory Banks 4 4 2 4PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1AGP Support No AGP-2x AGP-2x AGP-2xSouth Bridge 82371AB(PIIX4) 82371EB(PIIX4E) 82371EB(PIIX3) 82371SB(PIIX4E)

Chipset 440GX 450NX 440ZX 810Codename none none none WhitneyDate Introduced Jun 1998 Jun 1998 Nov 1998 Apr 1999Port Number 82443 GX 82451 NX 82443 ZX 82810/ 82810-DC100

82452 NX 82802 AB/AC82453 NX82454 NX

Bus Speed 100 MHz 100 MHz 66/100 MHz* 66/100 MHzOptimum Processor Pentium II/III, Pentium II/III Celeron, Celeron,

Xeon Xeon Pentium II/III Pentium II/IIISMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes, up to 4 No NoMemory Types SDRAM FPM/EDO SDRAM SDRAMParity/ECC Both Both Neither NeitherMaximum Memory 2 GB 8 GB 256 MB 256 MBMemory Banks 4 4 2 2PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2AGP Support AGP-2x No AGP-2x Direct AGPSouth Bridge 82371EB 82371EB 82371EB 2801AA/AB

(PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (ICH/ICH0)

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Intel South Bridge Chips

Chip Name SIO PIIX PIIX3 PIIX4 PIIX4E ICHO ICH

Port Number 82378IB/ZB 82371FB 82371SB 82371AB 82371EB 82801AB 82801AAIDE Support None BMIDE BMIDE UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-66USB Support None None Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCMOS/Clock No No No Yes Yes Yes YesPower SMM SMM SMM SMM SMM/ SMM/ SMM/Management ACPI ACPI ACPI

SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDEPIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDEICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management ModeUSB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power InterfaceIDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment)

Z,m; (5)


Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and SpecificationsSocket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported ProcessorsNumberSocket 1 169 17x17 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 OverdriveSocket 2 238 19x19 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive,

486 Pentium OverdriveSocket 3 237 19x19 PGA 5v/3.3v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4,

486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86Socket 4 273 21x21 PGA 5v Pentium 60/66, OverdriveSocket 5 320 37x37 SPGA 3.3v/3.5v Pentium 75-133, OverdriveSocket 6** 235 19x19 PGA 3.3v 486 DX4, 486 Pentium OverdriveSocket 7 321 37x37 SPGA VRM Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive,

AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/IISocket 8 387 dual pattern SPGA Auto VRM Pentium ProPGA370 370 37x37 SPGA Auto VRM CeleronSlot 1 242 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, CeleronSlot 2 330 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, Xeon

PGA = Pin Grid Array SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module

Z,m; (6)

Z,m; (7)

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GraphicsController

(old)

L2 cache (old)

PCI Bus

Backsidebus

CPUI/O BUS

AcceleratedGraphic Port

PCIDevice

PCIdevice

PCI Graphic Con-troller tpm; Acce-lerated Graphic Portukd tok H; jyK jcif; jzif h

Graphic Speed ukd

jrefqefapjcif;

CPU \System I/O Busspeed tm; 66 MHz rS

100 ~133~200 MHz xd

CPUESifh L2 Cahce(BackSide Bus)qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;

oD;jcm;xm;½Sdjcif;/

Main Memory Speedukdjrefqefap&eftwGuf

SDRAM, RDRAMwkdYjzifhtpm;xkd;jyKvkyfapjcif;

PCI BUS Width ukd 32-bit 64-bit okdY¤if;?

Speed ukd 33 MHz rS 66 MHz xd¤if;

ESpfqwifjcif;jzifh Speed jrefqefapjcif;

1

2

35

4

Five Ways to Faster PCs(PC rsm;tm; ykdrk dvsifjrefpGmpGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;)

57/ PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf atmufaz:jyygenf;vrf;(5)rsdK;jzifh

Upgrade jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEkdifygonf-

rSwfcsuf/ P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf txufygtcsuf(5)csufESifh

ukdufnDatmif Design jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh ¤if;Motherboard rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;

jzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/

yHk (29)


Intel’s Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1 Socket 7

Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses, improv-ing cache access bandwidth over Socket 7.

