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Computer System, HardwareChapter (1)
Introduction to Computer ScienceComputer (uGefysLwm)1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; (odkYr[kwf) tajztjzpfodkUwGufcsufvkyfaqmifay;aompufjzpfygonf/ uGefysLwmonf ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd wdwdusus? vsifvsifjrefjrefESifh rSefrSefuefuefvkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepfESifhpufrIqdkif&mpufypönf;[kvnf;t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/
History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;)2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
pOf ckESpf Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef;1/ 1200 - Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom
ayoD;wGufcsufrI2/ 1800 - Automatic Mechanical
Calculator
3/ 1896 - Punch Card Machine
4/ 1950 1st Gen: Vaccum tube 1000 cal/sec
5/ 1960 2nd Gen: Transistors 10×1st Gen
6/ 1965 3rd Gen: Integreated Circuit(IC) 100×2nd Gen
7/ 1970 4th Gen: Microprocessor 50×3rd Gen
8/ 1980 5th Gen: Artificial Intelligence(AI) Million Inst/sec
Data → → Processing → → Information
GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)Computer
Hardware Software
System Software Application Software( Customize / Packages )- Operating System
- Utility Programs- Language Translators
- Word Processing- Spread Sheet- Database- Graphic , etc.
- Input Hardware- Output Hardware- Processing & Memory Hardware- Secondary storage Hardware- Communications Devices- etc.
Computer System, Hardware
Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;)
3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh
csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;
tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvGef jrif hrm;aom
pGrf;aqmifEkdifrI&SdNyD; a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefzkd;&Sdygonf/ Super Computerrsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe
jyKvkyfjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGefysLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg
oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf-
(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum;
(2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP
(3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm
(4) tjrifhrm;qkH;wefzkd;
( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu
onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf
rjrifhrm;aomfvnf; BuD;rm;aompGrf;aqmifEkdifrI ESifh odkavSmifEdkifrI &Sdygonf/ Main-frame rsm;tm; tzJGUtpnf;BuD;rsm;wGif Data rsm;tm; A[kdwGufcsufrI
jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vkdif;rsm;? tmrcH vkyfief;
rsm;?pmykdYvkyfief;rsm;?wuúokdvfrsm;?taumufcGefXmersm;ponfwdkYwGiftokH;jyKonf/
( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csdwfqufEdkifaomTerminalta&twGuf ESifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifrSKenf;onf/ uGefysLwmjzifh wGufcsufvkyfaqmifjcif;
vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
(C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí
tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD;? pm;yJGay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro
Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfckokdY csdwfqufíTerminal tjzpf tokH;jyKjcif;
jzifh Personal Computer ESifh Workstation tjzpf(2)rsdK; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ MicroComputer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif
us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg
onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,fyrmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwkdif;
cJGjcm;xm;ygonf-
(1) Desktops(2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 2
(3) Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds))(4) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less)(5) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data
rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;edkifonf/
Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;)
4/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Hardware / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fí&aom ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor, Memory( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd
ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaomy½dk*&rf)?
Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/
( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk
ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS
Program (y½dk*&rf)5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
¤if;ñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/
Generations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)
pOff Generation Language(u) 1st Generation Machine language( c) 2nd Generation Assembly language( *) 3rd Generation High-level language(C) 4th Generation Very high-level language( i) 5th Generation Natural language
Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk)
7/ AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfck jzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf
Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol
3
6/ Programming language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonf-
Computer System, Hardware
rsm;ESifhoufqkdif&mbmom&yf uRrf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,l&ygonf/ AI onf
odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf
xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqkdif&m uRrf;usifol Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:?
tawGUtBuHK? A[kokwrsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sifrsm;\tultnDjzifh Programrsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/
Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usifwGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;cs
Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/
( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\
wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computertm; ckdif;apjcif;? Computer ESifh tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif½Gufjcif;ukd pGrf;aqmif
Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck
tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(1) Natural Language Understanding(2) Natural Language Generation
( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay;
vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/
(C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kHcHrI enf;ynmESifh puf½kyfenf;ynmrsm;ukd
aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf-
(1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m
ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf
xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm;
Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK;
vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
(2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd
tm½kHcHjcif;? toHukd tm½kHcHjcif; ponfhpepfrsm;tjzpf trsdK;rsdK;&SdEkdifygonf/
Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kHcHí
olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd
atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf AutomaticMachine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/
4uGefysLwmvufpJG
( i) Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS
&&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m
owif; tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom A[kokwtajccH
onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif
jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;?
Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/
( p) Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm
wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm
jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f
aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;
(Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowl-edge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk)
8/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wkd;wufxGef;um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wkd;wuf
xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semi-conductor Technology wkd;wufxGef;um;vmonfhtwGufaMumif h tvGefjrefqefjcif;?
pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hard-ware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGifokdY ykdYaqmif ay;aeygonf/
*syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf
xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \
&nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) jrifhrm;aom todÓPf&Sdap&ef/
( c ) vlrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
(C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/
( i ) pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/
( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½Guf&ef/
(q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/
( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/
5 Computer System, Hardware
Chapter (2)
Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance
(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI)
Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) System Unit
( c) Monitor
( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse
(C) Printer ponfhypönf;rsm;udk awGU&ygrnf/
System Unit2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypönf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-
(u) PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ]
( c) FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
( *) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/66/100/133,SCSI]
(C) CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ]
( i) Mother Board [ AT/ATX]
( p) Interface Card / Controller Card
(q) Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
( Z) VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP]
(ps) Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)]
(n) Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM/DDRRAM/RDRAM]
( #) Cache Memory
( X) CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip]
( !) ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX]
( ¡) Backup Battery
(P) Others
6 uGefysLwmvufpJG
Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)
uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef
yHk (1)
Tower System Dot-matrix printerScanner
��������� �������������
Keyboard
Mouse
Dot- Matrix Printer
Monitor
System Unit
Speaker Speaker
Scanner
Pocket organizerPDAPen computer
Modem
Desktop box
Tower box
Plotter
Laptop computer
Laser printer
PersonalComputertrsKd;tpm;rsm;
PDA PenComputer
Laptop
Computer
TowerCasing
Laser Printer
Desktop Casing
Modem
Plotter
(P(P(P(P(Pererererersonal Digsonal Digsonal Digsonal Digsonal Digitalitalitalitalital Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)Asistant)
(Handheld computer)
Computer CasingtrsKd;tpm;rsm;
ComputerAccessories
uGefysLwmqufpyfypönf;rsm;
7 Computer System, Hardware
Mother Board / Main Board3/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif ta&;BuD;qHk; tpdwftydkif;rSm Main Board (odkYr[kwf)
Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD;
ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0ifygonf/ Mother Board wpfckudk a½G;cs,f&mwGifatmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udkxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) Processor trsKd;tpm;?
( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm;?
( *) Mother Board Speed(C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI?
( i) Main Memory yrmP?
( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm;?
(q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX)( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial,
Parallel, Interface ..... )(ps) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI?
(n) Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI?
( #) Mother Board Chip Set( X) Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Bus, Slot and I/O Card4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ MotherBoard twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK;
tpkta0;rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,fí tvkyfvkyfygonf/ Mother Board \ Bus DesignEIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg BustrsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf-
(u) Processor Bus( c) Address Bus( *) Memory Bus(C) I/O Bus
8uGefysLwmvufpJG
5/ tjcm; Device rsm;ESifh CPU tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufEdkif&ef I/O Bus (odkYr[kwf)
Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;üatmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf-
(u) Sound Card( c) Video Card( *) Network Interface Card (NIC)(C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc
ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;)
6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/OBus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf
jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif;?
( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif;?
( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/
7/ t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/OBuses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
(u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture)( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture)
Chipset
CPUExternalCache
Memory
I/O
Bus
Pro
cess
or B
us
RAMChipset
CPUL2
Cache
Memory
I/O
Bus
Pro
cess
or B
us
RAMAGP
Classic MotherBoard Design
Pentium Pro/ PII/PIII Design
(Dual Independend Bus)
Front Side Bus
Back Side Bus
yHk (2)
800-
1064
MB
PS
Half (or) Full of CPU Speed
528MBPS
480-
528M
BP
S
60/66MHz
PC 66Memory
PC 100/133Memory
9
Computer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, HardwareComputer System, Hardware
Computer System, Hardware
( *) EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture)(C) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus)( i) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect)( p) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)
8/ Personal Computer wGifyg&Sdaom omref Mother Board wpfckwGif CPU, Chipset,Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,faqmif½GufaerIrSmyHk(3)ygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/
Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;)
9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPUjzpfygonf/ CPU qdkonfrSm A[dkxdef;csKyfonfh ,lepfwpfckjzpfNyD; Computer wpfvHk;\ OD;aESmuf
[kvnf; ac:qkdEdkifygonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfvHk;\ 'ór*Pef;qdkif&m wGufcsufrIrSty
tjcm;wGufcsufrIESifh Processing qdkif&mrsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;Edkifygonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGufcsuf
Edkifaom FPU(Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU wdkYudk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGifxnfhoGif;í
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk
IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/
yHk (3)
BusController
Chips
CPU
ExternalCache
RAM
MemoryBus
(High Speed)
ProcessorBus
(High Speed)
I/O Bus(Slow Speed)
I/O Bus(Slow Speed)
Built-InI/O
SlottedI/O
10uGefysLwmvufpJG
10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;udk
Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf/
11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t&
Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf/
12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEIef;onf Mother Board \tjrefEIef;ESifh rwlnDEdkifyg/ Processor\tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board\tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSBSpeed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay;
a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf
tqrnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf/
Intel Processor Specifications Processor CPU Std. Internal Data-Bus Address- Max- Multimedia
Clock Voltage Register Width Bus Memory InstructionsSize Width
8088 1x 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 1M8086 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 1M286 1x 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386SX 1x 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386SL 1x 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 16M386DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G487SX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX 1x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486SL** 1x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX2 2x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4G486DX4 2-3x 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GPentium OD 2-5x 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 4GPentium 60/66 1x 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4GPentium 75+ 1.5-3x 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4GPentiumMMX1.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 4G MMXPentium Pro 2-3x 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64GPentium II 3.5-4.5x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMXCeleron 3.5-7x 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G MMXPentium !!! 4.5-8x 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 64G SSE(MMX,3D)
Z,m; (1)
MMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsMMX=Multi Media ExtensionsSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=StrSSE=Streaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instreaming SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Dauction Multiple Data) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensionsta) Extensions
11 Computer System, Hardware
Memory (rSwfÓPf)
13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPUrSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;?
tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/
14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory CardtrsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí
cGJjcm;edkifygonf/
15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh
wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf
Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif MemoryCard rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm;wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM,DDRRAM, RDRAM ponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/
Z,m; (2)
CPU Type/Speed CPU Clock Motherboard SpeedPentium 60 1x 60MHzPentium 66 1x 66MHzPentium 75 1.5x 50MHzPentium 90 1.5x 60MHzPentium 100 1.5x 66MHzPentium 120 2x 60MHzPentium 133 2x 66MHzPentium 150 2.5x 60MHzPentium 166/P6 2.5x 66MHzPentium 180/P6 3x 60MHzPentium 200/P6 3x 66MHzPentium 233/PII 3.5x 66MHzPentium II 300 4.5x 66MHzPentium II 350 3.5x 100MHzPentium II 450 4.5x 100MHzPentium !!! 500 5x 100MHzPentium !!! 533 4x 133MHzPentium !!! 667 5x 133MHzPentium !!! 733 5.5x 133MHzPentium !!! 800 8x 100MHz
12uGefysLwmvufpJG
Monitor (armfeDwm)
16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( LiquidCrystal Display )udk oHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Monochrome/( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor )/( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor )/
(C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array )/( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array )/( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array )/
17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yHk&dyf\tvif;tarSmifESifh rsufESmjyifudk tay:
atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;?aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/
18/ Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom
Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m;
yHk (4)
9 PinMono, CGA, EGA
Connector
15 PinVGA, SVGA, XVGA
Connector
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Resolution 16 Colors 256 Colors 64K Colors 16.7M Colors
640 x 480(VGA) 0.15MB 0.29MB 0.59MB 0.88MB
800 x 600(SVGA) 0.23MB 0.46MB 0.92MB 1.37MB
1024 x 768(XGA) 0.38MB 0.75MB 1.5MB 2.25MB
1280 x 1024(SXGA) 0.63MB 1.25MB 2.5MB 3.75MB
1600 x 1200 0.92MB 1.83MB 3.66MB 5.94MB
VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths
Z,m;(5)
13
Computer System, Hardware
Computer System, Hardware
½Sif;vif;csu f/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESifh 16 Million Color az:jyEdkifaom Frame wpfckudk
Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MBvdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/
Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;)
19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/
AT Keyboard Connector ( 5-Pin -Female )
101 KeyboardyHk (5)
PS2 Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female )
Mouse20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/
,cifpufrsm;wGif Serial Mouse toHk;rsm;cJhonf/ ,cktcg PS2 MouseudktoHk;rsm;vmonf/
Serial Mouse Connector 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
PS2 Mouse Connector
Mouse & Mouse PadyHk (6)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 14
USB Mouse, Optical Mouse ESifh Wireless Mouse wdkYudkvnf; toHk;jyKvmMuygonf/
Printer21/ Printer qdkonfrSm Data rsm;? ½kyfyHkrsm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Gufay:odkY
xkwf,laompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; ESpfrsKd; cJGjcm;Edkifygonf-
(u) Impact Printer( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/
Impact Printer22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif -
(u) Daisywheel Printer( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/
23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom PrintertrsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
Daisy Wheel Printer24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf;
ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf
aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;yg½Sdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pm½Guf\tus,f
wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk ½dkufESdyfonf/
Dot Matrix Printer25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom
pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pinta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/
Dot Matrix Printer
yHk (7)
24 PinPrinter Head
9 PinPrinter Head
15 Computer System, Hardware
Non-Impact Printer26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif -
(u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl)
( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf)
( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg
twdkif; jzpfygonf -
(u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGif½Sdaom
AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power InletPort udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGAInterface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm;
wyfqifyg/
( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/
Laser Jet Printer
yHk (8)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 16
( p) System Unit wGif½Sd Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connectortm; wyfqifyg/
( ps) UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ ACSource rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf
wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC SourceESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/
yHk (9)MIC
I N
OUT
........ .......
VGA INTERFACE (C)
SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)
AC OUTLET (B)( TO MONITOR)
AC INLET (A)
MIC wyfqif&ef
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY
O/P xkwf&ef ae&m
tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS
O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef
Speaker wyfqif&efSPK
...............
KEYBOARD INPUT (D)
..... ................. ............
............. ............
VGA Port
GAME
PARALLEL
SERIAL 2
SERIAL 1 PARALLEL & SERIALINTERFACESERIAL PORT (E)
PARALLEL PORT (F)○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○
VGA INTERFACE (C)
DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○
DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Rear Panel of AT System Unit
17 Computer System, Hardware
Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)
28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS SystemUnit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif
Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif;
(1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power InletPort udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
(2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf
wyfqifyg/
o o
Rear Panel of ATX System Unit
yHk (10)
.........................
.........
.....
PS
/2 Mouse
(E)
PS
/2K
eyboard (F)
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
o o
o o
LPT
PO
RT
(G)
CO
M B
CO
M A
....
MIC
I N
OUT
SPK
...............
........ .......
VGA INTERFACE (C)
SOUND CARDINTERFACE (D)
AC OUTLET (B)
AC INLET (A)
US
BP
OR
T
MIC wyfqif&ef
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY
O/P xkwf&efae&m
tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS
O/P udk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef
Speaker wyfqif&ef
Game Port
uGefysLwmvufpJG 18
( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aomVGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &S d Interface wGifcsdwfqufwyfqifyg/
(C)S System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard
Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqiftoHk;jyKvdkygu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cHítoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse
Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf) tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqiftoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/
( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGifPrinter Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/
(q) AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufwyfqifyg/
( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker
Connector tm;wyfqifyg/( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC
Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkufcsdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/
(n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGifSurge Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/
( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sdr½Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/
Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;)
29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif;zGifhEdkifygonf-
(u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/
( c) System Unit a½SU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/
19 Computer System, Hardware
( *) Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/
(C) acwåtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemufComputer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x,
desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)
Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)
(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;)
30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf-
(u) rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application
Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyfyg/
( c) Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start
Button udk Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf) Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc
Key udkwG JíES dyfyg/ (odk Yr[kwf) Windows Keyboard rsm;wGifWindows Key udkEdSyfyg/
( *) Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11)
(C) Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyfyg/
( i) Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13)
( p) ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off
jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
(q) Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/
( Z) AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyfyg/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 20
yHk(11)
yHk(12)
21 Computer System, Hardware
Startup Procedure for PC(uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)
31/ uGefysLwmwpfvkH;ukd rD;zGifhvkdufonfESifh atmufygtqifhrsm;twkdif; aqmif&GufNyD;Ready toHk;jyKEdkifapygrnf-
(u) Power Supply Unit
( c) Motherboard/Mainboard
( *) Crystal (X'tal)
(C) Clock Generator
( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse
( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)
yHk(13)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 22
32/ tqdkygtqifhtoD;oD;\vkyfaqmifyHktao;pdwfrSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf
rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNyD; DC Voltage (4) rsKd;(+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4)
rsKd;udk ±5% Error twGif; tNrJ&Sdaeatmif Maintainvkyfay;aejcif;jzifh Regu-
lated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwfay; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode
Power Supply trsKd;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdkonfrSm 5V Output
twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V
Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qHk; &Sd&rnfjzpfNyD; 12.6V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
( c) Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated
Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V
ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh
5.25V twGif;&SdrSomvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odkYjyefydkYay;onf/
PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSUtvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck
Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysufwdkif; Mother Board udk rxdcdkufap&efESifh
Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
( *) Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;
ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh
AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818MHz)xkwfay;onf/ 4if;vdIif;udk Digital Clock toGifajymif;,l&ef vdktyfonf/
(C) Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk ClockGenerator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/
( i) Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m
Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory,Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponfhtpdwftydkif; toD;oD;odkY ay;ydkYonf/
( p) ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if;
twGif;wGif Program udk puf½HkrSxkwfvkyfpOfuwnf;u owfrSwfay;vdkufygonf/
ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-
23 Computer System, Hardware
(1) Power On Self Test (uGefysLwmrD;zGifhcsdefrSpí pwifppfaq;rIjyKvkyfjcif;)
(2) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;)
(3) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef qufoG,frI
udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)
Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)
33/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif
xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk,CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/
34/ POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports,Parallel Ports rSwfÓPf (Memory) wdkYudk ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyfí&&Sdaom Hardwaretajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS BootStrap odkY a&muf&Sdygonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gif;rI&Sdygu Monitor ay:wGifeHygwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? ErrorMessage ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/
Start -Up Procedure For PC(PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh)
1234567123456712345671234567
CMOS
Analog
ROM-BIOS
PSU
RegulatedDC Output
(± 5% Error)
Crystal(Oscillator)
DigitalClock
SwitchedModePowerSupply
PG
+ 5
- 5
+12
-12
InternalBattery3V
AC
(i) POST (Power On Self Test)
(ii) Boot Strap
(iii) Low Level Interface
C
lock
Gen
erat
or
ReadOnlyMemoryBasicInputOutputSystem
→→→→→
→
MOTHER BOARD
→→→
OtherDevices
yHk(14)
230V/110V
uGefysLwmvufpJG 24
Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;)
35/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk
toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/
36/ Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/
ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm
pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR)odkYr[kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sdaeaom
Master Boot Record (MBR)rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k
uGefysLwm\rSwfÓPf (Memory) ay:odkY wifydkYay;NyD; 4if;wGifyg&Sdonfh Instruc-tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/
( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&dS SystemFile (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS(4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odkY quf
vufwifay;onf/
37/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD;
vkyfaqmifay;aom IO.SYS File udkyxrOD;pGm Memory ay:odkY wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/
Boot Strap
6
5
Program Loader
I/O.SYS
MSDOS.SYS
CONFIG.SYS
COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT
WIN.COM
Boot Strap Program Code
Boot Strap Program
2
1
3
4
yHk(15)7
Seg 1
Seg 2
Seg F ROM-BIOS
MainMemory
25 Computer System, Hardware
38/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:odkYa&muf&SdNyDjzpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udkajz&Sif;
aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/
39/ IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNyD; Memory ay:odkY wifay;
onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm
pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif HardwareDevice topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif xnfhoGif;
ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwfonfh Device rsm; wyfqif
xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/
40/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdkifudk qufvuf&SmazGNyD; Memoryay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh
Directory wGif &SdaMumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdkifonf/ COMMAND.COM zdkifonf
DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif
bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&SdvQif "Missing Command Interpreter"[k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/
41/ qufvufíaemufqHk;tqifhwGif COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT
File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk
aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfpkpnf;íxnfhoGif;xm;onfhzdkif jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk
COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x
pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh
jzpfapygonf/
Low Level Interface(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;)
42/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsif;csif;udk tjyeftvSef qufoG,faqmif½GufrIudk
OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard DiskrS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 26
Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)
43/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Start→All Programs → Accessories → System Tools → Disk
Defragmenter udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyfyg/ (odkYr[kwf)
( c) Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyfyg-
(1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/(2) Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C:
ponfjzifha½G;í Right Click vkyfyg/(3) Context Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/
yHk(16)
27 Computer System, Hardware
(4) Context Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyfyg/(5) Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18)(6) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools udka½G;yg/(7) Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyfyg/
( *) Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/yHk(19)-
(1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udkxyfNyD; a½G;cs,fEdkifygonf/
(2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragment Button udk Click vkyfyg/
yHk(17)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 28
yHk(18)
yHk(19)
29 Computer System, Hardware
(C) rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk
Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)
( i) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif;
vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyfyg/
( p) teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaeaom zdkifrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUír&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;?
tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space
wdkYudk&nfñTef;ygonf/
(q) Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh
Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21)
yHk(20)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 30
( Z) NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdkygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report
udkMunfh½Ivdkygu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif yHk(22) ygDefragmentation Report Window ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/
yHk(21)
yHk(22)
31 Computer System, Hardware
uGefysLwmvufpJG 32
(ps) Defragmentation Report yg tcsuftvufrsm;tm; odrf;qnf;vdkyguSave As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy
xkwfvdkygu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? xGufvdkygu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyfaqmifcsuf atmifjrifpGm NyD;qHk;oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/
Disk Cleanup jyKvkyfjcif; (rvkdtyfonfh zkdifrsm;tm;&Sif;vif;jcif;)44/ Disk Cleanup jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-
(u) Start → Accessories → System Tools→Disk Cleanup udk Click
vkyfyg/( c) Select Drive (Dialog box) ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(23)
ykH (23)
( *) Select Drive (Dialog box) wGif Cleanup (&Sif;vif;jcif;)jyKvkyfvdkaomDrive ukda&G;í OK udkESdyfyg/
(C) &Sif;ypfvkdonfhzkdifrsm;ukd a&G;cs,fNyD; OK udkESdyfyg/ ykH (24)
ykH (24)
33 Computer System, Hardware
( i) Delete (Cleanup) vkyfrnfhzkdifrsm;ukd yHk(24)ygtwdkif; a&G;cs,fí OKukdClick vkyfyg/ Delete (Cleanup) vkyfrnfhzkdifrsm;qkdonfrSm Old Chkdsk
files, Recycle Bin, Catalog file for Content Indexer ponfrsm;xJwGiftpkvkduf a&muf&Sdaeaom toHk;jyK&ef rvdktyfonfh zkdifta[mif;rsm;ukdqkdvkdygonf/
( p) Disk Cleanup for (C:) Dialog box ay:vmygrnf/ Delete (Cleanup)
jyKvkyfvdkygu Yes ukd Click vkyfyg/ yHk(25)
45/ ykH(26)wGifjyxm;onfh Disk Cleanup Dialog box xyfrHay:vmygrnf/ ¤if;Dialog box wGif rnfhonfh Button ukdrS ESdyf&efrvkdbJ cPapmifh&efom jzpfygonf/rdrd&Sif;vif;ypfvkdaom zkdifrsm;ukd Drive C: xJrS &Sif;vif;NyD;jzpfaeygrnf/ Disk Cleanup
udk tokH;jyKí rvkdtyfaomzkdifrsm; &dSvmygu &Sif;vif;ay;&ef vdktyfygrnf/
ykH (25)
ykH (26)
34
46/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;rI^ysufpD;rI
rsm;½SdEdkifygonf-
(u) User Error (toHk;jyKolrsm;rS pufudk pepfwus zGifh ydwf rjyKvkyfjcif;? toHk;jyKpOf
ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;)?
( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;)?
( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zkefrIef Yrsm;? Temperature -tylcs def?
Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyfppfoHvdkuf
qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif;
aESmuf,SufrIrsm;)?
(C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm-(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;)?(2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI)?
(3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhhwufoGm;jcif;)?
(4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;)?
(5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;)?
(6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;)?
(7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; )?
Protecting Electrical Power Problem(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;)
47/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdkYrSumuG,f&ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESifhSurge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHkk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible
Power Supply) udkwqifhcHí toHk;jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem
rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem
rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/
rSefuefaom Ground pepfxm;&Sd&efvkdtyfygonf/ csdwfqufyHkudk ykH(27)wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG
35
rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternalAVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufítoHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm
pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor)twGuff yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/
48/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd
Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf-
yHk(27)
Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;
5v Power 20.0 Amps
Less Motherboard (5.0 amps)4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps)3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps)3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps)CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Remaining power 4.0 amps
12v Power 8.0 Amps
Less 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp)3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp)3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp)Cooling fan (0.1 amp)CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp)
=Remaining power 4.2 amps
14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA)15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)
600VA
Computer System, Hardware
36
Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)
49/ uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm; owdjyKvdkufem&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/
( c) uGefysLwmwpfvHk;tm; rzGifhrD Cable rsm; csdwfqufxm;rI rSefrrSef udk ppfaq;yg/
( 110V / 230V ) wdkYudk rSefuefrI&dSatmif *&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/
( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/
(C) uGefysLwm ON/OFF jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;udk Procedure twdkif;pepfwus vkyfaqmifyg/
( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif
puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS r&dS wdkYudk
ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/
( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef
Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/
(q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or NortonDisk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu
tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/
( Z) uGefysLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,frSuif;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufqHk;ay: Anti VirusProgram tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifhrSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/
( ps) jyifyrS,laqmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq;
NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/
(n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm;
vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif;
rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/
( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu Service Centerrsm;okdY Online Help jzifhaqG;aEG;Ekdifygonf/
( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½IavhvmNyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/
( !) System ydkif;qdkif&mESifh Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrIrsm;
udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&mjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKvkyf&/
( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh
ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol
taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/
uGefysLwmvufpJG
udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;
50/ uGefysLwm\ vkyfaqmifrItqifhrsudk atmufygvG,ful&Sif;vif;aomyHkjzifh rnfonfhtydkif;
wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf-
(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory,Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk,Monitor ponfwdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/
( c) POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif Key-board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;)
( *) Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/
(C) Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/
( i) tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKdUudk atmufygtwdkif; jypfcsuf&SmazGEdkifygonf-
pOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;
1/ Power rD;rvif;jcif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) PSU raumif;jcif;/
2/ Monitor rD;rvif;jcif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY)
Power Switch (odkY) Monitor raumif;jcif;/
3/ POST rvkyfjcif; PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif;
(odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyfjcif;/
4/ Monitor ray:jcif; Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY)
VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY)
Mother Board/ CPU raumif;jcif;/
5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm;
rwlnDjcif;/
6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)HardDisk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif;
(odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf;jcif;/
7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf
Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD;jcif;/
8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virusinterpreter zsufqD;jcif;/
HardwareFirmware(ROMBIOS)
O/S
Application
37 Computer System, Hardware
PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading
Typical ATX Motherboard & Rear Panel Connectors51/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connectorrsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(28)ESifhyHk(29)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGY½SdEkdifygonf-
A PS2/ mouse E Serial Port A I Audio Line Out (optional)
B PS2/ keyboard F Parallel Port J Audio Line in (optional)
C USB Port 1 G Serial Port B K Audio Mic in (optional)
D USB Port 2 H MIDI/Game Port (optional)
A CF H
B D E G J KI
Floppy Disk ConnectorATX Power Supply
ConnectorHard DiskConnector
DIMMMemoryBank
NorthBridge
SouthBridge
AG
P Sl
ot
BackupBattery
ISA
Slo
ts
Slot 1(CPU)
....................
