Information System Hardware

7/29/2019 Information System Hardware

1/45

GROUP 3

(Bancolita, Nacion, Andanan, Asiatico, Doctolero,

Gumpic)


2/45

ADVANTAGES Practical

More Reliable Improve worker productivity

Increase revenue

Reduce costs Provide better customer service

Expand business opportunities

Updated with latest advancesAllow more flexibility

Competitive advantage

2Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs

& Reynolds


3/45

IMPORTANCE OF MANAGERS

Managers,no matter what their careerfield and educational

background, should KNOWENOUGH about the

business needs to be ableTO RECOMMENDhardware that meet their

needs.3

Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs

& Reynolds


4/45

HARDWARE

The physical components ofa computer that perform the

input, processing, storage,

and output activities of the

computer


& Reynolds


5/45

COMPUTER SYSTEMS: IntegratingThe Power of Technology

Computer systems that areEFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT, andWELL SUITED to tasks.

In choosing the right hardware,understand its relationshipto the IS and the current

and future needs of theorganization


& Reynolds


6/45

Examples of Integration

NOAA upgraded to two morepowerful computer systems

North Carolina StateEmployees Credit Unioninvested on computer

hardwareSeaport Hotel implemented

touch-screen computers6


& Reynolds


7/45

Hardware Components


& Reynolds


8/45

DEVICES: Power and Speed, andCapacity

Three Important Attributes: Power, Speed andCapacity

Central processing unit (CPU) Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): performs calculations and

makes logical comparisons Control unit: accesses, decodes and coordinates data

in CPU and other devices

Primary memory

Holds program instructions and data for processing Located close to the CPU (to decrease access time)

System unit Box or cabinet that houses the CPU and memory

Other devices are directly or indirectly linked into theunit8


& Reynolds


9/45



& Reynolds9

PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS

Clock speed

series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined

rate that affects machine cycle time

measured in megahertz (MHz) for millions or

gigahertz(GHz) for billions of cycles per second

Physical Characteristics of CPU

CPU Speed depends on the distances of the imprinted

digital circuits


10/45



& Reynolds10

MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS

Storage Capacity

storage capacity is measured in bytes

8 bits form a byte (B)

1 byte is equivalent to one character of data

Computer Storage Units:


11/45

Memory Characteristics andFunctions (Continued)


& Reynolds11

Types of Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Is temporary and volatile

RAM chips are sensitive so they easily lose their

contents if the current is disruptedROM (Read Only Memory)

is usually nonvolatile so contents are not lost if power is

removed

provides permanent storage for data


12/45



& Reynolds12

MULTIPROCESSING

Involves the simultaneous execution of two or more

instructions

Multicore Microprocessor

two or more independent processors into a singlecomputer sharing the processes

Dual-coreprocessor

Quad-core chips

Eight processing cores


13/45



& Reynolds13

MULTIPROCESSING

Parallel Computing

simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple

processors to obtain results faster

Application: Modeling

Analyzing large amounts of data

In medicine, imaging systems which completes ultrasound scans

faster and more accurate

In engineering, testing of virtually-created products of how theywork

In clothing, simulation of designs for just over one month from the

traditional six months


14/45



& Reynolds14

MULTIPROCESSING

Grid Computing

use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated

manner to solve a common problem

low-cost approach to parallel processing has a Central serverwhich acts as the grid leader, traffic

monitor and controlling server

Division oftask to

subtasks

Assigningsubtasks on

the grid

Monitoring ofsubtasks

Reassigningof failedsubtasks

Combining offinishedsubtasks

Advancing tothe next task


15/45

Secondary Storage andInput & Output Devices


& Reynolds15

Secondary Storage

Permanent Storage

Nonvolatile with greater capacity and less expensive but

is slower

Measured in bytes: kilo, mega, giga, tera

Selection requires understanding the primary

characteristicsaccess method, capacity, and portability

Input and Output Devices

gateways to the computer system used to provide data and instructions to the computer and

receive results from it


16/45

Secondary Storage andInput & Output Devices


& Reynolds16

Access Methods

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS DIRECT ACCESS

data is accessed in the order it

was stored

data is retrieved directly and

faster, without having to pass by

other data in sequenceSequential Access Storage

Devices (SASDs)

Direct Access Storage Devices

(DASDs)

EXAMPLE:

Retrieving Part Number 125 in an inventory data that stores by part

number(such as 100, 101, 102, etc)

