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STRATEGIES FOR TROUBLESHOOTING ENERGY CRISIS IN INDONESIA
THROUGH OPTIMIZATION ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Yanah1, Andi Kusma
2
1Lecturer at faculty of economic, majoring of accounting,
2 Chairman of the Foundation
August 17, 1945 University (UNTAG) Cirebon
Street Perjuangan, Number 17A Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia
Email : [email protected]
Abstract
The main factor cause of the energy crisis in Indonesia is the energy dependence on fossil fuels. The government has
sought to find a solution by way of conversion from fuel oil to gas fuel and remove the fuel price subsidies that are
not wasteful in energy consumption, but has not been able to overcome the energy crisis. The purpose of this study
was to determine the effect of crude oil prices on energy consumption and the strategies that should be done to
overcome the energy crisis in Indonesia. The method used is quantitative method with time series data from 2000 to
2013. The population in this study are types of crude oil in Indonesia as many as 52 kinds, the sampling technique
used was purposive sampling. Data analysis tool using simple linear regression. The results showed that the price of
crude oil effect a positive and significant on energy consumption in Indonesia, meaning that although the price of
crude oil rises, it will not lower the amount of energy consumption, so that the government's efforts to reduce energy
consumption by removing energy subsidies would not affect the reduction in energy consumption. Strategies that
should be done is to make the conversion from fossil energy to electrical energy because electrical energy is a
multifunctional energy source that can be converted into an other energy as needed. Indonesia has a lot of electrical
energy sources, namely: the sun, geothermal, wind, waterfalls, water rivers, sea water, uranium, litter, cow manure,
human body temperature, seaweed, and microalgae.
Keyword: crisis, energy, electricity
1. Introduction
The energy crisis is happening in Indonesia, one of the
contributing factors is the dependence on energy derived from
fossil. To overcome the energy crisis, among which the
government made the conversion program from kerosene to
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) 3 kg for the household sector.
The condition requires the public to switch to LPG that impact
the scarcity and high prices of LPG, making for poor families
forced to switch to firewood. Based on data obtained from the
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources was quoted by
Media Indonesia is known that oil consumption is still very
dominating, amounting to 42.99% of the total energy
consumption, gas 18.48% and coal 34.47%, while the use of
renewable energy amounted to only 4 % of total energy
consumption (Media Indonesia, 03.31.2015: 6).
LPG is derived from natural resources can not be
renewed to be depleted if used continuously, while the need
for LPG as fuel for the household sector continued to increase,
in addition to the cost of processing natural gas into LPG and
distribution costs to the consumer is still very expensive lead
to inefficiency budget, while Indonesia is still to be frugal.
Other efforts that the government is making natural gas
network installation program for the household sector with city
17
gas installations in order to maximize LPG demand of the
household sector can be met optimally. However, the
distribution of city gas for household consumption is still not
able to fully take advantage of the entire society, particularly
those in rural areas because of the construction of city gas
installations are still very expensive (Media Indonesia,
03.24.2015), other than that the government create a program
converter kit, namely produce gas-fueled vehicles and has
built gas refueling station but gas is the energy source that can
not be renewed, for more details data on national energy
reserves can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1
National Energy Reserves
Types of Energy
Reserves
Potential Reserves Proven Reserves Depleted
Period
Crude Oil 3.85 billion barrels 3.69 billion
barrels
30 years
Natural Gas 48.85 trilion standard cubic
feet
101.54 tscf 70-80 years
Coal 28.97 billion ton 39.45 billion ton 120 years
Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources was quoted by Media Indonesia (04.14.2015: page1)
Another problem facing Indonesia is the crisis of fuel
oil (BBM) as the number of motor vehicles in Indonesia
continues to increase every year as a result of the easy filing
requirements of motor vehicles made by leasing in Indonesia
led to each household have a motor vehicle more than one
unit, this led to the increasing need for fuel oil. To meet the
needs of fuel oil for the community was built of the General
Fuel Filling Station on the main streets in order to fuel the
needs of society can be met, but the cost to build General fuel
filling stations is relatively expensive, in addition to the
location of the General Fuel Filling Stations still limited to
major roads leading to inefficiencies for the people because
they have to fill the fuel at the General fuel filling stations
located away from home or office, these conditions can also
cause congestion and pollution because of the mobility of the
vehicle in the vicinity of the General Fuel Filling Station is
very high, For more details on the distribution of data General
fuel filling stations in Indonesia can be seen in table 2
Table 2
Data Distribution of General Fuel Filling Stations
Ex.
UPMS
/
Region
Province Number of
General Fuel
Filling
Stations
General Fuel
Filling
Stations
Pasti Pas
Ex.
UPMS
/Region
Province Number of
General Fuel
Filling
Stations
General Fuel
Filling
Stations Pasti
Pas
I Kep Riau 43 36 V West Nusa
Tenggara
59 48
I Nanggroe Aceh
D
99 67 V East Nusa Tenggara 58 18
I Riau 134 77 VI West Kalimantan 95 44
I West Sumatera 105 59 VI South Kalimantan 78 60
I North Sumatera 314 186 VI Central Kalimantan 42 20
II Bangka
Belitung
51 37 VI East Kalimantan 74 29
II Bengkulu 36 24 VII Gorontalo 19 15
18
II Jambi 64 19 VII West Sulawesi 18 5
II Lampung 132 75 VII South Sulawesi 178 80
II South Sumatera 128 94 VII Central Sulawesi 54 32
III Banten 231 195 VII Southeast Sulawesi 40 15
III DKI Jakarta 277 228 VII North Sulawesi 48 36
III Jawa Barat 906 712 VIII Maluku 20 13
IV DI Yogyakarta 92 101 VIII North Maluku 10 5
IV Central Java 630 452 VIII Papua 26 14
V Bali 180 115 VIII West Papua 10 5
V East Java 839 536 Grand Total 5.091 3.452
Source: Annual Report Pertamina, 2013: 45
From table 2 it is known that the number of stations
that are in Indonesia as many as 5.091 units that require a great
cost. Moreover, the distribution of fuel from Pertamina to gas
station use the pipeline, ship and oil tanker that can cause
congestion or fire. in addition, the reduction of energy
subsidies that have an impact on the price fluctuation of
energy with a frequency that is too often, people must seek to
make new breakthroughs.