CPU I/O bus

(64 bits wide)

Privatebackside bus(64 bits wide)

CPU I/O bus

(64 bits wide)

PCI bus PCI bus

PCI device PCI device PCI devicePCI device PCI device PCI device

Two Buses are Better than One(BUS vrf;aMumif;E Sp fc kok H ; Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfc kok H ;

Motherboard rsm;xufykdrk dpGrf;aqmifEk difjcif;)

58/ P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf ,cif Motherboard Design rsm;xuf

ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; atmufaz:jyygykHrsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf-

59/ Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (Dual-Independence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main Memoryukd wpfNydKifwnf; Access vkyfEkdifonf/ okdYjzpfí ,cif Pentium ESifh Pentium xufedrfhaom

Motherboard rsm;xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/

yHk (30)


Conventional Graphics Architecture60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk

toHk;jyKí PCI Slot wGif wyfqifvkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rateom tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif atmufygyHktwdkif; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/

61/ PCI Graphic Card tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh Graphic qkdif&mtjrefEIef;(Data ykdYvTwfonfhEIef;)

aES;onfh jyóemukd jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;jyóemukd ajz½Sif;&ef AGP Card, AGP SlottokH;jyKoifhygonf/ Pentium ESifh¤if;xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGPukd raqmif&Guf Ek difojzifh AGP Chipset ygaom Motherboard rsm;jzif h UpgradejyKvkyfaqmif&Guf &efvkdtyfrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdU AGP Set rsm;onf AGP 2x jzifhomtvkyfvkyfEkdif

jyD;aemufqkH;ay: Motherboard Design rsm;onf AGP 4x jzifhtvkyfvkyfEkdifMuonf/ AGP\ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif ½Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/

Graphic Control-ler \Memory wGif

Frame Buffer wnf

aqmufjyD; ¤if; twGif;ü

Main Memory wGif

½ S d Ny D ; jzpfaom 3-DTexture rsm;ukd xyfrH

í odrf;qnf;xm;&o

jzifhMemory okH;pGJrI

rsm;onf/

PCI rS Data yk d Yv Twf

EIef;onf One CyclewGi fwpf Budr fomy k d Yv Twf

Ek dif jcif;aMumif h yk d YvTwfrI

tjrefEIef;enf;aponf/

Graphic ControllerrSvmaom PCI MemoryRequest rsm;udk ChipsetrS vufcHrxm;Ekdifyg/

3-D Program rsm;

onfh 3-D Texturersm;udkFrame Bufferwnfaqmufí MainMemory twGif;ü

okdavSmifonf/

PCI Graphic Card onftjcm; PCIDevice rsm;ESifh PCI Bus ukd rQa0okH;pGJ

&onf htwGufa Mumi f h BandwidthuefYowfcsufukdjzpfaponf/

yHk (31)


How Accelerated Graphics Port Works62/ AGP \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk atmufygyHkjzifh awGUjrifedkifygonf-

63/ okdYjzpfí Main Memory ESifhqufoG,f&mü AGP onf PCI Bus xuf 4qykdrkdjrefqef

aMumif; az:jyygZ,m;twkdif;awGY½Sd&ojzifh Graphic qkdif&m? Animation qkdif&m? Video qkdif&m?

Presentation rsm;ESifh Editing vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;wGif AGP 2x, 4x Graphic Card wkdYukd

okH;pGJoifhygonf/

PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf

(AGP 2x onf PCI xuf av;qjrefjyD;? AGP 4x onf PCI xuf ½Spfqjrefonf)

PCI AGP 2xBits per transfer 32 32Transfer per clock cycle One TwoClock cycles per second 33.3Million 66.6 MillionBand Width 133 MByte/Sec 533 MByte/Sec

GraphicsController

(old)

PCI Bus

PCIDevice

PCIDevice

PCIDevice

CPUI/O Bus

AGP

AGP \ Data ykdYvTwf EIef;onf OneCycle wGif ESpfBudrfykdYvTwfEkdifjcif;aMumifh

tjrefEIef; (Band width) ukd ESpfq

jrifhwufaponf/

3-D Program rsm;

onf3-D Texturersm; udk Frame BufferwGif odrf;p&mrvkdawmhbJ

Main Memory twGif; vk dtyfoavmuf

om okdavSmifonf/

Graphic Controller rSvmaom

PCI Memory Request rsm;udk

Chipset rS vufcHodrf;qnfí

tjrefqkH;tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/

Graphic Controller \

Memory wGif Frame BufferwnfaqmufNyD; ¤if;twGif;ü MainMemory ½Sd 3-D Texturersm;ukd

xyfrHí odrf;qnf;&ef rvkdawmhbJ

3-D Dataukdom odrf;qnf; xm;

ojzifh MemoryvkdtyfrI enf;onf/

AGP onf tjcm; Bus rsm;ESifh rQa0okH;pGJ

&efrvkdbJ Chipset, Main Memorywk d YE Si f h wk duf½ k duf tvkyfvky fE k di fonf/