ISA
Slo
ts
PCI
Slot
s
PCI
Slot
s
PCI
Slot
s
PCI
Slot
s
}
}
yHk (28)
Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard
38uGefysLwmvufpJG
Chapter (3)
Socket Type Intel DX15EEA Motherboard
A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional)B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2)D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connectorF. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3)H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socketJ. DIMM sockets K. Power connectorL. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connectorN. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connectorP. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connectorR. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternateT. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1)V. Battery W. SCSI LED connectorX. Speaker Y. PCI expansion
The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors:Processor Socket Processor System Bus L2 CacheType Type Designation (MHz) Freq. (MHz) Size (KB)
Intel FC-PGA 866, 800EB, 733, 667, 133 256
Pentium 600EB, and 533EB
Processors FC-PGA 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 100 256
600E, 550E, and 500E
Intel FC-PGA 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 66 128
Celeron 533A, and 500A
Processors
Celeron PPGA 533 and 500 66 128
ProcessorsFor the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at:
Desktop Board Components
LineIn
USBDevice
A BCDE
F
G
HI
J
KLMNOPQRS
V
TU
WX
Y
ykH (29)
Z,m;(3)
39 Computer System, Hardware
uGefysLwmvufpJG 40
Intel’s Microprocessor52/ Computer wpfvkH;\ Model ukd ¤if;wGif wyfqifxm;aom CPU \ Model jzifhowfrSwfqkH;jzwfMuygonf/ ¤if;CPU rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESifhRISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ RISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrÜPD rsm;rS xkwfvkyfMuNyD;? SpecialPurpose Computer rsm;wGif tokH;rsm;Muonf/ CISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukdIntel, AMD, Cyrix ukrÜPDrsm;rS tjydKiftqkdifxkwfvkyfvm&m ,cktcgwGif 3500 MHz(3.5GHz) tjrefEIef;txd a&muf½SdvmNyDjzpfonf/ az:jyygZ,m;rsm;onf Intel rSxkwfvkyfaomMicroprocessor rsm;ESifh tjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfaom Processor rsm;\ pufrIqkdif&mtcsuftvufrsm;? pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfaz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ Z,m;(3)t&atmufaz:jyyg txl;od½Sd&eftcsufrsm;ukd avhvmawGY ½SdEkdifygonf-
(u) 486 DX Processor rSpwifí Microprocessor twGif;'ór*Pef;rsm;ukdwGufcsufaqmif&GufEkdifonfh FPU (Floating Point Unit) (okdU) Co-MathProcessor rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmufxm;onf/
( c) 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm;ukdtokH;jyKEkdifonf/
( *) Classics Pentium ukd MMX enf;ynm ( 57 MMX Instructions ) aygif;pyfwnfaqmufvkdufaomtcg Pentium MMX [kjzpfay:vmjyD;? Multimediaqkdif&mñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd CPU rSajz½Sif;aqmif&GufvmEkdifonf/
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Inte
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ssor
Sp
ecif
icat
ions
Inte
rnal
Dat
aL
1L
2
CP
UR
egis
ter
Bu
sM
axL
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Wid
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Type
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Jun'
7980
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5v
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--
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29,0
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--
--
--
134,
000
Feb
'82
386S
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B-
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Bus
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275,
000
Jun'
8838
6SL
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Oct
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Apr
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Mar
'93
Pen
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Oct
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Pent
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6KB
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2000
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45 Computer System, Hardware
Intel Desktop Board D875PBZ (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
yHk (30)
1000MbpsNetworkInterface(GigabitEthernet)
480MbpstjrefEIef;pGrf;aqmifEkdifonfhUSB
uGefysLwmvufpJG 46
HTukdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;ESifh FSB 800MHz pGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;1. Support for the Intel Pentium 4 processor supporting Hyper- Threading Technology and 800-
MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package. Also supports the Intel Pentium 4 processorwith 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478 package.
PATenf;ynmaMumifh Memoryrsm;ukd jrefqefpGm Access jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;2. Intel 875P Chipset featuring Intel Performance Acceleration Technology (Intel PAT) to boost
overall system performance by reducing memory latencies.
Main Memoryukd Channel ESpfckcGJí wpfNydKifwnf; Access vkyfEkdifjcif;3. Dual-Channel DDR4003 SDRAM support: Four DIMM sockets designed to support up to 4
GB of DDR 400 SDRAM memory (also supports DDR333). Flexible support for either single ordual-channel operation.
AGP \tjrefEIef; 8X(≈≈ 2GBpsEIef;)jzifh¤if;? 4X(≈≈ 1GBpsEIef;)jzifh¤if; Imagersm;ukday;ykdYvkyfaqmifEkdifjcif;4. AGP 8X/4X graphics interface: For high-end AGP graphics cards.
Parallel ATA UDMA/100 xuf 50% ykdrkdjrefqefonfh Serial ATA enf;ynmtjyif RAID jzifh vkyfaqmif&efRAID Controller yg&Sdjcif;5. Serial-ATA 150 (1.5 Gb/s) featuring Intel RAID Technology and Ultra ATA/100 connectors:
Flexible support of new generation SATA 150 (2 ports) and current generation ATA (2 channels)storage devices. Also includes Intel RAID Technology for support of up to 300 MB/s ofmaximum bandwidth on RAID 0 configurations with Serial-ATA HDDs.
tqufrjywfay;ykdYEkdifNyD;1000Mbps tjrefEIef;jzifh vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhGigabit Ethernet Cardyg&Sdjcif;6. Integrated Intel PRO/1000 CT Desktop Connection LAN: Onboard Gigabit Ethernet LAN
connectivity using the Communication Streaming Architecture (CSA) interface.
PCI Slot (5)ckyg&Sdjcif;7. Five PCI slots: Expansion slots for custom system configurations and future add-in card
upgrades.
480 Mbps tjrefEIef;jzifh ay;ykdYEkdifonfh USB 2.0 Port (8)ckyg&Sdjcif;8. Eight Hi-Speed USB 2.0 ports: Six rear ports and header for two front-panel USB ports.
System Temperature ay:rlwnfí Cooling Fan \tjrefEIef;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdifjcif;ESifh Power okH;pGJrIukd a>cwmNyD;Noise xkwfvTifhrIukd avsmhenf;apjcif;9. Intel Precision Cooling Technology: Advanced management ASIC supports temperature-based
fan control. Fan speeds adjust real time according to system temperatures to help reduceunnecessary noise and energy consumption.
vQifjrefpGm Ready jzpfatmif jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;10. Intel Rapid BIOS Boot: Accelerates Power on Self Test (POST) for faster system access.
11. Not pictured: Instantly AvailableC(suspend-to-RAM):Enables advanced power savings.
Intel Desktop Board D875PBZ (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \ tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
47 Computer System, Hardware
ProcessorProcessors Supported ¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors supporting Hyper- Threading Technology
with 800-MHz or 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors with 533 MHz in the mPGA478-pin package
ChipsetIntel 875P Chipset ¿ Intel 82875P Memory Controller Hub (MCH) with Accelerated Hub
Architecture bus¿ Intel 82801 EA I/O Controller Hub with Accelerated Hub Architecture
bus¿ Intel 82802AC Firmware Hub (FWH)
Memory Controller ¿ Designed to support up to 4 GB of system memory using DDR400/333Hub (MCH) SDRAM memoryIntel ICHSR I/O ¿ 2 Serial-ATA 150 ports with Intel RAID 0 supportController Hub ¿ Ultra ATA 100/66I/O Feetures Integrated super I/O LPC bus controller
¿ Five PCI local bus slots¿ Power management support for ACPI1.0b¿ Designed for PC2001
USB 2.0 Integrated IntelICH5A controllers:¿ Six back-panel ports (one quad and one dual stack)¿ Two front-panel ports (via header requiring cabling to front panel)
Firmware HubSystem BIOS ¿ 8-Mb Fiash EEPAOM with Intei/AMr BIOS featuring Plug and Play,
IDE drive auto-configure¿ Advanced configuration and power Interface V1..0b, DMI 2.0, multi-
lingual supportIntel Rapid BIOS Boot ¿ Accelerated POST for faster access to PC from power-on
System MemoryMemory Cepacity ¿ Four 184-pin DIMM connectors supporting up to four double-sided
DIMMsMemory Types ¿ DDR400 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-
MHZ system bus)¿ DDR333 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-
MHZ or 533-MHz system bus)¿ ECC or Non-ECC RAM
Memory Modes ¿ Dual- and single-channel operation supportMemory Voltage ¿ 2.5V
Hardware Management Features¿ System chassis fan speed control¿ Voltage and temperature sense¿ Fan-sensor inputs used to monitor fan activity
Intel Desktop Board D875PBZ (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 48
Wake-up From Network¿ Wired for Management (WfM) 2.0 compatible¿ Support for system wake-up using an add-in network interface
card with remote wake-up capability or integrated LAN
Expansion Capabilities¿ Five PCI bus add-in card connectors¿ One universal 1.5V or 0.8V AGP 3.0 connector supporting up
to AGP8X
Jumpers and Front-Panel ConnectorsJumpers ¿ Single configuration jumper design
¿ Jumper access for BIOS configuration modeFront-Panel Connectors ¿ Reset, HD LED, Power LEDs, power on/off, standby header
¿ Two front-panel USB headers¿ Front-panel audio header
MechanicalBoard Style ATX 2.03-compliantBoard Size 11.5” x 9.6”
Power RequirementsATX 12V
EnvironmentOperating Temperature 0ºC to +55ºCStorage Temperature -40ºC to +70ºC
RegulationsSafety Regulations
U.S. and Canada UL 1950, 3rd ed.- CAN/CSA C22.2 No.950-95 w/U.S. andCanadian recognized component marks
Europe Nemko certified to EN 60950International Nemko certified to IEC 60950 (CB report w/CB certificate)
EMC Regulations (tested in representative chassis)U.S. FCC Part 15, Class BU.S. FCC Part 15, Class B open chassis (cover off) testingCanada ICES-003, Class BEurope EMC directive 89/336/EEC; EN 55022:1998 Class B; EN
55024:1998Australia/New Zealand AS/NZS 3548, Class BTaiwan CNS 13438, Class BInternational CISPR 22:1997, Class B
Power requirements vary. Complies with U.S. CRF via EN55022 + 6 db in system configurations withan open chassis and EU Directive 89/336/EEC and use via EN55022 and EN50082-1 in a representativechassis.
Intel Desktop Board D875PBZ (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
49 Computer System, Hardware
Intel Desktop Boards D865GBF and D865GLC (Pentium 4 MotherBoard) \tao;pdwf tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
yHk (31)
Pentium 4-Intel 865 Chipset Mother Board
uGefysLwmvufpJG 50
1. Support for the Intel Pentium 4 processors featuring Hyper-ThreadingTechnology and 8OO-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package. Alsosupports the Intel Pentium 4 processors (1.60a, 1.80a, 2a, 2.20 GHz or higher) with533-MHz or 400-MHz system bus in the mPGA478 package.
Cost oufomNyD; ykHxGuf pGrf;tm;aumif;onfh Graphic Inteface yg&SdNyD;jzpfjcif;2. Intel 865G Chipset featuring Intel Extreme Graphics 2 using Dynamic Video
MemoryTechnology (DVMT). Low-cost, high-performance graphics solution.
Main Memory ukd Channel (2)ckcGJí wpfNydKifwnf; Access jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;3. Dual-Channel DDR4002 SDRAM support: Four DIMM sockets designed to
support up to 4 GB of DDR400 SDRAM memory (also supports DDR333 andDDR266). Flexible support for either single or dual-channel operation.
4. AGP 8X/4X graphics interface: Flexibility toupgrade via a high-end AGP graphicscard.
5. SATA150 and Ultra ATA100 connectors: Flexible support of new-generationSATA 150 (2 ports) and current generation ATA (2 channels) storage devices.
Gigabit Ethernet (okdYr[kwf) Fast Ethernet Interface yg&Sdjcif;6. Integrated Intel PRO/1000 CT Desktop Connection or Intel PRO/100 LAN
(optional):On-board Gigabit Ethernet LAN connectivity using the CommunicationStreaming Architecture (CSA) interface or 10/100-Mbps LAN.
Channel (6)ck pGrf;aqmifEkdif AC’97 Sound Card yg&Sdjcif;7. AC’97 6-channel Audio: SoundMAX* 4 XL AudioESP (Audio Enumeration
and Sensing Process) enabling either 6-channel or 2-channel audio.
PCI Slot (6)ck yg&Sdjcif;8. Six PCI slots (Desktop Board D865GBF) or three PCI slots (Desktop Board
D865GLC): Expansion slots for custom system configurations and future add-incard upgrades.
9. Eight Hi-speed USB 2.0 ports: Four rear ports and headers for four front-panelUSB ports.
10. Intel Precision Cooling Technology: Advanced management ASIC supportstemperature-based fan control. Fan speeds adjust real time according to systemtemperatures to help reduce unnecessary noise and energy consumption.
11. Intel Rapid BIOS Boot: Accelerates Power on Self Test (POST) for faster systemaccess.
12. Instantly-Available PC (suspend-to-RAM): Enables advanced power savings(not pictured).
Intel Desktop Boards D865GBF and D865GLC (Pentium 4 MotherBoard) \tao;pdwf tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
51 Computer System, Hardware
Processor
Processors Supported ¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors supporting Hyper- Threading Technology with800-MHz or 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package
¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors (1.60a, 1.80a, 2a, 2.20 GHz or higher) with 533-MHz or 400-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package
¿ Intel Celeron processors (2 GHz or higher) in the mPGA478-pin packageIntel 865G Chipset ¿ Intel 865G Graphics Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) with Accelerated
Hub Architecture bus¿ Intel 82801EB I/O Controller Hub (ICH5) with Accelerated Hub
Architecture bus¿ Intel 82802EB Firmware Hub (FWH)
Graphics Memory Designed to support up to 4 GB’ of system memory using DDR400/333/266Controller Hub (GMCH) SDRAM memoryIntel ICH5 I/O ¿ Ultra ATA 100/66Controller Hub ¿ Six PCI request-grant pairs for support of six PCI bus masters
¿ Two SATA 150 (1.5 Gbps) ports¿ Intel PRO/1000 GT network connection (optional)¿ Intel PRO/100 network connection (optional)
I/O Features Integrated super I/O LPC bus controller¿ Six (Desktop Board D865GBF) or three (Desktop Board D865GLC) PCI
local bus slots¿ Designed for PC2001
USB 2.0 Integrated Intel ICH5 controllers.¿ Four back-panel ports (two dual stack)¿ Four front-panel ports (via 2-headers requiring cabling to front panel)
Firmware HubSystem BIOS ¿ 4 Mb Flash EEPROM with Intel/AMI BIOS featuring , Plug and Play, IDE
drive auto-configure¿ Advanced configuration and power interface V1.0b, DMI 2.0, multi-linguai
supportIntel Rapid BIOS Boot ¿ Optimized POST for faster access to PC from power-on
System MemoryMemory Capacity ¿ Four 184-pin DIMM connectors supporting up to four double-sided DIMMsMemory Types ¿ DDR400 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-MHz
system bus)¿ DDR333 SDRAM Memory (when used with Intel processor with 800-MHz
or 533-MHz system bus)¿ DDR266 SDRAM Memory¿ Non-ECC RAM (ECC memory will run in non-ECC mode)
Memory Modes ¿ Dual- and single-channel operation supportMemory Voltege ¿ 2.5V
Hardware Management Features¿ System chassis fan speed control¿ Voltage and temperature sensing¿ Fan sensor inputs used to monitor fan activity¿ Power management support for ACPI 1.0b
Intel Desktop Boards D865GBF and D865GLC (Pentium 4 Mother
Board) \tao;pdwf tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 52
Wake-Up From Network¿ Wired for Management (WfM) 2.0-compatible¿ Support for system wake-up using an add-in network interface card
with remote wake-up capability or integrated LANExpansion Capabilities
¿ Six (Desktop Board D865GBF) or three (Desktop Board D865GLC) PCIbus add-in card connectors
¿ One universal 1.5V AGP 3.0 connector supporting up to AGP 8XJumpers and Front-Panel ConnectorsJumpers ¿ Single configuration jumper design
¿ Jumper access for BIOS configuration modeFront-Panel Connectors ¿ Reset, HD LED, Power LEDs, power on/off, standby header
¿ Two front-panel USB headers¿ Front-panel audio header
MechanicalBoard Style Desktop Board D865GBF-ATX 2.03-compliant
Desktop Board D865GLC-MicroATX 1.0-compliantBoard Size Desktop Board D865GBF-11.6" x 9.6"
Desktop Board D865GLG-9.6" x 9.6"Baseboard PowerRequirements Desktop Board D865GBF-ATX12V
Desktop Board D865GLC-ATX12V or SFX12VEnvironmentOperating Temperature 0º C to +55º CStorage Temperature -40º C to +70º CRegulationsSafety RegulationsU.S. and Canada UL 1950, Third edition- CAN/CSA C22.2 No.950-95 with recognized U.S.
and Canadian component marksEurope Nemko certified to EN 60950International Nemko certified to IEC 60950 (CB report with CB certificate)EMC regulations (tested in representative chassis)U.S. FCC Part 15, Class BU.S. FCC Part 15, Class B open-chassis (cover off) testing Canada ICES-003,
Class BEurope EMC directive 89/336/EEC; EN 55022:1998 Class B; EN 55024:1998Australia/New Zealand AS/NZS 3548, Class BTaiwan CNS 13438, Class BInternational CISPR 22:1997, Class B
Power requirements vary. Complies with US CRF via EN55022 + 6 db in system configurations withan open chassis and EU Directive 89/336/EEC and use via EN55022 and EN50082-1 in a representativechassis.
Intel Desktop Boards D865GBF and D865GLC (Pentium 4 Mother
Board) \tao;pdwf tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
53 Computer System, Hardware
Intel Desktop Board D865PERL (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
yHk (32)
Pentium 4 - Intel D865PERL Mother Board
uGefysLwmvufpJG 54
1. Support for the Intel Pentium 4 processor: Supports Pentium 4 processormPGA478 (478 pin) packaging supporting Hyper-Threading Technology,including an 800-MHz, 533-MHz, or 400-MHz system bus
2. Intel 865PE chipset featuring dual-channel DDR400 non-ECC support:Designed to take full advantage of the power of the Pentium 4 processor, deliversenhanced features and increased band- width for maximum performance
3. Four DDR DIMM* Sockets: Supports DDR400/333/266 memory in a dual-channel configuration from 128 MB to 4 GB
4. AGP 8X/4X 1.5V connector: Supports the latest graphics technology
5. Serial ATA 150 (1.5Gb/s) (2 ports) featuring Intel RAID Technology(optional): Enables faster disk I/O for transfers to storage devices
6. Integrated Intel PRO/1000 network connection via CSA (CommunicationStreaming Architecture) bus or Intel PRO/100 LAN connection (optional):On board Gigabit Ethernet LAN connectivity via the CSA bus solutions
7. Five PCI slots: Expansion slots for custom system configurations and futureadd-in card upgrades
8. Eight Hi-Speed USB 2.0 ports: Two dual-stack rear connectors and headerfor four front panel USB connectors
9. Intel Precision Cooling Technology: In coordi-nation with Intel Active Monitor,allows user to monitor vital system levels like temperature and voltages foradvanced warning of component failure
Multimedia Informationrsm;ukdjrefqefpGm&,lvufcHEkdifaomPort(IEEE-1394a)yg&Sdjcif;
10. 1394a Connector (optional): Enables data transfer from consumer electronicdevices like digital camcorders or MP3 players
11. Intel Rapid BIOS boot: Reduced boot time enables faster system access
12. Instantly available PC (suspend-to-RAM): Power-management modereduces PC power consumption and provides immediate PC access (NotPictured)
Intel Desktop Board D865PERL (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
55 Computer System, Hardware
ProcessorProcessors Supported ¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors supporting Hyper-Threading Technology
including 800-MHz and 533-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pinpackage
¿ Intel Pentium 4 processors (1.60a, 1.80a, 2a, 2.20 GHz or higher) with533-MHz or 400-MHz system bus in the mPGA478-pin package
¿ Intel Celeron processors (2 GHz or higher) in the mPGA478-pin package
ChipsetIntel 865PE Chipset ¿ Intel 82865PE Memory Controller Hub (MCH) with Accelerated Hub
Architecture bus¿ (optional) Intel 82801 EB I/O Controller Hub (ICH5) with Accelerated
Hub Architecture bus (optional)¿ (optional) Intel 82801 ER I/O Controller Hub (ICH5-R) with Accelerated
Hub Architecture busIntel 82875P Designed to support up to 4 GB (with 512-Mb technology) of single orMemory Controller dual-channel DDR400, DDR333 or DDR266 SDRAM memoryHub (MCH) ¿ AGP 8x, 4x
¿ Communication Streaming Architecture (CSA)Intel ICHS I/O ¿ Two Serial ATA 150 ports, Ultra ATA/66/100, and Ultra DMA/33Controller Hub ¿ Six PCI request-grant pairs for support of six PCI bus masters
¿ SMBus (to PCI slot #2)
External InterfacesI/O and Expansion ¿ Integrated super I/O LPC bus controllerCapabilities ¿ Five PCI bus add-in card connectors
(PCI local bus Specification Revision 2.2)¿ One 0.8V/1.5V 8X/4X AGP port connector¿ Power management support for ACPI 1.0
Eight USB 2.0 Ports ¿ Integrated Intel ICH5/ICH5-R USB 2.0 host controllers- Four back-panel ports- Four ports routed to two on board headers
Integrated Intel ¿ On board 1 ,000-Mbps Ethernet LAN connectivity over CSA utilizingPRO/1000 CT (optional) Intel 82547EI LANIntegrated Intel ¿ On board 10/100-Mbps Ethernet LAN connectivity utilizing IntelPRO/100 (optional) 82652ET LAN
Firmware HubSystem BIOS ¿ 4-Mb Flash EEPROM with Intel/AMI BIOS featuring Plug and Play,
IDE drive auto-configure .¿ Advanced configuration and power interface V1.0b, DMI 2.0,
multilingual supportIntel Rapid BIOS Boot ¿ Optimized POST for faster access to PC from power-on
Intel Desktop Board D865PERL (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 56
System MemoryMemory Capacity ¿ Four 184-pin DIMM connectors supporting up to f our double-
sided DIMMs¿ Designed to support up to 4 GB (with 512-Mb technology) of dual-
channel DDR400, DDR333, or DDR266 SDRAM memoryMemory Type ¿ Dual-Channel, Non-ECC, Double Data Rate (DDR400 or DDR333,
DDR266) SDRAM in 128-Mb, 256-Mb and 512-Mb technologiesMemory Voltage ¿ 2.5VHardware Management and Fan Control Features
¿ Voltage and temperature sense¿ Fan-sensor inputs used to monitor fan activity¿ Temperature-dependent closed-loop fan control
Wake-Up From Network¿ Wired for Management (WfM) 2.0 compliant¿ Support for system wake-up using an add-in network interface card
with remote wake-up capability or PCIJumpers and Front-Panel ConnectorsJumpers ¿ Single configuration jumper design
¿ Jumper access for BIOS configuration modeFront-Panel Connectors ¿ Reset, HD LED, power LED, power on/off, aux LEDMechanicalBoard Style ATX 2.03 compliantBoard Size 12.0'' x 9.6'' (300 mm x 240 mm)Power RequirementsRequirements ATX12V
EnvironmentOperating Temperature 0º C to +55º CStorage Temperature -40º C to +70º C
RegulationsSafety RegulationsU.S. and Canada UL 1950 and CSA 950-95
U.S. and Canadian recognition component marksEurope UL classified to IEC 950
EMC/RFI Regulations Intended for use in systems meeting the following EMI/RFI regulationsU.S FCC Class B (DofC-Csover off testing)Canada IC Class BEurope EU Class B (Res, Corn, Light Industry)Japan VCCI, Class B (ITE)
Power requirements vary. Complies with US CRF via EN55022 +6 db in system configurations withan open chassis and EU Directive 89/336/EEC and use via EN55022 and EN50082-1 in a representativechassis.