The electrical energy is currently only serves as a
means to operate the lighting and electronic goods whose
benefits already enjoyed by rural communities. Contained
source of electrical energy in Indonesia is still very much, i.e
sunlight, the temperature of the human body, windmills,
waterfalls, river water, sea water, geothermal, seaweed,
garbage, microalgae, uranium and cow dung. The current
government policy is divided into three parts, namely : gas,
fuel oil and electricity, do not focus on one source of energy,
causing not able to find an optimal solution to the energy crisis
that is currently using fossil energy.
There is some research on solar energy include research
conducted by Sohag and Ummay (2013) aims to analyze the
solar energy system and electricity from solar energy in
Bangladesh. The results of research known that solar energy
can optimize power shortages in the country. Solar power is
the conversion of sunlight into electricity. The electrical
energy is stored into the battery charging with the help of the
charge controller. The DC power comes from the battery is
converted into AC power with the help of an inverter circuit.
Finally output AC electricity is sent to the Load. The system
described in the study is very important to neutralize the load-
shedding problem in Bangladesh and ensure the sustainability
of energy supply in the community.
Cesare (2008) in his study wanted to know whether the
fossil fuel and nuclear powered can be transformed into solar
energy in the third millennium. The results of research known
that the Earth system and science have made use of the sun as
a source of renewable energy by converting it into other useful
forms of energy, which is to cook food, produce heat, fuel,
agriculture, lighting through the windows of homes and
workplaces so as to save artificial light/electricity generated
from nuclear and fossil. Scientists have scientific knowledge
and technological means to observe, measure and monitor the
form of solar radiation directly and indirectly, wind,
waterfalls, biomass over a period of days, months, seasons and
years. With a combination of satellite data and field
measurements, can be estimated amount of direct solar
radiation intensity or location of wind blowing on Earth in
order to know the resources available at any point on the
planet Earth. Solar architecture and urban planning have basic
principles to collect, transform or store the sun's heat and
convert solar heat, wind and waterfalls into electricity.
Marika (2012) aims to review the concept of
photovoltaic solar energy conversion and limitations of thin-
film solar cell technology. The results showed a special
emphasis on solar cells using a Cu (In, Ga) Se2 and Cu2ZnSn
(S, Se)4 as a layer that absorbs sunlight.
Ewing (2003) found that the renewable energy of wind
and sun, and then learn the basics of wind and solar energy
systems. Ewing clearly complements the size of a system of
solar photovoltaic modules, wind turbines, charge controllers,
batteries, inverters, water pumps, household appliance and
water heater.
Yutaka (2012) describe the energy transferring process
of the concentrated solar beam of a high flux intensity into the
19
reduced form of the Ni-ferrite for the -O2 releasing reaction,
so that can be used for water decomposition reaction to
generate solar hydrogen.
Stenbjo rn Styring (2012) discusses why we need a
solar fuel and why electricity is not enough. The result showed
there are two strategies for producing solar fuels from solar
energy and water is by way of photovoltaics and
photosynthesis.
Norwood, Nyholm, Otanicar & Johnsson (2014), in his
research revealed that in order to be able to compare the
economic potential of sunlight technology to do is to measure
the type and amount of resources that can be harnessed
sunlight technology, estimates of potential performance
technology based resource and comparing costs each of these
technologies in the area. His research empirically validate the
overall model of the type of system that is non-tracking solar
photovoltaics, 2d-tracking photovoltaics, high-concentration
photovoltaics, thermal flat-plate, evacuated tube thermal,
thermal trough concentrating, concentrating solar combined
heat and power, and hybrid concentrating photovoltaic/
thermal. The models are integrated into a weather simulation
using meteorological data to produce electricity from the heat
of the sun for a system of more than 12.846 locations in
Europe and 1.020 locations in the United States. Research
results showed that more profitable to produce electricity in
areas with cold climates of the regions with high radiation.
The conclusion of the study was to compare sunlight
technology with simple technology of electricity cost per watt.
Mintorogo (2000) against the background research by
the world's energy crisis and the high price of energy sources
led to the need for alternative energy that does not cause air
pollution, CO2 and radioactive (nuclear power). The results of
research known that solar cells or photovoltaic energy is a
technology that can be utilized as an energy source.
Ratnata, Surya and Somantri (2013), the research aims
to produce an assessment of the energy potential of river water
Cibeureum located behind the UPI University to generate
electricity. The method used is the method of field survey,
followed by planning the development of the energy potential
of MHP. The results showed that the river flow Cibeureum has
the potential to be used as a source of hydroelectric power
plants because the river has an average height of falling water
(head) 15 m and flow rates of 150 liters / sec during the dry
season up to 500 liters/sec at during the rainy season, so the
river Cibeureum is expected to generate electricity with a
power capacity of 15 kw to 40 kw.
Waris and Muslim (2013) wants to analyze the
performance of the system both technically and economically
using software Homer (The Hybrid Optimization Model for
Electric Renewables) with eight simulated system
configuration, namely: 1) the electrical system of the building
is only supplied from the grid system, 2) hybrid system
consists of the supply of electricity from the grid and
generator, 3) hybrid system consists of a photovoltaic system
and a generator, 4) hybrid system consists of photovoltaic
systems and grid systems, (5) hybrid system consists of
photovoltaic systems, grid systems and batteries, ( 6) hybrid
system consists of a photovoltaic system, generator and
battery, (7) a hybrid system consists of photovoltaic systems,
grid and generator systems, (8) hybrid system consists of
photovoltaic systems, grid systems, generators and batteries.