(Program ESifhTexture rsm;ukd MainMemory rS AGP okdYwkduf½kduf ay;ykd Y

Ekdifonf)/

yHk (32)


Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;

64/ uGefysLwm Hardware qdkif&mESifh Software qdkif&mwdkY\ wdk;wufajymif;vJrIonf tvGef

jrefqefonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toHk;jyKolwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; waeYwjcm;

wdk;wufvmonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmpepftm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&;twGuf

t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifjcif; (Upgrading) udkvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfvmygonf/ UpgradingjyKvkyfjcif;twGuf atmufygtwdkif; pOf;pm;Edkif&ef tBuHjyKygonf/

(u) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKonfh vkyfief;twGuf Software qdkif&m Upgrading jyKvkyf

aqmif½Guf&ef vdk^rvdk/

Oyrm / Windows 98 rS Windows 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/

Office 97 rS Office 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/

( c) Software qdkif&m Upgrading vkyfaqmif&mwGif Hardware qdkif&m UpgradingjyKvkyf&efudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/

( *) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Memory (FPM / EDO / SDRAM)yrmP jr§ifhwifjcif;udk yxrOD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/

(C) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Hard Disk yrmPESif h tjrefEIef;

jr§ifhwifa&;udk 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/

( i) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf CPU (odkY) CPU ESifh Mother Boardjr§ifhwifa&;udk wwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/

( p) Mother Board jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif Casing ESifh Power Supply trsKd;tpm;

tm; AT (odkY) ATX Casing & Power Supply udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf

ygonf/

(q) Graphic Performance jr§ifhwifa&;twGuf Graphic Card wGifyg&Sdaom

Memory jr§ifhwifa&; (odkY) ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom Graphic Card jzifh tpm;xdk;

aqmif½Gufa&;udk pOf;pm;&ef/

( Z) tcsKdU Simulation qdkif&m Program rsm;? Game Program rsm;? ApplicationProgram rsm;udk Install jyKvkyfí toHk;jyK&ef? Hardware qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf?

OS qdkif&mvdktyfcsufrsm;udk udkufnDatmifaqmif½Gufay;&ojzifh ,if; Programrsm;udk toHk;jyKvdkygu Hardware qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? Software qdkif&m

jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf/

Oyrm / 3D Game rsm;twGuf owfrSwfVRAM yrmP&Sdaom3DGraphic Accelerator Card vdktyfygonf/


Hard Disk Storage65/ uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGif tcsuftvufodkavSmif ypönf;wpfckjzpfonfh Hard

Disk onfta&;BuD;qHk;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/Hard Disk \pufrIydkif;qdkif&mtvkyfvkyfyHkudk em;vnfjcif;jzifh rnfodkYrnfyHkBuHhcdkifatmif xdef;odrf;oifhonf?rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;a&;aqmif ½Gufoifhonfudk od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/

66/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;wGif atmufaz:jyyg Conponents rsm;yg0ifonf-(u) Disk Platters

( c) Logic Board

( *) Read/Write Heads

(C) Cable and Connector

( i) Head Actuator Mechanism

( p) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches)

(q) Spindle Motor

67/ Hard Disk onftvHkydwfxm;aom oHbl;i,fwpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if;oHbl;i,ftwGif;wGif&Sdaom ypönf;rsm;udk atmufaz:jyygyHktwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

yHk (33)


68/ txufygyHkt& Iron Oxide jzifh Coating vkyfxm;aom puf0dkif;yHk tvlrDeD,rfjym;rsm;udk

Shaft wpfckwGiftaowyfqifxm;NyD; Spindle Motor jzifhvnfywfapygonf/ (1 rdepfvQif

tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfEdkifonf)/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Head jzifh

ñdIUízwfygonf/ rsufESmjyifwpfzufwGif Head wpfckpD wyfqifxm;NyD; 4if; Head rsm;onf

Fly Head Principle jzifh Platter \rsufESmjyifESifh 1 vufr\ tyHk 1 oef;yHkvQif 3 yHkcefY

tuGmta0; (3 µ in) rSñdIUízwfonf/

69/ ,if;odkY Head rSzwfaepOf (Hard Disk tvkyfvkyfaepOf? Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf)