Read and discard data on parts

001 through 124

Read without reading through

parts 001 through 124


17/45

Secondary Storage Devices


& Reynolds17

Magnetic tapes

sequential storage which is a Mylar film coated with ironoxide with magnetized bits

lower but less expensive

Magnetic disks

direct access storage coated with iron oxide andmagnetized bits and with thin metallic platters (hard disks)

or Mylar film (diskettes)


18/45



& Reynolds18

Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks

(RAID) Stores extra bits so that data can be reconstructed if

system fails

Uses Stripping to evenly distribute data

Virtual Tape

Storage for less needed data

Slower data access but is cheaper and with smaller floorspace by tape operations


19/45



& Reynolds19

Storage Area Network (SAN)

Provides high-speed connections among data-storagedevices and computers over a network

Uses computer servers, distributed storage devices, and

networks to tie everything together


20/45



& Reynolds20

Optical Discs

Direct access method Uses CD burner to record data to a compact disc

Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)

can store 740 MB of data

cannot be modified

CD-recordable (CD-R) can write once

CD-rewritable (CD-RW) can write repeatedly


21/45



& Reynolds21

Digital Video Disc (DVD)

a five-inch diameter which can store about 135 minutes ofdigital video or 4.7 GB (single-sided DVD) or 9.4 GB

(double-sided DVD) at a faster rate

Record-once discs: DVD-R and DVD+R

Rewritable discs: DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM Blu-ray high-definition video disc

based on blue-laser technology

stores at least three times as much data as a DVD holds

Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)

store up to 6 TB of data on a single optical disk


22/45



& Reynolds22

Solid State Secondary Storage Devices (SSDs)

stores data in memory chips which require less power andprovide faster data access

Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive

a commonly used SSD

external to the computer, removable and rewritable

weigh less than an ounce and can provide storage of 1 GB to 64

GB

of direct access methods, higher capacity, and increased portability


23/45

Input Devices


& Reynolds23

Personal Computer Input Devices Keyboard, mouse

Wireless mice and keyboards

Split keyboard designed to avoid wrist and hand injuries caused by hours of

keyboarding

sketches can be entered on the touchpad and text using the keys

Speech Recognition Technology a computer equipped with speech input(microphone) to

interpret human speech as data

basic systems: train the system torecognize your speech

patterns More advancedsystems: recognize continuous speech

Very advanced systems: can interpret avoice never heard andunderstand a rich vocabulary


24/45

Input Devices


& Reynolds24

Digital Cameras record and store images or video in digital formwhich can

be downloaded to a computer for editing, storage, printingand other activity

Touch Sensitive Screens allows display screens to function as input as

well as outputdevicesby touching certain parts

Uses: at gas stationsfor customers to select grades of gas and request a

receipt

at fast-food restaurants for orderclerks to enter customer choices

at hotel information centers for guests to requestlocations facts

at amusement parks to providedirections to patrons


25/45

Input Devices


& Reynolds25

Optical Data Readers

a special scanning device to scan documents two categories:

optical mark recognition (OMR) readers

used to capture choices placed in OMR paper called a mark

sense form during tests (SAT, GMAT, etc) and elections

optical characterrecognition (OCR) readers

use reflected light to recognize and scan handwritten or typeddocuments and convert them into digital data which could be

shared, modified, and distributed


26/45

Input Devices


& Reynolds26

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices

reads codes on banking documents (checks, loanapplications, bank statements, etc.) quickly

Pen Input Devices

activate commands, enter handwritten notes, and draw

objects by touching a touch screen


27/45

Input Devices


& Reynolds27

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

employs a microchip (RFID tag) with an antenna tobroadcast its unique identifier and location to receivers

Uses:

tags on retail items to track the inventory by an in-store reader onthe shelves to determine when shelves should be restocked

tags on miners cap lamps, vehicles and equipments to track real-time location


28/45

Output Devices


& Reynolds28

provide output which can be an input into another

computer system

form: visual, audio, or digital


29/45

Output Devices


& Reynolds29

Display Monitors

cathode-ray tube (CRTs) early monitors where output quality is measured by number of

pixels and dot pitch

Plasma display

produces high resolution and accurate representation of colors

using thousands of pixels that are electrically turned into plasma


30/45

Output Devices


& Reynolds30

Display Monitors (continued)

