Skeleton, Muscles, and Movement

Omar Zein, Reem Aboushaar, Nupur Godbole

WITH

Traditional White-Background Slides

Day 1

• Introduction

• Role of

• bones

• muscles

• ligaments

• tendons

• nerves

• Joints

Introduction

•The skeletal and muscular systems connect other bodily systems by providing motility, structure, and protection.

Activity

• So this activity relates to bones…

• What we are going to do is put up an image of the skeletal body with one bone that has a star on it

• If you know what the bone is then raise your hand as fast as you can

• If called on, your job is to tell us what that bone is

• This will count for extra credit on the assessment…one point for each correct answer

What’s this??

What’s this??

What’s this??

Bones • The adult human body has 206 bones.

• An infant may have from 300-350 bones at birth.

• Some of these fuse together as the infant grows.

• When some bones fuse and become one bone (examples are in the skull, sacrum and hip bones)

• Out of the 206 bones, 106 are in the hands and feet

Bones• Skull

• Rib cage

• Sternum

• Clavicle

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Phalanges

• Pelvis

• Coccyx

• Femur

• Tiblua

• Fibula

• Patella

• Carpals

• Tarsals

• Meta carpals

• Meta tarsals

Bones

•Provide a firm anchorage for muscles. They also act as levers, changing the size or direction of forces generated by muscles.

Bones

• structure; keeping the body upright

• blood cell production:

• All blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. At a young age most of our bones produce blood.

• With age, this gradually diminishes to just the bones of the spine (vertebrae), breastbone (sternum), ribs, pelvis and small parts of the upper arm and leg.

• Bone marrow that actively produces blood cells is called red marrow, and bone marrow that no longer produces blood cells is called yellow marrow

Bones• protection for internal organs, protect the soft

organs in the body:

• The skull protects the brain;The ribs protect the heart and lungs and other vital organs of the body;The vertebral column protects the spinal cord;The pelvis protects the reproductive organs in women.

Bones

• Storage of minerals and lipids: source of calcium; calcium deposits for the body’s processes

• 97% of the body's calcium is stored in bone. Here it is easily available.

• In pregnancy the demands of the fetus for calcium require a suitable diet and after menopause hormonal control of calcium levels may be impaired: calcium goes out leaving osteoporotic bones

Activity…2

•Same format as the first except you need to identify the muscles now

What’s This??

What’s This??(back)

Hamstrings

What’s This??

Muscles• Provide the force needed for muscle

contraction. They do this when they contract. (muscle contractions will be explained on Day 2…suspense!!)

•There are more than 640 muscles in the body, which together account for about 40 percent of a

person's weight.

Muscles• Trapezius

• Deltoid

• Pectoral

• Oblique

• Biceps

• Triceps

• Abdominal rectus

• Gluteus maximus

• Biceps femoris (one of the hamstrings)

• Rectus femoris (one of the quadriceps)

• Gastrocnemius (calf muscle)

Muscles

•Allow movement in the body

•maintain posture and body position

•support soft tissues

•guard entrances and exits: skeletal muscles

•Ex. The sphincter muscles that guard the digestive tract

Weirdo

Muscles

•Maintain body temperature

•small contractions of the muscle tissue create friction of the cells within the tissue help to create warmth.

Muscles•provide skeletal movement:

• Electronic signals are sent through the neurons of the brain to the sight of desired movement. When they reach this spot the signals close an electric pathway and tell to muscle to expand or contract

Muscles •There are many categories of

muscles:

•voluntary vs. involuntary

•striated vs. smooth

•Cardiac vs. Skeletal vs. Smooth

These will all be expanded on during Day 2.

Ligaments•Tough cords of tissue that connect bone

to bone

•There are around 900 in the human body

injury

ligament

Name that ligament!

•Just kidding

Function

•restrict movement at joints to prevent dislocation

•Act as a back up for the muscle-tendon unit

•Remain relaxed during routine expenditure

Structure•Collagenous fibers

• connective tissue made up of fibroblasts (cells that make up tendons and ligaments)

•Organized into parallel bundles to maximize non elastic strength

•Collagen fibers in parallel layers, criss-crossed one on top of another

• Fibers free to slide relative to each other

•White, shiny, tough, not extendable

ligament

Knee joint

Structure (cont)•Contains some elastin to provide

the ability to change motion but still remains largely inflexible

Suspensory ligament-

eye

Four examples of truly elastic ligaments

•Spinal column- Ligamentum flavum

•Broad ligament of the uterus

•Vocal chords

•suspensory ligaments- eye

Broad ligament

Elastic ligaments (cont.)