The results showed that the electric power system to be
applied is the most optimal configuration of the power system
simulation fourth system that uses electric power systems and
photovoltaic systems connected to the grid system because it
produces NPC (Net Present Cost) value the lowest.
Jasa (2010) in his research looking for renewable
energy sources to reduce dependence on fossil energy.
Research using Vertex with Axial axis. Research results show
the water flow time (Pangkung) can be used as a simple power
plant with a small capacity for home lighting at night so as to
ease the burden on the poor.
Hamdani, Subagiada and Subagiyo (2011), in a study
carried out analysis of solar photovoltaic system (SPS) is
based on energy efficiency and eksergi as well as the potential
for increased eksergetik using experimental data which
environmental parameters and the electrical output of the SPS
to the city of Samarinda, East Kalimantan. The results showed
eksergi that efficiency is always less than the energy efficiency
as it relates to the amount of business generated by the SPS
optimum whereas the increase in potential expressed in terms
of the flow of incoming and outgoing eksergi SPS showed that
only about 4-12% of solar energy in this test were utilized as a
business the useful and the rest will be lost in the system.
Yuningsih and Masduki (2011), the purpose of the
study was to determine the seabed morphology and properties
of hydro-oceanography as a reference the exact location in the
20
ocean current energy utilization. Research methods such as
measuring the flow, tidal observation, observation of
meteorological parameters, the condition of coastal and seabed
morphology research area. The results showed the location of
the placement of ocean current turbines with morphology at a
depth of ± 20 m and close to residential areas. Based on
analysis of current measurements with ADCP moving flow
velocity distribution obtained a low of 0.004 m/s and the
highest is 3.68 m/s, while the results of current measurements
with ADCP stationary acquired price is the lowest flow speed
of 0002 m/s and the highest of about 2.83 m/s so the potential
to be used as a power plant.
Prasetya, Risqiputra & Susanto (2013), the research
aims to study the effect of NaCl concentration concentrated,
aqueous NaCl solution flow rate, feed water synthesis, and
seawater against power density generated. His research begins
with a concentrated NaCl solution with various concentrations
i.e 30,40,50,60 g/l by 2l, and make NaCl aqueous solution
with a concentration of 1 g/l as much as 2l, then turn on the
second diaphragm pump to drain the two types the feed
solution into the channels contained in a series of tools. After
the tool runs a while, change the output voltage (mV) and
electric current (mA) can be measured using a multitester. The
measurement is performed every interval of 20 seconds, then
repeat the same steps for each variable that has been
determined. The results showed that the increase in feed flow
rate, then the power density generated greater because of the
increased flow rate causes the rate of ion transfer to the larger
electrode. On increasing concentrations of NaCl concentrated,
the resulting power density greater because of the increased
concentration difference causes an increase in chemical
potential. For almost the same sample concentration of 30 g/l,
then the power density resulting from the synthesis of the
water is greater than sea water due to the value of the
activation electrolyte in the synthesis of water greater than sea
water, so it can be concluded that increasing the flow rate and
concentration can increase power the resulting density.
Pradanti Mandiri, et al. (2006) research goal is to
provide solutions in the provision of alternative sources of
energy using organic waste. The trick is (1) Wastewater and
organic impurities entering through the filler hole into the
digester chamber. (2) In the space digester, wastewater and
organic impurities will be fermented by bacteria. The pressure
of the gas generated by the fermentation process will be
measured by a test valve so they will know the amount of gas
generated through the measured pressure (3) The effluent and
the resulting sediment discharged through the bottom of the
test valve while the valve is used as a test of the upper channel
expenses in case of excess flow (overflow). (4) The resulting
gas mixture to be channeled through the test valve. Water
vapor is carried along with the resulting gas mixture will
undergo condensation, and will enter into a catcher container
(water traps). Biogas then exit through a valve at one end is
connected with the bath water filter that undergo a process of
purification. (5) After experiencing purification with KmnO4
and KOH, then biomethane will be accommodated in advance
in a tank. Biomethane from the tank can be directly used as a
fuel source. Biomethane flow toward the stove occur
spontaneously due to the high pressure of biomethane.
Waskito (2011) in his research aims to examine the use
of livestock manure of dairy cows in the cattle business as raw
material for biogas. the results showed that through the process
of anaerobic digestifikasi, by utilizing digester technology, the
cattle dung can be used as raw material for the production of
biogas for power generation biogas. cow dung as much as 55
tons / day will generate will produce as much as 2200 cubic
meters of biogas per day, and the electrical potential generated
by 16'390.86 kwh per day, the potential yield 217.45 kw.
Bagaskara, Sarwito and Kusuma (2006) study aims to
determine the technical and economic aspects of the
installation of wind turbines generating electricity on the
island Panggang, as well as the need to know the number of
wind turbines and the right configuration to meet the needs of
the electric power on the island grilled. The results showed
that in order to meet the electricity needs of the island
Panggang needed 4 pieces of 519kW 225kW turbine power,
because power 225kW turbine when in pairs on the island
baked only produce power equal to 145kW. The cost of
investment needed to make wind power on the island
amounted to 15.48 billion roasted dollars, while income if the
wind power plant operates 12 hours a day amounted to 1.05
billion dollars per year, so the cost of this investment will be
returned when wind power plant has been in operation for 15
years. If the wind power plant operates 24 hours a day
amounted to 2.11 billion dollars per year, so the cost of this
investment will be returned when the wind power plant has
been operating for 7.5 years.