LCD displays flat displays that use liquid crystals to form characters and graphic

images on a backlit screen

easier on your eyes, take up less space and use less electricity

than CRTs

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) provides sharper and brighter colors than LCDs and CRTs by

directly emitting light than using backlight

flexible and less fragile


31/45

Output Devices


& Reynolds31

Printers and Plotters

Hard copy output device

Plotter

used for general design work

usually to generate paper or acetate blueprints, schematics, and

drawings of buildings or new products onto paper or

transparencies


32/45

Output Devices


& Reynolds32

Printers and Plotters (Continued)

Printer Accommodates smaller and different paper forms (blank check

forms, invoice forms, etc.)

speed of the printer is measured by pages printed per minute(ppm)

quality or resolution depends on dots printed per inch (dpi) Laser printers can handle more volume and is faster than inkjet

printers


33/45

Output Devices


& Reynolds33

Digital Audio Player

store, organize, and play digital music files MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3)

compressed small file with preserved sound quality

faster to download and takes less storage space

E-Books (Electronic books) digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book

E-books weigh light with a display screen ranging from 5

to 8 inches


34/45

COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


& Reynolds34

Single-user computer systems

portable computers For mobile users

nonportable computers

Multiple-user computer systems

designed to support workgroups from a small departmentto large organizations

servers

Mainframes

supercomputers


35/45



& Reynolds35

PORTABLE COMPUTERS

Handheld Computers provide ease of portability but require a lot of power

usually used to organize personal data

Laptop Computers

small and light enough to sit comfortably on the lap

preferred than desktop because of portability, lower

energy usage, and smaller space requirements


36/45



& Reynolds36

PORTABLE COMPUTERS (continued)

Notebook computers an extremely lightweight computer smaller than laptop

and can easily fit in a briefcase

Netbook Computers

smallest, lightest, and least expensive members of thelaptop computer family

great for tasks that do not require a lot of computing

power and lots of storage capacity


37/45



& Reynolds37

PORTABLE COMPUTERS (continued)

Tablet computers portable, lightweight touch-screen computers like a

clipboard

Other input methods: pen, optional keyboard or speech

recognition Slate Computers - support writing stylus only

Convertible tablet PC screen can be swiveled and be

used as a notebook


38/45



& Reynolds38

NONPORTABLE COMPUTERS

Thin Client Computers a low-cost, centrally managed computer with no extra

drives

have limited capabilities and perform only essential

applications never pick up viruses or suffer a hard disk crash

Desktop Computers

highly versatile providing sufficient power, memory, and

storage


39/45



& Reynolds39

NONPORTABLE COMPUTERS (Continued)

Nettop Computers inexpensive desktop computer which is smaller, lighter

and consumes less power

performs basic processing tasks (Internet surf, document

process, and audio/video playback)


40/45



& Reynolds40

NONPORTABLE COMPUTERS (Continued)

Workstations more powerful and expensive than personal computers

but small enough to fiton a desktop

used to support engineering and technical activities

requiringa high-end processor


41/45



& Reynolds41

SERVERS

have large memory and storage capacities with fast andefficient communications abilities

Web server handles Internet traffic and communications

Enterprise server manages programs

File server manages files

Server farm housing facility of servers where they can be controlled

Blade server houses many computer motherboards which is more powerful,

less expensive, and requires less space than traditionalservers


42/45



& Reynolds42

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

a costly but large, powerful computer with massivestorage and input/output capabilities shared by multipleconcurrent users connected over a network

requires secure data center with special heating,ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC)

Uses:Airline reservation

Automobile rent

hotel/motel reservation

decision support systems


43/45



& Reynolds43

SUPER COMPUTERS

most powerful computers with the fastest processingspeed and highest performance


44/45

GREEN COMPUTING


& Reynolds44

a program concerned with the efficient and

environmentally responsible design, manufacture,operation, and disposal of IS-related products

a new business strategy

Apple: claims greenest lineup of notebooks, removing

toxic chemicals Dell: new mantra the greenest technology company on

Earth

Hewlett-Packard: long tradition of environmentalism

(shutting down of computers to save energy and reducecarbon emissions), green packaging (reduce use of

materials)


45/45

SOURCES


Stair, R., & Reynolds, G. (2012). Fundamentals of

Information Systems 6th Edition. Canada: NelsonEducation.

http://www.slideshare.net/VijaySelvam1/computer-

information-mft-review

Documents

Information System Hardware