User rS Proper Shut Down rjyKvkyfojzifhvnf;aumif;? rD;ysufjcif; rD;tm;avsmhusjcif; ponfh

Electrical Power Problem jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;? vnfywfrI½kwfw&uf&yfwefYjcif;aMumifh

yifhtm;&aeaom Head rSm yifhtm;r&awmhbJ Platter \rsufESmjyifESifhxdcdkufrdojzifh HeadCrack jzpfum Data rsm;aysmufqHk;Edkifonfhtjyif Hard Disk rSmvnf; ysufpD;Edkifygonf/

70/ rD;tm;jyóemrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? oHk;pGJol\toHk;rjyKwwfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;

Head Crack jzpfEdkifouJhodkY Logic Card udkvnf; ysufpD;cRwf,Gif;Edkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí vQyfppfrD;

jyóemrsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out) ponfwdkYudkyg

umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfojzifY trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk

tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifhudkufnDaom Ground System &dS&efESifh oHk;pGJolrS

rSefuefpGm toHk;jyKwwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/

71/ Hard Disk onf atmufaz:jyygyHkrsm;twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif; Tracks rsm;jzifh

tcsuftvufrsm;udk Magnetic Sport rsm;tjzpfzefwD;í " 1, 0 " rsm;tjzpf odrf;qnf;ygonf/

Platter rsufESmjyifwdkif;wGif Track rsm;wnf&Sdav&m rsufESmjyifrsm;&Sd eHygwfwlnDaom Trackrsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh Cylinder [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/

123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123123

PlatterSpindle

Head Arm

Head

Cylinder

yHk (34)


72/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmPudk Cylinder ta&twGuf?

Head ta&twGuf? Sector ta&twGufay:wGif rlwnfí wGufcsufEdkifyg onf/ atmufaz:jyyg

yHk(9)onf Capacity rsm;rsm; odrf;qnf;Edkif&eftwGuf wpfvufrwGif &Sdaom Track ta&twGuf

udk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;? wpfvufrwGif&Sdaom 1, 0 ta&twGuf bit ta&twGufudk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;

jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ þtcsufonf Platter tcsif;0ufcsif;wlaomfvnf; odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmP

enf;&jcif;? rsm;&jcif;\ t"dutcsufyifjzpfonf/

LowerArealDensity

TrackBits

BitsperInch(BPI)

Tracks per Inch ( TPI )

BitsperInch(BPI)

HigherArealDensity

Tracks per Inch ( TPI )

73/ Hard Disk \ Platter Surface wGifatmufaz:jyyg yHk(10)twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf; aMumif;

(Track) ESifh Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;onf/

Track

}Sector

yHk (35)

yHk (36)


74/ Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk

Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (SystemArea) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfoGm;ygu tcsuftvufrsm; ysufqD;qHk;½IH;NyD; Hard Disk wpfckvHk;

oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY

a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ (eg : Track 1024)

Middle Track

Inner Track

Outer Track

Outer Cylinder

MiddleCylinder

Inner Cylinder

Cylinders

yHk (37)

yHk (38)


Hard Disk Features75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;a½G;cs,f&mü-

(u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI)

( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP)

( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf)

(C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique)( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm)

( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv)

( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;)

( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;)

( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfhí a½G;cs,foifhygonf/

76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh

wdkif;wm onf/ MTBF rSm 20000 rS 50000 em&D txufwGif&SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm/ MTBFt& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu

(17)ESpfMumtoHk;jyKEdkifNyD; (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefY toHk;jyKEdkifaMumif;

wGufcsufcefYrSef;Edkifygonf/) 4if;onf oDtdk&Dt& oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm;

xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/

77/ Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;

(u) uGefysLwmtm; rD;zGifhjcif;? rD;ydwfjcif;wdkYudk owfrSwfcsufESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnf/

( c) Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf rydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/

( *) Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif

ruRrf;usifbJ toHk;rjyKoifhyg/ owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½INyD;rSom

oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom

oHk;pGJoifhygonf/)

(C) CMOS Setup &S d Hard Disk ESif hywfoufaom tcsuftvufrsm;ud k

jyKjyifajymif; vJrIjyKvkyf&mwGif owdjyKyg/

( i) Hard Disk udkoifhawmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvkyfjcif;?