21
Based on the results of previous studies it is known that
there are several sources of renewable energy that can be the
solution of the energy crisis, so that Indonesia can develop the
potential of renewable energy sources to meet the energy
needs of Indonesia so that people become more self-sufficient,
prosperous, economical and easy to obtain energy needed.
Based on the background of the problem, the formulation of
the problem in this research are:
1. Does the price of crude oil affect the energy consumption
in Indonesia?
2. What strategies should be done to overcome the energy
crisis in Indonesia?
Based on the formulation of the problem, the purpose
of this study are:
1. To determine the effect of crude oil prices on energy
consumption in Indonesia
2. To determine the strategies that must be done to overcome
the energy crisis in Indonesia
II.Methodology
The method used in this research is quantitative
method. This study uses secondary data, i.e data the average
price of Indonesian crude (x) and energy consumption (y)
obtained from the ministry of energy and mineral resources
through www.esdm.go.id.
The population in this study are types of Indonesian
crude oil as much as 52 kinds: SLC, Arjuna, Attaka, Cinta,
Duri, Widuri, Belida, Senipah Condensate, Anoa, Arun
Condensate, Badak, Bekapai, Belanak, Bentayan, Bontang
Return Cond (BRC), Bula, Bunyu, Camar, Cepu, Geragai,
Geragai Condensate, Handil Mix, Jambi, Jatibarang,
Jene/Serdang, Kaji, Kerapu, Klamono, Komp PLB SLT,
Lalang, Langsa, Lirik, Madura, Mengopeh, Meslu, Mudimix,
NSC/Katapa/Arbei, Pagerungan Condensate, Pam
Juata/Sanga2 Mix, Pangkah, Ramba/Tempino,
Rimau/Tabuhan, Sangatta, Selat Panjang, Sepinggan Yakin
Mix, South Jambi Condensate, Tanjung, Tap, Tiaka, Udang,
Walio Mix, West Seno.
The sampling technique used in this research is
purposive sampling : sampling technique with a certain
consideration. Data used in this research is time series data
from 2000 to 2013.
Data collection techniques used in this study are:
1. Observation
Observation is done by making observations and
collecting data necessary in institutions / agencies relevant to
the topic of this study, namely Pertamina, the state gas
company, state electricity company and the Ministry of Energy
and Mineral Resources.
2. Studies Library
Writer collect references relating to research topics
through books, magazines, newspapers and journals so expect
these results to be accurate and up to date.
Research hypothesis in this paper are:
Ho: the price of crude oil had no effect on energy
consumption
Ha: Crude oil price effect on energy consumption
Based on the formulation of the problem, the
operationalization of variables in this study can be seen in
Table 3.
Table 3.
Operationalization of Variables
Variable Dimension Indicator
Scale
Crude Oil Price (X) Average Crude Oil Price US$/Barrels
Ratio
Energy Consumption (Y) Total Energy Consumption Except Biomass Household, Industrial, Commercial,
Transportation Ratio
and Others Sector (Barrel Oil Equivalent)
Data analysis tools used in this study is the Simple
Linear Regression. Regression analysis was used to predict
how far the changes in the value of the dependent variable if
the independent variable value changed, so the benefit of the
results of the regression analysis to make a decision whether
the increase or decrease in the dependent variable can be done
through an increase in the independent variables or not
(Sugiyono, 2009: 260). Simple linear regression equation is:
22
Description:
Y=Energy-consumption
= Price Y when the price of X = 0 (constant prices)
β = Figures directions / regression coefficient which shows the
numbers increase or decrease in the dependent variable (Y)
which is based on changes in the independent variable (X),
if the (+) direction of the line up and when the (-) then the
direction of the line down
X=Indonesian Crude Oil Price
In this study, the authors used SPSS version 22
software to make it easier to analyze the data. To be able to
provide interpretation of the correlation coefficient is found, it
is guided by the provisions contained in Table 4.
Table 4
Interpretation Guidelines Correlation Coefficient
Interval Coefficient Level
Relation
0.00-0.199 Very Low
0.20-0.399 Low
0.40-0.599 Medium
0.60-0.799 Strong
0.80-1.000 Very Strong
Source : Sugiyono, 2009:231)
To test the hypothesis linearity is done by comparing
the probability value (Sig) in table ANOVA with (0:05) with
decision-making criteria: if the value of Sig < then Ho is
rejected, it means there is a linear relationship between the
variables x and y, while the coefficient for the test conducted
by comparing the value of Sig the coefficients table with
(0.05), if the value of Sig < hence Ho refused meaning
significant variable coefficient x (Trihendradi, 2011: 170-171).
In a correlation coefficient there is coefficient of
determination (r2), the coefficient determinant for variances
that occur in the dependent variable can be explained by the
variance that occurs in the independent variable (Sugiyono,
2009: 231).
Results and Discussion
Research Result
1. Effect of Crude Oil Prices on Energy Consumption Statistical analysis showed that the correlation
coefficient (R) of 0.900 means that there is a very strong
relationship between the price of crude oil to energy
consumption. The coefficient of determination describes how
much variation Y caused by X. From Table 5 it is known that
the value of Adjusted R Square of 0.794, meaning that the
variations that occur on energy consumption in Indonesia
amounted to 79.4% due to the variation in crude oil prices, and
the balance of 20.6% is affected by other factors.
Table 5
Model Summaryb
Mod
el R R Square
Adjuste
d R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
1 ,900a ,810 ,794 63802608,915
a. Predictors: (Constant), Indonesia Crude Price
b. Dependent Variable: Energy Consumption
To test whether the linear model Y = + βX is right or
not, the linearity test was done by comparing the value Sig of
the ANOVA table with a value (0.05), i.e 0.000 <0.05 then
Ho is rejected, meaning that the form of linear equations was
appropriate and accountable.
