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Structure of the Skeletal System
Learning Outcomes:
Success Criteria:Acquire knowledge and understanding: Structure: All bones and their classification and use applied to
performance in physical activities and sports
Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)
Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion- giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)
Cranium
Sternum
Ribs
Pelvis
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Femur
Patella (knee cap)
Tibia
Fibula
Clavicle
Skeletal System Structure: Look, cover, write, check
Scapula
Vertebral column
Skeletal System Structure
TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
Foot
Hand
CarpalsMetacarpalsPhalanges
It is made up of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae.
Between each vertebra there is a pad of cartilage which allows movement and prevents friction.
The vertebrae protects the spinal cord.
The vertebral column is divided into 5 sections.
The vertebral column
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEXASYF5xZc1.36 onwards
Exam Questions:
4.Name the bones of the upper and lower arm? (3)
5.Name the anatomical name for the following bones (5)
a) Skull
b) Knee cap
c) Collar Bone
d) Shoulder blade
e) Wrist
Practice it!
Exam Questions:
6. The following are regions or bones of the vertebral column.
Place these regions of the vertebral column in the order they appear after the bones Atlas and Axis. (4)
AtlasAxis1 ......................................... 2 ......................................... 3 ......................................... 4 .........................................
Practice it!
Thoracic Sacral AtlasLumbar Cervical Axis
Marks Scheme:
1. Humerus, Radius, Ulna
2. a) Cranium b) Patella c) Clavicle d) Scapula e) Carpals
3. Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
Practice it!
Functions of the Skeleton
Learning Outcomes: Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the skeletal system and its use in sport
Success Criteria:Acquire knowledge and understanding: The functions of the skeleton applied to performance in physical activities and
sports: protection of vital organs; muscle attachment; joints for movement; platelets; red and white blood cell production; storage of calcium and phosphorus
The role of ligaments and tendons, and their relevance to participation in physical activity and sport
Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)
Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion-giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)
The skeleton performs many functions in the body:SkeletonMakesPeople Bend
Muscle Attachment/Movement
2. Muscles are attached to the bones and move them creating levers.
3. Joints allow movement
Protection of vital organs
1. The skeleton protects delicate parts of the body like the brain.
Functions of the skeleton
Blood cell production –
4. blood cells are made in the bone marrow
* platelets
* red and white blood cells.
Storage–
5. calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones
(Copy into your text book)
Some of our body parts, such as the brain, are very delicate and need protection.
Bones can protect body parts from impactand injuries.
Protection
• 1. What vital organ does the Craniumprotect?
Answer:
• 2. What vital organ does the Rib Cageprotect?
Answer:
Muscles are firmly attached to bones forming levers which create sporting movements.
Muscle Attachment/Movement and joints
Long bones and other bones including the ribs, humerus, femur and vertebrae bones, contain red bone marrow.
This is where red blood cells are producedwhich carry oxygen and
Blood cell production
Storage of Calcium and Phosphorus Key Information!
White blood cells to combat illness and disease
Platelets for clotting and healing.
Whiteboards:
Recall the functions of the skeleton”1.2.
a. b.
3.4.
Give an example from sport for each
Application of Knowledge: Functions of the Skeleton
Functions of the skeleton: Copy the table below and then watch the video clips and complete the table.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSy9XpKr21U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wLoOodR3U0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMgjSU-Gc6o
Task:
Create a table identifying all functions (listed from earlier), giving examples of the relevance of each function to the sport.
Function Example in sport Relevance to sport
Connective tissues: TLC
Tendonsconnect
muscles to bones.
Ligamentsare tough,
elastic fibres that link bones to bones.
Cartilageprevents the ends of bones rubbing
together at joints.