Intel Desktop Board D865PERL (Pentium 4 Mother Board) \tao;pdwftpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh pufrIqdkif&mt&nftaoG;rsm;
57
( ps) P II / PIII Xeon Processor rsm;onf L2 Cache yg0ifrI1024 KB rS 2048KB xd&SdEdkifojzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD;? Server rsm;wGif tusKd;jyK
Edkifonf/
Chipset53/ Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukdt"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSmChipset jzpfyg
onf/ Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESifh Slotrsm;tm;xdef;csKyfonfh North Bridge ESifh Hard Disk Controller, USB wkdYukdxdef;csKyfonfh
South Bridge [lí½Sdygonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset,VIA Chipset ponfjzifhawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Intel Chipset rsm;\ pGrf;aqmifekdifrIESifh pufrIqkdif&m
t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd Z,m;rsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf/
54/ Z,m; (8)ESifh(9)wdkYudkavhvmjcif;jzifh atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd awGU½SdEkdifygonf-
(u) Chipset ukdMunfhí Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/
( c) Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed/ Bus Speed uGmjcm;onf/
( *) Chipset ay:rlwnfí trsm;qkH;wyfqifEk difonfht"durSwfOmPfyrmPESif h
(66/100/133/200/400/800MHz)Memory Bankta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/
(C) Chipsetay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom (2/4/8)CPUta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/
( i) 440GX, 440 NX Chipset rsm;onf SMP [kac:aom CPU ta&twGuf
2ck (odkY) 4ckxd wyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf Server rsm;wGif tokH;jyK
Ekdifonf/
( p) Chipsetay:rlwnfíCPUtrsKd;tpm;?HT,Dual Channel&^r&uGmjcm;onf/
(q) Chipsetay:rlwnfíAGP Support(1/2/4/8X)vkyf rvkyfEdkifuGmjcm;ygonf/
( Z) Chipset ay:rlwnfí wyfqifEkdifaom Memory Type (FPM, EDO,SD-RAM, DDR-RAM, RD-RAM)uGmjcm;onf/
( ps) Chipset ay:rlwnfí UDMA 33/66/100/133 Hard Disk, Serial ATAwyfqiftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;wdkY uGmjcm;ygonf/
(n) Chipset ay:rlwnfíPCI Bus width(32/64bit),SpeedESifhtjcm;Featuresrsm;uGmjcm;ygonf/ Oyrm-RAID controller, Gigabit, IEEE1394
Computer System, Hardware
58
Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge)Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BXCodename Natoma none none noneDate Introduced May 1996 Aug 1997 Apr 1998 Apr 1999Port Number 82441 FX 82443 LX 82443 EX 82443 BX
82442 FXBus Speed 66 MHz 66 MHz 66 MHz 66/100 MHzOptimum Processor Pentium II Pentium II Celeron Pentium II/III, CeleronSMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes No YesMemory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO FPM/EDO/SDRAM EDO/SDRAM SDRAMParity/ECC Both Both Neither BothMaximum Memory 1 GB 1 GB EDO/ 256 MB 1 GB
512 MB SDRAMMemory Banks 4 4 2 4PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1AGP Support No AGP-2x AGP-2x AGP-2xSouth Bridge 82371AB(PIIX4) 82371EB(PIIX4E) 82371EB(PIIX3) 82371SB(PIIX4E)
Chipset 440GX 450NX 440ZX 810Codename none none none WhitneyDate Introduced Jun 1998 Jun 1998 Nov 1998 Apr 1999Port Number 82443 GX 82451 NX 82443 ZX 82810/ 82810-DC100
82452 NX 82802 AB/AC82453 NX82454 NX
Bus Speed 100 MHz 100 MHz 66/100 MHz* 66/100 MHzOptimum Processor Pentium II/III, Pentium II/III Celeron, Celeron,
Xeon Xeon Pentium II/III Pentium II/IIISMP (dual CPUs) Yes Yes, up to 4 No NoMemory Types SDRAM FPM/EDO SDRAM SDRAMParity/ECC Both Both Neither NeitherMaximum Memory 2 GB 8 GB 256 MB 256 MBMemory Banks 4 4 2 2PCI Support 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2AGP Support AGP-2x No AGP-2x Direct AGPSouth Bridge 82371EB 82371EB 82371EB 2801AA/AB
(PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (PIIX4E) (ICH/ICH0)
SMP = Symmetric Multiprocessing (Dual Processors )FPM = Fast Page Mode PCI = Peripheral Component InterconnectEDO = Extended Data Out AGP = Accelerated Graphics PortBEDO = Burst EDO SIO = System I/OSDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic RAM PIIX = PCI ISA IDE XceleratorPburst = Pipeline Burst ( Synchronous ) ICH = I/O Controller Hub
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Intel South Bridge Chips
Chip Name SIO PIIX PIIX3 PIIX4 PIIX4E ICHO ICH
Port Number 82378IB/ZB 82371FB 82371SB 82371AB 82371EB 82801AB 82801AAIDE Support None BMIDE BMIDE UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-33 UDMA-66USB Support None None Yes Yes Yes Yes YesCMOS/Clock No No No Yes Yes Yes YesPower SMM SMM SMM SMM SMM/ SMM/ SMM/Management ACPI ACPI ACPI
SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDEPIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDEICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management ModeUSB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power InterfaceIDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment)
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Computer System, Hardware
60
Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and SpecificationsSocket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported ProcessorsNumberSocket 1 169 17x17 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 OverdriveSocket 2 238 19x19 PGA 5v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive,
486 Pentium OverdriveSocket 3 237 19x19 PGA 5v/3.3v 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4,
486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86Socket 4 273 21x21 PGA 5v Pentium 60/66, OverdriveSocket 5 320 37x37 SPGA 3.3v/3.5v Pentium 75-133, OverdriveSocket 6** 235 19x19 PGA 3.3v 486 DX4, 486 Pentium OverdriveSocket 7 321 37x37 SPGA VRM Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive,
AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/IISocket 8 387 dual pattern SPGA Auto VRM Pentium ProPGA370 370 37x37 SPGA Auto VRM CeleronSlot 1 242 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, CeleronSlot 2 330 Slot Auto VRM Pentium II/III, Xeon
PGA = Pin Grid Array SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module
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ukdjrefqef ap&eftwGufSDRAM, DDR-RAM,
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62
Intel’s Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1 Socket 7
Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses, Improving cache access bandwidth over Socket 7.
CPU I/O bus
(64 bits wide)
Privatebackside bus(64 bits wide)
CPU I/O bus
(64 bits wide)
PCI bus PCI bus
PCI device PCI device PCI devicePCI device PCI device PCI device
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59/ Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (Dual-Independence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main MemoryukdwpfNydKifwnf;Access vkyfEkdifonf/ Xeon MB wGifL3 cache udkyg CPUtwGif;xnfhoGif;
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63
Conventional Graphics Architecture60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk
toHk;jyKíPCI Slot wGifwyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rateom tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif atmufygyHktwdkif; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
61/ PCI Graphic Card tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh Graphic qkdif&mtjrefEIef;(Data ykdYvTwfonfhEIef;)
aES;onfh jyóemukd jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;jyóemukd ajz½Sif;&ef AGP Card, AGP SlottokH;jyKoifhygonf/ Pentium ESifh¤if;xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGPukd raqmif&GufEk difojzifh AGP Chipset yg0ifaom Motherboard rsm;jzif h UpgradejyKvkyfaqmif&Guf &efvkdtyfrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKdU AGP Set rsm;onf AGP 2x jzifhomtvkyfvkyfEkdif
jyD;?aemufqkH;ay: Motherboard Design rsm;onf AGP 4x/8x jzifh tvkyfvkyfEkdifMuonf/
AGP \ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif ½Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/
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Computer System, Hardware
64
How Accelerated Graphics Port Works62/ AGP \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk atmufygyHkjzifh awGUjrifedkifygonf-
63/ okdYjzpfí Main Memory ESifhqufoG,f&mü AGP onf PCI Bus xuf 4qykdrkdjrefqef
aMumif; az:jyygZ,m;twkdif;awGY½Sd&ojzifh Graphic qkdif&m? Animation qkdif&m? Video qkdif&m?
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PCI AGP 2x AGP 8x Bits per transfer 32 32Transfer per clock cycle One TwoClock cycles per second 33.3Million 66.6 MillionBand Width 133MB/Sec 533MB/Sec 2132MB/Sec
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Computer System, Hardware
66
Hard Disk Storage65/ uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGiftcsuftvufodkavSmifaomypönf;wpfckjzpfonfhHard
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Computer System, Hardware
68
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69
74/ Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk
Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (SystemArea) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfoGm;ygu tcsuftvufrsm;ysufqD;qHk;½IH;NyD;? Hard Disk wpfckvHk;
oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY
a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ yHk(41)?yHk(42) (Oyrm- Track 1024)
Middle Track
Inner Track
Outer Track
Outer Cylinder
MiddleCylinder
Inner Cylinder
Cylinders
yHk (41)
yHk (42)
Computer System, Hardware
70
Hard Disk Features75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;a½G;cs,f&mü-
(u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI)
( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP)
( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf SCSI, IDE-(SATA,PATA)) (C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique)( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm)
( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv)
( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;)
( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;)ESifh RPM (vnfywfEIef;)
( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfhí a½G;cs,foifhygonf/
76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh
wdkif;wmonf/ MTBF rSm20000 em&DrS 50000 em&Dtxuf &SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm - MTBFt& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu
(17)ESpfMum toHk;jyKEdkifNyD;? (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefYtoHk;jyKEdkifaMumif;
wGufcsufcefYrSef;Edkifygonf/) 4if;onf oDtdk&Dt& oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm;
xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/
Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;
77/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKxdef;odrf;*½kjyKvyfaqmifoifhygonf-k
(u) Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf pufudkrydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/
( c) Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif
ruRrf;usifbJ toHk;rjyKoifhyg/ owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½INyD;rSom
oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom
oHk;pGJoifhygonf/)
( *) CMOS Setup wGif&S donfh Hard Disk ESif houfqdkifaomtcsufrsm;ud k
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIjyKvkyfonfhtcg owdjyKrSwfom;vkyfaqmifyg/
(C) Hard Disk udkoifhawmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvkyfjcif;?
Defragment jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufay;&ef vdktyfygonf/
(Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed DiskjyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufoifhygonf/)
( i) tjrefEIef;jrifh Hard Disk rsm;tm;Cooling Systemwyfqifay;&efvkdtyfonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG
( p) uGefysLwmtm; rD;zGifh^rD;ydwfjcif;wdkYudk owfrSwfcsufESifhtnD vkyfaqmif&rnf/
(q) uGefysLwmpepftm; Ground csxm;rIudk pepfwusvkyfaqmifxm;&rnf/
71
Floppy Disk Drives
78/ Floppy Disk Drives rsm;wGifa&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write HeadonfrsufESmjyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfckpD½Sdonf/ Floppy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk (43)jzifhazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floppy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQiftywfaygif;300ESifh360xdvnfywfEdkifonf/ Head ESifh Diskette \rsufESmjyifudkxdízwfjcif;aMumifh zHkrsm;aomae&mwGifxm;½Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cHí yGwfwdkufrdumDiskette ESifh Head rsm;ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyfíoefY ½Sif;rIaqmif½GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrftoHk;jyK&efroifhyg/
79/ Floppy Disk Drive wpfck\wnfaqmufxm;yHktpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; yHk(43)yg
twdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
ykH(43)
Computer System, Hardware
72
Floppy Disk
80/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf\ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;\ ydkif;xm;yHkudk
yHk(44)ygtwdkif; awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf/
Platter
Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rI
ykH(44)
uGefysLwmvufpJG
73
81/ Floppy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifh jyKvkyfxm;NyD;? puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm;
Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5¼ ESifh 3½ Floppy Disk wdkY\
odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGY½SdEdkifygonf-
Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk; jyKaepOf owdjyKxdef;odrf;&rnf htcsufrsm;
82/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf-
(u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu Virus &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;NyD;rStoHk;jyK&rnf/
( c) zkefwufaeaom? rIdwufaeaom? ysufpD;aeom Diskette rsm;tm;toHk;rjyK&yg/
( *) Diskette \rsufESmjyiftm; vufjzifhudkifwG,fjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
(C) Diskette rsm;tm; oHvdkufpufuGif;&Sdaom? tylrsm;aom ae&mrsm;wGifrxm;&yg/
( i) Floppy Drive zwfaepOf Diskette tm; txkwftoGif;rjyKvkyf&yg/
( p) Diskette udk Floppy Drive twGif; ajymif;jyefrxnfhrdap&efowdjyK&rnf/
(q) Floppy Drive \ Head wGifzkefwufjcif;? rIduyfjcif;rsm;jzpfay:í zwfr&ygu
Cleaning Disk jzifh Cleaning vkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf CleaningDisk jzifh tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfygu Head ysufpD;Edkifygonf/
( Z) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif Floppy Drive twGif; DiskettexnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif;rjyKvkyf&yg/
Diskette on its CapacityFor 5¼" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total
1. Single Sided Double Density 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB( S S D D ) 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB
2. Double Sided Double Density (40 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 360 KB( D S D D )
3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 15 x 512) x 2 = 1.2 MB( D S H D )
For 3½" Track Sector Byte/Sector Total1. Double Sided Double Density (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB
( D S D D )2. Double Sided Quad Density (80 x 18 x 512) x 2 = 1.44 MB
( D S Q D )3. Double Sided High Density (80 x 36 x 512) x 2 = 2.88 MB
( D S H D )Z,m; (12)
Computer System, Hardware
74
CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)83/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment
tjzpfyg&Sdvmygonf/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onfOptical Storage Medium wpfckjzpfNyD;? 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udkzwf½Hkoufoufom toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/,cktcg Blank CD ay:ü Record vkyfumodrf;qnf;Edkifaom CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNyD;? t*FvdyfpmrsufESmrsm;udk½dkufEdSyfodrf;qnf;ygu
Text pmrsufESm 333,000 Pages eD;yg; (odkYr[kwf) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom toHudkodrf;qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudkodrf;qnf;xm;Edkifygonf/ wpfpuúefYtwGuf Block
wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&Sdonf/ yHk(45)k
ykH(45)
uGefysLwmvufpJG
75
84/ CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk
(u) avqma&mifjcnfxkwfvTwfjcif;/avqm'dkiftkyfonf Energy tenf;i,fom
&Sdaom Infrared tvif;a&mifwef;ufk rSefjym;ay:odkYxkwfvTwfonf/
( c) Servo Motor rScsdefn§djcif;/ Servo Motor onf Microprocessor rS ydkYvTwf
aom ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD; tvif;a&mifwef;\ taetxm;udk
CD-ROM ay:&Sd vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY a&muf&Sdatmif rSefjym;rsm;udk a½GUvsm;
apjcif;jzifh csdefñd§yg onf/
( *) avqm"gwfjym;udkxd½dkufrdjcif;? tvif;jyefjcif;ESifhpkqHkapjcif;/tvif;a&mif
wef;onf avqmDisk zefjym;udk xd½dkufrdNyD;aemuf tvif;jyefrI jzpfapygonf/
jyefvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&eftwGuf rSefbDvl;wGif
jzwfoef;aponf/ xdkYaemuf rSefjym;rsm;udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifwef;udk cGJxkwf
onfh Beam Spliter odkYydkYvTwfygonf/
(C) jyefvmaomavqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHapjcif;/ Beam Splitter onf
jyefvmaoma&mifjcnfwef;uk d pkqk HrIaumif;ap&eftwGuf pkqk HrSefbDvl;
aemufwpfckokdY ykdYvTwfonf/
( i) tvif;a&miftcsufjyrsm;ukdvQyfppftcsufjyrsm;tjzpfajymif;jcif;/ aemufqkH;
tqifhwGiff avqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd Photo detector okdY ay;ykdYonfh Photodetector onf tvif;a&mifukd jywfawmif;jywfawmif; vQyfppfvIdif; tcsufjyrsm;
tjzpfokdYajymif;ay;onf/
( p) CD Drive wGif Microprocessor rS Process jyKvkyfjci f;/ uGefysLwm\
Microprocessor onf ¤if;xHokdY 0ifvmaom impulse rsm;uk duGefysLwmokdY
datarsm;tjzpfykdYvTwfygonf/
Computer System, Hardware
76
MultiBeam Technology
85/ jrefqefaom CD-ROM Drive rsm;ESifh DVD (Digital Video Disk) wdkYonfwpfBudrfwGif puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;wpfckom or½kd;uszwfonfhenf;ynmrS Track rsm;pGmudk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh jrefqefpGmzwfEdkifonfh Multi Beam / True X Technology udkZer Research ukrÜPDrSwDxGifcJhygonf/ azmfjyyg yHk(46) onf puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif;(7)ckudk avqma&mifjcnfrsm;jzifhwpfNydKifwnf;zwf&ef rnfodkYvkyfaqmifonfudk &Sif;vif;jyoxm;aomyHkjzpfygonf/
MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once.
Multi-beamDector
Beam Splitter
Lenses
Laser Diode
ykH (46)
uGefysLwmvufpJG
77
CD-ROM Drive Specification86/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf-
(u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP)
( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef) Z,m;(13)
( *) Buffer / Cache (tcsuftvufrsm; acwåodrf;qnf;&ef CD Drive twGif;&Sd
rSwfÓPfyrmP)
(C) CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm)
( i) DMA (Direct Memory Access udktoHk;jyKí CPU \xdef;csKyfrI tenf;qHk;
jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrI)
( p) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI)
(q) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)
Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) Access Time (ms)1x 153,600 150 4002x 307,200 300 3003x 460,800 450 2004x 614,400 600 1506x 921,600 900 1508x 1,228,800 1,200 10010x 1,536,000 1,500 10012x 1,843,200 1,800 10016x 2,457,600 2,400 9018x 2,764,800 2,700 9024x 3,686,400 3,600 9032x 4,915,200 4,80036x 5,529,600 5,40040x 6,114,000 6,00048x 7,372,800 7,200 85~75 or less52x 7,987,200 7,500100x 15,360,000 15,000
CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm;
Z,m; (13)
�
( Z) CD-ROM Format Z,m;(14)
Computer System, Hardware
78
CD-ROM FormatFormat Used For NotesRed Book Digital audio CDs This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital
Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and SonyYellow Book Computer CDs Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode
1:9660Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVILevel 2: CDTV
ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with YellowBook to define file and directory structures. See alsoMode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which definesector formats.
White Book VideoCD Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources.Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flimdistribution
Orange Book Writable CDs Port I-Magneto-Optical Drivesincluding CD-R, Port II-CD-Rmagneto-optical, single andmultisession recording andpacket writing
Green Book Combination of Red Book and CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I orYellow Book - for CD-I CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive(Interactive CD) sales presentations and kiosks
CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer Used by musical artists to incoporate video anddata on single CD interviews on music CDs
Z,m; (14)
CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;
87/ atmufygtwkdif; owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf-
(u) zkefwufaeaom? jcpf&mygaom? zefom;aygufaeaom CD rsm;udk toHk;rjyK&yg/
( c) zkefwufaeaom CD rsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom Cleaning Kit jzifhom oefY&Sif;rI
jyKvkyfoifhygonf/
( *) Format rwlízwfr&aom CD rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;zwfjcif;udk a&SmifusOf&rnf/
(C) CD Drive twGif;&Sd Lens tm; tjcm;Murf;wrf;onfh ypönf;rsm;jzifh yGwfwdkufí
oefY&Sif;a&;jyKvkyfjcif;tm; a&SmifusOf&rnf/
( i) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif CD Drive twGif; CD xnfhvQuf
o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/
( p) CD Drive twGif;rS CD udkxkwfír&ygu ta&;ay: Eject vkyfEdkifonfh
taygufudk toHk;jyKí vkyfaqmifyg/ 4if;taygufonf CD Drive \ rsufESmpm
wGif yg&Sdwwfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG
(q) CD rsm;udk Virus yg^ryg ppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/
79
( Z) CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm; csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/
High Capacity Removable Storage88/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS
wpfae&mokdY yrmP BuD;rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyyg
Magnetic Media ESifh Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf-
(u) High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB[lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( c) Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB [lí
trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( *) Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
(C) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [lítrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/)
( i) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf)
( p) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;
&Sdonf)
(q) Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)
89/ Removable Storage tcsdKU\ pufrIqkdif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd
atmufaz:jyygZ,m;toD;oD;jzifh EIdif;,SOfEkdifygonf/ Z,m;(15)rS(20)xd -
LS-120 Specifications
Drive Type LS-120 Floppy Standard 1.44MBFloppy Disk
Fomatted Capacity 120MB 1.44MBTransfer Rate: parallel port 290KB/sec 45KB/secTransfer Rate: Internal IDE 484KB/sec n/aAverage seek time 70ms 84msDisk rotational speed 720rpm 300rpmTrack density 2,490tpi 135tpiNumber of tracks 1,736×2 sides 80×2 sides
Z,m; (15)
Computer System, Hardware
80
Z,m; (16)
Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity)
Model (Interface) SCSI and/or Parallel Eide
Formatted capacity 100MB or 250MB 100MB or 250MBSubstained transfer rate 1.40MB/sec 1.40 maximum MB/secSubstained transfer rate 0.79MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/secMaximum throughput 60MB/min(SCSI); 84MB/min
20MB/min(parallel)Average seek time 29ms 29msDisk rotational speed 2,941 rpm 2,941 rpmBuffer size 32KB 16KB
Z,m; (17)
Jaz Specifications
Model 1GB 2GB
Formatted Capacity 1070 million bytes 2000 million bytesTransfer rate:Maximum 6.62MB/sec 8.7MB/secAverage 5.4MB/sec 7.35MB/secMinimum 3.41MB/sec 3.41MB/secBurst 10MB/sec 20MB/secAverage seek time read 10 ms 10 msAverage seek time write 12 ms 12 msAcess Time 15.5-17.5ms 15.5-17.5msDisk Rotational speed 5400rpm 5394rpmBuffer size 256KB 512KBInterface Fast SCSI II Ultra SCSI
uGefysLwmvufpJG
81
Z,m; (18)
DAT and 8mm Tape specifications
Tape Capacity TracksStandard (w/o Com- Data Appro- Tape Recording Encoding
pression) Density ximate Length Technology Format Interface
DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* SCSI(Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT
VideoTape 14GB n/a n/a 120m Helical Scan
*DDS=Digital Data StorageDDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed)DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression)DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed
Z,m; (19)
SparQ Specifications