Electron micrograph of a normal rat collateral ligament

Electron micrograph of a healing collateral ligament

Tendons• attaches muscles to bones

• Around 4000 in the human body- depends on individual though

Structure• Twisting collagen fibers

• Tendency to resist motion but do stretch

• Also made up of fibroblasts

• Fibrous connective tissue

• Collagenous fibers

• Organized into parallel bundles to maximize non elastic strength

• Strictly parallel strands, as opposed to ligaments

Toning/Loss of flexibility

• While tendons do stretch, they are slower at flexing and relaxing than are muscles

• When a muscle contracts, the tendon stretches

• over stretching the tendons causes the tendon to become more fibrous and more fibers are brought to balance out the tension

• This addition of more fiber allows for a more even tension among the fibers but also increases rigidity

• This increased rigidity is the loss of flexibility that comes from strenuous exertion

• This makes more toned muscles less flexible

Ligaments and tendons•The two tend to be grouped

together because they are both composed of collagen fibers in some sort of parallel bundles but they serve different purposes in the body.

Cartilage

•A layer of smooth and tough tissue that covers the ends of bones where they meet to reduce friction

Articular cartilage would be the hyaline cartilage that is present at the end of the bones at the

joint

Structure•Dense matrix of collagen (proteins

that occur in connective tissues) fibers and elastic fibers

•Mature cells- chrondocytes (background)

•For the most part, do not contain blood vessels or nerves

Stained example of elastic cartilage

3 Types of cartilage in the body

• Hyaline cartilageo Provides flexible support

o Usually located on bones or in between them

covers long bones

• Fibrocartilage

o often occurs at fracture sites

• Elastic cartilage o Tolerates repeated bending

o ie. External ear

Cartilage in the knee at various magnifications

Joints

• What is a joint?

• The movable or fixed place or part where two bones or elements of a skeleton join.

• One of the large portions into which a section of meat is divided by a butcher, as the shoulder or leg, especially as served at table.

• Prison

• Marijuana

multimedia

Joints to be covered

•Elbow Joint

•Hip Joint

•Knee Joint

•Ball and socket joints

•Hinge joints

•Pivot joints

Human elbow joint

functions of the structures of the human elbow

• Cartilage: reduces friction between bones where they meet

• Synovial fluid: lubricates joint to reduce friction

• Joint capsule: seals the joint and holds in the synovial fluid

• Humerus: upper arm bone: attachment of biceps and triceps

• Ulna & radius: forearm bones: attachment of biceps and triceps

• Biceps: attaches from humerus to ulna & radius

• Triceps: attaches from humerus to ulna

• Antagonism: biceps and triceps attach across elbow joint; while triceps contracts to to extend arm, biceps relaxes; conversely, while treceps relax and the biceps contract, flexing the arm

Continued

Elbow Motion

knee joint

Differences in hip and knee

• Knee: hinge joint

• allows considerable movement in one plane

• but constrains movement from other two planes

• flexion bends the leg

• extension straightens the leg

• Hip: ball and socket joint

• allows movement in three planes

• protraction /retraction: forward and backwards

• abduction/adduction: sideways in and out

• rotation: circular movement

Additional Joints•Ball and socket joints

•Hinge joints

• Pivot joints

•Ellipsoidal joints

Ellipsoidal joints

•like the wrist joint, allow for many types of movement, but they don't pivot and they don't have the same rotating range as a ball-and-socket joint. Think of all the motions you can make with your wrist.

Our Pivotal Joints

•The ankles, knees, wrists and elbows keep us active, flexible and capable of dealing with everyday’s complex tasks like essays!

The Wrist

•Our hands and fingers are involved in nearly every aspect of our work; therefore the wrist is possibly the most important joint in our body.

•Compounded over the years, chronic overexertion can cause wear and tear to the joint resulting in sever limitation of movement.

The knee

•The knee is a complex joint and is very prone not only to injury, but also wear and tear. An injury to the knee joint, especially in high intensity sports such as soccer or skating can severely restrict movement.

The Elbow

•The elbow contains a lot of anatomical structures packed into tiny space and when challenged with heavy and constant use of the arms, it is especially prone to injury and infection.

•Symptoms can cover a wide range of possibilities and therapy is often a long process.

•Overuse is common in sport e.g. tennis and golfer’s elbow

video 1

•muscles video

muscles

•types

striated muscle

•structure and function

sarcomere

•structure (diagram) and function

Skeletal muscle contractions

childbirth

electron micrographs

nerves

Fuentes de inspiración

http://www.neurosoma.com/ligaments.html

http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Tissue/Tissue_Cartilage-Tissue.php