Table 6
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regressio
n
208637805608420384,0
00 1
208637805608420384,0
00 51,253 ,000
b
Residual 48849274852056472,00
0 12 4070772904338040,000
Total 257487080460476896,0
00 13
a. Dependent Variable: Energy Consumption
b. Predictors: (Constant), Indonesia Crude Price
From Table 7 it is known that the regression equation is Y =
432’754’694.314 + 3’757’020,774 X Indonesia Crude Price, which
means that if the value of the crude oil price increased by US $
1, the energy consumption will increase by 3’757’020.774
BOE, but if the price of crude oil is constant, then energy
consumption will amount 432’754’694.314 BOE.
23
Table 7
Coefficientsa
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients T
Sig.
95,0% Confidence Interval for
B
B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound
1 (Constant) 432754694,31
4
37567074,62
4
11,52
0 ,000
350903070,14
9
514606318,47
8
Indonesia Crude
Price 3757020,774 524789,976 ,900 7,159 ,000 2613601,642 4900439,907
a. Dependent Variable: Energy Consumption
To test the significance of the regression coefficient (β),
is the independent variable (X) significant effect or not, the
test is done by comparing the value of the coefficient of
probability (Sig) in the table 7 with a value (0.05), i.e 0.000
<0.05 then Ho is rejected, means that significant coefficients
in crude oil prices. In Figure 1 can be seen in the observations
and quadratic equations show that the regression equation
already linear.
Figure 1
Linear lines
Histograms are used to measure the distribution of the data.
From the histogram can be concluded that the data in this
study are normally distributed.
Figure 2
Normal PP Plot charts are used to test the distribution of data.
On Normal PP Plot a graph showing that the data in this study
are normally distributed.
Figure 3
Based on the results of statistical analysis can be
concluded that there is a positive and significant relationship
between the price of crude oil to energy consumption, meaning
that even though crude oil prices rise, it will not lower the
amount of energy consumption, so that the government's
24
efforts to reduce total energy consumption by disconnecting
the energy price subsidies are not will reduce the amount of
energy consumption, so we need a conversion source of
energy from crude oil to other energy sources that can be
renewed, because crude oil is an energy source that can not be
renewed and will be depleted if used continuously, while the
need for energy consumption continues to rise.
2. Strategy What to Do To Overcome Energy Crisis in
Indonesia
There are some efforts have been made by the
government to overcome the energy crisis in Indonesia,
namely expanding the natural gas infrastructure network by
operating the gas pipeline network more than 6,200 km
because natural gas is cheaper than LPG (Radar Cirebon,
02.04.2015: page 20) , the government will increase power
generation infrastructure to 35 thousand megawatts (Media
Indonesia, 03.28.2015: page 5), the conversion of CNG fuel
(Media Indonesia, 04.15.2015: page 18) and by 2014 had
established 43 Gas Fuel Filling Station and 12 Mobile
refueling Unit ( Annual Reports National Gas Company,
2014), the converter kit distributed to the public transport in
Bogor, Palembang and Jakarta (Media Indonesia, 04.14.2015:
page 1), the government will set up a Nuclear Power Plant
(NPP) in East Kalimantan (Media Indonesia, 04.30.2015: page
22), raising the portion of biofuels (BBN) in diesel fuel
content of 10% to 15% (Media Indonesia 04.14.2015:1), will
maximize the Enhanced Oil Recovery (Media
Indonesia,03.20.2015), set 10 business fields as green
investment category that received tax allowance facility based
on Government Regulation No. 18/2015 on income tax facility
for certain investments in the business and/or in specific areas,
namely: the field of geothermal energy utilization, industrial
refining and natural gas processing, industrial organic basic
chemicals derived from agricultural products (Fragrance),
industrial gas tube lights (LEDs), power generation, gas
procurement natural and artificial, purification and water
storage reservoirs clean, environmentally friendly urban
transport, tourism region, as well as the management and
disposal of waste that is not hazardous (Media Indonesia,
04.27.2015: 17), the roof of the house people use solar
panels/solar cell in year 2020 ( Radar Cirebon, 06.08.2015),
the government will be the installation of solar panels on the
roof of a government building (Media Indonesia. 06.13.2015 :
17), but until now the government's efforts have not provided
the optimal solution to overcome the energy crisis that
occurred in Indonesia.
There are some efforts that have been undertaken by
the private sector to overcome the energy crisis, namely:
producing electrical energy from waste, how: in the yard office
Kencana Online, Bandung, Indonesia placed a digester with a
capacity of 3,000 L produce biogas number 3 cubic meters.
Each day included organic waste mixed with water as much as
50-75 kg. Not far from the digester pool there is a place to
wash dishes that the bottom is equipped with tools and a food
counter that is directly connected to the pipe flowed into waste
ponds. When you first use the digester takes about 30 days to
turn waste into biogas, henceforth only need to enter the
garbage every day, it will continue to be produced biogas.
Waste which is derived from household waste, market waste
and water hyacinth growing around the river. The result is a
liquid and a gas. The liquid will get into the pool probiotic that
contains catfish, and through the installation of pipes and
hoses, the water will be drained from the pond probiotics to
the field of portable and rack hydroponics. Results in the form
of biogas has two channel taps, namely to fuel the stove
instead of LPG and to flow into the generator that will convert
into electrical energy (Media Indonesia,03.29.2015).
Alternative fuels can be produced from seaweed and
microalgae are converted into energy biofuel or bioethanol
because cultivation is relatively short and high productivity,
such as Gelidium SP, Eucheuma cottonii and some types of
microalgae (phytoplankton) as Scenedesmus,Nannochloropsis
oculata, Chlorella and Dunaliella salina. Advantages of
microalgae that do not require extensive environment and can
be grown throughout the year regardless of season and
produce biodiesel 100x more than other crops with a shorter
life cycle. 1 kilogram of microalgae to produce 360 grams of
crude oil and 60% of the crude oil can be turned into biofuel,
meaning that 1 kg of microalgae can produce 240 grams of
biofuels. Based on data from Inha University in Korea is
known that one hectare of seaweed can produce 58’700 liters
of biodiesel per year with an oil content of 30%, then the
potential for seaweed cultivation area of about 2 million
hectares with a productivity of seaweed average of 25 tons/
25
hectare/crop (harvest age 2 months), it will produce seaweed
100-125 tons/ha/year) (Media Indonesia, 31.03.2015: page 6).