Formatted Capacity 1008 milion bytes
Transfer rate:Maximum 6.9MB/secMinimum 3.7MB/secBurst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/secSubstained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/secAverage seek time 12msDisk rotational speed 5,400rpmBurst (PIO mode 4) 16.6MB/secSubstained transfer rate: parallel version 1.25MB/secAverage seek time 12msDisk rotational speed 5,400rpm
Computer System, Hardware
82
Z,m; (20)
Disk/Cartridge Average DataDrive Type Capacity Seek Time Transfer Rate
lomega Zip Parallel 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/seclomega Zip IDE 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/seclomega Zip SCSI 100MB 29ms 1.4MB/secImation LS-120 Internal 120MB 70ms 4.0MB/secSyQest 235 Parallel 235MB 13.5ms 1.25MB/secAvatar Shark 250 Parallel 250MB 12ms 2.0MB/secSyQest 235 SCSI/IDE 235MB 13.5ms 2.4MB/seclomega Jaz (SCSI) 2GB 12ms 5.4MB/secAvatar Shark IDE 250M 12ms 2.5MB/secSyQest Syjet SISC 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/secSyQest Syjet IDE 1.5GB 12ms 5.3MB/secSyQest SparQ Parallel 1GB 12ms 1.25MB/secCD-R Drives 650MB <150ms 150KB/sec
Removeable Drive Specifications
90/ uGefysLwmtokH;jyKolrsm;taejzifh ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvufrsm; rqkH;½IH;apa&;twGuf
trsdK;tpm;rwlaom Media (3)rsdK;jzifh ykHrSef Backup jyKvkyfxm;oifhygonf/ RemovableDrive 0,f,l&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd pOf;pm;oifhonf-
(u) 1MB odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhaiG (Price per megabyte of storage)( c) a&;Edkif? zwfEkdifonfh tjrefEIef; (Access time)( *) rnfonfhuGefysLwmESifhrqkd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifjcif;ESifh o,faqmif&vG,fuljcif;
(C) uGefysLwmtwGif; (okdYr[kwf) jyifywGifwyfqifEkdifjcif; (Internal or External)( i) uGefysLwmtm; Ready jzpfatmifjyKvkyfEkdifjcif; (Bootable)ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG
91/ DVD Formats and Standards udk Z,m;(21)ygtwdkif; a&G;cs,ftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
83
DVD Formats and Standards
Standard DVD Formats and Capacities Data Video
Format Disk Size Sides Layers Capacity Capacity
DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities
DVD-5 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB 2+ hours DVD-9 120 mm Single Double 8.5 GB 4 hours DVD-10 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB 4.5 hours DVD-14 120 mm Double Double 13.24GB 6.5 hours DVD-18 120 mm Double Double 17 GB 8+ hours DVD-1 80 mm Single Single 1.4 GB 0.5 hours DVD-2 80mm Single Double 2.7 GB 1.3 hours DVD-3 80mm Double Single 2.9 GB 1.4 hours DVD-4 80mm Double Double 5.3 GB 2.5 hours
Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities
DVD-R1.0 120 mm Single Single 3.95 GB DVD-R2.0 120 mm Single Single 7.4 GB DVD-RAM 1.0 120 mm Single Single 2.58 GB DVD-RAM1.0 120 mm Double Single 5.16 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Single Single 4.7 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 9.4 GB DVD-RAM2.0 120 mm Double Single 1.4 GB
CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison)
CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.65 GB CD-ROM 120 mm Single Single 0.194 GB
Z,m;(21)
Computer System, Hardware
uGefysLwmvufpJG 84
HT Technology ( Hyper Threading Technology) \xl;jcm;csufrsm;92/ atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) HT Technology qdkonfrSm CPU tvkyfvkyf&mwGif Virtual CPUwpfckxyfrHzefwD;í CPU ESpfvHk;jzifh wpfNydKifwnf; aqmif&GufouJhodkYtvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;/
( c) Back Ground Process rsm;vkyfaqmifaepOfwGif Fore GroundProcess udk jrefqefpGmaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;/
( *) Multi-Tasking udkjrefqefpGm aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif; /(C) wpfpuúefYwGif NyD;ajrmufaomñTefMum;csuf (Instruction) ta&twGuf
(Through Put) aumif;rGefjcif;/
HT Technology udktjynfht0toHk;csedkif&eftwGufvdktyfcsuf93/ atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) Motherboard Platform (Chipset, ROMBIOS) wdkYonf HT twGufReady jzpfapjcif;/
( c) CPU wGif HT Technology yg0ifjcif;/( *) Operating System onf HT Technology udktaxmuftulay;jcif;/
(Oyrm- Windows XP, LINUX RED HAT 9.0)
Dual Channel DDR \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI94/ atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-
(u) Main Memory udk CPU rS Access jyKvkyf&mwGif Channel (2)cktm;wpfNydKifwnf;vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;/ (Oyrm- vlwpfa,mufonf vufESpfzufjzifh ypönf;rsm;udk wpfNydKifwnf;&,ljcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/)
( c) DDR RAM 400 MHz &Sdonfh Memory udk Channel (2)ckwGifowfrSwfcsufESifhtnD Match jzpfatmif xnfhoGif;jcif;jzifh Dual Channel+ Dynamic Memory Mode jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
( *) DDR RAM 400 MHz tjrefEIef;&Sd Memory udk Channel (2)ckwGifowfrSwfcsufESifhtnD wyfqifygu Channel wpfckwGuf 400 M x 8Byte = 3200 Mbps jzpfojzifh Channel (2)cktwGuf 6400 Mbps ≈6.4 Gbps EIef;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
(C) CPU ESifh Main Memory Mum;wGif tjyeftvSefydkY&efMumcsdefenf;oGm;NyD;Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmrnfjzpfonf/
( i) Dual Channel &&SdEdkif&ef? ¤if;enf;ynmjzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifonfh Chipsetrsm;udk toHk;jyK&rnfjzpfonf/
85 Computer System, Hardware
Hyper-Threading Technology boosts performancein multitasking environments
Outlook*and Winzip*
PowerPoint*, VirusScan*and Acrobat*
Photoshop*and VirusSacn*
Microsoft* VisualStudio.Netand Winzip*
Word*, Acrobat*and VirusSacn*
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
20%
21%
23%
24%
54%
Hyper-Threading Technology benefit (%)
* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
95/ HT enf;ynmaMumifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrI aumif;rGefjrefqefvmjcif;tm; ykH(47) wGifawGU&SdEkdifygonf/logy udktjynfht0toHk;csedkif&eftwGufvdktyfcsuf
ykH (47)
96/ ,aeYtoHk;rsm;vQuf&dSonfh yHk(48)yg Software Packages rsm;onf HTenf;ynmtoHk;jyKjcif;jzifh ydkrdkjrefqefpGm aqmif&GufvmEdkifNyD jzpfygonf/Immediate performance boosts on today's popular software packages
Quake* III Arena DemoIV
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
14%
23%
34%
38%
33%
Hyper-Threading Technology benefit (%)
* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
35% 40%
27%
19%
MAGIX* MP3 Maker*
Adobe* PhotoShop*
XMPEG* with DivX*
MAGIX* MP3 Maker*+XMPEG* with DivX*
Comanche* 4 andMusicmatch*
Window* Media Player +Window* Movie Maker*
Digital Video and Audio Content Creation
Watch a Movie while encoding one
Doing more while gaming
Digital Video Encoding
Photo Editing
Audio Encoding
GamingykH (48)
1 Data Communication Network
Data Communication Network
Chapter (1)Media (qufoG,frIMum;cHypönf;)? Modulation (vdIif;ojcif;) ESifh
Multiplexing (aygif;pyfpkpnf;jcif;)
Digital and Analog Signal1/ Digital Signal qdkonfrSm jywfawmif;jywfawmif; oabmobm0&Sdaom vdIif;jzpfonf/ tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;wpfckwGif wnfNidrfaomtajctae wpfck&Sdonf/ yHk(1-1)(Oyrm- High or Low)
2/ Analog Signal qdkonfrSm tcsdefESifhvdkufí pOfqufrjywf jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaomvdIif; jzpfygonf/ yHk(1-2) (Oyrm-vl\toH)
3/ Analog tcsufjyrsm;udk Digital pepfjzifhay;ydkYEdkifouJhodkY Digital tcsufjyrsm;udkvnf; Analog pepfjzifh ay;ydkYxkwfvTifhEdkifygonf/ Digital Signal uJhodkY jywfawmif;jywfawmif; obm0&Sdaom tcsufjyrsm;udk pOfqufrjywf ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeaomtcsufjyrsm;taejzifh ay;ydkYxkwfvTifhEdkifygonf/
Digital SignalyHk (1-1)
Analog SignalyHk (1-2)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 2
4/ omreftm;jzifh Digital tcsuftvufudk Analog uGef,ufpepfay:rS atmufaz:jyyg Modulation enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ay;ydkYxkwfvTifhEdkifygonf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;wGif Analog
MODEM (MOdulation DEModulation) vdktyfygonf/ ydkYvTwfonfhbufrS MODEM
onf Digital tcsuftvufrsm;udk Analog tcsufjyrsm;tjzpfodkY vdIif;ojcif; (Modulate)jyKvkyfNyD;? Mum;cHay:wGif Analog yHkpHjzifh ay;ydkYygonf/ xdkYtwl vufcHonfhbufrSMODEM onf Analog tcsufjyrsm;udk Digital tcsufjytjzpfodkY ajymif;vJjcif;(Demodulate) jyKvkyfonf/
5/ vufawGYtoHk;csrItrsm;pkwGif DTE (Data Terminal Equipment Oyrm- PC)onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digital Signal jzifh az:jyvkyfaqmifygonf/ ¤if; Digital
Signal udk MODEM twGif;odkY ay;ydkYaomtcg MODEM rS Modulation jyKvkyfonf/vufcHonfhbufrS MODEM onf Modulate jyKvkyfxm;NyD;aom tcsufjyrsm;udkDemodulate jyKvkyfí rlv Digital tcsuftvufrsm;tjzpf&&Sdatmif vkyfaqmifay;rnf jzpfonf/
Modulation (vIdif;ojcif;)6/ Modulation qdkonfrSm tcsufjy Signal udk vTifhxkwfEdkif&eftwGuf Process
jyKvkyfjcif; enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf/ tcsufjyudk Carrier Signal (o,faqmifvIdif;)wpfckjzifh o,faqmifí Mum;cHe,fwpfckrSwpfqifh wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkYay;ydkYEdkifygonf/
7/ tcsufjy Signal udk Modulating Signal (odkYr[kwf) Base Band Signal [kac:onf/ ¤if;onf Analog (odkYr[kwf) Digital jzpfEdkifygonf/ vIdif;oNyD;aom Output
Signal udk Modulated Signal [kac:onf/
8/ Modulition Technique tcsdKUrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-(u) Amplitude Modulation (Also called Amplitude Shift Keying) /
(ASK)
( c) Frequency Modulation (Also called Frequency Shift Keying) /
(FSK)
( *) Phase Modulation (Also called Phase Shift Keying) / (PSK)
3 Data Communication Network
Amplitude Modulation (AM), (Also called Amplitude Shift Keying) /(ASK) (tjrifhvIdif;ojcif;)
9/ o,faqmifvdIif;\tjrifh (Amplitude) onf Input Signal \ tedrfhtjrifhajymif;vJrIt& jzpfay:ajymif;vJapjcif;udk AM [kac:onf/ yHk(1-3)
10/ AM (OR) ASK wGif 0ifa&mufvmaom Digital tcsufjyrsm;udk Analog
tcsufjyrsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJay;onf/ xdkodkYajymif;vJ&mwGif Modulated Signal
tcsufjy\ Amplitude onf Digital input \ajymif;vJjcif;uJhodkY jzpfay:rnfjzpfonf/
yHk (1-3)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 4
11/ txufygyHk(1-4)wGif Level ESpfrsdK;&Sdojzifh Analog Signal wGifvnf; tjrifhESpfrsdK;(Amplitude ESpfrsKd;) az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ( 1 or 0 ) yHkwGif jrifhrm;aom Amplitude
tcsufjyudk 1 jzifh udk,fpm;jyKNyD;? edrfhaom Amplitude tcsufjyudk 0 jzifh udk,fpm;jyKonf/BudrfEIef; (Frequency)ESifh toGif ( Phase) ajymif;vJrIr&Sday/ ASK udk aemufxyfAmplitude Level rsm; owfrSwfjcif;tm;jzifh xyfrHcsJUxGifEdkifygonf/ odkYrSom Noise
\aESmuf,SufrI'Pfudk cHEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ ASK enf;ynmudk MODEM rsm;wGif toHk;jyKxm;ygonf/
Frequency Modulation (FM) (BudrfEIef;vIdif;ojcif;)12/ o,faqmifvdIif;\BudrfEIef;onf Input Signal \tedrfhtjrifhajymif;vJrIay:rlwnfí BudrfEIef;ajymif;vJrIjzpfapjcif;udk FM [kac:onf/ yHk(1-5)
13/ FSK wGif Digital tcsufjyudk Analog tcsufjytjzpfodkY ajymif;vJíxkwfvTifhonf/ xdkodkYxkwfvTifh&mwGif Analog Signal BudrfEIef;onf Digital Input 1 odkY 0 udkudk,fpm;jyKonf/
1
0 0 0
1 1
=+ 011 1
0 0
Digital Information
Carrier
Modulated Signal
yHk (1-4)
yHk (1-5)
5 Data Communication Network
14/ txufygyHk(1-6)wGif Coding Level ESpfrsKd; &Sdonf/ jrifhaom Frequency onf1 udk udk,fpm;jyKí edrfhaom Frequency onf 0 udk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ Analog tcsufjy\tjrifh Amplitude ESifh toGif (Phase) rajymif;vJyg/ ASK uJhodkY FSK onfvnf;aemufxyf Frequency trsKd;rsKd; o,faqmif&ef csJUxGifEdkifygonf/ FSK Technique udkLow Speed MODEM rsm; ( 1200 bps ESifh ¤if;atmuf) wGif trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKonf/ukefusp&dwfoufomaom Technique jzpfonf/
Phase Modulation (PM) (toGifvIdif;ojcif;)15/ o,faqmifvIdif;\toGif (Phase) udk Input Signal \ajymif;vJrIay:rlwnfíjzpfay:apjcif;udk Phase Modulation [kac:onf/ PM (or) PSK wGif tcsufjy Signal
\tjrifh (Amplitude) ESifh BudrfEIef; (Frequency) ajymif;vJrI r&Sdyg/ PSK Technique
udk MODEM rsm;wGif trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKygonf/
16/ tcsufjy Signal \ Wave Form t& Phase (axmifh) ajymif;vJjcif;ay:rlwnfíPhase ajymif;vJygu ]] 0 }} [kowfrSwfonf/ Phase 180 H ajymif;vJygu ]] 1 }} [kowfrSwfygonf/ yHk(1-7)
1
0 0 0
1 1
=+
1 10 0
f1
Modulated Signal
Digital Information
Carrier
f2 f1 f2
yHk (1-6)
yHk (1-7)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 6
17/ Quadrature Phase Modulation wGif rwlnDaom Phase Angle (4)ck &Sd&m2bit jzifh atmufygtwdkif;az:jyEdkifygonf-
(u) 0 0 = 315 H( c) 0 1 = 225 H( *) 1 0 = 135 H(C) 1 1 = 45 H
18/ Phase Angle (4)ckudk yHk(1-8)ygtwdkif; awGU&dSEdkifygonf/
19/ yHk(1-9)ESifh yHk(1-10)wdkYwGif vdIif;udk Phase Angle (16) rsKd;jzifh cGJjcm;az:jyxm;&m4 bit jzifh atmufygtwdkif;az:jyEdkifygonf-
(u) 0 0 0 0 = 22.5 H( c) 0 0 0 1 = 45 HHigh Amplitude
( *) 0 0 1 0 = 67.5 H(C) 0 0 1 1 = 45 H
yHk (1-8)
7 Data Communication Network
( i) 0 1 0 0 = 157.5 H( p) 0 1 0 1 = 135 H(q) 0 1 1 0 = 112.5 H( Z) 0 1 1 1 = 135 H High Amplitude
( ps) 1 0 0 0 = . . . . .
(n) 1 0 0 1 = . . . . .
( #) 1 0 1 0 = . . . . .
( X) 1 0 1 1 = . . . . .
( !) 1 1 0 0 = . . . . .
( ¡) 1 1 0 1 = . . . . .
(P) 1 1 1 0 = . . . . .
(w) 1 1 1 1 = . . . . .
yHk (1-10)
yHk (1-9)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 8
Data Communication wGif MODEM \ tcef;u@
Analog Digitals Analog signals Signals upstream upstream � Digital-Analog � Analog- Digital � Digital-Analog � Analog- Digital conversion conversion conversion conversion
Remote System with an Analog Connection to the Telephone System
ISP
User
Telephone Network
yHk (1-11)
DTEDCE DCE
HOST DTE
Link
ModemModem InterchangeCircuit
InterchangeCircuitTerminal
HOST Computer
Typical Interface Showing DTEs and DCEsyHk (1-12)
20/ az:jyygyHk(1-11)wGif qufoG,fa&;uGef,ufpepfwpfckü toHk;jyKaom MODEM
wpfvHk; rnfuJhodkYvkyfaqmifonfudk az:jyxm;ygonf/
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
21/ DTE qdkonfrSm PC wpfvHk;aomfvnf;aumif;? Terminal wpfrsKd;rsKd;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifygonf/ Oyrm- PC onf Digital tcsufjyrsm;xkwfvTifhjcif;? vufcHjcif;jyKvkyfonf/ MODEM onf Digital Signal rsm;udk Analog Signal rsm;tjzpfodkYajymif;vJay;NyD;? Analog Network (Oyrm- Analog Telephone Network) rSwpfqifhay;ydkYonf/ vufcHonfhbufwGif Analog tcsufjyrsm;udk MODEM rSvufcH&,líDigital Signal rsm;tjzpfodkY Modulate jyKvkyfay;NyD; DTE odkYay;ydkYonf/ yHk(1-12)
9 Data Communication Network
Communication Resource udkrQa0oHk;pGJjcif;22/ qufoG,fa&;pepfwGif rQa0oHk;pGJjcif;qdk&mü jrefEIef;jrifh Transmission Line udkUser wpfOD;xufru &,ltoHk;jyKjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ a0;uGmaomae&mwpfckrS tjcm;a0;uGmaom ae&mwpfckodkYay;ydkYjcif;udpöwGif jrifhrm;aomtjrefEIef;&Sdonfh qufoG,fa&;vdkif;tpHkrsm;pGmvdktyfonfhtwGuf p&dwfpuBuD;rm;onf/
23/ User wpfOD;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh jrefEIef;jrifh qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;rvdktyfyg/ odkYjzpfí tjrefEIef;edrfhaom Device rsm;taejzifh jrefEIef;jrifhaom Channel
wpfckudk rQa0oHk;pGJ&ef vdktyfcsufwpfck jzpfay:vmygonf/ odkYrSom Communication
Media rsm;pGmvdktyfjcif;? ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;jcif;wdkYudk avsmhenf;apygrnf/ þuJhodkYvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef enf;vrf;wpfckrSm Multiplexer jzifhaqmif&Gufjcif;enf;vrf; jzpfygonf/¤if;enf;vrf;onf ukefusp&dwfoufomNyD;? Device aygif; N ckonf qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;wpfckwnf;udk Channel N ckjzifhh wnfaqmufcsdwfquf tvkyfvkyfEdkifygonf/Analog ESifh Digital enf;ynmwGif Multiplex yHko@meftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf/ yHk(1-14)
24/ Multiplex wGif Low Speed Line rsm;udk aygif;pkí High Speed Line ay:wifay;um a0;uGmaomae&modkY ay;ydkYEdkifygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh þuJhodkYay;ydkYjcif;aMumifh Low Speed Line rsm;pGm rvdktyfbJ? High Speed vdkif;wpfvdkif; vdktyfygonf/odkYjzpfí ukefusp&dwfoufomapygonf/
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
25/ FDM enf;vrf;wGif Communication Channel \pkpkaygif; Frequency udkcsdwfqufvdkonfh User ta&twGufjzifhpm;ygu User wpfOD;twGuf Frequency yrmPudk &&Sdygonf/ az:jyygyHk(1-15)wGif Device (4)ckonf yHkaoowfrSwfxm;aomFrequency Channel rsm;&Sdygonf/ Channel wpfckESifhwpfckMum;tuGmta0;onf Guard
Multiplexer
yHk (1-14)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 10
Band rsm;jzpfygonf/ Guard Band rsm;onf Channel wpfckESifhwpfckMum;wGif a&maESmíxyfí raeatmif wdusaom Frequency yrmPjzifh jcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
Time Division Multiplexing
26/ Digital enf;ynmjzifh ydkYvTwfjcif;wGif txufygtwdkif; Frequency rQa0oHk;pGJjcif;tpm; tcsdefudk rQa0oHk;pGJrIenf;vrf;udk ydkrdktoHk;jyKMuygonf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;udk TDM [kac:ygonf/ TDM pepfwGif Station wpfckonf tcsdefumvwpfckwGif ydkYvTwfcGifh&Sdygonf/Station rsm;udk oufqdkif&m Slot tvdkuf ydkYvTwfzrf;,lapygonf/ TDM pepfjzifhvkyfaqmif&mü atmufygtajccHenf;vrf;(2)ck&Sdygonf-
(u) Statistical Time Division Multiplexing ( Stat MUX)yHk(1-16)( c ) STDM (synchronous TDM) yHk(1-17)
STDM (synchronous TDM)
27/ TDM enf;pepfwGif User wpfOD;jcif;onf ay;xm;aomoufqdkif&m Time
Slot wpfckpDü tvSnfhus&,ltoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Station wpfckonf Time Slot yHkaowpfck&&Sdonf/ ay;ydkY&efr&Sdyguvnf; Time Slot taoay;xm;onfhtwGufaMumifh Time
Slot qHk;½IH;rIjzpfay:apygrnf/
yHk (1-15)
11 Data Communication Network
T1 Multiplexed Data Stream
n-3 n-2 n-1 nth
Framen+1 n+3n+2
T1
Frame
Channel1
Channel2
Channel24
- - - - -
yHk (1-17)
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Time Division Multiplexing
Time Slotfor
Computer1
ServerComputer
Multiplexer
Workstation
Server
. . . . . 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
Time Slotfor
Computer2
Demultiplexer
yHk (1-16)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 12
Statistical Time Devision Multiplexing ( Stat MUX)
28/ Frequency Division Multiplexing ESifh Synchronous Time Devision
Multiplexing (2) rsKd;onf ay;ydkY&ef r&Sdaom Terminal rsm;twGuf Time Slot (odkYr[kwf)Transmission Space qHk;½HI;rI jzpfedkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí Statistical Time Division
Multiplexing ( Synchronous Time Devision Multiplexing) wGif Time Slot qHk;½HI;rIrjzpfap&eftwGuf ay;ydkY&efr&Sdaom Empty Time Slot rsm;udk ay;ydkYjcif;rvkyfaqmifbJ?ay;ydkY&ef&Sdaom Active User rsm;\ Data rsm;udkom ay;ydkYjcif; jyKvkyfygonf/ yHk(1-18)ESifh yHk(1-19)
yHk (1-19)
yHk (1-18)
13 Data Communication Network
Chapter (2)
Dial-up Telephone Line pepftoHk;jyK Point to PointData Communication vkyfaqmiffjcif;
(PC < >PC)
Point to Point Data Communication (wpfae&mESifhwpfae&mqufoG,faqmif&Guffjcif;1/ wpfae&mESifhwpfae&mqufoG,faqmif&Guf&ef Modem wyfqifyHk? toHk;jyKEdkif&ef twGuf Install jyKvkyfyHk? Point to Point csdwfquf&eftwGuf Microsoft Windows
2000/ Windows XP Operating System wdkYjzifh vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifhudk yHk(2-1)jzifh&Sif;vif;tyfygonf/
2/ Point wpfcktwGuf vdktyfaomypönf;rsm; / Windows 2000 / Windows
XP Operating System toHk;jyKonfhuGefysLwmtwGuf atmufygypönf;rsm; vdktyfygonf-
(u) toHk;jyKuGefysLwm (1)pHk
( c) 56 K , Internal MODEM / External MODEM (1)pHk
( *) Telephone Line & Telephone (1)pHk
vufatmufcHuGefysLwm
Tele-CommunicationNetwork
yifruGefysLwm
MODEM MODEM
yHk (2-1) w,fvDzkef;vdkif;toHk;jyKí wpfae&mESifhwpfae&m qufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 14
USB jzifhcsdwfqufonfh External Modem wyfqifjcif;
(Installating a USB External Modem)
3/ External Modem wyfqifjcif;udk yHk(2-2)ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ yHkwGifUSB Modem jzpfojzifh USB Line jzifh Mother Board rS Power udk &,lygonf/oD;jcm; Power Adapter rvdktyfyg/
Computer jzifh USB Cable toHk;jyKí csdwfquf&efae&m
(¤if; Cable jzifh Motherboard rS Volt tm;udk &,lonf/oD;jcm; Power Adapter rvdktyfyg/)
Telephone Line qufoG,f&efae&m
Telephone odkYqufoG,f&efae&m
USB Cable
(uGefysLwmESifhUSB Modem
Mum;wGif qufoG,fonf/)
Modem odkYqufoG,f&ef
Computer odkYqufoG,f&ef
Telephone Cable
Modem Driver CD
yHk (2-2) External USB Modem ESifhyg0ifaomypönf;rsm;
15 Data Communication Network
Computer tm; External USB Modem? Telephone Line ESifh Telephone
wdkYjzifh csdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a Computer, External USB Modem, Telephone Line &Telephone)
4/ External USB Modem? Telephone Line ESifhTelephone csdwfqufEdkif&efyHk(2-3)ygtwkdif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
yHk (2-3)
Computer tm;External
USB Modem?Telephone Line
ESifh Telephone
csdwfqufxm;yHk
System Unit ESi f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;Telephone E Si f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Telephone Line ESifh External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 16
Computer \ System Unit tm; External USB Modem tygt0iftjcm;I/O Device rsm;jzifhtjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a System Unit & Other I/O Devices)
5/ External USB Modem tygt0if tjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifh csdwfquf&efyHk(2-4)ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
yHk (2-4) Computer \ System Unit tm; External USB Modem tygt0iftjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifhtjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufxm;yHk
System Unit ESi f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Telephone E Si f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Telephone Line ESifh External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Mouse Connector
KeyboardConnector
AC Inlet
AC Outletto Monitor
17 Data Communication Network
RS232 Cable jzifhcsdwfqufonfh External Modem wyfqifjcif;
(Installating a External Modem , Using RS 232 Cable)
6/ RS232 Cable jzifh csdwfqufonfh External Modem wyfqifxm;rIudkyHk(2-5) ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ 4if;wGif oD;jcm; Power Adapter vdktyfygonf/
yHk (2-5) RS232 Cable jzifhcsdwfqufonfh External Modem ESifh
yg0ifaomypönf;rsm;
Computer jzifh RS 232 Cable toHk;jyKícsdwfquf&efae&m (25 pin)
Telephone Line qufoG,f&efae&m
Telephone odkYqufoG,f&efae&mAdapter(Modem
tm;oD;jcm; DC Volt
tm;ay;&ef)
Modem odkYqufoG,f&efComputer odkYqufoG,f&ef Adapter rS
DC Volt tm;t0if
Modem Driver CD
RS 232 Cable
Telephone Cable
uGefysLwmvufpJG 18
Computer tm; External Modem ? Telephone Line ESifh Telephone wdkYjzifhcsdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a Computer, External Modem, Telephone Line &Telephone)
7/ External Modem ? Telephone Line ESifh Telephone csdwfquf&ef yHk(2-6)ygtwkdif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
yHk(2-6)
External Modem ?Telephone Line
ESifh
Telephone
csdwfqufxm;yHk
System Unit ESifh External
Modem qufoG,fjcif;Telephone E Si f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Telephone Line ESifh External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
19 Data Communication Network
Computer \ System Unit tm; External Modem tygt0if tjcm; I/O
Device rsm;jzifh tjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufjcif;
(Connecting a System Unit & Other I/O Devices)
8/ External Modem tygt0if tjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifh csdwfqufrIudkyHk(2-7)ygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
yHk (2-7) Computer \ System Unit tm; External Modem tygt0iftjcm; I/O Device rsm;jzifh tjynfhtpHkcsdwfqufjcif;
System Unit ESi f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Telephone E Si f h External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Telephone Line ESifh External
USB Modem qufoG,fjcif;
Mouse Connector
KeyboardConnector
AC Inlet
AC Outletto Monitor
Adapter rSDC Volt tm;t0if
uGefysLwmvufpJG 20
Chapter (3)
Modem Installation
(Microsoft Windows 2000 & Windows XP)
( Modem wyfqifjcif;ESifh toHk;jyKEdkif&efaqmif½Gufjcif; )
Modem Installation jyKvkyfjcif;
1/ uGefysLwmESifh Modem udk rSefuefpGmcsdwfqufí Modem udk Power ON yg/
NyD;vQif uGefysLwmudk Power ON í Windows XP pwifonfESifh yHk(3-1)uJhodkY Found
New Hardware Message ay:vmrnf/ (USB Modem jzpfygu Power Adapter
rvdktyfyg/ Modem trsKd;rsKd;tm; Computer pepfwGif wyfqifcsdwfqufjcif;udk
tcef;(2)wGif yHk (2-2)rS yHk (2-7)txd yHkrsm;jzifh &Sif;vif;az:jyNyD;jzpfygonf/)
2/ Plug & Play Modem jzpfygu Modem trsKd;tpm;yg wpfygwnf; az:jyay;
vdrfhrnf/ yHk(3-2)
yHk(3-1) Found New Hardware Message jzifh New Hardware udkawGY&SdaMumif;az:jyyHk
yHk(3-2) USB Interface Device awGY&SdaMumif;az:jyyHk
21 Data Communication Network
3/ qufvufí Found New Hardware Wizard rS Modem udkxdef;csKyfaqmif&Gufrnfh Driver Software udk tvdktavsmuf Install jyKvkyfrnf/ Install the softwareautomatically (Recommended) udk a&G;cs,fí Next Button udkESdyfyg/ yHk(3-3)
4/ xdktcg Modem Driver Software udk vdkufvH&SmazGrnfjzpfonf/yHk(3-4)
yHk(3-3) Found New Hardware Wizard