There are 3 types of connective tissue:
Task: Copy the information from the slide into your textbook: Look, cover say, check
Starter (homework): Test (in the back of your learning book)
Name the 18 bones of the human bodyCranium, Clavicle, Scapula, Sternum, RibsHumerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, MetacarpalsPelvis, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
Name the 5 regions of the vertebral column and state the number of vertebrae in each region.Thoracic (7)Cervical (12)Lumbar (5)Sacrum (5)Coccyx (4)
State the 4 functions of the skeletal system ProtectionMovement- joints and sites for muscle attachmentBlood production- red blood cels, white blood cells & plateletsStorage- calcium & phosphorus
Classification of Bones
Learning Outcomes: Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the skeletal system
and its use in sport
Success Criteria:Acquire knowledge and understanding: Classification of bones: long (leverage); short (weight bearing); flat (protection,
broad surface for muscle attachment); irregular (protection and muscle attachment
Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example) Identify examples from sport when each bone classification is used.
Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion-giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)
Bones are divided into a number of different categories which have different roles in the body.
Long bones have a long shaft and are responsible for different types of movement. Sporting actions are created by long bones through levers.
1. Long bones
Classification of bones
Long bones can be any size; they include the femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Flat bones perform a number of functions.
2. Flat bones
1. Protection for delicate areas.
i.e. the cranium protects the brain.
2. Provides a broad surface area for muscle attachment.
i.e. muscles in the back attach to the pelvis.
Short bones are light, small and very strong. The primary function is to support the weight of the body.
The carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the foot are examples of short bones.
Carpals
3. Short bones
Irregular bones are specially shaped to perform a particular function.
4. Irregular bones
Examples include the patella and the vertebrae.
These functions include:
1. Protection
2. Muscle attachment
Patella
Femur
Tibia Fibula
Classification of Bones Flat Bones (Provide Protection and muscle attachment):
Ribs, Scapula, Cranium, Sternum, Clavicle, Pelvis
Irregular Bones (Provide Protection and muscle attachment)
Vertebrae & patella
Long Bones (Provide Levers for movement and blood cell production)
Phalanges, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna
Short Bones (Provide weight bearing)
Tarsals, Carpals
Tasks:1. Copy the notes from this slide
1. Look, cover, say, check
1. Watch the video clip and identify the functions. http://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/boxing/10791381/highlights-bellew-v-haye
1. For each classification give two examples from sport when the relevant type of bone is used. Identify the name of the bone and a specific example from sport.
E.g. Complete two class exemplars
Exam questions
1. List three major types of bones, found in the human skeleton.(3)
(i)Irregular(ii)___________________ (iii)___________________(iv)___________________
2. Except for the femur, provide the names of two other bones in the leg that are classified as long bones. (2)
a) _______________________b) _______________________
Practice it!
Exam questions3. The humerus is a long bone. Which of the following statements correctly identifies a function of the humerus and its associated advantage to the performer in the statement? (1)
A a hockey player can reach further to hit the ball as the humerus is a long bone
B a footballer can kick the ball harder due to the length of the humerus
C the humerus acts as a lever so a hockey player can apply more force to the ball
D the humerus protects the footballer from injury.
Practice it!
Mark Scheme:
1. Short, Long, Flat
2. Tibia, Fibula
3. C
Practice it!
Movement possibilities at joints
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the movement possibilities at joints dependent on joint classification:
Identify examples of physical activity and sporting skills, and techniques that utilise these movements
Success Criteria:
For each of the above LO you will…
• Acquire knowledge and understanding (memorise content)
• Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)
• Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion- giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)
1. Flexion and Extension
FLEXION – Decreasing the angle at a joint. (Bending the joint)
EXTENSION -Increasing the angle at a joint. (Straightening the joint)
Joint Movements
2. Abduction and Adduction
Abduction and Adduction is determined from the ‘MIDLINE’ of the body.
Joint Movements
ABDUCTION –Sideways moving limb away from midline of the body
ADDUCTION –Sideways moving limb towards midline of the body.
REMEMBER: Adduction is to ADDtowards the midline.
REMEMBER: Abduction is to TAKE AWAY from the midline.