The use of electrical energy to drive the electric car
battery-powered buses have been carried out in the city of
Geneva, Switzerland which assemble battery-powered
articulated bus system that is able to recharge the electric
power in just 15 seconds at the stop of transit. Electric-
powered articulated bus project named Trolleybus
Optimisation Systeme Alimintation (TOSA) involving four
companies, namely Geneva's Public Transport Company, the
Office for the Promotion of Industries and Technologies, The
Geneva Power Utility and ABB Group. The main
infrastructure consists of electric articulated buses and
integrated electric charging stations at bus stops. About 1.82
kilometer distance between bus stops. Form of articulated
buses with a capacity of 135 passengers is not much different
from the usual articulated buses, these vehicles use different
propulsion of the vehicle roof contained battery which is
capable of absorbing and storing electrical power quickly, and
on the roof, right in the middle of the bus body are electrical
sockets for connect the battery to the electric charging stations.
Electric charging stations set up at each stop. The charging
device is connected to the 4-meter-high pole with the top
protrudes forward and at the top of the mast there is a board
and an electrical outlet. Board equipped with a laser-based
guidance system and drive motor which can adjust the position
of the plugs to electrical sockets on the roof of the bus. An
initial charge bus batteries carried for 5 minutes and after a
distance of eight kilometers, the battery is recharged bus
started. How to recharge the battery by stopping the bus at the
bus stop, right in front of the pole charging the battery, the
motor on the board automatically adjusts the position of the
socket, connect the battery bus with an electric charging
station, then a power of 400 kilowatts per second will be
streamed enter the battery for 15 sec. That process takes place
simultaneously with the rise and fall of the passengers. The
battery is not fully charged but enough to move the bus until
three the next stop. Entire electricity demand in Geneva
supplied from hydropower (Tempo, 06.23.2013).
The use of solar energy to drive the aircraft has been
performed on the solar plane named Solar Impulse who
successfully realize the ambitions of Bertrand Piccard and
Andre Borschberg around the world at speeds between 50 to
100 kilometers per hour. The solar plane has been proven to
perform flights at day and night without running out of fuel
because the best sites include lithium batteries. In 2010,
Borschberg successfully make Solar Impulse as solar plane
that flew for 24 hours nonstop, then in 2012 the Solar Impulse
flew from Spain to Morocco, and in 2013 Piccard and
Borschberg of Solar Impulse flew to the United States on a
special mission (Tempo, 01.20.2013 and Nature, 2008)
Researchers at the University of Southampton, UK in
collaboration with Vodaphone managed to create a sleeping
bag that generate electricity from the wearer's body
temperature is called Recharge Sleeping Bag. Mini power
plant was enough to recharge the phone battery. The sleeping
bag fitted thermoelectric modules are devices capable of
converting heat into electricity. Cloth sleeping bag made of
flexible material that power felt like fabric capable of
generating electricity that is made of two layers of polymer
and semiconductor type-M and type-N. Power Felt generates
electricity when each side gets different temperature stimuli,
then power felt connected to charging devices in the front
pocket of a sleeping bag (pocket filler stun) called power
pocket. How to use: the user enters into a sleeping bag and
connects the power cord to the mobile phone charging device
that is in power pocket. When the inside of the fabric bag gets
its body temperature heat stimulus, then at the same time the
outer side of the fabric will get cold temperature stimuli from
the outside, the result will generate electricity. The average
temperature inside the sleeping bag filled with about 37
degrees Celsius, while the temperature outside of the bag is
usually lower, this temperature difference is converted into
electricity and channeled through the phone's battery to power
pocket. If sleeping in Recharge Sleeping Bag for eight hours
then it will generate enough electricity to turn on a cell phone
for 11 hours of standby time or 24 minutes of talk time
(Tempo, 06.30.2013: 16). Vodapone also introduced a
prototype power pants shorts are capable of generating
electricity. Short jeans fabric is made of materials containing
polymer ferroelectret are able to collect the kinetic energy of
the pressure or pull the fabric when users move so that when it
is used for activities such as walking, the pants can generate
electricity to charge a cell phone battery (Tempo, 06.30. 2013:
16). The findings are reinforced by evidence that the Black
Stone can generate electricity from body temperature Muslims
26
who perform tawaf, meaning that the temperature of the
human body can produce electricity.
Landfill in Indonesia is still using the old method that is
by digging and burying garbage, whereas the use of
technology, waste can be converted into electrical energy
using a digester as implemented in landfill Wonokromo,
Surabaya. There are three benefits arising from the landfill
management, namely: 1) Waste can be handled properly
without any smell and pollution 2) The availability of trash, so
it is not confused looking for new land to dispose of waste. 3)
Regional Income increased from the waste management into
electrical energy (Radar Cirebon, 03.22.2015).
Costa Rica, a small country in Central America have
stopped using fossil fuels and produces hydropower, for 75
consecutive days, Costa rica managed to stop the use of fossil
fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas as the driving
turbine electricity due to continuous heavy rainfall so that the
operation of the four power plants since the month of
December 2014 is driven purely hydroelectric. Earlier in 2014
recorded 80% of national energy comes from hydropower and
10% geothermal. Now 94% of the country's energy supply
comes from renewable energy though Costa rica rich reserves
of black gold but do not drill oil fields on the grounds of
protecting the environment (Media Indonesia, 03.20.2015).