yHk(3-4) OS rS V.90 USB Modem udk&SmazGawGY&SdyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 22
rSwfcsuf/ Plug and Play Modem Device jzpfNyD;? Windows 2000 ESifh Windows
XP wdkYwGif wyfqifxm;onfh Modem Driver Software tqifoifhyg&SdNyD;jzpfygu Installation tqifhrSmvG,fulNyD;? yHk(3-6)rSpwifí yHk(3-11)txdOperating System rStvdktavsmufaqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ toHk;jyKoltaejzifh Driver CD/Floppy udk xnfhoGif;&efrvdktyfyg/
5/ oufqdkif&m Driver Software rawGU&Sdygu rawGU&dSaMumif; azmfjyay;ygrnf/yHk(3-5) wyfqifrnfh Modem twGuf Driver Software vdktyfygrnf/ toHk;jyKaeonfhWindows Operating System ESif hudkufnDaom Driver Software jzpf&ygrnf/Modem driver software udk rawGU&Sdygu yHk(3-5)twdkif; Message box ay:vmygrnf/xdktcg Back Button udkESdyfNyD;? rSefuefaom Driver Software udk Install jyKvkyf&efvdktyfrnf jzpfonf/ yHk(3-6)ygtwdkif; Message box ay:vmygrnf/
yHk(3-5) PNP taejzifh USB Modem udk awGY&Sdaomfvnf; OS wGifoufqdkif&m USB Modem udkrawGYojzifhaz:jyyHk
23 Data Communication Network
6/ yHk(3-6)rS Install from a list or specific location [Advanced] udka&G;cs,fíNext Button udk ESdyfyg/ xdktcg yHk(3-7)odkY a&muf&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
yHk(3-6) USB Modem ESifhtwlygvmaom Modem Driver udkInstall jyKvkyf&efa&G;cs,fyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 24
7/ yHk(3-7)tqifhwGif Driver Software ygaom Floppy (odkYr[kwf) CD-ROM
udk xnfhí Next Button udkESdyfyg/ yHk(3-8)ygtwdkif; &SmazGrnf (odkYr[kwf) Include
this location in the search udkESdyfí Modem Driver Software &Sdonfh Storage
device ae&mtm; a&G;cs,fay;Edkifygonf/
yHk(3-7) Modem Driver &Sdonfh CD-ROM rS Path udk&SmazG&efa&G;cs,fyHk
yHk(3-8) USB V.90 Modem udk&SmazGawGY&SdyHk
25 Data Communication Network
8/ yHk(3-8)wGif oufqdkif&m Modem driver rsm;udk &SmazGaejcif;jzpfonf/ &SmazGNyD;aemuf awGU&Sdygu yHk(3-9)ygtwdkif; Message azmfjyaeygrnf/
9/ yHk(3-9)rS Continue Anyway udkESdyfyg/ yHk(3-10)ygtwdkif; Driver rsm;udkul;,lí Install jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
yHk(3-9) wyfqifxm;onfh Modem Driver udkaz:jyxm;yHk
yHk(3-10) Modem Driver udk Install jyKvkyfyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 26
10/ Installation NyD;qHk;ygu yHk(3-11)ygtwdkif; Completing the Found NewHardware Wizard ay:vmNyD;? Modem \oufqdkif&m Software Driver udk InstallvkyfNyD;aMumif; azmfjyrnfjzpfonf/ Finish udkESdyfygu yHk(3-12)ygtwdkif; Modem \Audio device udkvnf; qufvufí Install vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
11/ vHk;0NyD;qHk;ygu yHk(3-13)ygtwdkif; Modem udk tqifoifhtoHk;jyKEd kifNyDjzpfaMumif; Message Box jzifh azmfjyay;rnf jzpfonf/
yHk(3-13) Modem udk tqifoifhtoHk;jyKedkifaMumif; Message az:jyyHk
yHk(3-12) Modem Audio Device awGY&SdaMumif; Message jzifhaz:jyyHk
yHk(3-11) Modem Installation NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyyHk
27 Data Communication Network
Modem Driver Error azmfjyjcif;tm; Uninstall jyKvkyfjcif;ESifh Software Driver
rSefuefatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;(Repairing & Upgrading the Modem Driver Error)
12/ Modem Installation jyKvkyfaomfvnf; Driver &SmazGawGY&Sdjcif; r&SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? Driver rSefuefjcif; r&SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif; Modem udktoHk;jyKír& jzpfaewwfygonf/
13/ Modem udktoHk;jyKír&jzpfaevQif My Computer udk Right Click ESdyfíProperties udk a&G;cs,fyg? System Properties Dialog box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rSHardware Tab udkESdyfyg? NyD;vQif Device Manager Command Button udkESdyfyg/yHk(3-14)wGif Modems ae&mü warning trSwftom;azmfjyaeonfudkawGU&rnf/
yHk(3-14) Device Manager wGif Modem Driver
rSm;aeonfudk az:jyonfhyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 28
14/ yHk(3-15)twdkif; Modem udk Select vkyfí Right Click ESdyfyg/ Uninstall udka&G;cs,fyg/
15/ xdktcg yHk(3-16)uJhodkY Warning Box jzifh Uninstall jyKvkyfjcif;udk Confirm
jyKvkyfrnfNyD;? xdktcg OK Button udkESdyfyg/
yHk(3-15) Modem Driver udk Uninstall jyKvkyf&efa&G;cs,fyHk
yHk(3-16) Modem Driver udk Uninstall jyKvkyfNyD; Message az:jyyHk
29 Data Communication Network
16/ Uninstall jyKvkyfNyD;ygu yHk(3-17)ygtwdkif; Modem device r&SdawmhonfudkawGU&ygrnf/ Menu Bar &Sd Action rS Scan for Hardware changes jyKvkyfí Install
jyKvkyfjcif;tqifh yHk(3-3)ygtwdkif; Found New Hardware Wizard rS jyefvnfpwifNyD;?yHk(3-13)txd tqifhqifhqufvufvkyfaqmifygu rSefuefaom Driver Software jzifhModem yHkrSefjyefvnfvkyfaqmifapEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ yHk(3-18)
yHk(3-17) Modem Driver jzKwfcsNyD; Device Manager wGifawGY&yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 30
17/ yHk(3-3)ygtwdkif; Found New Hardware Wizard rS jyefvnfpwifí yHk(3-13) txd Install jyKvkyfjcif;tqifhqifhudk qufvufvkyfaqmifygu yHk(3-18)ygtwdkif;Device Manager wGif rSefuefaom Modem Software Driver udk Install jyKvkyfNyD;aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygrnf/
yHk (3-18) Modem Driver rSefuefpGm vkyfaqmifaerItm;
Device Manager wGifaz:jyxm;yHk
31 Data Communication Network
Chapter (4)Routing & Remote Access
(Windows 2000 & Windows XP)(ta0;wpfae&m&Sd vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS w,fvDzkef;vdkif;jzifh
yifruGefysLwmodkY qufoG,faqmif½Gufjcif;)
Routing & Remote Access Service (yifruGefysLwmwGifvkyfaqmif&ef)
1/ yifruGefysLwmwGif Routing & Remote Access Service tvkyfvkyfaprSomvQif tjcm;wpfae&mrS uGefysLwmrsm;onf w,fvDzkef;vdkif;udk toHk;jyKí yifruGefysLwmESifh qufoG,ftvkyfvkyfMurnfjzpfonf/ 4if; Routing & Remote Access Servicewif&eftwGuf Start → Control panel → Administrative Tools rS Services
Shortcut icon udk Double Click ESdyfyg/ yHk(4-1)
yHk(4-1) Administrative Tools xJrS Services Icon
uGefysLwmvufpJG 32
2/ yHk(4-2)uJhodkY Services Window ay:vmygrnf/ 4if;rS Routing and Remote
Access Services Startup Type ü azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdojzifh Disable jzpfaernf/ odkYjzpfí4if;udk Double Click ESdyfyg/
yHk(4-2) Services Window rS Routing and Remote Access Services wGifDisable jzpfaeaMumif; az:jyxm;yHk
33 Data Communication Network
3/ yHk (4-3) uJhodkY Routing and Remote Access Properties ay:vmygrnf/Startup type wGif Automatic udka&G;cs,fyg/ NyD;vQif Apply Button udkESdyfyg/
yHk(4-3) Routing and Remote Access Service Startup type udkAutomatic a&G;cs,fyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 34
4/ yHk(4-4)uJhodkY Start Button ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rSS Start Button ESdyfí Routing
and Remote Access Service udk pwiftvkyfvkyfap&ygrnf/
yHk(4-4) Routing and Remote Access Service status udkStart jyKvkyf&efaz:jyyHk
35 Data Communication Network
5/ yHk(4-5) uJhodkY Progress Bar jzifh Starting jyKvkyfygvdrfhrnf/ Routing &
Remote Access Service Starting jyKvkyfjcif;NyD;qHk;vQif OK Button udkESdyfyg/
yHk(4-5) Routing and Remote Access Service udk Start jyKvkyfaeyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 36
6/ Services Window yHk(4-6)odkYa&muf&Sdygrnf/ Services Window wGif High
light wifxm;aomae&m&Sd Routing & Remote Access Service onf Started ESifhAutomatic jzpfaejcif; &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;yg/ r&Sdygu azmfjycJhNyD;aom Process twdkif;vkyfaqmifyg/
yHk(4-6) Routing and Remote Access Service
tqifoifhjzpfaeaMumif;az:jyaeyHk
37 Data Communication Network
7/ Start → My Network places ESdyfyg? ay:vmaom Window \ Left Pane
&Sd Network Tasks atmufwGif&dSaom View Network Connections udka&G;cs,fyg/yHk(4-7)ygtwdkif; Network Connections Window xJwGif Incoming Connections
Icon ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ vufatmufcHuGefysLwm(Client)rS qufoG,frI r&SdojzifhNo Clients Connected [k azmfjyaernfjzpfonf/
yHk(4-7) Routing and Remote Access Service wifvdkufjcif;aMumifhMy Network Places wGif Incoming Connections Icon a&muf&SdvmyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 38
8/ yHk(4-7)yg Incoming Connections icon udk Right Click ESdyfyg/ NyD;vQifProperties udk a&G;cs,fyg/ yHk(4-8)ygtwdkif; Incoming Connections Properties
Dialog box ay:vmygrnf/ yHk(4-8)rS General Tab wGif Devices box ü qufoG,fvkyfaqmifrnfh Modem check box ü Check vkyfyg/
yHk(4-8) Incoming Connections \ Properties Dialog Box wGifqufoG,frnfh Modem udk Check jyKvkyfaeyHk
39 Data Communication Network
9/ Users Tab udk ESdyfí yHk(4-9)twdkif; vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS qufoG,f0ifa&mufrnfhol\ae&mwGif Check box ü Check vkyfyg/ tu,fí topfxnfhoGif;vdkygu New Button udkESdyfí topfxnfhoGif;yg/ 0ifa&mufcGifh&yfqJapvdkyguoufqdkif&mtrnfudka&G;cs,fí Delete Button udkESdyfyg (odkYr[kwf) Uncheck jyKvkyfyg/yHk(4-9)wGif Administrator, DSCD ESifh Mg Mg wdkYonf vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrSyifruGefysLwmodkY qufoG,f0ifa&mufcGifh&&Sdrnfholrsm;jzpfNyD; usefvlrsm; 0ifa&mufcGifhr&&Sdyg/
yHk(4-9) Remote rS 0ifcGifh&Sdolrsm;tm; yifruGefysLwmwGifCheck jyKvkyfí owfrSwfyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 40
Sharing & Processing (yifruGefysLwmwGif vkyfaqmif&ef)
10/ yifruGefysLwmwGif yHk(4-10)uJhodkY Folder wpfckwnfaqmufNyD;? 4if; Forder
udk Right Click ESdyfí Sharing Security udk a&G;cs,fNyD;aemuf vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS rQa0oHk;Edkifatmif Sharing jyKvkyfay;&ygrnf/
yHk (4-10) Folder wnfaqmufNyD; Share jyKvkyfyHk
41 Data Communication Network
11/ xdktcg yHk(4-11)odkY a&muf&SdoGm;ygrnf/ yHk(4-11)twdkif; Share This Forder
on the Network Check Box udk Check vkyf&rnf/ wpfzuftoHk;jyKoltm; File
rsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJcGifhjyKygu Allow network users to change my files udk Check jyKvkyf&rnf/ udkESdyfygu rlv Forder wGif Sharing vkyfxm;onfh
oauFwtjzpf vufyHkuav;yg ay:vmrnf/ yHk(4-12)
yHk (4-11) Share Folder udk Share Name owfrSwfyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 42
yHk (4-12) Com [laom Folder tm; tjcm;uGefysLwmrsm;twGufShare jyKvkyfxm;yHk
43 Data Communication Network
12/ yifrvufcHuGefysLwm\ trnfudk od&Sdvdkygu yHk(4-13)twdkif; My Computer
Icon udk Right Click ESdyfí ay:vmaom Context menu rS Properties udk a&G;cs,fyg/(odkYr[kwf) Start → My Computer udk Right Click ESdyfí Properties udka&G;cs,fyg/
yHk (4-13) My Computer ay:wGif Right Click ESdyfíProperties udka&G;cs,fyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 44
13/ xdktcg System Properties Dialog box ay:vmrnf/ 4if;rS yHk(4-14)twdkif;Computer Name Tab udkESdyfyg/ yHk(4-14)&Sd Computer Name Tab wGif Full
computer name \ab;wGif&Sdaom trnfonf yifruGefysLwm\ trnfjzpfonf/yHk(4-14)t& yifruGefysLwm\trnfrSm Dell [laomtrnfjzpfygonf/ tu,fíac:&cufaomtrnfrsm;? &Snfvsm;aomtrnfrsm; jzpfaeygu Change Button udkESdyfívG,fulaomtrnfudk jyef½dkufxnfhNyD;? uGefysLwmudk Restart jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfygonf/
yHk (4-14) Computer Properties \ Computer Name Tab wGifuGefysLwm Name udkppfaq;yHk
(yHkt& uGefysLwm Name rSm dell jzpfonf)
45 Data Communication Network
14/ Sharing jyKvkyfjcif;rSefuefrI &Sd^r&Sdppfaq;&ef yHk(4-15)uJhodkY Start → Run
udk a&G;cs,fNyD;aemuf? \\dell [k½dkufxnfhí OK udkESdyfvdkufygu yHk(4-16)uJhodk YyifruGefysLwm Dell twGif;&Sd Share vkyfxm;aom Folder rsm;udk azmfjyaernfjzpfygonf/ (þodkYvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef ESpfzufpvHk;&Sd uGefysLwmrsm;\ Protocol wGifNetBEUI jzifhyg vkyfaqmifxm;&efvdkonf/)
yHk (4-16) wpfzuf&Sd Shared Folder rsm;tm; awGY&Sd&yHk
yHk (4-15) csdwfqufrI&&SdNyD; wpfzuf&SduGefysLwmodkY qufoG,f&efac:qdkyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 46
15/ vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrsm;rS rdrd Folder ESifhrdrd tqifajypGm qufoG,fvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef aemufxyf Sub Folder rsm;udk xyfrHwnfaqmufEdkifygonf/
16/ yHk(4-16)wGif azmfjyxm;aom Com Folder tm; ESdyfvdkufygu Com Window
ay:vmygrnf/ 4if; Window ay:wGif yH k(4-17)ygtwdkif; Folder rsm; xyfrHwnfaqmufjcif;jzifh oufqdkif&m½Hk;Xmersm;twGuf oD;jcm;pD owfrSwfay;xm;Edkifygonf/ (Oyrm- ½Hk;Xme trSwf(1) twGuf cmd 1 ? ½Hk;Xme trSwf(2) twGuf cmd 2?½Hk;Xme trSwf(3) twGuf com 3? ½Hk;Xme trSwf(4) twGuf com 4) qufvufítxufyg Folder rsm;twGif;wGif Inbox ESifh Outbox [laom Sub Folder rsm;wnfaqmufí t0iftxGufrsm;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
yHk (4-17) Com Folder atmufwGif ½Hk;Xmetvdkuf Folder rsm; aqmufxm;yHk
47 Data Communication Network
Telephone Line toHk;jyKícsdwfqufjcif; (vufatmufcHuGefysLwmwGifvkyfaqmif&ef)
(Connecting Telephone Line)
17/ w,fvDzkef;vd kif; jzif h qufoG,ftoHk;jyK&ef Start→All Programs →Accessories → Communications → New Connection Wizard wdkYudk wpfqihfjcif;Click vkyfyg/ yHk(4-18)
yHk(4-18) New Connection Wizard odkYoGm;a&mufyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 48
18/ New Connection Wizard Window ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-19)
19/ ,cktoHk;jyKrnfh w,fvDzkefvdkif; (Dial-up Telephone vdkif;)udk toHk;jyKqufoG,frnf jzpfojzifh Connect to the network at my workplace udka&G;cs,fíNext Button udk Click vkyfyg/
yHk(4-19) Dial-up Telephone Line toHk;jyKqufoG,f&efNetwork Connection Type wGifa&G;cs,fyHk
49 Data Communication Network
20/ New Connection Wizard Window ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-20)
yHk(4-20) Network Connection tjzpf Dial-up Connection udk a&G;cs,fyHk
21/ qufoG,frnfh uGef,ufpepfonf Dial-up w,fvDzkef;vdkif; toHk;jyKqufoG,frnfjzpfojzifh "Dial-up Connection" udka&G;cs,fyg/ ¤if;aemuf Next Button udkClick vkyfyg/ Company Name Box ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-21)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 50
22/ yHk(4-21)twdkif; qufoG,frI uGef,ufpepf\trnfudk od&Sd&ef vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfrnfh trnfudk owfrSwfay;yg/ (Oyrm- rdrd½Hk;rS uGefysLwmjzifh qufoG,f&mwGifMy Office [k trnfay;yg/) ¤if;aemuf Next udkESdyfyg/ Phone Number Box
ay:vmrnf/ yHk(4-22)
yHk(4-21) tjcm;wpfzuf&Sd½Hk;tm; trnfay;tyfyHk
51 Data Communication Network
23/ yHk(4-22) wGif ac:qdkvdkaom zkef;eHygwfudk ½dkufxnfhyg/ (rdrdqufoG,fvdkonfhuGefysLwmESifhwyfqifxm;aomzkef;eHygwf) Oyrm - rdrdqufoG,fvdkonfhXme&Sd "25707"
jzpfygu "003125707" udkxnfhoGif;yg/ ¤if;aemuf Next udkESdyfyg/
24/ tcsif;csif;qufoG,frItwGuf ukefusp&dwf oufom&ef vdktyfygonf/Network {&d,mwljzpfygu "5707" udk oHk;vQif ukefusp&dwf oufomEdkifygonf/tjcm; Network jzpfvQif {&d,m Code yg xnfhoGif;&ygrnf/ ¤if;aemuf Next Button
udk Click vkyfyg/
yHk(4-22) tjcm;wpfzuf&Sd w,fvDzkef;eHygwfudk Entry jyKvkyfxm;yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 52
25/ Completing the New Connection Wizard Window xyfrHay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/ yHk(4-23)
26/ Desktop ay:wGif Shortcut jyKvkyfxm;&dSvdkvQif yHk(4-23) wGifygaom Add a
shortcut to this connection to my desktop udk Check vkyfyg/ Setting jyKvkyfrINyD;qHk;ygu Finish Button udk ESdyfyg/
yHk(4-23) NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyjcif;ESifh Desktop wGif Shortcut
az:jy&ef Check jyKvkyfjcif;
53 Data Communication Network
27/ Desktop ay:wGif yHk(4-24) ygtwdkif; My Office Shortcut icon ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/
yHk(4-24) Desktop wGif My Office Shortcut icon az:jyaeyHk
28/ yHk(4-24)wGif Desktop ay:&Sd My Office Shortcut icon udk Double Click
ESdyfí Connection pwifyg/ xdktcg yHk(4-25) uJhodkY Connect jyKvkyfonfh Box ay:vmygrnf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 54
29/ yHk (4-25)wGif User Name ESifh Password wdkYudk ½dkufxnfhyg/ aemifwGifPassword ½dkufxnfhp&mrvdkatmif Save this user name and password for the
following users udk Check vkyfxm;yg/ Dial wGif xnfhoGif;xm;onfheHygwfudkppfaq;yg/ Properties Button udk ESdyfítjcm; Setting rsm;udkvnf; ppfaq;&ef vdktyfygonf/ Properties udkESdyfygu yHk(4-26)ygtwdkif; Properties Window ay:vmrnfjzpfonf/
yHk(4-25) w,fvDzkef;vdkif;jzifh rqufoG,frDaz:jyay;yHk
55 Data Communication Network
30/ yHk(4-26)rS General Tab udkESdyfí Connect using box wGif Modem udk Check
vkyfyg/ rdrdwyfqifxm;onfh Modem trsKd;tpm;jzpf&rnf/
31/ Configure Button udkESdyfí Speed (bps) udk Adjust vkyfyg/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh57600 (56 Kbps) owfrSwfay;xm;vQif oifhawmfygonf/ (¤if; Tab &Sd usef Setting
rsm;udk Default twdkif; owfrSwfxm;yg/
yHk(4-26) Properties rS General Tab wGif Modem trnfrSefuefpGmawGY&yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 56
32/ yHk(4-26)rS Networking Tab udkESdyfí yHk(4-27)uJhodkY Setting rsm; &Sd^r&Sdppfaq;yg/ File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks udk Check
jyKvkyfxm;&ef vdktyfonf/ odkYrSom Files rsm; tjyeftvSef Share jyKvkyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
33/ yHk (4-27)wGif OK udk ESdyfygu yHk(4-28) odkY jyefa&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ User
Name onfvnf;aumif;? Password onfvnf;aumif; yifruGefysLwmrS cGifhjyKowfrSwfNyD;jzpfonfhtrnfESifh Password jzpf&ygrnf/ xdktcg Dial-up Button udkEdSyfyguyHk(4-29)uJhodkY rdrdqufoG,faeaom Phone eHygwfodkY Dialing jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
yHk(4-27) Point to Point Protocol (PPP) jzifhqufoG,f&efESifh File and Printer
Sharing jyKvkyf&ef Check jyKvkyfxm;yHk
57 Data Communication Network
34/ csdwfqufrdoGm;ygu Task bar wGif uGefysLwm (2)vHk;csdwfqufxm;onfh Icon
ay:vmNyD;? csdwfqufNyD;aMumif; Message azmfjyay;rnfjzpfygonf/
yHk(4-29) Dialing jyKvkyfaeyHk
yHk(4-28) Dialing jyKvkyf&eftwGuf Dial Button udkESdyf&efaz:jyxm;yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 58
35/ xdktcg vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrS yHk(4-30)uJhodkY jyKvkyfygu Share Folder
ay:vmrnf jzpfonf/ yHk(4-31)
yHk (4-30) uGefysLwmESpfvHk;csdwfqufrI&&SdaepOf tjcm;uGefysLwmtm;ac:,l&ef Entry jyKvkyfyHk
yHk (4-31) tjcm;uGefysLwmrS Shared Folder rsm;az:jyxm;yHk
59 Data Communication Network
36/ yHk(4-32)wGif Windows rsm;udkzGifhí Task bar wGif Right Click ESdyfNyD;Tile
windows Vertically jyKvkyfí pDxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ nmbuf Window onf yifruGefysLwmpufjzpfNyD;? b,fbuf Window onf vufatmufcHuGefysLwmpuf jzpfonf/Window rsm;rS tvdk&dSonfh File rsm;udk Transfer jyKvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
yHk (4-32) qufoG,fxm;aom uGefysLwmESpfvHk;&Sd Shared Folder rsm;udk,SOfvQufaz:jyxm;yHk
vufatmufcHuGefysLwmpufrSzdkifrsm;yifruGefysLwmpufrSzdkifrsm;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 60
37/ yHk(4-33)wGif nmbufrS ay;ydkYvdkaom File rsm;udk Select vkyfí b,fbufodkYDrag & Drop jyKvkyfum yifruGefysLwmrS vufatmufcHuGefysLwmodk Y Copy
ay;ydkYEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ yHk(4-33)
rSwfcsuf/ vufawGYprf;oyfcsuft& zdkif(6)zdkiftm; Zip vkyfxm;aom 1.41 MB &Sdonfhzdkifwpfzdkifudk 33.6 Kbps tjrefEIef;jzifh 56 Kbps w,fvDzkef;vdkif;ay:rSay;ydkY&m(6)rdepfcefYMum&SdaMumif; awGY&Sd&ygonf/ Zip rvkyfbJ wpfzdkifjcif;ydk YyguzdkifyrmPay:rlwnfí Mumjrifhcsdefonf Zip vkyfNyD;ay;ydkYjcif;xuf tcsdefESpfqrS oHk;qtxd ydkrdkMuefYMumEdkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí Zip vkyfNyD;ay;ydkYrSomtcsdefukef? aiGukefoufomaprnf jzpfygonf/
Source rS Destinnation odkY Mouse jzifhDrag & Drop jyKvkyfí ul;,l&ef (odkY)Transfer jyKvkyf&ef
¤if;zdkifrsm;udk Zip vkyfí ay;ydkYygu ydkrdkjrefqefNyD; tcsdefukefoufomapygonf/
yHk (4-33) Drag & Drop enf;jzifh File rsm; Transfer jyKvkyfaeyHk
vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrSzdkifrsm; yifruGefysLwmrSzdkifrsm;
61 Data Communication Network
yifruGefysLwmtrnf ydkYvdkonfh Message
38/ yifruGefysLwmodkY Message ay;ydkYvdkygu Start Run Command ½dkufxnfhí OK ESdyfjcif;jzifh yHk(4-34)uJhodkY Command Window ay:vmrnf/ xdktcgyifrpufodkY ay;ydkYvdkaom Message udk ½dkufxnfhay;ydkYEdkifygonf/
Oyrm- yHk(4-34)wGif yifruGefysLwmESifh csdwfqufNyD; Ready taetxm;wGifFile ydkYvdkaMumif; Message ydkYvdkygu -
C:\>Net Send dell “ I want to transfer file ”
[k ½dkufxnfhay;ydkYEdkifygonf/
yHk (4-34) tjcm;uGefysLwmodkY Message ay;ydkYaeyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 62
39/ xdktcg yifruGefysLwm\ display wGif azmfjyyg yHk(4-35)ygtwdkif; Message
ay:vmrnf jzpfygonf/
40/ þodkYjzifh yifruGefysLwmESifh vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrsm;tMum; w,fvDzkef;vdkif;toHk;jyKí Remote Access jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh owif;tcsuftvufzdkifrsm; tjyeftvSefay;ydkY&,ljcif;? Message ay;ydkYjcif;wdkYudk Third Party Software rvdkbJ Microsoft
Windows 2000 ESifh Windows XP wdkYwGif yg&Sdaom Service rsm;udktoHk;jyKívG,fulpGmvkyfaqmifEdkifygonf/
41/ jrefqefpGmaqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf zdkifrsm;udk Compression Utility wpfrsKd;rsKd;(Oyrm- WinZip, WinRAR) toHk;jyKí Zip jyKvkyfay;ydkYEdkifygonf/ Zip vkyfpOfwGifvHkNcHKrItwGif Password xnfhoGif;Edkifygonf/ vufcHonfhuGefysLwmrS ¤if; Zip zdkifrsm;udkrlvtwdkif;jzpfatmifjyefvnfjyKvkyfjcif; (Decompression odkYr[kwf UnZip)jyKvkyf&ygrnf/
yHk (4-35) Message ydkYvdkufojzifh tjcm;uGefysLwmwGif az:jyaeyHk
63 Data Communication Network
42/ vHkNcHKrI&Sdapa&;twGuf Encryption Utility wpfrsKd;rsKd; (Oyrm- PGP) toHk;jyKírydkYrD Encrypt (odkYr[kwf) Compress jyKvkyf&ef vdktyfygonf/ vufcHuGefysLwmwGifDecompress (odkYr[kwf) DeEncrypt jyefvnfjyKvkyf&ef vdktyfygonf/
43/ tjcm;aom Communication Utility Software (Win Fax Pro, ...etc) rsm;toHk;jyKívnf; vG,fulpGmjzifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjyeftvSefay;ydkYEdkifygonf/odkYaomf toHk;jyKvdkonfh Software twGuf Installation Package oD;jcm;vdktyfygon?fyifruGefysLwmESifhvufatmufcHuGefysLwmrsm;wGif Install jyKvkyfxm;&ygrnf/ ¤if;Application ESifh rdrdtoHk;jyKonfh Operating System vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpf&efvnf;vdktyfygonf/
44/ txufyg pepfrsm;onf Point to Point csdwfqufjcif;jzpfojzifh uGefysLwmta&twGuf tenf;i,ftwGufom toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ uGefysLwmta&twGufrsm;jym;vmygu vHkNcHKrIydkif;qdkif&m? pDrHcefYcGJrIydkif;qdkif&mjyoemrsm; BuHKawGYvmrnfjzpfojzifh Server Based Network pepfwnfaqmufí owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjyeftvSefay;ydkYzvS,fjcif; jyKvkyfoifhygonf/
yHk(4-37) Sever Based Network toHk;jyKí Telephone Line jzifh
tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&GufyHk
vufatmufcHuGefysLwmrsm;
yifr Server
Tele-CommunicationNetworkMODEM
MODEM
uGefysLwmvufpJG 64
Chapter (5)Network/ Internet
(uGef,ufpepfESifhtifwmeufqdkif&mrsm;)
Physical Media1/ wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY (odkYr[kwf) uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rSwpfvHk;odkY qufoG,f&mwGifBudK;rJhqufoG,fjcif; ESifh BudK;jzifhqufoG,fjcif;[lí tajccHtm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m BudK;jzifhqufoG,fonfh uGef,ufpepfwGif atmufaz:jyyg Cable trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk toHk;jyKMuygonf-
(u) Coaxial Cable (Thick Coaxial, Thin Coaxial)
( c ) Twisted-Pair Cable (UTP, STP)
( * ) Fiber-Optic (Single Mode, Multi Mode)
Coaxial Cable2/ Coaxial Cable onf aMu;BudK;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom Cable trsKd;tpm;jzpfygonf/¤if;wGif Inner Conductor ESifh Outer Conductor [lí&Sdygonf/ Cable wnfaqmufyHkudkyHk(5-1)twdkif; awGY&SdEdkifygonf/
Coaxial Cable wnfaqmufxm;yHk
Outer Jacket Braided Metal Shield Plastic Filler
Wire
yHk(5-1)
65 Data Communication Network
3/ Coaxial Cable udk Thick Ethernet Coaxial Cable ESifh Thin Ethernet Coaxial
Cable [líawGY&Sd&ygonf/ Thick Ethernet Coaxial Cable rSm 500 m tuGmta0;txday;ydkYEdkifygonf/ tjrefEIef; 10 Mbps &Sdonf/ yHk(5-2)
4/ Thin Ethernet Coaxial Cable rSm185 m tuGmta0;txd ay;ydkYEdkifygonf/tjrefEIef; 10 Mbps &Sdonf/ yHk(5-3)
Twisted-Pair Cable5/ Twisted-Pair Cable onf trsm;qHk;toHk;jyKaom Cable trsKd;tpm;jzpfygonf/wpfcgwpf&H Twisted-Pair Cable wGif Wire BudK;i,fESpfpHkxuf ydkrdkyg&dSEdkifygonf/ 4if;wGifWire BudK;i,fuav;rsm;udk wpfckESifhwpfck vdrfíjyKvkyfxm;ygonf/ þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;rSmvnf; Wire BuKd;ESpfckMum;wGif jzpfay:wwfaom Mutual Capacitance udkajczsuf&efjzpfygonf/ Wire BudK;wpfacsmif;udk Plastic Insulation jzifh xnfhxm;NyD;? 4if;WireBudK;tpkta0;udk tjyifrS Outter Jacket jzifh tkyfum yHk(5-4)twdkif; zJGUpnf; wnfaqmufxm;ygonf/
500 mThick Backbone
10 Base 5yHk(5-2) Thick Ethernet Coaxial Cable
185 mThin Backbone
10 Base 2
yHk(5-3) Thin Ethernet Coaxial Cable
uGefysLwmvufpJG 66
6/ Twisted-Pair Cable udk CAT-1, CAT-2,CAT-3,CAT-4,CAT-5 [lí tajccHtm;jzifh cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/ Z,m;(5-1) ,ckaemufydkif;wGif CAT-6, CAT-7 [líxyfrHxGufay:vmygonf/
UTP Category Typical Use Signaling Technique Maximum Data Rate Maximum Range
Category 1 Telephone Analog and <100 Kbps 3-4 miles Wire Digital
Category 2 T1, ISDN Digital <2 Mbps 3-4 miles
Category 3 LANs Digital 10 Mbps 100 m(328 feet)
Category 4 LANs Digital 20 Mbps 100 m
Category 5 LANs Digital 100 Mbps 100 m
Category 5e LANs Digital 100 Mbps 100 m
Category 6 LANs Digital 200 Mbps 100 m
Category 7 LANs Digital 600 Mbps (?) 100 m (?)