Joint Movements
3. Rotation/Circumduction
The joint moves in a circular motion. e.g. Service action or bowling action.
Joint Movements
4. Planter-Flexion and Dorsi-Flexion
Joint Movements
Dorsi-flexion –The action of pulling toes towards the body.
Planter-flexion –The action of pointing toes away from the body.
Complete the following Task
Title: Joint MovementsFor each movement term…• State the name of the movement• Record the definition of the term
Flexion (bend)Extension (point, make longer)Adduction (think maths +)Abduction (Abduct= to take)RotationCircumductionPlanter-flexion (P=point)Dorsi Flexion (opposite to planter)
Look, cover, say, check memory activity
ActivitySimon Says activity:• Movement from the anatomical starting position
Joint Classification
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the classification of joints: pivot, hinge, ball and socket and condyloid
State their impact on the range of possible movements
Success Criteria:
For each of the above LO you will…
• Acquire knowledge and understanding (memorise content)
• Apply the knowledge (explain / show how the content links to a sports example)
• Analyse and Evaluate (look at information and form an opinion- giving strengths and weaknesses / positives & negatives)
DEFINITION:
“A joint is a place where two or more bones meet”.
Copy the definition
Classification of Joints
Joints are responsible for the huge range of movement that the body can produce.
Link it up- which component of fitness does this relate to?
1. Ball and socket joint - the rounded end of a bone fits inside a cup-shaped end.
Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions. These are the most mobile joints in the body.
Examples found in the body: Shoulders and hips.
Classification of Joints Hip
2. Hinge joints - only allow forwards and backwardsmovement like the hinge on a door.
Classification of Joints
Examples found in the body: The knee, elbow and ankle.
3. The Pivot joint has a ring of bone that fits over a pivoting bone. Pivot joints allow rotation only.
Examples found in the body: The joint between the atlas and axis in the neck allows turning and nodding of the head.
Classification of Joints
Neck
4. Condyloid joints have an oval-shaped bone which fits into a similar shaped bone. They allow small movements in all directions.
Classification of Joints
Examples found in the body: Found between the carpals and metacarpals in the wrist.
Complete the following task:
For each joint…• Name the joint• Identify example(s) from the body• State all the movement possibilities (link to the previous section of work:
Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, rotation / circumduction, plantar-flexion, dorsi-flexion.
Teacher assessment: Check in activity
Look, cover, say, check memory activity
Extension:• Identify two sporting examples in which each joint plays a key role- how does
it help the performer, be specific in your answer
Joint Classification
Homework: Revise the content from the lesson today in preparation for a test on Thursday
What movements occur during these action?
Apply it! What has stuck with you?
Cyclist
FLEXION – at the RIGHT knee joint
EXTENSION - at the LEFT knee joint
FLEXION – at the RIGHT hip joint as the leg raises
FLEXION – Slight Flexion at the elbows
FLEXION – Torso (body is bent forwards)
EXTENSION – at the knee joints
FLEXION – at the HIP JOINT of right leg
ADDUCTION – at the hip joint as the left leg is moving towards the central line of the body
ADDUCTION – Left arm
FLEXION – at left elbow
Footballer
ADDUCTION – of the arms
EXTENSION – at the knee joints
EXTENSION – at the elbows
Swimmer - Start
ROTATION – at the shoulder joint
EXTENSION – at elbow joints
ABDUCTION – of the arms
Butterfly Stroke
Starter Test
State the names of the bones in the body (18)Cranium, Clavicle, Scapula, Sternum, RibsHumerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, MetacarpalsPelvis, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
State the functions of the skeletal system (5)ProtectionMovement x 2- Joints and muscle attachmentStorageBlood cell productionState the classifications of bones and their functions (4 & 7)LongShortFlatIrregularState the joints of the body, an example and the movement permitted (12: 4,4,4)PivotBall & SocketHingeCondyloidState the movement terms (the terms used to describe movement (8)Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation, Circumduction, Dorsi- Flexion and Plantar Flexion