Defragment jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufay;&ef vdktyfygonf/

(Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed DiskjyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufoifhygonf/)


Floppy Disk Drives

78/ Flopy Disk Drives rsm;wGif a&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write Head onfrsufESmjyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfckpD½Sdonf/ Floopy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk (39)jzifhazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floopy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQif tywfaygif; 300 ESifh 360xdvnfywfEdkifonf/ Head ESifh Diskette \rsufESmjyifudk xdízwfjcif;aMumifh zHkrsm;aomae&mwGifxm;½Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cHí yGwfwdkufrdumDiskette ESifh Head rsm;ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyfíoefY ½Sif;rIaqmif ½GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrftoHk;jyK&efroifhyg/

79/ Floppy Drive wpfckwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdyftydkif;rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg yHk(39)wGif awGU&SdavhvmEdkifygonf/


Floppy Disk

31/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf \ puf0dkif;;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;pdyfydkif;xm;yHkudkatmufygtwdkif;awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf-

Platter

Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rIyHk (40)


81/ Floopy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm;

Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm; udkodrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5¼ ESifh 3½ Floopy Disk wdkY\

odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGY½SdEdkifygonf-

82/ Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk; jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;&rnf htcsufrsm;/

atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf-

(u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu Virus &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;NyD;rStoHk;jyK&rnf/

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Diskette on its CapacityFor 5¼" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total

1. Single Sided Double Density 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB( S S D D ) 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB

2. Double Sided Double Density (40 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 360 KB( D S D D )

3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 15 x 512) x 2 = 1.2 MB( D S H D )

For 3½" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total1. Double Sided Double Density (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB

( D S D D )2. Double Sided Quad Density (80 x 18 x 512) x 2 = 1.44 MB

( D S Q D )3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 36 x 512) x 2 = 2.88 MB

( D S H D )Z,m; (8)


CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)34/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment

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wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&Sdonf/


85/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk

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MultiBeam Technology

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MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once.

Multi-beamDector

Beam Splitter

Lenses

Laser Diode


CD-ROM Drive Specification87/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf-

(u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP)

( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef)

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rSwfÓPfyrmP)

(C) CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm)

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( p) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI)

(q) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)

Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) Access Time (ms)1x 153,600 150 4002x 307,200 300 3003x 460,800 450 2004x 614,400 600 1506x 921,600 900 1508x 1,228,800 1,200 10010x 1,536,000 1,500 10012x 1,843,200 1,800 10016x 2,457,600 2,400 9018x 2,764,800 2,700 9024x 3,686,400 3,600 9032x 4,915,200 4,80036x 5,529,600 5,40040x 6,114,000 6,00048x 7,372,800 7,200 85~75 or less52x 7,987,200 7,500100x 15,360,000 15,000

CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm;

Z,m; (9)

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CD-ROM FormatFormat Used For NotesRed Book Digital audio CDs This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital

Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and SonyYellow Book Computer CDs Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode

1:9660Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVILevel 2: CDTV

ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with YellowBook to define file and directory structures. See alsoMode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which definesector formats.

White Book VideoCD Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources.Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flimdistribution

Orange Book Writable CDs Port I-Magneto-Optical Drivesincluding CD-R, Port II-CD-Rmagneto-optical, single andmultisession recording andpacket writing

Green Book Combination of Red Book and CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I orYellow Book - for CD-I CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive(Interactive CD) sales presentations and kiosks

CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer Used by musical artists to incoporate video anddata on single CD interviews on music CDs

Z,m; (10)

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wGif yg&Sdwwfygonf/


( Z) CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm;csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/

High Capacity Removable Storage89/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS

wpfae&mokdY yrmP BuD;rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyyg

Magnetic Media ESifh Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf-

(u) High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB[lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)

( c) Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB [lí

trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)

( *) Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)

(C) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [lítrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/)

( i) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)

( p) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;

&Sdonf)

(q) Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)

90/ Removable Storage tcsdKU\ pufrIqkdif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd

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LS-120 Specifications

Drive Type LS-120 Floppy Standard 1.44MBFloppy Disk

Fomatted Capacity 120MB 1.44MBTransfer Rate: parallel port 290KB/sec 45KB/secTransfer Rate: Internal IDE 484KB/sec n/aAverage seek time 70ms 84msDisk rotational speed 720rpm 300rpmTrack density 2,490tpi 135tpiNumber of tracks 1,736×2 sides 80×2 sides

Z,m; (11)


Z,m; (12)

Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity)

Model (Interface) SCSI and/or Parallel Eide

Formatted capacity 100MB or 250MB 100MB or 250MBSubstained transfer rate 1.40MB/sec 1.40 maximum MB/secSubstained transfer rate 0.79MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/secMaximum throughput 60MB/min(SCSI); 84MB/min