Z,m; (5-1) The Characteristis of Twisted-Pair Cable
Fiber-Optic7/ vQyfppfoHvdkufvdIif; aESmuf,SufrI Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) ?a&'D,dkvdIif;aESmuf,SufrIrsm; Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) wdkYaMumifh Copper
Wire twGif;pD;qif;aeaom Signal rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? avxJwGif xkwfvTifhaeaomRF Signal rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? yHko@mefysuf,Gif;rI (distortion) rsm;ESifh Error rsm;
JacketFour Pairs
(Eight Wires)
Twisted-Pair Cable wnfaqmufxm;yHkyHk(5-4)
67 Data Communication Network
jzpfay:apygonf/ ¤if;rvdkvm;tyfaom EMI, RFI wdkYudkumuG,f&ef tvif;yHko@mefjzifh ydkYvTwfjcif;onf tvGefaumif;rGefaom enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfygonf/ tvif;yHko@mefjzifhydkYvTwf&mwGif Fiber Optic Cable jzifh ydkYvTwfEdkifygonf/ Fiber Optic Cable \wnfaqmufxm;yHkrSm yHk(5-5)twdkif ;jzpfygonf/
8/ Fiber Optic Cable udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifydkYvTwf&ef atmufygtajccH enf;vrf;ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf-
(u) Single-Mode Transmission
( c ) Multi-Mode Transmission
9/ Single-Mode Transmission wGif tvGefao;i,faom Fiber Optic Cable
ESifh Laser uJhodkYaom pkqkHtm;aumif;aumif;jzifh ydkYvTwfEdkifonfh Light Source vdktyfygonf/ ukefusp&dwfrsm;aomenf;vrf;vnf;jzpfygonf/ tvGefa0;uGmaom tuGmta0;txd ydkYvTwfEdkifygonf/ rdkif 100 ESifhtxuf (+100 Mile) xd ydkYvTwfEdkifygonf/ Single
Mode Fiber Cable \ diameter rSm 8.3 Micron &SdNyD; Cladding rSm 125 Micron
&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpfí 8.3/125 Cable [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/
10/ Multi-Mode Transmission wGif Single Mode xuf tenf;i,fydkBuD;aomFiber Cable udk toHk;jyKygonf/ Light Source tjzpf pkqkHrIr&Sdaom LED Source udktoHk;jyKygonf/ odkYjzpfí Single-Mode Transmission uJhodkY jrefjrefqefqef rydkYvTwfEdkifbJukefusp&dwfvnf; ydkrdkoufomygonf/ < 2 Km txd ydkYvTwfEdkifygonf/ Multi-Mode
Fiber Cable \ diameter rSm 62.5 Micron &SdNyD; Cladding rSm 125 Micron &Sdojzifh62.5/125 Cable [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/
Fiber
First Conductor Fiber
Fiber Optic wnfaqmufxm;yHkyHk(5-5)
Second Conductor
uGefysLwmvufpJG 68
Network Topology (uGef,ufpepfqdkif&m BudK;csdwfqufyHkenf;vrf;rsm;)11/ uGef,ufpepfwpfcktwGif; uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh tjcm; Network qdkif&mypönf;rsm;\BudK;csdwfqufoG,fyHkudk atmufygtwdkif;tajccHenf;vrf; (4) rsKd;jzifh awGY&SdEdkifygonf-
(u) Bus Topology
( c ) Ring Topology
( * ) Star Topology
(C) Mesh Topology
( i ) Tree (or) Hierarchical Topology
Bus Topology12/ Bus Topology wGif uGefysLwmtm;vHk;udk Cable wpfckwnf;jzifh csdwfqufxm;ygonf/ yHk(5-6) ¤if;enf;vrf;onf uGef,ufpepfwpfck wnfaqmuf&eftwGuftvG,fulqHk; enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ LAN wGif Bus Topology csdwfquf&mü Coaxial
Cable udk Main Backbone tjzpf toHk;jyKygonf/
13/ uGef,ufpepfwpfckwGif Bus Topology toHk;jyKí qufoG,fygu uGefysLwmtm;vHk;onf Wire BudK;ay:wGif ay;ydkYvQuf&Sdaom Data rsm;udk awGY&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/odkYaomf oufqdkif&muGefysLwm (Destination) rSwyg; tjcm;uGefysLwmrsm;taejzifh vufcH&,ljcif; rjyKvkyfyg/ rnfonfhuGefysLwmtwGufay;ydkYonfudk Data twGif;&Sd Destination
Address (vufcHrnfhpuf\vdyfpm)udk Munfh½Ijcif;tm;jzifh od&SdEdkifygonf/ rdrdpuftwGufjzpfygu Copy ul;í rdrdpuftwGuf r[kwfygu &,ljcif; rjyKvkyfyg/ tqdkyg Bus
Topology wGif Wire BudK;\ wpfae&mü jywfawmufrI wpfpHkwpf&m jzpfyGm;ygu uGef,ufpepfwpfckvHk; csdwfqufvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
WorkstationTerminator
T-connector Main Backbone
yHk(5-6) Bus Topology
69 Data Communication Network
Star Topology14/ Star Topology onf Bus Topology ESifh BudK;csdwfqufyHk uGmjcm;ygonf/ Star
Topology wGif uGefysLwmwpfvHk;csif;pDonf Hub/Switch odkY oD;jcm;BudK;rsm;jzifh qufoG,fcsdwfquf&ygrnf/ odkYjzpfí Bus Topology xuf Cable BudK;ydkrdkvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/Cable wpfacsmif;wGif jywfawmufrIjzpfygu oufqdkif&muGefysLwmomvQif uGef,ufpepfESifhqufoG,frIjywfawmufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ uGef,ufpepfwpfckvHk;tm; tusdK;oufa&mufrI rjzpfEdkifyg/ odkYjzpfí Star Topology onf Bus Topology xuf trSm;cHEdkifrIydkrdkaumif;rGefaMumif; awGY&SdEdkifygonf/ LAN wGif Star Topology jzifh csdwfquf&müTwisted Pair Cable (4 Pair) udk toHk;jyKygonf/ Star Topology oHk;ícsdwfqufxm;yHkudkyHk(5-7) wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
15/ Star Topology onf atmufaz:jyygtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;aMumifh toHk;rsm;vmaomTopology wpfckjzpfygonf-
(u) vsifjrefpGm csdwfqufwyfqifwnfaqmufEdkifjcif;?( c ) Cable wpfacsmif;jywfawmufrI (odkYr[kwf) csKdU,Gif;rIjzpfygu Network
BuD;wpfckvHk;tm; rxdcdkufEdkifjcif;?( * ) csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;&SmazGjyifqif&mvG,fuljcif;?
Hub
Workstation
Workstation Workstation
Workstation Workstation
Hub
yHk(5-7) Star Topology jzifh BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 70
16/ Star Topology wGif atmufaz:jyyg tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdygonf-(u) Star Topology uGef,ufpepfwnfaqmuf&mwGif Cable vdktyfcsuf
ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmrnfjzpfojzifh ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;Edkifjcif;?( c ) Star Topology wGif t"duusaom tpdwftydkif;jzpfonfh Hub/Switch
ysufpD;ygu uGef,ufpepfwpfckvHk; csKdU,Gif;oGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
Ring Topology17/ Ring Topology wGif uGefysLwmwpfvHk;onf tjcm;uyfvQuf&SdaomuGefysLwm(2)vHk;ESifh wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufxm;ygonf/ Cable ae&mcsxm;yHkonf puf0dkif;yHkjzpfygonf/&Sif;vif;vG,fulaom yHko@mefwpfck jzpfygonf/ raumif;onfhtcsufrSm Ring \wpfae&mwGif Cable jywfawmufrI (odkYr[kwf) csKdU,Gif;rIjzpfygu Bus Topology uJhodkYuGef,ufpepfwpfckvHk; tjyeftvSefqufoG,frI r&Edkifawmhyg/ þtm;enf;csufudkjyifqifí ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif wnfaqmufxm;aom IBM Double Ring enf;ynmonftrSm;cHEdkifrI ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom emrnfBuD;onfh Topology wpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if; Double
Ring wGif Inner Ring ESifh Outer Ring [lí Ring ESpfxyf&Sd&m Ring wpfckjywfawmufoGm;ygu usef&Sdaeaom Ring rS qufvufvkyfaqmifoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/yHk(5-8)?yHk(5-9)
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Single Ring
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Double Ring
yHk(5-8)
yHk(5-9)Ring Topology jzifhBudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
71 Data Communication Network
18/ Token Ring Topology wGif vufawGYwGif Ring yHko@mef rawGY&SdEdkifyg/ Star
yHko@mefcsdwfqufxm;ygonf/ tvkyfvkyfyHkrSm Ring yHko@mef jzpfygonf/ yHk(5-10)
Workstation
WorkstationWorkstation
Workstation WorkstationyHk(5-10) Ring Topology jzifh BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
Mesh Topology19/ yHk(5-11)wGif csdwfqufxm;ouJhodkY Mesh Topology wGif Station wpfckonftjcm;aom Station tm;vHk;odkY wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufxm;ygonf/ ,aeY Internet ESifh tjcm;WAN rsm;onf Mesh Topology ESifhtjcm; Topology rsm;aygif;pyfum Hybrid Mesh
tjzpftoHk;jyKMuygonf/ þodkYtoHk;jyKjcif;aMumifh Station wpfckESifhwpfckMum;wGifjywfawmufrI (odkYr[kwf) csKdU,Gif;rI jzpfay:vmygu tjcm;usef&Sdaeaomvrf;aMumif;rsm;rSvSnfhywfqufoG,fjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if; Station ESpfckrSm uGef,ufpepfqufoG,frI qufvufaqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
20/ yHk(5-11)wGif Link No:1 jywfawmufoGm;ygu Link No:2,3,4 rsm;rS oifhawmfovdk a&G;cs,fí qufvuftvkyfvkyfrnfjzpfygonf/
21/ Mesh Topology wGif qufoG,fcsdwfqufrIrsm; ½IwfaxG;Edkifygonf/ Station
wpfckonf tjcm; Station tm;vHk;odkY tquftoG,f&Sd&ygrnf/ qufoG,f&ef Link rsm;pGmvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ Link ta&twGuf wGufcsuf&ef yHkaoenf;rSm n Station twGufn x (n-1)/2 jzpfygojzifh uGefysLwm (5)vHk;csdwfqufygu-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 72
n x (n-1)/2
5 x (5-1)/2 = 10 Link vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
22/ tu,fí uGef,ufpepfwGif uGefysLwm (10)vHk;xdcsdwfygu txufygyHkaoenf;t& (45) Connection (odkYr[kwf) Link vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ xdktcg BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;rI tvGef½IyfaxG;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf Cable wpfckcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:aomfvnf; uGef,ufpepf qufvufvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonfhtjyif oufqdkif&m Connection
rSmvnf; qufvufcsdwfqufEdkifaMumif; awGY&Sd&ojzifh trSm;cHEdkifrI ydkrdkaumif;rGefygonf/
23/ ,cktcgwGif Mesh Topology \trSm;cHEdkifrIaumif;rGefjcif;aMumifh Wide Area
Network (WAN)wGif us,fjyefYpGmtoHk;jyKMuygonf/ odkYaomf ¤if; Topology onfukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;jcif;? ydkrdk½IyfaxG;jcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;udk pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf/
Tree (or) Hierarchical Topology24/ Tree Topology onf opfyifwpfyif\ yifpnf? tudkif;? tcufwdkYuJhodkY zGJYpnf;xm;ygonf/ Level wltcsif;csif; wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufEdkifaomfvnf; Level jrifhaomuGefysLwmrsm;odkY tjcm; Tree rSuGefysLwmrsm;ESifh qufoG,f&mwGif wpfqifhjrifhaomuGefysLwmrSwpfqifh qufoG,f&ygonf/ yHk(5-12)
Workstation
WorkstationWorkstation
Workstation Workstation
1
2
3
4
yHk(5-11) Mesh Topology jzifh BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
73 Data Communication Network
Workstation
WorkstationWorkstation
Workstation WorkstationWorkstation WorkstationyHk(5-12)Tree (or) Hierarchical Topology jzifh
BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
Workstation Workstation Workstation
FDDI Backbone
SegmentSegment
yHk(5-13)
Backbones and Segments jzifh BudK;csdwfqufoG,fwef;xm;yHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 74
Backbones and Segments25/ Backbones qdkonfrSm uGef,ufpepf\ t"duta&;tBuD;qHk; yifrqufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;yifrvrf;aMumif;odkY Server rsm;? Network tcGJ (Branch
Network) rsm;? Segments rsm; tm;vHk;wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufMuygonf/ Backbones onfjrefEIef;jrifhrm;aom obm0&Sdojzifh High Speed Communication Line rsm;[kvnf;ac:onf/ Fiber (zefBudK;rQif)toHk;jyKí tvif;jzifhay;ydkY&,lEdkifaom FDDI (odkYr[kwf)100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps vdkif;rsm;onf Backbones tjzpftoHk;jyKMuonf/ yHk(5-13)wGifServer (3)vHk;ESifh Segments (3)ckwdkYonf Backbones odkY vma&mufcsdwfqufxm;Muygonf/
26/ Segments qdkonfrSm Backbones odkY csdwfqufxm;aom Network tpdwftydkif;wpfck jzpfonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh Server rsm;onf Backbones ESifh csdwfqufavh&SdMuonf/ Workstation rsm;onf Segments jzifh csdwfqufavh&SdMuygonf/ yHk(5-13)uJhodkYSegnment rsm;onf Backbones ESifhcsdwfqufxm;jcif;aMumifh Workstation rsm;onfServer ESifh tjcm; Network rS Resources rsm;udk Backbones rSwpfqifh &,ltoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
rSefuefaom Topology udka&G;cs,fjcif;27/ BudK;csdwfqufrIenf;vrf;(Topologies)rsm;wGif tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdMuygonf/ odkYjzpfí uGef,ufpepftwGuf tukeftuscHrnfh aiGaMu;yrmP ESifh tjcm;vdkvm;aomtajctaet&yf&yfay:wGif rlwnfí rSefuefaom Topology udk a&G;cs,f&rnf jzpfygonf/ þodkY a&G;cs,f&mü atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf-
(u) ukefusp&dwf?( c ) Installation jyKvkyf&mwGif vG,fuljcif;?( * ) Maintenance jyKvkyf&mwGif vG,fuljcif;?(C) BudK;rsm;\trSm;cHEdkifrI aumif;rGefjcif; ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
75 Data Communication Network
uGef,ufpepf (Network)
28/ uGef,ufpepfqdkonfrSm Hardware Resources rsm;? Software Resources
rsm;ud k rQa0toHk;jyK&eftwGuf uGefysLwmrsm;ud k Communication Media ?Communication Devices rsm;jzifh csdwfqufxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ uGef,ufpepfcsdwfqufjcif;aMumifh atmufaz:jyygtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf-
(u) E-mail (odkYr[kwf) Message tjyeftvSefay;ydkYEdkifjcif;?
( c ) Hardware Resources rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;? (Oyrm- Printer
Sharing? Scanner Sharing )
( * ) Software Resources rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;? (Oyrm- File Sharing?
Folder Sharing )
(C) Application rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
( i ) Database rsm;udk rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifjcif;?
( p ) Information rsm;udk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;?
(q) Communication Line ESifh Device rsm;udk rQa0toHk;jyKEdkifjcif;?
( Z ) wpfae&mwnf;rS pDrHcefYcGJxdef;csKyfEdkifjcif;?
(ps ) vHkNcKHrIaumif;rGefjcif;? (Security)
(n) rQa0oHk;pGJEdkifrIaMumifh ukefusp&dwfoufomjcif;? (Cost)
(# ) Video Conferencing tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;?