Innovators from Bandung Institute of Technology
succeeded in creating Oseanopori, namely electricity
generation tool that is designed to be easy to use simple. Its
main function as a producer of electricity, collect wave data
and describe the condition of the electricity generated through
the waves. Its working principle is : Oscillating water column,
which utilizes an oscillating wave properties (up and down/the
peaks and valleys of the wave), oseanopori invested in coast it
will function when the water level rises/crest of the wave, then
the air inside the PVC pipe will pushed out pipe forming
rotating wind turbine located at the mouth of the pipe,
otherwise when the water level decreases, the air in the
pipeline will go to form the wind turbine rotate and
continuously waves up and down, the waves will continue to
oscillate and electricity will continue to be produced for free
and clean, without the use of fuel/generator. Oseanopori
consists of: tool stuck in the ground, ropes, pipes, turbines,
generators and protective rain. Oseanopori is plugged on the
beach so the ocean waves crashing against the pipeline can be
converted into electrical energy (Media Indonesia, 05.02.2015:
21).
CHIEF Executive Officer of Peugeot, Carlos Tavares
plans to bring new electric cars that are environmentally
friendly, less expensive, but it has a cruising range of more
distant (Media Indonesia, 05.20.2015: page 28).
Maglev trains created by Central Japan Railway Co. is
a train that uses magnetic technology as the main driving tool,
so by using magnetic attraction generated by electrical energy,
maglev trains could travel at the speed of 590 km/h and has
managed to beat the speed record for the fastest train 12 years
ago, so the trip between Tokyo and Nagoya cities within 286
km can be reached in just 40 minutes. JR Central will
reexamine the train with hopes of running at speeds of 600 km
/ h, and plans in 2027 maglev trains will be used as the
primary means of transport (Media Indonesia, 04.19.2015:
page 28).
Suzuki registered a patent for the technology engine
with hydrogen fuel. Motor parts registered its patent rights is
hydrogen tank and cylindrical structure that protects the tank.
The design can be seen from the hydrogen from the tube
towards the blue box, and then a process of utilization of
hydrogen as a source of electrical energy in a box which is
then supplied to the battery, and the battery performance is
also seen as an additional power if needed and recharged when
not in use. Hydrogen fuel systems enable faster fueling than
battery-powered electric ordinary, other than that, the
emissions generated turn into water so that environmentally
friendly (Media Indonesia, 06.09.2015: 28).
PT Toyota Astra Motor manufactures fuel cell car
named Mirai, i.e vehicles that use hydrogen fuel which has a
cruising speed of up to 700 km and able to pass the 170 km/h
(Media Indonesia, 05.28.2015 : Page 23)
Discussion
The government should create a program conversion
from fossil fuels to electricity as a fuel such as electric cars,
electric motorcycles, electric stove, electric tractor, electric
aircraft, electric boats, electric train and others. To facilitate
refueling for electric cars, the government should establish a
substation that serves as a electricity refueling station to
charge electric energy scattered in many locations throughout
Indonesia as a substitute for the fuel filling stations, it will be
more efficient because it can save the land to build general
27
fuel filling station and save costs, reduce congestion and
pollution, while to refuel for the electric motor can be done at
home each such as filling phone celular battery, it will be more
efficiently because people can make their own electricity use a
source of electrical energy is available in the area. For electric
trains and electric aircraft using the battery as a fuel, while
using an electric stove with how to connect the cable to the
switch that is connected to an electric current, or can also use
biogas derived from waste. People can design electric tractor
that uses the sun, wind or water as a generator so as to save
costs, as well as for boats can be designed electric boats by
using water as the power plant comes from the bottom of the
vessel/boat and using sunlight as a power plant originating
from up the of ship/boat so the ship/boat can sail day and
night, pollution-free, more efficient, more competitive and
independent.
Based on the data from Pertamina, cost of sales, other
direct costs and operating expenses of crude oil, can be seen in
table 8
Table 8
Cost of Sales, Other Direct Costs and Operating
Expenses
of Crude Oil (in million US$)
Expenses 2013 2012
- Cost of sales
- Upstream Production and Lifting
Cost
- Exploration Cost
- Costs Related to Other Activities
60’910
2’468
210
515
60’699
2’391
376
522
Total Cost of Sales and Other
Direct Cost
64’103 63’988
- Selling and Marketing Expenses
- General and Administratif
Expenses
1’166
995
1’151
1’021
Total Operating 2’161 2’172
(Source : Annual Report Pertamina, 2013 : page 200)
Based on the data the authors obtained from the
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources that renewable
energy is not fully utilized, as can be seen in Table 9.