20MB/min(parallel)Average seek time 29ms 29msDisk rotational speed 2,941 rpm 2,941 rpmBuffer size 32KB 16KB

Z,m; (13)

Jaz Specifications

Model 1GB 2GB

Formatted Capacity 1070 million bytes 2000 million bytesTransfer rate:Maximum 6.62MB/sec 8.7MB/secAverage 5.4MB/sec 7.35MB/secMinimum 3.41MB/sec 3.41MB/secBurst 10MB/sec 20MB/secAverage seek time read 10 ms 10 msAverage seek time write 12 ms 12 msAcess Time 15.5-17.5ms 15.5-17.5msDisk Rotational speed 5400rpm 5394rpmBuffer size 256KB 512KBInterface Fast SCSI II Ultra SCSI


Z,m; (14)

DAT and 8mm Tape specifications

Tape Capacity TracksStandard (w/o Com- Data Appro- Tape Recording Encoding

pression) Density ximate Length Technology Format Interface

DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* SCSI(Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT

VideoTape 14GB n/a n/a 120m Helical Scan

*DDS=Digital Data StorageDDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed)DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression)DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed

Z,m; (15)

SparQ Specifications

Formatted Capacity 1008 milion bytes

Transfer rate:Maximum 6.9MB/secMinimum 3.7MB/secBurst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/secSubstained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/secAverage seek time 12msDisk rotational speed 5,400rpmBurst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/secSubstained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/secAverage seek time 12msDisk rotational speed 5,400rpm


Z,m; (16)

Disk/Cartridge Average DataDrive Type Capacity Seek Time Transfer Rate

lomega Zip Parallel 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/seclomega Zip IDE 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/seclomega Zip SCSI 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/secImation LS-120 Internal 120MB 70ms 4.0MB/secSyQest 235 Parallel 235MB 13.5ms 1.25MB/secAvatar Shark 250 Parallel 250MB 12ms 2.0MB/secSyQest 235 SCSI/IDE 235MB 13.5ms 2.4MB/seclomega Jaz (SCSI) 2GB 12ms 5.4MB/secAvatar Shark IDE 250M 12ms 2.5MB/secSyQest Syjet SISC 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/secSyQest Syjet IDE 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/secSyQest SparQ Parallel 1GB 12ms 1.25MB/secCD-R Drives 650MB <150ms 150KB/sec

Removeable Drive Specifications

91/ uGefysLwmtokH;jyKolrsm;taejzifh ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvufrsm; rqkH;½IH;apa&;twGuf

trsdK;tpm;rwlaom Media (3)rsdK;jzifh ykHrSef Backup jyKvkyfxm;oifhygonf/ RemovableDrive 0,f,l&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd pOf;pm;oifhonf-

(u) 1MB odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhaiG (Price per megabyte of storage)( c) a&;Edkif? zwfEkdifonfh tjrefEIef; (Access time)( *) rnfonfhuGefysLwmESifhrqkd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifjcif;ESifh o,faqmif&vG,fuljcif;

(C) uGefysLwmtwGif; (okdYr[kwf) jyifywGifwyfqifEkdifjcif; (Internal or External)( i) uGefysLwmtm; Ready jzpfatmifjyKvkyfEkdifjcif; (Bootable)ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/


DVD Formats and Standards

Standard DVD Formats and Capacities Data Video

Format Disk Size Sides Layers Capacity Capacity

DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities

DVD-5 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB 2+ hours DVD-9 120 mm Single Double 8.5 GB 4 hours DVD-10 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB 4.5 hours DVD-14 120 mm Double Double 13.24GB 6.5 hours DVD-18 120 mm Double Double 17 GB 8+ hours DVD-1 80 mm Single Single 1.4 GB 0.5 hours DVD-2 80mm Single Double 2.7 GB 1.3 hours DVD-3 80mm Double Single 2.9 GB 1.4 hours DVD-4 80mm Double Double 5.3 GB 2.5 hours

Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities

DVD-R1.0 120 mm Single Single 3.95 GB DVD-R2.0 120 mm Single Single 7.4 GB DVD-RAM 1.0 120 mm Single Single 2.58 GB DVD-RAM1.0 120 mm Double Single 5.16 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 1.4 GB

CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison)

CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.65 GB CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.194 GB

Z,m; (17)

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Documents

System & Hardware