Server ESifh Server trsKd;tpm;rsm;29/ Server qdkonfrSm pGrf;tm;aumif;aom uGefysLwmwpfvHk;jzpfNyD; Client uGefysLwmrS awmif;qdkaom Service rsm;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ Server onf Super
Computer wpfvHk;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/ Main Frame Computer / Mini Computer
ESifh High End PC wpfrsKd;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
30/ aqmif&Gufay;Edkifonfh Service rsm;ay: rlwnfí Server trsdK;tpm;rsm;onfatmufazmfjyygZ,m;(5-2)ygtwdkif; trsKd;rsKd;&SdEdkifygonf-
uGefysLwmvufpJG 76
pOf Server trsK d;tpm; 0efaqmifrI (Service)
1 File & Print Serverzdkifodrf;qnf;jcif; ESifh Printing
qdkif&m0efaqmif rIrsm; jyKvkyfEd kifygonf/
2 Mail Servere-Mail rsm;vufcHjcif;? odrf;qnf;jcif;? qu f
vufay;yd k Y jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEd kifonf
3 Application Server
Client / Server Architecture toHk;jyKí
Application rsm;wGufcsuf aqmif&GufrIjyKvkyf
Ed kifonf/
4 Data Base Server
tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;jcif;ESif h wGufcsuf
vkyfaqmifjcif;? toHk;jyK olrsm;tm;wpfNydKifwnf;
csdwfqufcGif h jyK aqmif&Gufjcif; jyKvkyfEd kifonf/
5 Backup Servertcsuftvufrsm;ud k Tape unit ponf h
Backup rsm;jzif ht&Hodrf;qnf;Ed kifygonf/
6 Fax ServerFax Machine rsm;jzif hcs dwfqufí Fax
Service jyKvkyfEd kifonf/
7 Web Server
owif;tcsuftvufzd ki f Web Pages ESifh
File rsm;udk od kavSmifodrf;qnf;rQa0Ed kifonf/
wGufcsufvkyf aqmifEd kifonf/
8FTP Server(File Transfer Protocol)
zdkifrsm;ay;ydk YEd kifonf/ &,lEd kifonf/ (up load/
down load)
77 Data Communication Network
pOf Server trsKd;tpm; 0efaqmifrI (Service)
9 Proxy Server
jyifyuGef,ufpepfESifh rdrduGef,ufpepfMum;wGifvHkNcHKrI? axmufvSrf;Munfh½IrI? jrefqefrI&Sdapa&;twGufxm;&SdaomMum;cH Server jzpfonf/
10 Firewall Servert0iftxGufppfaq;Munfh½Ií vHkNcHKrIaqmif&GufEdkifonfh Server jzpfonf/
11
DHCP Server(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
IP Address rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; qufoG,fvmaom Client rsm;tm; IP Address owfrSwf jcif;udk aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
12 DNS Server(Domain Name)
Domain Name ESifh IP Address wdkYudk mapping jyKvkyf ay;Edkifonfh Server jzpfonf/
13 WINS Server
Windows NT Server jzpfonf/ WindowsInternet Naming Service (WINS)udkaqmif&Gufay;EdkifNyD; Net BIOS Name rS Domain Name odkY ajymif;vJay;Edkifonf/
14RAS Server(Remote Access Server)
Communication Server wpfrsKd;jzpfonf/Point to Point Protocol jzifh w,fvDzkef;vdkif;toHk;jyK qufoG,frIudk vufcHaqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf/
15 SNA Server
IBM Main Frame ESifh Client
uGefysLwmtMum; qufoG,fay;Edkifaom Server
jzpfonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 78
Local Area Network (LAN)31/ LAN qdkonfrSm taqmuftODwpfcktwGif; (odkYr[kwf) y&0kPfwpfcktwGif;(odkYr[kwf) rDwm 2500 ywfvnftwGif; BudK;jzifh wdkuf½dkufcsdwfqufxm;aom (odkYr[kwf)BudK;rJhcsdwfqufxm;aom uGef,ufpepfwpfckjzpfygonf/
32/ uGef,ufpepftm; Physical Media toHk;jyKí 0g,mBudK;jzifh csdwfqufjcif; ESifh0g,mBudK;rJh (Wireless) qufoG,fjcif;wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif;cGJjcm;Edkifygonf-
(u) Wired LAN yHk (5-14)
( c) Wireless LAN yHk (5-15)
( *) Wire + Wireless LAN yHk (5-16)
pOf Server trsKd;tpm; 0efaqmifrI (Service)
16 Gateway ServerHardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfxm;NyD;rwlnDaom Netwoork rsm;Mum;wGif csdwfqufaqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf/
17 Router ServerLocal Area Network rsm;udk csdwfqufay;
Edkifonf/ Different Network rsm;udkcsdwfquf ay;Edkifygonf/
18 Bridge Server
Router uJhodkYvkyfaqmifEdkifonf/ Type wlnD aom Network ESpfckudk vnf;csdwfqufay;Edkifygonf/ Type rwlnDaom Network rsm;udkvnf; csdwfqufay;Edkifygonf/
Z,m; (5-2)
79 Data Communication Network
Workstation Workstation Workstation
yHk (5-14) Wired LAN csdwfqufxm;yHk
Wired Backbone
yHk (5-15) Wireless LAN csdwfqufxm;yHk
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
uGefysLwmvufpJG 80
33/ LAN wGif t"duqufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;rSm Backbone jzpfNyD;? Backbone ESifhcsdwfqufxm;jcif;tay:rlwnfí atmufygtwdkif;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/ yHk(5-17)-
(u) Backbone LAN
( c) Branch LAN
yHk (5-16) Wired LAN ESifh Wireless LAN qufoG,fxm;yHk
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Laptop
Wired LAN
Wireless LAN
Access Point
Workstation Workstation Workstation
Bac
kbon
e L
AN
Branch LANBranch LAN
yHk(5-17) Backbone LAN rSwpfqifhBranch LAN rsm;udk csdwfqufxm;yHk
81 Data Communication Network
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)34/ MAN qdkonfrSm NrdKYwpfNrdKYtwGif; tuGmta0; 50 km ywfvnftwGif; csdwfqufxm;aom uGef,ufpepfwpfck jzpfygonf/ ¤if;pepfwGif Communication Facility udkCarrier Service rsm;rS iSm;&rf;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) aiGaMu;wwfEdkifaomukrÜPD rsm;taejzifhudk,fydkif Communication Facility jzifh csdwfqufvkyfaqmifjcif; jyKvkyfMuygonf/
Wide Area Network (WAN)35/ WAN qdkonfrSm wpfNrdKYESifhwpfNrdKY? wpfedkifiHESifhwpfEdkifiH? urÇmESifht0ef; csdwfqufxm;aom uGef,ufpepf jzpfygonf/ tuGmta0; uefYowfcsuf r&Sdyg/
LAN ESifh WAN uGmjcm;csuf36/ LAN ESifh WAN wdkYonf uGef,ufpepfrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; atmufaz:jyyg rwlnDaom tcsufrsm;&SdMuygonf/ Z,m;(5-3)-
pOf LAN WAN
1 tuGmta0; rDwm 2500 twGif; tuGmta0;uefYowfcsufr&S dyg/
2 udk,fydkif Communication Facil-
ityudktoHk;jyKonf/
Carriers Servicersm;rS Commu -
nication FacilityudkiSm;&rf;toHk;
jyKonf/3 Organization (odkY) Administra-
torrS pDrHcefYcG Jxdef;csKyfEdkifonf/
Carriers Service rsm;rSpDrHcefYcGJ
xdef;csKyfonf/
4 Leased line (odkY) Fixed Line
rsm;jzif h qufoG,fcsdwfqufonf/
Switch Line rsm;jzifh(odk Y) Leased
Linersm;jzifhcsdwfqufonf/
5 Speed jrefqefonf/ 10 Mbps/
100 Mbps/1000 Mbps(1Gbps)
tjrefEIef;trsKd;rsK d;&S dMuonf/
Speed aES;onf/ Dial Up jzpfvQif
56 Kbps&Sdonf/ tjcm; Line rsm;
Mbpsxdom&Sdonf/
6 Bit Error Rate (BER)enf;onf/ Bit Error Rate (BER) rsm;onf/
Z,m; (5-3)
uGefysLwmvufpJG 82
Internet37/ Internet qdkonfrSm urÇmhtBuD;qHk; WAN yifjzpfygonf/ urÇmay:&Sd uGef,ufpepfrsm;\ uGef,ufpepf (Network of the Networks) [kvnf; ac:qdkEdkifygonf/¤if; Internet tm; atmufaz:jyyg uGef,ufpepfrsm; toD;oD;vma&mufcsdwfqufxm;Muygonf-
(u) tpdk;&qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?( c) usef;rma&;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?( *) pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m ukrÜPDrsm;? tzJGYtpnf;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?(C) ynma&;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? wuúodkvf? aumvdyf? odyÜH? okawoe
vkyfief;rsm;\ uGef,ufrsm;?( i) uGef,ufpepf0efaqmifrIay;onfhukrÜPDrsm;\ uGef,ufpepfrsm;/
Intranet38/ Intranet qdkonfrSm Internet enf;ynmudk toHk;jyKí rdrdtzGJYtpnf;twGif;csdwfqufxm;aom Local uGef,ufpepf jzpfygonf/ Intranet onfvnf; Internet wGiftoHk;jyKedkifonfh Service rsm;jzpfaom e-mail Service? WWW Service? Video
Conferencing Service? FTP Service ponfh Service rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Oyrm-Boeing 747 avaMumif;vdkif;ukrÜPDwGif ¤if;\½Hk;csKyfESifh&kH;cGJ rsm;? wpfurÇmvHk;tESHY Intranet
pepfjzifh csdwfqufvkyfudkifjcif;aMumifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIpGrf;tm;rsm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmjcif;?c&D;oGm;rsm; rdrdoGm;vdkonfh avaMumif;c&D;pOfESifhywfoufí Intranet pepfjzifhpHkprf;Edkifjcif;? BudKwifvufrSwf&,lEdkifjcif;wdkY aqmif&GufEdkifonfhtwGuf a&mif;tm;ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/ xdkYtjyif avaMumif;vdkif; 0efxrf;rsm;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefqufoG,frI jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ av,mOfrsm;ESifhywfoufí Maintenance qdkif&m?Servicing qdkif&mrsm;udkvnf; Intranet toHk;jyKí tcsdefESifhwajy;nD vkyfaqmifvmEdkifygonf/
Extranet39/ Extranet qdkonfrSm Intranet tcsif;csif; vHkNcHKrIwnfaqmufum tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufxm;&Sdjcif;udk ac:ygonf/ Oyrm- Microsoft ukrÜPD\ Intranet ESifh Intel
ukrÜPD\ Intranet wdkYonf vHkNcHKrIwnfaqmufí Extranet csdwfqufxm;jcif;aMumifhMicrosoft ukrÜPDrS owfrSwfxm;aom oHk;pGJcGifh&Sdolrsm;onf Intel ukrÜPD\ Intranet
83 Data Communication Network
twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufí oufqdkif&moHk;pGJcGifh&Sdonfh Service rsm;? Network Resources
rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh Intel ukrÜPDrSvnf; Microsoft ukrÜPD\Intranet twGif;odkY vHkNcHKrI&SdpGmjzifh 0ifa&muftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
40/ tifwmeufwGif zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh Domain Name Structure rSmyHk(5-18)ygtwkdif;jzpfygonf/ jrefrmjynftm; udk,fpm;jyKonfh Domain Name rSm mm
jzpfygonf/
Oyrm-
Domain Name Structure
root
net edu org mil gov com mm jp my sg
com net gov org
mpt
bagan
mm Domain
mpt.net.mm Domain bagan.net.mm
Domain
GTLD CCTLD
mail2 . mpt . net . mm Computer Domain Name Name
GTLD = Generic Top Level Domain CCTLD = Country Code Top Level Doamain
yHk (5-18) Internet \ Domain Name Structure ESifhjrefrmjynftwGuf mm domain
Internet Domain Name Structure
uGefysLwmvufpJG 84
Internet odkYqufoG,fjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;41/ Internet odkY atmufygtwdkif; qufoG,fEdkifygonf/ yHk(5-19)-
(u) Leased Line IP Connection
( c ) Dial Up Connection
(1) LAN Type
(2) Terminal Type
DNS Server42/ DNS Server qdkonfrSm Domain Name ESifh IP Address udk Mapping jyKvkyfay;Edkifaom Server wpfvHk;jzpfygonf/ Internet User rsm;onf Domain Name rsm;udkomtoHk; jyKí tvG,fwul ac:a0:oH k;p G J Muygonf/ Oyrm- (www.intel.com,
www.ibm.com) vufawGYwGif Internet twGif;ü Computer tcsif;csif;onf IP
Modem/TA Modem / TA (Analog) (Digital)
Internet
Leased Line IP Dial up Dial up i) LAN Type ii) Terminal Type
Router
LAN
LAN
yHk (5-19) Internet odkY qufoG,faqmif&GufyHkrsm;
85 Data Communication Network
Address rsm;jzifhom csdwfqufrIjyKvkyfMuonf/ Oyrm- (10.3.4.1) vltrsm; od&Sdem;vnfaom Domain Name rS IP Address odkY ajymif;vJay;&ef vdktyfouJhodkY IP Address rSDomain Name odkY ajymif;vJay;&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ þuJhodkY vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;udkDomain Name Server rS jyKvkyfay;Edkifygonf/ Oyrm- www.mpt.net.mm [laomDomain Name udk 203.81.65.75 [lonfh IP Address odkY Mapping jyKvkyfay;Edkifygonf/
DNS Mechanism43/ Internet jzifh csdwfqufxm;aom Computer rsm;pGm&dSonfhteuf tjcm;edkifiH&SdComputer wpfvHk;taejzif h www.bagan.net.mm Server \ IP Address udkod&SdEdkif&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifhudk yHk(5-20) DNS Machanism jzifh &Sif;vif;az:jyygrnf/ DNS Client wpfvHk;onf rdrdqufoG,fvdkonfh Domain Name \ IP
Address udk od&Sd&ef DNS Server rsm;jzifh qifhuJqifhuJvkyfaqmifMuygonf/
Web Server44/ Web Server qdkonfrSm owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;&Sdjcif;?tjyeftvSefay;ydkYzvS,fEdkifjcif;jyKvkyfEdkifonfh Server jzpfygonf/ Web Server rsm;onfowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk oHk;pGJol Web Client rsm;tm; rQa0oHk;pGJjcif; (Sharing)jyKvkyfay;Edkifygonf/ Web Server twGif;ü Web Site rsm;yg&SdEkdifygonf/ Web Site
qdkonfrSm owif;tcsuftvufpmrsufESm(Web Page)rsm;pGm pkpnf;xm;&Sdaomtpkta0;wpfck jzpfonf/ Web Server rsm;onf tjcm; Web Server rsm;&Sd Web Site
rsm;jzifhvnf; tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufEdkifMuygonf/
45/ tcsKdUukrÜPDrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ISP \ Web Hosting
Service udk iSm;&rf;oHk;pGJjcif;jzifh Web Page rsm;xm;&SdMuygonf/ Web Page rsm;onfowif;tcsuftvufpmrsufESmrsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;pmrsufESmrsm;onf taMumif;t&mydkif;qdkif&m? owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&m csdwfqufrI (Hyper Link) &SdMuygonf/ xm;&SdrIudktcsuftvufyrmP(Volume Size)t& tcaMu;aiGay;aqmifMuygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 86
Server
Server
Root
mm
jp
net
com
bagan
mpt
www.bagan.net.mm
HTTP: // www.bagan.net.mm
DNS Server inbagan.net.mm domain
DNS Server innet.mm domain
DNS Server inmm domain
DNS Server in root
(8) ? IP of www.bagan.net.mm
(6) ? IP of www.bagan.net.mm
(5) IP of DNS Server in
net.mm domain
DNSServer
(2) ?
IP of
www.ba
gan.n
et.mm
(3)
IP of
DNS S
erver
in mm do
main
(4) ? IP of www.bagan.net.m
m
(7) IP of DNS Server in bagan.net.mm domain(9) IP of www.bagan.net.mm domain
(1
)
?
IP
of
ww
w.
ba
ga
n.
ne
t.
mm
(1
0)
IP
ad
dr
es
s
of
ww
w.
ba
ga
n.
ne
t.
mm
yHk (5-20) DNS tvkyfvkyfyHk
tjcm;EdkifiH&Sd uGefysLwmrSWeb Site udkMunfh½Ijcif;
Server
87 Data Communication Network
Chapter (6)uGefysLwmESifhuGefysLwmuGef,ufpepfrsm;okdY Hackerrsm;\
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufonfhenf;vrf;rsm;
Hacker (odkYr[kwf) Cracker
1/ uGefysLwmwpfvHk; (odkYr[kwf) uGefysLwmtcsif;csif;csdwfqufxm;aom uGefysLwmuGef,uftwGif;okdY cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ (odkYr[kwf) 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhr&SdbJ 0ifa&mufíuGefysLwmpepftwGif;&Sd zdkifrsm;? y½dk*&rfrsm;tm; Munfh½Ijcif;? ul;,ljcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;?uGef,ufpepf\vkyfaqmifaerIukd apmifhMunfhjcif;? zsufqD;jcif; ponfhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;(Unauthorized Use) jyKvkyfjcif;udk Hacker (odkYr[kwf) Cracker Attack [k ac:ygonf/
2/ Hacker [laom pum;vHk;tay: tkdifwDqkdif&m ½IaxmifhrSaeí em;vnfaomt"dyÜg,frSm uGefysLwmwpfvHk; (odkYr[kwf)uGefysLwmuGef,uf\ vHkNcHKa&;pepftm;csdK;azmuf0ifa&mufjcif;? uGefysLwmtcsif;csif; qufoG,fvkyfukdifaerIwGif Mum;jzwf0ifa&mufum uGefysLwmtwGif;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? y½dk*&rfrsm;tm; cdk;,l&ef(odkYr[kwf)zsufpD;rIwpfckckjyKvkyf&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;? uGef,ufpepfay:&Sd vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ukdapmifhMuyfMunfh½Ijcif;vkyfaqmifoludk ac:qkdygonf/
0ifa&mufaomvrf;aMumif;rsm;
3/ Hacker (ac:) Cracker rsm;onf uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;odkY a,bk,stm;jzifh0ifa&mufaomenf;vrf;rsm;rSm ,if;wdkYESifhqufoG,fxm;aom Modem rsm;? qufoG,fa&;qkdif&mvrf;aMumif;rsm;? ypönf;rsm;? ,if;wdkYtoHk;jyKpDrHxm;aom Diskette, CD rsm;?LOG-IN y½kd*&rfrsm;ponfwdkYrSwpfqifh 0ifa&mufMuygonf/
Hacker rsm;\oabmobm0
4/ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom Hacker tcsdKUonf zsufpD;jcif;vkyfief; rvkyfMubJ?owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ESifh y½dk*&rfrsm; &,l&eftwGufom vkyfaqmifMuygonf/odkYaomf tcsKdU Hacker rsm;onf 4if;wdkYtvdk&dS&m owif;tcsuftvufESifhy½dk*&rfrsm;udk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 88
&,lNyD;? uGefysLwm\pepfqkdif&my½kd*&rfrsm;? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;tm; ajymif;vJjcif;? zsufqD;jcif;rsm;udkyg vkyfaqmifMuygonf/
Unauthorized Use
5/ uGefysLwmtm; cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ toHk;jyKjcif; (Unauthorized Use) qdkonfrSmuGefysLwmudkifwG,fcGifhr&Sdol 0ifa&mufudkifwG,fjcif;omru 0ifa&mufcGifhr&SdaomuGefysLwmpepftwGif;&Sd vrf;aMumif;rsm;odkY0ifa&mufjcif;? tokH;jyKcGifhr&Sdaom Network
Service rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;? MunhfcGifhr&Sdaomzdkifrsm;tm; Munfh½Ijcif;? a&;rSwfcGifh (Read/
Write)? jyifqifcGifh (Edit)? wnfaqmufjyKvkyfcGifh (Create)? zsufcGifh (Delete)? ul;,lcGifh(Copy)? zkdifydkYvTwfjcif;(File Transfer) ponfh vkyfykdifcGifhjyKcsuf (Permission)rsm;teufrS rdrdtm; owfrSwfay;xm;jcif;r&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; oHk;pGJ&efBudK;pm;jcif;(odkY) csdK;azmuf0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfygonf/
toHk;rsm;aom Attack rsm;
6/ Hacker rsm;onf uGefysLwmwpfckvHk;twGif;(odkYr[kwf) uGefysLwmuGef,ufpepfwpfckwGif enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzihf 0ifa&mufEdkifMu&m atmufaz:jyyg enf;vrf;rsm;onftoHk;rsm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygonf-
(u) TCP/IP Sequence number prediction attack.
( c ) TCP session hijacking attack (active sniffing).
( * ) Sniffing or observing packet’s passing.
( i ) Spoofing.
( p ) Breaking or corrupting existing HTTP Transaction or TCP
Connection.
(q) Hyperlink spoofing to attack secure socket layer (SSL) server
installations. ( Z ) Web Spoofing to intercept.
( ps) Others
89 Data Communication Network
TCP/IP Sequence number prediction attack
7/ tifwmeuf (odkYr[kwf) uGef,ufpepfrsm;wGif tcsif;csif; csdwfqufxm;onfhCommunication media rsm;ay:rS TCP/IP Packet (owif;tcsuftvuftpkta0;)rsm;xJrS oufqdkif&muGefysLwm\vdyfpm(address) ESifh tpOftvdkufeHygwfrsm;(Sequence number)udk Hacker rS cdk;,lí IP Address rsm;udk cefYrSef;wGufcsufum4if;wdkY&&Sdaom vdyfpmrsm;? tpOftvdkufeHygwfrsm;jzifh uGef,uftwGif; qufoG,f0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ yHk(6-1)
TCP Session hijacking attack8/ Server ESifh Client qufoG,fvkyfaqmifaeaom Client Server qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;rS Client \ IP address ESifh Sequence number wdkYudk &,lí Client
udk,fpm; twif;0ifa&mufqufoG,fum uGef,ufpepftwGif; xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufonf/xdkdtcsdefwGif yHk(6-2)ygtwdkif; Client udk uGef,ufESifh qufoG,frI jzwfawmufxm;onf/Hacker onf Client \ IP Address jzifh yHk(6-3)ygtwdkif; ta,mifaqmif qufoG,faqmif&GufEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-1) Hacker rS IP Address rsm;udk cefYrSef;wGufcsufíServer IP udkod&Sdatmif qufoG,fyHk
ykH(6-2) wu,fh Client
jzifh qufoG,faerIudkjzwfawmufí Hacker
rS 0ifa&mufcsdwfqufyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 90
Sniffing or observing packet’s passing
9/ yHk(6-4)ygtwdkif; uGefysLwmpepf\ Backbone ay:wGif Tapping jyKvkyfívnf;aumif;? IP Address udk ta,mifaqmif toHk;jyKívnf;aumif;? uGef,ufpepftwGif; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufum tjyeftvSef ay;ydkYqufoG,faeMuaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk apmifhMunhfjcif;? ul;,ljcif;? jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh vIyf&Sm;rIukdod&dSatmifBudK;pm;jcif;? toHk;jyKoltrnf (User ID) ESifh (Password) udk &,ljcif;? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd ckd;,ljcif;jyKvkyfonf/
ykH(6-3) trSefwu,f csdwfqufaeonfh Machine udk,fpm; 0ifa&mufcsdwfqufyHk
ykH(6-4) owif;tcsuftvuf Packet udkMum;jzwfí Copy &,lxm;yHk
91 Data Communication Network
Spoofing
10/ uGefysLwmuGef,ufwpfcktwGif;odkY Hacker onf yHk(6-5)ygtwdkif; 4if;\uGefysLwmjzifh 0ifa&mufcsdwfqufí uGefysLwmpepftwGif;&Sd toHk;jyKcGifh&SdouJhodkYta,mifaqmiftoHk;jyKum ta&;BuD;aomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd ckd;,ljcif;? uGef,ufpepfukd aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfygonf/
Breaking or Corrupting existing HTTP transaction or TCP Connection
11/ owif;tcsuftvufqufoG,frIrsm;wGif yHk(6-6)uJhodkY vHkNcHKrI&SdpGmjzifh owfrSwfxm;olrsm;udkom zwf&IcGifh? jyKjyifydkifcGifh &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf owif;tcsuftvufqufoG,frIjyKvkyfjcif;onf vHkNcHKrIpepf r&Sdygu/tm;enf;ygu Hacker rsm;onfuGefysLwmuGef,uftwGif; xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufí yHk(6-7)uJhodkY Server ESifh Client
uGefysLwmqufoG,fvkyfaqmifaerIrsm;? HTTP Protocol jzifh owif;tcsuftvufqdkif&m csdwfqufaqmif&GufaerIrsm;udk jywfawmufatmif [efYwm;aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
ykH(6-5) toHk;jyKcGifh&SdoluJhodkY ta,mifaqmifcsdwfqufyHk
ykH(6-6) Web Page ½Sd Link rsm;onftjcm; Web Page rsm;odkYcsdwfqufjcif;
uGefysLwmvufpJG 92
Hyper Link Spoofing
12/ vHkNcHKrIpepf tm;enf;aom Web page rsm;twGif;ü Hacker rsm;\ Web
Site odkY tvdktavQmufa&muf&SdoGm;apaom Hyper Link HTML Code tcsdKUxnfhoGif;NyD;? 4if; URL jzifh qufEG,fum Hacker rsm;\ Web Site odkY tvdktavQmufa&muf&Sd oGm;apNyD;? toHk;jyKol\trnf (User-Id) ESifh Password rsm;udk Hacker rSod&Sdatmif jyKvkyfonhf enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh&&Sdaom tokH;jyKolrsm;\ User-
ID ESifh Password rsm;ukdtokH;jyKí aiGaMu;qkdif&mvdrfvnfckd;,ljcif;rsm;? vkyfykdifcGifhqkdif&mrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;? tvGJokH;pm; jyKvkyfjcif;wkdYukd jyKrlEkdifygonf/
Web Spoofing to Intercept13/ Web Server ESifh Client Mum;wGif Hacker onf Mum;cHqufoG,fí Client
rS request vkyfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lEkdifonf/ vkdtyfygu yHk(6-8)ESifhyHk(6-9)ygtwdkif; Hacker rS owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;? odvdkonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;twGuf trdefYrsm; xyfaqmif;xnfhoGif;jcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfEkdifonf/ odkYjzpfí uGef,ufpepftoHk;csonfh pD;yGm;ukefoG,frIqdkif&m udpörsm;wGif Hacker
onf oHk;pGJolrsm;\ account number, password ESifh tjcm;vQdKU0Suf&ef vdktyfaomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; cdk;,l&&SdoGm;Edkif ouJhodkh owif;tcsuftvuf trSm;rsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;Ekdifygonf/ Server rSjyefvnfay;ydkYvmaom tcsuftvufrsm;twGif;rS yHk(6-10)uJhodkY odvdkonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk Copy ul;,lxm;Nyd; User xHodkYawmif;qdkonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;om jyefvnfay;ydkYygonf/
ykH(6-7) DNS Server rS Domain Name to IP Address Map jyKvkyfay;yHk
93 Data Communication Network
ykH(6-8) Client rSay;ydkYrIudk Hacker rSMum;jzwfí&,lum rdrdvdkcsifaomtcsuftvufudk xnfhoGif;í qufvufay;ydkYyHk
ykH(6-9) Hacker rS Mum;jzwfí &,lumowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJyHk
ykH(6-10) Hacker rS rdrdodvdkaom^&,lvdkaom tcsuftvufrsm;udkxnfhoGif;ay;ydkYvdkufyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 94
14/ yHk(6-11)twdkif; Hacker onf User rS Server xHodkY awmif;qdkonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk Mum;jzwf&,lí jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; jyKvkyfum tvGJoHk;pm; jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
15/ yHk(6-12)twdkif; Hacker onf User rS Server xHokdY Telnet Protocol jzifhcsdwfqufaerIudk Mum;cHtv,fvltjzpf aqmif&Gufí owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? User Name ESifh Password rsm;udkvnf;aumif; &,lEdkifygonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifygonf/
ykH(6-11) Hacker rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkufyHk
ykH(6-12) Client rS Telnet Service toHk;jyKjcif;udk Mum;jzwfí Hacker rS&,lyHk
95 Data Communication Network
Other Attacks16/ ykH(6-13)twkdif; Hacker onf Server ESifh Client Mum;rS Mum;jzwf0ifa&mufíPacket rsm;ukd xdef;csKyfNyD; ykH(6-14)twkdif; vufcH&&SdaMumif; taMumif;jyefMum;csuf(ACK Packet)rsm; qufwkdufxkwfvTifhap&ef Hacker rS aqmif½Gufum qufoG,frIrjzpfajrmufatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
17/ Client ESifh Server Mum;wGif ykH(6-15)twkdif; Client tm; taMumif;jyefMum;&müServer ukd,fpm;0ifa&mufí &aMumif;jyefMum;jcif;aqmif½Gufum Client tm; vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm; taMumif½kdufEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-13) Hacker rS Mum;jzwfítaMumif;jyefMum;csufay;ydkYyHk