Tabel 9
The Development of Renewable Energy
Description Unit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Electricity
- Geothermal Megawatts 852 852 982 1.052 1.189 1.189
- Solar Power Plant Megawatts 1,23 2,91 5,63 8,67 13,5 13,5
- Wind power Megawatts 1,03 1,19 1,67 1,87 1,87 1,96
- Hydroelectric Power
Plant
Megawatts 3.224,32 3.532,47 3.512,90 4.200,00 5.711,29 5.711,29
- Microhydro Power Plant Megawatts 215 215 216 218 218 229
- Biomass Power Plant Megawatts 935,51 935,51 935,51 935,51 1.628,00 1.628,00
Total Electricity 5.228,69 5.538,91 5.654,08 6.415,78 8.761,55 8.772,50
Biofuels
- Bio Diesel Thousand
Kiloliters
120,00 456,60 1.550,00 2.329,10 2.521,50 2.647,57
- Bio Ethanol Thousand
Kiloliters
2,50 12,50 135,00 192,40 212,50 223,12
- Bio Oil Thousand
Kiloliters
- 2,40 37,20 37,20 40,00 42,00
Total Biofuel 122,500 471,500 1.722,200 2.558,700 2.774,000 2.912,690
(Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources accessed through www.esdm.go.id on May 15, 2015)
Indonesia is a country that lies on the equator, which is
part of the earth that receive most sunlight with the Earth's
rotation axis is perpendicular to the orbit inclined (the angle of
67.5 degrees) so that sunlight is potentially large to serve as a
future source of electrical energy in order government
subsidies currently given to fuel subsidies, electricity and gas
that reaches millions of trillions of dollars, can be focused to
subsidize electricity because the sun is the energy source multi
28
function, which illuminates the earth, the source of the fire,
moving the earth on its axis, heating, and cooling at the poles,
Similarly, electricity is a multi-functional energy because it
can be converted into other energy, such as light bulbs, stove,
sparks, moving trains, cars, ships and planes, heaters (irons,
oven) and cooling (refrigerator). In addition, the temperature
of the human body, uranium, windmills, waterfalls, sea water,
river water, geothermal, garbage and cow dung can also
generate electricity so it is possible for Indonesia to overcome
the energy crisis that occurred. In addition, the focus of the
government is not divided against subsidies and infrastructure
such as energy sources today is petroleum, natural gas and
coal, but can focus on one source of energy that is electrical
energy that can be converted into other energy.
Based on the data the authors obtained from the
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources that the geothermal
potential is still a lot as can be seen in table 10 and not fully
utilized, as can be seen in table 11
Table 10
Geothermal Potential in 2011 (in megawatts)
Resources % Reserves %
Speculative Hypothesis 45.57% Probable Maybe Proven 54.43%
8.905 4.391 12.756 823 2.288
13.296 15.867
29.177
Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources accessed through www.esdm.go.id acceses on 05/16/2015)
Table 11
Geothermal Installed Capacity Per Region in 2011 (in megawatts)
Number Location Geothermal Power Plants Installed Capacity
(megawatts)
%
1 JAVA Kamojang 200 17
2 Salak 377 32
3 Darajat 270 23
4 Wayang Windu 227 19
5 Dieng 60 5
6 OUTSIDE JAVA Lahendong 80 7
7 Sibayak 12 1
TOTAL 1.226 103
(Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2013)
Hydropower potential in Indonesia are very much as
can be seen in Table 12.
Table 12
Potential Hydropower
Number Island Potential
(Megawatts)
1 Sumatra 15.600
2 Java 4.200
3 Kalimantan 21.600
4 Sulawesi 10.200
5 Bali, NTT, NTB 620
6 Maluku 430
7 Papua 22.350
TOTAL 75.000
(Source: Ministry of Energy, 2013)
However, the potential of hydropower in Indonesia has
not been used optimally as a power plant as shown in table 13
Table 13
Hydropower Installed Capacity
Number Island Hydropower Capacity
(mw)
1 Sumatra 1713.10
2 Java 2610.61
3 Kalimantan 30.00
4 Sulawesi 1351.58
29
5 Bali, NTT,
NTB
2.00
6 Maluku,
Papua
4.00
Total 5711.29
Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
The river water can also be used as a power plant, in
addition to the number of rivers in Indonesia very much but
have not been used optimally as power plants, as can be seen
in Table 14.
Table 14
micro-hydro power plant Installed Capacity
Numbe
r
Island Capacity each Year
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 Sumatra 55.699 55.923 56.181 56.629 56.719 59.546
2 Java 39.447 39.447 39.809 39.809 39.809 41.793
3 Kalimantan 849 849 849 1.273 1.273 1.336
4 Sulawesi 102.346 102.346 103.268 103.666 103.666 108.833
5 Bali, NTT, NTB 11.965 11.965 11.965 12.053 12.053 12.654
6 Maluku, Papua 4.296 4.296 4.296 4.296 4.369 4.587
Total 214.603 214.827 216.369 217.726 217.890 228.749
(Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources accessed through www.esdm.go.id on 16/05/2015)
The public can make its own source of electrical energy
from sunlight, the temperature of the human body, manure,
garbage, seaweed, microalgae, waterfalls, river water, sea
water, wind and uranium to meet its needs for electricity such
as for powering electric stove, moving tractor electricity,
moving boats, mobile phone battery charge, charge the battery
motors and so on as it has done in the office Kencana Online
Bandung district can produce electricity and biogas
independently and as was done by researchers at the
University of Southampton, England managed to create a
device that produces electricity of the wearer's body
temperature, so that the public is expected to be more
independent and not dependent on the government. The
government only acts as a facilitator in providing the
equipment needed by the community to generate electricity, so
it will have a multiplier effect that Indonesian society became
more independent, competitive and boost national economic
growth because of the benefits of agricultural and marine
products increased.
Conclusion
The energy crisis that occurred in Indonesia can be
overcome through optimization of electrical energy, namely by
converting from fossil fuels to electricity as a fuel, such as
electric cars, electric motorcycles, electric stove, electric
aircraft, electric boats and so on as it has done in Geneva,
Switzerland is able to produce a battery-powered bus and
conducted by researchers in the UK who have managed to
create a sleeping bag that serves as the power plant of the body
temperature of the wearer to charge the phone battery and a
solar-powered aircraft Solar Impulse successful around the
world 24 hours non-stop without running out of material as
well as the fuel carried in the office Kencana Online Bandung
who managed to create electricity and biogas from household
waste and market waste.
Indonesia has many sources of electrical energy,
namely sunlight, waterfalls, river water, garbage, water,
seaweed, microalgae, the temperature of the human body, cow
dung, uranium, windmills, geothermal and others so that
people can make their own energy electricity without having
to rely on the government. By converting electrical energy as a
fuel will make the government more focused on infrastructure
development of energy sources, in addition to the electrical
energy is an energy source multi-function can be converted
into other energy according to the needs of its users.
III. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the team of reviewers
who have reviewed this article.
30
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