ykH(6-14) Server udk yHkrSefrvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef ACK Packet Loop jzifhzefwD;aeyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 96
18/ Server tm; 0ifa&mufqufoG,f&mü ykH(6-16)twkdif; Hacker rS csdefom;ukdufñSdjcif;? &&dSaMumif;jyefMum;csufrsm;ESifh jyefvnfpwifapjcif;tcsufrsm; wpfNydKifwnf;ykdYvTwfí Server ukd vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;Ekdifygonf/
19/ Client ESifh Server Mum; qufoG,faqmif½GufaerIukd ykH(6-17)twkdif; Hacker
rS Mum;jzwf0ifa&mufí csdefom;ukdufñSdjcif; ESifh &aMumif;jyefMum;jcif; tcsufjyrsm;ukdqufoG,faqmif½Gufum Server ESifh Hacker \csdefom;ukduf qufoG,frI&&SdatmifwnfaqmufEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-15) Hacker rS Mum;jzwfí ACK Packet
ay;ydkYyHk
ykH(6-16) Server tm; Hacker rS&aMumif; Packet ay;ydkYjcif;ESifh RST Packet
ay;ydkYjcif;tm; wpfNydKifwnf;ay;ydkYí vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;vkyfaqmifaeyHk
97 Data Communication Network
20/ Client ESifh Server tMum;qufoG,frIukd aESmuf,Sufonfhtaejzifh ykH(6-18)twkdif; tcsuftvuf rygaom Packet(Null Data)rsm; tqufrjywfykd YvTwfíaqmif½GufEkdifygonf/
ykH(6-17) Server \ ay;ydkYrIudk Mum;jzwfí vrf;aMumif;ajymif;atmif aqmif&GufyHk
ykH(6-18) Server odkY Null Data rsm;tqufrjywfydkYvTwfíqufoG,frIudk taESmuft,Sufay;aeyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 98
Chapter (7)
uGefysLwmESifh uGefysLwmuGef,ufpepf vkHNcHKrIwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf
Firewall qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;Computer Security Institute rS jzefYa0onfhuGefysLwmqdkif&mOya'csdK;azmufrIESifh vHkNcKHrIqdkif&m wdkif;wm
awGY&Sdcsuf/ (2001 ckESpf? rwfv 12 &ufaeYwGifxkwfjyefonf)
1/ uGefysLwmqdkif&m Oya'csdK;azmufrI ESifh vHkNcKHrIqdkif&mwdkif;wmrIrsm;udk San
Francisco Federal Bureau of Investigation \ yl;aygif;yg0ifrIjzifhvnf;aumif;?uGefysLwmvHkNcHKrIqdkif&m vufawGYaqmif&Gufaeol 538 OD; jzifhvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhygonf/
wdkif;wmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;
2/ wdkif;wmawGY&Sdcsufrsm;rSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-(u) tenf;qHk;(12)vtwGif; uGefysLwmvHkNcHKrIcsdK;azmufcH&onfh&mcdkifEIef;
85%
( c) vHkNcHKrIcsdK;azmufcH&ojzifh b@ma&;qdkif&mqHk;&IH;aMumif; owif;ydkYonfh&mcdkifEIef; 64%
( *) b@ma&;qdkif&mqHk;&IH;rIyrmP USD377 Millions (uGefysLwmvHkNcHKrIcsdK;azmufcH&olrsm;\&mcdkifEIef; 35% rS owif;ydkYcsuft&)
Firewall
3/ Firewall qdkonfrSm atmufygtwdkfif; jzpfygonf-(u) uGef,ufESpfckMum;wGif Mum;cHtjzpf aqmif&Gufaom uGefysLwmpepf
wpfck jzpfygonf/( c) Firewall onf,HkMunfpdwfcs&aom uGef,ufpepfodkY ,HkMunfpdwfcsjcif;
uif;onhf jyifyuGef,ufrS 0ifa&mufrIudkumuG,f&ef &nf&G,fwnfaqmufxm;ygonf/
( *) jyifyodkYoGm;a&mufrnfYvrf;aMumif;rsm;? jyifyrSvmonfY vrf;aMumif;rsm;onf Firewall udkjzwfoef;&rnf/
99 Data Communication Network
(C) vHkNcHKrIqdkif&mrl0g't& ppfaq;cGifhjyKonfh qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;udkomjzwfoef;cGifhjyKrnf jzpfonf/
( i) xdk;azmufjcif;rsm;udk ckcHEdkifaompepfjzpfonf/
Firewall rSvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;
4/ Firewall rSvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-(u) Firewall onfvHkNcHKrIqdkif&mqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;twGuf tav;xm;
vkyfaqmifEdkifonfY ae&mjzpfonf/( c) Traffic tm;vHk;onfppfaq;a&; 0if^xGuf*dwfwpfckwnf;rS jzwf&
rnfjzpfNyD; vHkNcHKrIqdkif&m wdkif;wmrI? ppfaq;rIudk 4if;0if xGuf*dwfrSyifpkpnf;aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ Firewall wGif vHkNcHKrIqdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udkowfrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifonf/
Firewall rS rvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;
5/ Firewall rS rvkyfaqmifEdkifonfYtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-(u) Firewall onf rdrd\uGef,ufpepftwGif;rS vHkNcHKrIcsdK;azmufaqmif&Guf
jcif;udk rumuG,fEdkifyg/( c) Firewall onf 4if;udk jzwfoGm;jcif;r&Sdonfh qufoG,frIrsm;jzifh
csdwfqufvkyfaqmifaerIrsm;udk rumuG,fEdkifyg/( *) Firewall onf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m jynfYpHkaom csdef;ajcmufrItopfrsm;
udk rumuG,fEdkifyg/
vHkNcHKrIoabmw&m;
6/ vkyfykdifcGifh tenf;qkH;owfrSwfxm;&Sdjcif;/ atmufygtwkdif; vkyfykdifcGifh
tenf;qkH;owfrSwfxm;&Sd&ygrnf-
(u) tokH;jyKolrsm;? pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;tm; owfrSwfxm;aom tvkyfukd vkyfaqmifEkdif½kHtwGufom vkyfykdifcGifhxm;&Sdoifhygonf/ vkyfykdifcGifhukdvkdonfxuf ykdrkdray;oifhyg/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 100
( c) jyifyqufoG,faqmif&GufrIukd atmufygwdkYudkuefYowfjcif;jzifh wkdufckdufrIrsm;ukd umuG,fEdkifygonf-(1) tifwmeufqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; (e-mail, www, Telnet,
FTP, etc.) rS vkdtyfaom0efaqmifrIukdom cGifhjyKjcif;/
(2) vkdtyfaomzkdifrsm;ukd tokH;jyK&eftwGuf oihfawmf vkHavmufaom qufoG,fvkyfykdifcGifhukdomcGifhjyKjcif;/
(3) owfrSwfxm;aom Administrator rsm;ukd Root password
vkyfykdifcGifh tjrifhrm;qkH; Password ay;tyf&ef/
7/ xkjzifh umuG,fwm;qD;jcif;/ xkjzifh atmufygtwdkif; umuG,fwm;qD;aqmif&Guf
&rnfjzpfygonf-(u) vHkNcHKrIvkyfaqmifyHkenf;vrf;wpfckwnf;ay:wGif rrSDcdkjcif;rjyKvkyf&ef/
( c) t&m&mwdkif;tm; vHkNcHKap&efrSm Firewall wpfckwnf;omrubJ tjcm;
aom vHkNcHKa&;qdkif&m wdkif;wmppfaq;rIrsm;udkvnf; wnfaqmuf xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/ pufwdkif;wGif vHkNcHKrIxm;&Sdaqmif&Gufjcif;? uGefysLwm
pepfqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzifh vHkNcHKrIxm;&Sdaqmif&Gufjcif;? toHk;jyKolrsm;
twGuf vHkNcKHrIqdkif&m A[kokw&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;ponfwkdUtm;atmufygtwdkif; aqmif½Gufxm;&Sd&ygrnf-
(1) Firewall pepfwpfckonf E-mail Protocal udk ydwf xm;ygu
Host ay:wGif E-mail Service udk jzKwf ypf&ef vdktyfonf/(2) FTP Service ESifh WEB Service wdkYudk uGefysLwmwpfvHk;
xJwGif vkyfaqmifapygu aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrS rvdkvm;
tyfaom y½kd*&rfrsm;ay;ydkYygu WEB Service rS 4if;y½kd*&rfrsm;udk zsufqD;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jyóemudk ajz&Sif;apEdkif
ygonf/
( *) Firewall pepfudk uGefysLwmwpfvHk;xuf ydkíxm;&Sdoifhygonf/ odkYrSomt&Htjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
101 Data Communication Network
8/ 0if xGuf*dwfowfowfrSwfrSwfxm;&Sdjcif;/ 0if xGuf*dwf udk atmufygtwdkif;owfowfrSwfrSwf xm;&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf-
(u) xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufolrsm;udk apmihfMuyfMunhf&IEdkifjyD;? vdktyfovdkxdef;csKyfí usOf;ajrmif;onhf qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;udkom toHk;jyK0ifa&mufEdkif&ef pDrHaqmif&Gufxm;&Sd&rnf jzpfonf/
( c) 0if xGuf*dwf wpfaygufudk owfowfrSwfrSwf rxm;&Sdygu 0if xGuf*dwf tajrmuftrsm;rS umuG,fwm;qD;aqmif½Guf&rnfjzpfonf/
( *) tjcm; 0if xGuf oGm;a&mufEdkifonhf atmufazmfjyyg vrf;aMumif;rsm;&Sdygu 0if^xGuf *dwf owfowfrSwfrSwf xm;&Sdjcif;onf t"dyÜg,f&Sdawmhrnf r[kwfyg-(1) Firewall onf owfowfrSwfrSwf0if^xGuf*dwf rS rjzwfbJ
Dial-up line wpfckjzifh xyfrHtoHk;jyKqufoG,fjcif;/(2) tifwmeufqufoG,frI aemufwpfvdkif;xm;&dSí Firewall rS
rjzwfbJ csdwfqufjcif;/
9/ vHkNcHKrItm;tenf;qHk;vrf;aMumif;/ atmufygtwdkif; vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk;vrf;aMumif;udk &SmazGyg-
(u) vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk;vrf;aMumif;udk&SmazGNyD; vHkNcHKrIaumif;onfxufaumif;atmif wnfaqmuf&rnf/
( c ) vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk;aom 0if xGuf*dwfrsm;udk *½kpdkufyg/ 4if;wdkYudkyaysmufatmif tqifhqifhvkyfaqmif&rnf/
( * ) yaysmufatmif raqmif&GufEdkifygu vHkNcHKrI tm;tenf;qHk; 0if xGuf*dwfrsm;udk *½kwpdkuf apmifhMuyfMunfh½Iyg/
Firewall Design rl0g'10/ vHkNcHKpGm&yfwefYapjcif;oabm/ &yfwefYjcif;? ysufpD;cRwf,Gif;jcif;jzpfyGg;yguSystem onf qufoG,frIvrf;aMumif;udk jzwfawmufNyD; wdkufcdkufolrsm; (Attackers)
tm;vnf;aumif;? w&m;0iftoHk;jyKaeolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; toHk;rjyKEdkifatmifjiif;qdkrI (Deny) jyKvkyfrnfjzpfonf/ Firewall wGif tvdktavQmufoabmESpfrsdK; &SdEdkifygonf-
(u) tvdktavQmuf cGifhjyKjcif;oabm/( c) tvdktavQmuf jiif;qdkjcif;oabm/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 102
11/ tvdktavQmufcGifhjyKjcif;oabm/ tvdkavQmufcGifhjyKjcif; oabmrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf-
(u) þoabmonf &yfwefYjcif;? cRwf,Gif;jcif;jzpfay:ygu System onfqufoG,f rIvrf;aMumif;ukdjzwfawmufNyD; rnfodk YaomqufoG,fvkyfaqmifrIudkrqdk txl;wm;jrpfxm;jcif;r&SdbJ cGifhjyKonf/
( c) 4if;oabmonf vHkNcHKpGm&yfwefYapjcif;oabmr[kwfyg/( *) umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfaom qufoG,fvkyfaqmifrIwdkif;udk od&Sd&ef
trSefwu,ftm;jzifh rjzpfEdkifyg/
12/ tvdktavQmufjiif;qdkonfhoabm/ tvdktavQmufjiif;qdkonfh oabmrSmatmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) þoabmonf rnfonfhtxl;cGifhjyKcsufrqdk wm;jrpfxm;onf/( c) 4if;oabmxm;onf vHkNcHKpGm&yfwefYapjcif; oabmxm;wpfckjzpfonf/( *) 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk taMumif;t&mwpfckjcif;tvdkuf atmufygtcsufrsm;
ay:wGiftajccHí 0efaqmifrIay;rnfjzpfygonf-(1) toHk;jyKolrsm;tvkduf0efaqmifrI (Service) vkdtyfcsuf/(2) vHkNcKHrINidpGef;apaomudpö&yfrsm;/(3) rSefuefaomvkdtyfcsufrsm;tay:tajccHí vHkNcHKpGmaqmif&Guf
ay;Edkifonfh 0efaqmifrI (Service) rsm;udkomcGifhjyKonf/(C) þoabmw&m;onf vHkNcHKa&;qdkif&m vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;twGuf odomxif&Sm;
ay:vGifaom a&G;cs,frIwpfck jzpfygonf/
Firewall wnfaqmufxm;&SdrIenf;vrf;rsm;
13/ Firewall wnfaqmufxm;&SdrI enf;vrf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-(u) Packet Filtering Firewall
( c) Dual Homed Host Firewall
( *) Screening Firewall
(C) Screening Subnet Firewall
103 Data Communication Network
14/ Packet Filtering Firewall/ yHk(7-1)twdkif; Internet ESifh Internal Network
Mum;wGif Screening Router Mum;cHít0iftxGuf Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh
wdkufqdkifppfaq;í 0ifxGufcGifh qHk;jzwfrnfjzpfonf/
15/ Dual Homed Host Firewall/ yHk(7-2)twdkif; Internet ESif h Internal
Network Mum;wGif Dual Port(2-NIC) yg&Sdaom Firewall jzifh Mum;cHí t0iftxGuf
Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh wdkufqdkifppfaq;í0ifxGufcGifhqHk;jzwfrnfjzpfonf/
ykH(7-1) Packet Filtering
Firewall xm;&SdyHk
ykH (7-2) Dual Homed Host Firewall xm;&SdyHk
uGefysLwmvufpJG 104
16/ Screening Firewall/ yHk(7-3)twdkif; Internet ESifh Internal Network Mum;wGif
Screening Router jzifhvnf;aumif;? Bastion Host jzifhvnf;aumif; Mum;cHít0iftxGuf
Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh ESpfqifhwdkfufqdkifppfaq;um 0ifxGufcGifh qHk;jzwfrnf
jzpfonf/
17/ Sereening Subnet Firewall/ yHk(7-4)ygtwdkif; Internet ESifh Internal
Network Mum;wGif Exterior Router, Bastion Host ESifh Interior Router wdkYjzifh
Mum;cHí t0iftxGuf Packet rsm;udk Firewall Policy jzifh ESpfqifh^oHk;qifhtxd wdkufqdkif
ppfaq;um 0ifxGufcGifh qHk;jzwfrnfjzpfonf/
ykH (7-4)Screening Subnet Firewall
xm;&SdyHk
ykH (7-3)Screening Firewall xm;&SdyHk
105 Data Communication Network
Chapter (8)
uGefysLwmESifhuGefysLwmuGef,ufpepfrsm;\vkHNcHKa&;ESifhpufvnfywfrIpepfukd xdckdufapaom uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpf
(Computer Virus)rsm;taMumif;
uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpf1/ uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpfqkdonfrSm Program wpfyk'fjzpfonf/ Virus Program onftjcm; Program rsm; (odkYr[kwf) tcsuftvufzkdifrsm;ukd zsufqD;jcif;? uGefysLwm\ykHrSefvkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukd &yfwefYapjcif; (odkYr[kwf) aESmifhaES;oGm;apjcif;? ykHrSefr[kwfaomvkyfaqmifrIrsm; jzpfay:apjcif;? uGefysLwmtm; tokH;jyK&ef tqifoifhrjzpfapjcif;ponfwkdYukdjyKvkyf&eftwGuf uG,f0Sufykef;vQKd;aewwfMuonf/ uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpfrsm;\obm0onf ul;pufEdkifjcif;? yGm;rsm;Edkifjcif;? zsufqD;Edkifjcif; [laom t&nftcsif;rsm;&Sdonf/
Adkif;&yfpful;pufwwfaomenf;vrf;rsm;2/ Adkif;&yfpful;pufwwfaom enf;vrf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Virus &Sdaom Program (okdYr[kwf) File rsm;ukd Copy ul;,ljcif;aMumifhul;pufjcif;/
( c ) csdefukdufAkH;uJhokdYjzpfap? tcsdeftykdif;tjcm;t&jzpfap? Program tm;tokH;jyKrItBudrfta&twGuft&jzpfap tcsdefukduful;pufjcif;/
( * ) Virus &Sdaom Documents (odkYr[kwf)Text zdkifrsm;? Internet? E-mail
zdkifrsm;udk zGifhjcif;aMumifh 4if;wdkYwGif wG,fuyfaeaom Adkif;&yfpf ul;pufjcif;/
Adkif;&yfpful;pufyHk3/ uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpfrsm;onf Program rsm;? Floppy Disk? Hard Disk,
CDROM ESifh Boot Sector (tcsuftvufokdavSmifaomypönf;rsm;\ yxrqkH;tpdwftykdif;twGif;) enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzihf 0ifa&mufMuonf/ trsm;pkrSm ¤if;wkdY0ifa&mufaeonfh Program File ukd tvkyfvkyfckdif;onfhtcg PC \rSwfÓPfxJwGif vIyf&Sm;usef&pfNyD;? tjcm; Program rsm;okdY ul;pufoGm;Ekdifonf/ (okdYr[kwf) Akdif;&yfpf 0ifaeonfh
uGefysLwmvufpJG 106
Floppy Disk , Hard Disk jzifh tvkyfvkyfonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf zkdiftopfrsm; ESifhBoot Sector rsm;twGif;odkY Adkif;&yfpful;puf0ifa&mufMuonf/ uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpfonfuGefysLwmwpfvkH;rSwpfvkH;okdY ul;pufEkdifonf/ Akdif;&yfpfrsm;onf Executable Program
File rsm;jzpfonfh *.COM (okdYr[kwf) *.EXE rsm;wGifom wG,fuyfavh&Sdaomfvnf;tcsdKU Akdif;&yfpfrsm;rSm *.DLL, *.PRG, *.SYS, *.LOG, *.DAT, *.DOC, *.HTML,
*.HTM, *.TXT, *.ASP, E-mail File rsm;udkyg wG,fuyfMuonf/
Adkif;&yfpfy½dk*&rfrsm; jzpfay:vm&jcif;taMumif;rsm;4/ uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpfy½kd*&rfrsm;udk atmufyg&nf½G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;avh&SdMuygonf-
(u) aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vdkía&;om;jcif;/( c ) rdrd&SmazGavhvmod&Sdxm;aom enf;ynmudkprf;oyfvdkía&;om;jcif;/( * ) toHk;cs Software xkwfvkyfolrsm;u rdrdxkwfukefrsm;udk w&m;r0if
ul;,ljcif;rS wm;qD;vdkí a&;om;jcif;/(C) Adkif;&yfpfumuG,fa&;y½dk*&rfrsm; a&mif;csvdkía&;om;jcif;/
Adkif;&yfpftrsdK;tpm;rsm;5/ Akdif;&yfpfrsm; xdcdkuf^ul;pufaomae&mrsm;ay:wGif rlwnfí atmufaz:jyygtwkdif;cJGjcm;Ekdifygonf-
(u) Executable File ? System File wGif ul;pufaom trsdK;tpm;/( c ) Boot Sector wGif ul;pufaom trsdK;tpm;/( * ) Document ? Text File ? E-mail ? Web Page File rsm;wGif
ul;pufaomtrsdK;tpm;/
uGefysLwmAkdif;&yfpf\aESmuf,SufzsufqD;yHk
6/ uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpf\ aESmuf,SufzsufqD;yHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-(u) uGefysLwm\pGrf;aqmifrIaES;oGm;jcif; (Degradation the System
Performance)/ tcsKdUAdkif;&yfpfrsm;onf uGefysLwmpGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudkaES;oGm;apygonf/ (Oyrm- Ping-Pong Virus onf Monitor ay:wGifabmvkH;wpfvkH;zefwD;í User ukd aESmuf,Sufonf/ Jurusalem Virus
onf Computer System udk aES;usoGm;aponf/ Data Sent Virus
107 Data Communication Network
onf Printer odkYay;ydkYaom Data udk aESmuf,Sufonf/ Keyperss
Virus onf Keyboard Buffer wGif Character rsm;udk tvdktavsmufjynhfatmifxnhfjcif;jzihf Keyboard Error toHudk tqufrjywfjrnfaponf/ Stone Virus onf Computer System udk Boot
vkyfaepOf (odkYr[kwf) toHk;jyKaepOf ]Your Computer is Now Stone}[k owday;pmwrf;ay:vmNyD; &yfwefYoGm;aponf/)
( c ) zdkifrsm;ysufpD;qHk;½HI;apjcif; (File Damage)/ tcsKdUAdkif;&yfpfrsm;onfSystem File rsm;? Executable File? Data Filersm;udkzsufqD;ypf\/(Oyrm-10 Past 3 Adkif;&yfpf? 144 Adkif;&yfpf? 337 Adkif;&yfpf? 382 Adkif;&yfpf?927 Ad kif;&yfpf? 1024PSCR Ad kif;&yfpf) tcsK dUAd kif;&yfpfrsm;onfCommand.com File wGif roufqdkifonfrsm; 0ifa&;wwf\/
(* ) okdavSmifypönf;\ tcsuftvufrsm;tm;ysufpD;qHk;½HI;apjcif; (Disk
Damage) / tcsKdUonf Hard Disk Space trsm;tjym;udk qHk;½IH;ap\/tcsKdUonf Hard Disk udk Low Level Format jyKvkyfí Data
tm;vkH;udk qHk;½IH;ap\/ tcsKdUonf Boot Sector udkzsufqD;um Disk
udk Unbootable jzpfap\/ (Oyrm- Aircop Adkif;&yfpf? Antrax Adkif;&yfpf?Azusa Adkif;&yfpf? Blood2 Adkif;&yfpf? Empire Adkif;&yfpf? Evil Empire
A/B Adkif;&yfpf? Evil Empire C/D Adkif;&yfpf) tcsKdUonf Hard Disk
\ Partition Table udkzsufqD;um Data rsm;udkqHk;½IH;ap\/ tcsKdUonfFile Allocation Table udk Overwrite vkyfum Data rsm;\ Address
rsm;udk vrf;vTJwwfonf/
uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpf &Sdwwfonhfae&mrsm;7/ uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpfonf atmufazmfjyygae&mrsm;wGif &dSwwfMuygonf-
(u) Hard disk/ uGefysLwm Hard Disk \ File Allocation Table? Master
Boot Record ESihf Executable File wdkYwGif0ifEdkifygonf/( c ) Floppy disk/ Floppy Disk \f Boot Sector ESihf Executable File
wdkYwGif 0ifEdkifygonf/( * ) Memory/ uGefysLwm\ Mian Memory wGif 0ifa&mufaewwfonf/(C) Internet E-Mail ESifh Web Page rsm;rSwpfqifh0ifa&mufí HTML
File rsm;? E-Mail File rsm;wGif &Sdaewwfygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 108
jrefrmjynfwGiftjzpftrsm;qkH;Akdif;&yfpfrsm;8/ jrefrmjynfwGif atmufazmfjyygAdkif;&yfpfrsm;rSm tjzpftrsm;qHk;jzpfygonf-
(u) Anti CMOS
( c ) Stone
( * ) Welcom
(C) Michale Angelo
( i ) Die-Hard, Trojen
( p ) CIH, HTT
(q) Love Bug, Macro
( Z) Macro Virus, Worm
(ps) Sobig, Blaster ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
Love Bug Virus \ zsufqD;yHk
9/ Love Bug Adkif;&yfpfrSm E-mail ESifhtwl Attachment zdkifyl;wGJyg&SdvmNyD;?,if; E-mail udkzGifhvdkufygu oHk;pGJaeaom uGefysLwmodkY Adkif;&yfpful;pufoGm;rnfjzpf&muGefysLwm\ Hard Disk twGif;&Sd tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vHk; ysufpD;aprnf jzpfygonf/Love Bug Virus onf yHk(8-1)ygtwdkif; tqifhqifhzsufqD;ygonf-
ykH (8-1) Love Bug Virus vkyfaqmifyHktqifhqifh
109 Data Communication Network
csmEkdbdkif;Adkif;&yfpf\zsufqD;yHktqifhqifh
10/ csmEdkbdkif;Adkif;&yfpfonf Flash BIOS twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufzsufqD;jcif;aMumihfuGefysLwm System Unit udk Power On onfhtcg Monitor wGif bmrSray:Edkifawmhyg/csmEdkbdkif;Adkif;&yfpfonf yHk(8-2)twdkif; tqifhqifhzsufqD;ygonf/
Adkif;&yfpftEÅ&m,frSumuG,fa&;
11/ uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpfonf uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rS tjcm;uGefysLwmwpfvHk; (odkYr[kwf)Network csdwfqufxm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm;vHk;udk zsufqD;Edkifojzifh qHk;½IH;rI rsm;pGmjzpfapEdkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí uGefysLwmudk taumif;qHk;taetxm;wGif xm;&SdEdkif&efESifhAdkif;&yfpfzsufqD;rIrS umuG,fxm;&dS&ef Virus Protection Utility tygt0if System
Utility rsm;ESifh xda&mufaom Tools Kit rsm;udk aqmifxm;oifhygonf/ vuf&Sdtajctaet& Adkif;&yfpfrsm;udk umuG,f&mwGif txda&mufqHk;[k ,lqxm;aom trsKd;tpm;av;rsKd;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Antivirus software
( c ) Utility suites
( * ) Diagnostics software
(C) Uninstallers/undoers
ykH (8-2) csmEdkbdkif; Adkif;&yfvkyfaqmifyHk tqifhqifh
uGefysLwmvufpJG 110
udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmrsm;wGif Virus umuG,fa&;enf;vrf;
12/ uGefysLwmudk pwif Power On NyD;? Virus Safe Guard vkyfaqmifap&eftwGufAutoexec.Bat udk Update vkyfxm;&ygrnf/ Windows Operating System udktoHk;jyKcJhvQif Safe Guard udk Windows \ Start Up Group wGif xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;jzifh pufzGifhwdkif; Virus &dS^r&dSudk &SmazGay;rnf jzpfygonf/ vpOfAdkif;&yfpftopfrsm; xGufaeojzifh Anti Virus Software udk Update vkyfay;&ef vkdtyfygonf/tvG,fulqHk; umuG,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Floppy disk rsm;udk Write Protect vkyfíoHk;&ef?( c ) jyifyrS Floppy Disk tm; aemufqHk;ay:Adkif;&yfpf Protection Program
jzifh Adkif;&yfpfppfaq;NyD;rSomtoHk;jyK&ef?( * ) aemufqHk;ay:Adkif;&yfpf Protection Program rsm;udk rdrduGefysLwmxJwGif
Install jyKvkyfxm;&ef?(C) jyifyrS&&Sdaom Software rsm;udk tvG,fwul vufcHoHk;pGJjcif;rjyKbJ
Akdif;&yfpfppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyK&efwdkY jzpfygonf/
Network ESifh Internet toHk;jyK&mwGif Adkif;&yfpftEÅ&m,fumuG,fa&;enf;vrf;
13/ E-mail oHk;pGJvQuf&Sdaom uGefysLwmrsm;onf E-mail rSwpfqifh 0ifa&mufvmEdkifygojzifh atmufygtwdkif;umuG,f&Sif;vif;&ygrnf-
(u) vufcH&&Sdaom E-mail \ Subject wGif ]]I Love You” Message }}ponfjzifh ygvmygu ,if; E-mail tm; vHk;0zGifhrMunfh&ef/
( c ) aemufqHk;ay: Anti Virus Scan jzifh uGefysLwmtm; &Sif;vif;&ef/( * ) Adkif;&yfpfumuG,fEdkifonfhaemufqHk;ay: Anti Virus Software rsm;udk
uGefysLwmpepfwGif xnfhoGif;umuG,fxm;&ef/(C) tjcm;wpfae&mrS rdrduGefysLwmjzihf qufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk vHkNcKHrIpepf
wpfckckjzihf pDrHxm;&ef/
tcsdefudkufAHk;uJhodkYaygufuGJapEdkifaomAdkif;&yfpftEÅ&m,frSumuG,fa&;
14/ csdefudkufAHk;uJhodkY aygufuGJapaom Adkif;&yfpfrsm; wdkufcdkufrIrcH&ap&eftwGufuGefysLwmtwGif;&Sd &ufpGJESifhtcsdefudk ajymif;vJxm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? þ&ufrsm;wGifuGefysLwmudkvHk;0toHk;rjyKapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; umuG,fEdkifygonf/
111 Data Communication Network
uGefysLwmAdkif;&yfpfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;onfhy½dk*&rfrsm;
15/ y½kd*&rfrsm;udk DOS, Windows, Windows NT, Internet wkdYtwGuf oD;jcm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;csygonf/ Anti Virus y&kd*&rftcsdKUtm; Internet rSwpfqifh tcrJhjzpfap?tcay;íjzpfap 0,f,l&&SdEkdifygonf/ toHk;rsm;onfh Adkif;&yfpf&Sif;vif;onfhy&dk*&rfrsm;rSm atmufygwdkYjzpfygonf-
(u) McAfee Anti Virus Utility
( c ) Norton Anti Virus Utility
( * ) IBM Anti Virus Utility
(C) Dr.Solman Anti Virus Tool Kit
( i ) PC-cillin Anti Virus Utility
( p ) F.prot Professional Anti Virus Utility
(q) Thunder Byte Anti Virus Utility
( Z ) Command Anti-Virus
( ps ) Panda Anti-Virus
Antivirus Software rsm;\vkyfaqmifyHk
16/ Antivirus Software rsm;\vkyfaqmifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
(u) Virus rsm;&SmazGjcif;/( c ) Virus 0ifa&mufrItm; umuG,f&ef TSR(Terminate and Stay
Resident) tjzpfxm;&Sdí Guard vkyfjcif;/( * ) Virus aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;cH&ygu Recovery jyKvkyf&ef pDpOf
xm;&Sdjcif;/(C) Virus data file tm; Update jyKvkyfaqmif½Guf&ef data ay:rlwnfí
owday;aqmif½Gufjcif; ( Internet rSwpfqifh)/
Virus rsm;&SmazGjcif;
17/ uGefysLwmudk Power On NyD;? Virus Safe Guard udk vkyfaqmifapjcif;jzifhAnti Virus Program onf Main Memory wGif Virus &dS^r&dSudk &SmazGygrnf/oufqdkif&m Storage Devicesrsm;udk Adkif;&yfpftqifhqifh&SmazG&Sif;vif;yHktm; yHk(8-3)wGif awGUEdkifygonf/
uGefysLwmvufpJG 112
Virus 0ifa&mufrItm; umuG,f&ef TSR tjzpfxm;&Sdí Guard vkyfjcif;18/ Virus 0ifa&mufrIudkumuG,f&eftwGuf TSR tjzpfxm;&dSí Main Memory
wGif 0ifa&mufae&m,lum Adkif;&yfpfudk wm;qD;&ef toHk;jyKoltm; owday;ygonf/yHk(8-4) (TSR Program &Sdaejcif;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepf\vkyfaqmifrIrsm; tenf;i,faES;oGm;apEdkifygonf)
Virus aESmuf,SufzsufqD;jcif;cH&ygu Recovery jyKvkyf&ef pDpOfxm;&Sdjcif;19/ Virus aESmuf,SufzsufqD;rIaMumifh tcsuftvufrsm; ESifh System ydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIjzpfay:ygu jyefvnf Recovery jyKvkyf&ef Emergency Disk udk AntiVirus
Utility Software Installation jyKvkyfpOf vkyfaqmifxm;&ygrnf/ Emergency disk
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